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Szopa A, Socała K, Serefko A, Doboszewska U, Wróbel A, Poleszak E, Wlaź P. Purinergic transmission in depressive disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107821. [PMID: 33607148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling involves the actions of purine nucleotides and nucleosides (such as adenosine) at P1 (adenosine), P2X, and P2Y receptors. Here, we present recent data contributing to a comprehensive overview of the association between purinergic signaling and depression. We start with background information on adenosine production and metabolism, followed by a detailed characterization of P1 and P2 receptors, with an emphasis on their expression and function in the brain as well as on their ligands. We provide data suggestive of altered metabolism of adenosine in depressed patients, which might be regarded as a disease biomarker. We then turn to considerable amount of preclinical/behavioral data obtained with the aid of the forced swim test, tail suspension test, learned helplessness model, or unpredictable chronic mild stress model and genetic activation/inactivation of P1 or P2 receptors as well as nonselective or selective ligands of P1 or P2 receptors. We also aimed to discuss the reason underlying discrepancies observed in such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Socała
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Urszula Doboszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wróbel
- Second Department of Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Poleszak
- Department of Applied and Social Pharmacy, Laboratory of Preclinical Testing, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, PL 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wlaź
- Department of Animal Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Jacobson KA, Delicado EG, Gachet C, Kennedy C, von Kügelgen I, Li B, Miras-Portugal MT, Novak I, Schöneberg T, Perez-Sen R, Thor D, Wu B, Yang Z, Müller CE. Update of P2Y receptor pharmacology: IUPHAR Review 27. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2413-2433. [PMID: 32037507 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eight G protein-coupled P2Y receptor subtypes respond to extracellular adenine and uracil mononucleotides and dinucleotides. P2Y receptors belong to the δ group of rhodopsin-like GPCRs and contain two structurally distinct subfamilies: P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , and P2Y11 (principally Gq protein-coupled P2Y1 -like) and P2Y12-14 (principally Gi protein-coupled P2Y12 -like) receptors. Brain P2Y receptors occur in neurons, glial cells, and vasculature. Endothelial P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptors induce vasodilation, while smooth muscle P2Y2 , P2Y4 , and P2Y6 receptor activation leads to vasoconstriction. Pancreatic P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors stimulate while P2Y13 receptors inhibits insulin secretion. Antagonists of P2Y12 receptors, and potentially P2Y1 receptors, are anti-thrombotic agents, and a P2Y2 /P2Y4 receptor agonist treats dry eye syndrome in Asia. P2Y receptor agonists are generally pro-inflammatory, and antagonists may eventually treat inflammatory conditions. This article reviews recent developments in P2Y receptor pharmacology (using synthetic agonists and antagonists), structure and biophysical properties (using X-ray crystallography, mutagenesis and modelling), physiological and pathophysiological roles, and present and potentially future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Massachusetts
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Biomedical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beibei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ivana Novak
- Department of Biology, Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raquel Perez-Sen
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Doreen Thor
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.,IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenlin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Christa E Müller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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von Kügelgen I. Pharmacology of P2Y receptors. Brain Res Bull 2019; 151:12-24. [PMID: 30922852 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes divided into two subgroups (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11) and (P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). The P2Y receptors are expressed in various cell types and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology including inflammatory responses and neuropathic pain. The antagonism of P2Y12 receptors is used in pharmacotherapy for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. The nucleoside analogue ticagrelor and active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel inhibit platelet P2Y12 receptors and reduce thereby platelet aggregation. The P2Y2 receptor agonist diquafosol is used for the treatment of the dry eye syndrome. The P2Y receptor subtypes differ in their amino acid sequences, their pharmacological profiles and their signaling transduction pathways. Recently, selective receptor ligands have been developed for all subtypes. The published crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors as well as receptor models will facilitate the development of novel drugs for pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127, Bonn, Germany.
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Jacob TF, Singh V, Dixit M, Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Fonseca B, Pintor J, Youdim MBH, Major DT, Weinreb O, Fischer B. A promising drug candidate for the treatment of glaucoma based on a P2Y6-receptor agonist. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:271-284. [PMID: 30019187 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides can regulate the production/drainage of the aqueous humor via activation of P2 receptors, thus affecting the intraocular pressure (IOP). We evaluated 5-OMe-UDP(α-B), 1A, a potent P2Y6-receptor agonist, for reducing IOP and treating glaucoma. Cell viability in the presence of 1A was measured using [3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay in rabbit NPE ciliary non-pigmented and corneal epithelial cells, human retinoblastoma, and liver Huh7 cells. The effect of 1A on IOP was determined in acute glaucomatous rabbit hyaluronate model and phenol-induced chronic glaucomatous rabbit model. The origin of activity of 1A was investigated by generation of a homology model of hP2Y6-R and docking studies. 1A did not exert cytotoxic effects up to 100 mM vs. trusopt and timolol in MTT assay in ocular and liver cells. In normotensive rabbits, 100 μM 1A vs. xalatan, trusopt, and pilocarpine reduced IOP by 45 vs. 20-30%, respectively. In the phenol animal model, 1A (100 μM) showed reduction of IOP by 40 and 20%, following early and late administration, respectively. Docking results suggest that the high activity and selectivity of 1A is due to intramolecular interaction between Pα-BH3 and C5-OMe which positions 1A in a most favorable site inside the receptor. P2Y6-receptor agonist 1A effectively and safely reduces IOP in normotense, acute, and chronic glaucomatous rabbits, and hence may be suggested as a novel approach for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tali Fishman Jacob
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Begoña Fonseca
- Escuela Universitaria De Optica, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, C/Arcos De Jalon 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Pintor
- Escuela Universitaria De Optica, Universidad Complutense De Madrid, C/Arcos De Jalon 118, 28037, Madrid, Spain
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Orly Weinreb
- GlaucoPharm Ltd, P.O.Box 620, New Industrial Park, 20692, Yokneam, Israel.
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Villarejo-López L, Jiménez E, Bartolomé-Martín D, Zafra F, Lapunzina P, Aragón C, López-Corcuera B. P2X receptors up-regulate the cell-surface expression of the neuronal glycine transporter GlyT2. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:99-116. [PMID: 28734869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycinergic inhibitory neurons of the spinal dorsal horn exert critical control over the conduction of nociceptive signals to higher brain areas. The neuronal glycine transporter 2 (GlyT2) is involved in the recycling of synaptic glycine from the inhibitory synaptic cleft and its activity modulates intra and extracellular glycine concentrations. In this report we show that the stimulation of P2X purinergic receptors with βγ-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate induces the up-regulation of GlyT2 transport activity by increasing total and plasma membrane expression and reducing transporter ubiquitination. We identified the receptor subtypes involved by combining pharmacological approaches, siRNA-mediated protein knockdown, and dorsal root ganglion cell enrichment in brainstem and spinal cord primary cultures. Up-regulation of GlyT2 required the combined stimulation of homomeric P2X3 and P2X2 receptors or heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors. We measured the spontaneous glycinergic currents, glycine release and GlyT2 uptake concurrently in response to P2X receptor agonists, and showed that the impact of P2X3 receptor activation on glycinergic neurotransmission involves the modulation of GlyT2 expression or activity. The recognized pro-nociceptive action of P2X3 receptors suggests that the fine-tuning of GlyT2 activity may have consequences in nociceptive signal conduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Villarejo-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Bartolomé-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Lapunzina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | - Carmen Aragón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz López-Corcuera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ-Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Degn M, Dauvilliers Y, Dreisig K, Lopez R, Pfister C, Pradervand S, Rahbek Kornum B, Tafti M. Rare missense mutations in P2RY11 in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Brain 2017; 140:1657-1668. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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7
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Dreisig K, Kornum BR. A critical look at the function of the P2Y11 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:427-37. [PMID: 27246167 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y11 receptor is a member of the purinergic receptor family. It has been overlooked, somewhat due to the lack of a P2ry11 gene orthologue in the murine genome, which prevents the generation of knockout mice, which have been so helpful for defining the roles of other P2Y receptors. Furthermore, some of the studies reported to date have methodological shortcomings, making it difficult to determine the function of P2Y11 with certainty. In this review, we discuss the lack of a murine "P2Y11-like receptor" and highlight the limitations of the currently available methods used to investigate the P2Y11 receptor. These methods include protein recognition with antibodies that show very little specificity, gene expression studies that completely overlook the existence of a fusion transcript between the adjacent PPAN gene and P2RY11, and agonists/antagonists reported to be specific for the P2Y11 receptor but which have not been tested for activity on numerous other adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-binding receptors. We suggest a set of criteria for evaluating whether a dataset describes effects mediated by the P2Y11 receptor. Following these criteria, we conclude that the current evidence suggests a role for P2Y11 in immune activation with cell type-specific effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Dreisig
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Rahbek Kornum
- Molecular Sleep Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
- Danish Center for Sleep Medicine, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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von Kügelgen I, Hoffmann K. Pharmacology and structure of P2Y receptors. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:50-61. [PMID: 26519900 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
P2Y receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for extracellular nucleotides. There are eight mammalian P2Y receptor subtypes (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14). P2Y receptors are widely expressed and play important roles in physiology and pathophysiology. One important example is the ADP-induced platelet aggregation mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors. Active metabolites of the thienopyridine compounds ticlopidine, clopidogrel and prasugrel as well as the nucleoside analogue ticagrelor block P2Y12 receptors and thereby platelet aggregation. These drugs are used for the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular events. Moreover, P2Y receptors play important roles in the nervous system. Adenine nucleotides modulate neuronal activity and neuronal fibre outgrowth by activation of P2Y1 receptors and control migration of microglia by P2Y12 receptors. UDP stimulates microglial phagocytosis through activation of P2Y6 receptors. There is evidence for a role for P2Y2 receptors in Alzheimer's disease pathology. The P2Y receptor subtypes are highly diverse in both their amino acid sequences and their pharmacological profiles. Selective receptor ligands have been developed for the pharmacological characterization of the receptor subtypes. The recently published three-dimensional crystal structures of the human P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors will facilitate the development of therapeutic agents that selectively target P2Y receptors. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Kristina Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center, University of Bonn, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
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Azran S, Danino O, Förster D, Kenigsberg S, Reiser G, Dixit M, Singh V, Major DT, Fischer B. Identification of Highly Promising Antioxidants/Neuroprotectants Based on Nucleoside 5'-Phosphorothioate Scaffold. Synthesis, Activity, and Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8427-43. [PMID: 26447940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With a view to identify novel and biocompatible neuroprotectants, we designed nucleoside 5'-thiophosphate analogues, 6-11. We identified 2-SMe-ADP(α-S), 7A, as a most promising neuroprotectant. 7A reduced ROS production in PC12 cells under oxidizing conditions, IC50 of 0.08 vs 21 μM for ADP. Furthermore, 7A rescued primary neurons subjected to oxidation, EC50 of 0.04 vs 19 μM for ADP. 7A is a most potent P2Y1-R agonist, EC50 of 0.0026 μM. Activity of 7A in cells involved P2Y1/12-R as indicated by blocking P2Y12-R or P2Y1-R. Compound 7A inhibited Fenton reaction better than EDTA, IC50 of 37 vs 54 μM, due to radical scavenging, IC50 of 12.5 vs 30 μM for ADP, and Fe(II)-chelation, IC50 of 80 vs >200 μM for ADP (ferrozine assay). In addition, 7A was stable in human blood serum, t1/2 of 15 vs 1.5 h for ADP, and resisted hydrolysis by NPP1/3, 2-fold vs ADP. Hence, we propose 7A as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Daniel Förster
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Kenigsberg
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- Otto von Guericke University , Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mudit Dixit
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Dan T Major
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Danino O, Grossman S, Fischer B. ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) protects against oxidative stress and amyloid beta toxicity in neuronal culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:446-50. [PMID: 25796332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers and oxidative stress, typical of Alzheimer's disease, are highly neurotoxic. Previously we identified ATP-γ-S as a most promising antioxidant and neuroprotectant. To further improve both potency and metabolic stability of ATP-γ-S, we designed a related analogue, ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2). We found that ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) effectively inhibited ROS formation in PC12 cells subjected to Fe(II)-oxidation, slightly better than ATP-γ-S (IC50 0.18 and 0.20 μM, respectively). Moreover, ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) rescued primary neurons from Aβ42 toxicity, 4-fold more potently than ATP-γ-S, (IC50 0.2 and 0.8 μM, respectively). In addition, the metabolic stability of ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) in PC12 cells during 4 h of incubation, was up to 20% greater than that of ATP-γ-S and ATP. Previously, we found that ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) resisted hydrolysis by ecto-nucleotidases such as, NPPs and TNAP, and was found to be ∼7-fold more potent agonist than ATP at P2Y11 receptor. Therefore, we propose ATP-γ-S-(α,β-CH2) as a promising agent for rescue of neurons from insults typical of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Danino
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Grossman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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11
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Nadel Y, Lecka J, Gilad Y, Ben-David G, Förster D, Reiser G, Kenigsberg S, Camden J, Weisman GA, Senderowitz H, Sévigny J, Fischer B. Highly potent and selective ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase I inhibitors based on an adenosine 5'-(α or γ)-thio-(α,β- or β,γ)-methylenetriphosphate scaffold. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4677-91. [PMID: 24846781 DOI: 10.1021/jm500196c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (NPP1) activity is associated with chondrocalcinosis, osteoarthritis, and type 2 diabetes. The potential of NPP1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents, and the scarceness of their structure-activity relationship, encouraged us to develop new NPP1 inhibitors. Specifically, we synthesized ATP-α-thio-β,γ-CH2 (1), ATP-α-thio-β,γ-CCl2 (2), ATP-α-CH2-γ-thio (3), and 8-SH-ATP (4) and established their resistance to hydrolysis by NPP1,3 and NTPDase1,2,3,8 (<5% hydrolysis) (NTPDase = ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase). Analogues 1-3 at 100 μM inhibited thymidine 5'-monophosphate p-nitrophenyl ester hydrolysis by NPP1 and NPP3 by >90% and 23-43%, respectively, and only slightly affected (0-40%) hydrolysis of ATP by NTPDase1,2,3,8. Analogue 3 is the most potent NPP1 inhibitor currently known, Ki = 20 nM and IC50 = 0.39 μM. Analogue 2a is a selective NPP1 inhibitor with Ki = 685 nM and IC50 = 0.57 μM. Analogues 1-3 were found mostly to be nonagonists of P2Y1/P2Y2/P2Y11 receptors. Docking analogues 1-3 into the NPP1 model suggested that activity correlates with the number of H-bonds with binding site residues. In conclusion, we propose analogues 2a and 3 as highly promising NPP1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Nadel
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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12
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Haas M, Shaaban A, Reiser G. Alanine-(87)-threonine polymorphism impairs signaling and internalization of the human P2Y11 receptor, when co-expressed with the P2Y1 receptor. J Neurochem 2014; 129:602-13. [PMID: 24524250 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y11 nucleotide receptor detects high extracellular ATP concentrations. Mutations of the human P2RY11 gene can play a role in brain autoimmune responses, and the P2Y11 receptor alanine-87-threonine (A87T) polymorphism has been suggested to affect immune-system functions. We investigated receptor functionality of the P2Y11 A87T mutant using HEK293 and 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. In HEK293 cells, the P2Y11 receptor agonist 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP) was completely inactive in evoking intracellular calcium release while the potency of ATP was reduced. ATP was also less potent in triggering cAMP generation. However, 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, which lack any endogenous P2Y1 receptors, did not display a reduction. Only when 1321N1 cells were co-transfected with P2Y11 A87T and P2Y1 receptors, the calcium responses to the P2Y11 receptor-specific agonist BzATP were reduced. It is already known that P2Y1 and P2Y11 receptors interact. We thus conclude that the physiological impact of A87T mutation of the P2Y11 receptor derives from detrimental effects on P2Y1 -P2Y11 receptor interaction. We additionally investigated alanine-87-serine and alanine-87-tyrosine P2Y11 receptor mutants. Both mutations rescue the response to BzATP in HEK293 cells, thus ruling out polarity of amino acid-87 to be the molecular basis for altered receptor characteristics. We further found that the P2Y11 A87T receptor shows complete loss of nucleotide-induced internalization in HEK293 cells. Thus, we demonstrate impaired signaling of the P2Y11 A87T-mutated receptors when co-operating with P2Y1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
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13
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Haas M, Ben-Moshe I, Fischer B, Reiser G. Sp-2-propylthio-ATP-α-B and Sp-2-propylthio-ATP-α-B,β-γ-dichloromethylene are novel potent and specific agonists of the human P2Y₁₁ receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:645-55. [PMID: 23810430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human P2Y₁₁ nucleotide receptor mRNA was found in virtually all human tissues, and the receptor serves many physiological roles, such as immune response regulation. The Ala-87-Thr-P2Y₁₁ receptor single nucleotide polymorphism was linked to increased risk for acute myocardial infarction. To facilitate the development of new therapeutic applications involving cells expressing several P2 receptor subtypes, the availability of specific and potent agonists is mandatory. Here, we synthesized a series of novel adenine nucleotide derivatives, based upon the potent P2Y₁₁ receptor agonists AR-C67085. Features of the novel nucleotide derivatives are a propylthio substitution at C2-adenine and a Pα-borano or Pα-thio substitution of non-bridging oxygen atom. The latter substitutions introduce a chiral center at the α-phosphate. Sp-isomers of Pα-borano- and Rp-isomers of Pα-thio-substituted nucleotides are preferred by the P2Y₁₁ receptor. As recently reported by us, diastereoselectivity of the P2Y₁₁ receptor is opposite to that of the P2Y₁ receptor. Therefore, we exploit this characteristic to increase nucleotide selectivity. At the P2Y₁₁ receptor, the Sp-isomers of 2-propylthio-ATP-α-B (2B) and 2-propylthio-ATP-α-B,β-γ-dichloromethylene (4B) were the most potent of the novel nucleotide series, with EC₅₀ values of 0.03 μM for both, being ca. 80-fold more potent than 2-propylthio-ATP and ATP (EC₅₀ = 2.6 μM). We conclude that the borano-substitution at the α-phosphate of 2-propylthio-ATP enhances nucleotide potency at the P2Y₁₁ receptor. The combination with a Pβ-Pγ-dichloromethylene group in 4B results in a nucleotide, which shows higher selectivity for the P2Y₁₁ receptor over the P2Y₁₁ receptor than 2B making it the most promising of the novel P2Y₁₁ receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institute for Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Azran S, Förster D, Danino O, Nadel Y, Reiser G, Fischer B. Highly efficient biocompatible neuroprotectants with dual activity as antioxidants and P2Y receptor agonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4938-52. [PMID: 23751098 DOI: 10.1021/jm400197m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is a need for novel, biocompatible, and effective neuroprotectants for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain injury associated with oxidative damage. Here, we developed nucleotide-based neuroprotectants acting dually as antioxidants and P2Y-R agonists. To improve the potency, selectivity, and metabolic stability of ATP/ADP, we substituted adenine C2-position by Cl and Pα/Pβ position by borano group, 6-9. Nucleotides 6-9 inhibited oxidation in cell-free systems (Fe(II)-H2O2), as detected by ESR (IC50 up to 175 μM), and ABTS assay (IC50 up to 40 μM). They also inhibited FeSO4-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells (IC50 of 80-200 nM). 2-Cl-ADP(α-BH3), 7a, was found to be the most potent P2Y1-R agonist currently known (EC50 7 nM) and protected primary cortical neurons from FeSO4 insult (EC50 170 nM). In addition, it proved to be metabolically stable in human blood serum (t(1/2) 7 vs 1.5 h for ADP). Hence, we propose 7a as a highly promising neuroprotectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Azran
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Receptor-independent effects of 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP triethylammonium salt on cytosolic pH. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:687-93. [PMID: 23689980 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the relatively potent P2X7 receptor agonist 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate triethylammonium salt (BzATP-TEA) on cytosolic pH (pHi) was studied using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells, which endogenously express P2X7 receptors. pHi was measured fluorimetrically using the pH-sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. BzATP-TEA (0.3-1.5 mM) elicited fast-onset alkalinization responses. In contrast, adenosine 5'-triphosphate disodium salt (5 mM) failed to reproduce the BzATP-TEA-induced responses, indicating a P2 receptor-independent mechanism. We speculated that triethylamine, which is present in solutions of BzATP-TEA, permeates the plasma membrane, and is protonated intracellularly, leading to an increase in pHi. Consistent with this hypothesis, triethylammonium (TEA) chloride mimicked the effects of BzATP-TEA on pHi. Moreover, measurements using a Cytosensor microphysiometer revealed that TEA chloride transiently suppressed proton efflux from cells, whereas washout of TEA transiently enhanced proton efflux. BzATP-TEA also elicited a sustained increase in proton efflux that was blocked specifically by the P2X7 antagonist A-438079. Taken together, we conclude that BzATP-TEA-induced alkalinization is unrelated to P2X7 activation, but is due to the presence of TEA. This effect may confound assessment of the outcomes of P2X7 activation by BzATP-TEA in other systems. Thus, control experiments using TEA chloride are recommended to distinguish between receptor-mediated and nonspecific effects of this widely used agonist. We performed such a control and confirmed that BzATP-TEA, but not TEA chloride, caused the elevation of cytosolic free Ca(2+) in MC3T3-E1 cells, ruling out the possibility that receptor-independent effects on pHi underlie BzATP-TEA-induced Ca(2+) signaling.
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Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Haas M, Grbic D, Arguin G, Nadel Y, Gendron FP, Reiser G, Fischer B. UDP made a highly promising stable, potent, and selective P2Y6-receptor agonist upon introduction of a boranophosphate moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5483-95. [PMID: 22901672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
P2Y(6) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(6)-R) plays important physiological roles, such as insulin secretion and reduction of intraocular pressure. However, this receptor is still lacking potent and selective agonists to be used as potential drugs. Here, we synthesized uracil nucleotides and dinucleotides, substituted at the C5 and/or P(α) position with methoxy and/or borano groups, 18-22. Compound 18A, R(p) isomer of 5-OMe-UDP(α-B), is the most potent and P2Y(6)-R selective agonist currently known (EC(50) 0.008 μM) being 19-fold more potent than UDP and showing no activity at uridine nucleotide receptors, P2Y(2)- and P2Y(4)-R. Analogue 18A was highly chemically stable under conditions mimicking gastric juice acidity (t(1/2) = 16.9 h). It was more stable to hydrolysis by nucleotide pyrophosphatases (NPP1,3) than UDP (15% and 28% hydrolysis by NPP1 and NPP3, respectively, vs 50% and 51% hydrolysis of UDP) and metabolically stable in blood serum (t(1/2) = 17 vs 2.4, 11.9, and 21 h for UDP, 5-OMe-UDP, and UDP(α-B), respectively). This newly discovered highly potent and physiologically stable P2Y(6)-R agonist may be of future therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Molecular pharmacology, physiology, and structure of the P2Y receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:373-415. [PMID: 21586365 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y receptors are a widely expressed group of eight nucleotide-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The P2Y(1)(ADP), P2Y(2)(ATP/UTP), P2Y(4)(UTP), P2Y(6)(UDP), and P2Y(11)(ATP) receptors activate G(q) and therefore robustly promote inositol lipid signaling responses. The P2Y(12)(ADP), P2Y(13)(ADP), and P2Y(14)(UDP/UDP-glucose) receptors activate G(i) leading to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and to Gβγ-mediated activation of a range of effector proteins including phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ, inward rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels, phospholipase C-β2 and -β3, and G protein-receptor kinases 2 and 3. A broad range of physiological responses occur downstream of activation of these receptors ranging from Cl(-) secretion by epithelia to aggregation of platelets to neurotransmission. Useful structural models of the P2Y receptors have evolved from extensive genetic analyses coupled with molecular modeling based on three-dimensional structures obtained for rhodopsin and several other GPCRs. Selective ligands have been synthesized for most of the P2Y receptors with the most prominent successes attained with highly selective agonist and antagonist molecules for the ADP-activated P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) receptors. The widely prescribed drug, clopidogrel, which results in irreversible blockade of the platelet P2Y(12) receptor, is the most important therapeutic agent that targets a P2Y receptor.
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Eliahu S, Lecka J, Reiser G, Haas M, Bigonnesse F, Lévesque SA, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Fischer B. Diadenosine 5',5''-(boranated)polyphosphonate analogues as selective nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8485-97. [PMID: 21090681 DOI: 10.1021/jm100597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) hydrolyze extracellular nucleotides and dinucleotides and thus control purinergic signaling. Enhanced NPP activity is implicated in health disorders such as osteoarthritis and cancer. We designed novel diadenosine polyphosphonate derivatives as potential NPP inhibitors. Analogues 1-4 bear a phosphonate and/or boranophosphate group and/or a 2'-H atom instead of a 2'-OH group. In comparison to ATP, analogues 1-4 were barely hydrolyzed by human NTPDase1, -2, -3, and -8 (<5% hydrolysis) and NPP1 and -3 (≤ 13%) and were not hydrolyzed by ecto-5'-nucleotidase, unlike AMP. These derivatives did not affect NTPDase activity, and analogues 1 and 2 did not inhibit ecto-5'-nucleotidase. All analogues blocked ∼80% of the NPP2-dependent hydrolysis of pnp-TMP, a specific NPP substrate, and inhibited the catabolism of pnp-TMP (K(i) and IC₅₀ both found to be between 10 and 60 μM), Ap₅A, and ATP by NPP1. The activity of NPP3 was inhibited to a lesser extent by the new analogues, with compounds 1 and 4 being the most effective in that respect. The analogues dramatically reduced the level of hydrolysis of pnp-TMP at the cell surface of both osteocarcinoma and colon cancer cells. Importantly, analogues 1-4 exhibited significantly reduced agonistic activity toward human P2Y₁,₁₁) receptors (except for analogue 1) and no activity with human P2Y₂ receptor. Our data provide strong evidence that analogue 2 is the first specific NPP inhibitor to be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Eliahu
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Ginsburg-Shmuel T, Haas M, Schumann M, Reiser G, Kalid O, Stern N, Fischer B. 5-OMe-UDP is a potent and selective P2Y(6)-receptor agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1673-85. [PMID: 20095577 DOI: 10.1021/jm901450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
P2Y nucleotide receptors (P2Y-Rs) play important physiological roles. However, most of the P2Y-R subtypes are still lacking potent and selective agonists and antagonists. Based on data mining analysis of binding interactions in 44 protein-uridine nucleos(t)ides complexes, we designed uracil nucleotides, substituted at the C5/C6 position. All C6-substituted derivatives were inactive at the P2Y(2,4,6)-Rs, while out of the C5-substituted analogues, only 5-OMe-UD(T)P showed activity. To rationalize the data, the ionization and conformation of these analogues were evaluated. The pK(a) values of most analogues substituted at the C5/C6 positions were unaltered compared to UTP (pK(a) 9.42), except for 5-F-UTP nucleotide (pK(a) 7.85). C6-substituted analogues adopt the syn or high-syn conformations, which are disfavored by the receptors, while 5-OMe-UD(T)P adopt the favored anti conformation. Furthermore, 5-OMe-UDP adopts the S sugar puckering, which is the conformation preferred by the P2Y(6)-R, but not the P2Y(2)- or P2Y(4)-Rs. 5-OMe-UDP fulfills the conformational and H-bonding requirements of P2Y(6)-R, thus, making a potent P2Y(6)-R agonist (EC(50) 0.08 microM), more than UDP (EC(50) 0.14 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Ginsburg-Shmuel
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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Meis S, Hamacher A, Hongwiset D, Marzian C, Wiese M, Eckstein N, Royer HD, Communi D, Boeynaems JM, Hausmann R, Schmalzing G, Kassack MU. NF546 [4,4'-(carbonylbis(imino-3,1-phenylene-carbonylimino-3,1-(4-methyl-phenylene)-carbonylimino))-bis(1,3-xylene-alpha,alpha'-diphosphonic acid) tetrasodium salt] is a non-nucleotide P2Y11 agonist and stimulates release of interleukin-8 from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 332:238-47. [PMID: 19815812 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.157750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled P2Y(11) receptor is involved in immune system modulation. In-depth physiological evaluation is hampered, however, by a lack of selective and potent ligands. By screening a library of sulfonic and phosphonic acid derivatives at P2Y(11) receptors recombinantly expressed in human 1321N1 astrocytoma cells (calcium and cAMP assays), the selective non-nucleotide P2Y(11) agonist NF546 [4,4'-(carbonylbis(imino-3,1-phenylene-carbonylimino-3,1-(4-methyl-phenylene)carbonylimino))-bis(1,3-xylene-alpha,alpha'-diphosphonic acid) tetrasodium salt] was identified. NF546 had a pEC(50) of 6.27 and is relatively selective for P2Y(11) over P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(6), P2Y(12), P2X(1), P2X(2), and P2X(2)-X(3). Adenosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate (ATPgammaS), a nonhydrolyzable analog of the physiological P2Y(11) agonist ATP, and NF546 use a common binding site as suggested by molecular modeling studies and their competitive behavior toward the nanomolar potency antagonist NF340 [4,4'-(carbonylbis(imino-3,1-(4-methyl-phenylene)carbonylimino))bis(naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid) tetrasodium salt] in Schild analysis. The pA(2) of NF340 was 8.02 against ATPgammaS and 8.04 against NF546 (calcium assays). NF546 was further tested for P2Y(11)-mediated effects in monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Similarly to ATPgammaS, NF546 led to thrombospondin-1 secretion and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-12 release, whereas NF340 inhibited these effects. Further, for the first time, it was shown that ATPgammaS or NF546 stimulation promotes interleukin 8 (IL-8) release from dendritic cells, which could be inhibited by NF340. In conclusion, we have described the first selective, non-nucleotide agonist NF546 for P2Y(11) receptors in both recombinant and physiological expression systems and could show a P2Y(11)-stimulated IL-8 release, further supporting the immunomodulatory role of P2Y(11) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Meis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Ecke D, Fischer B, Reiser G. Diastereoselectivity of the P2Y11 nucleotide receptor: mutational analysis. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:1250-5. [PMID: 18820714 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The P2Y(11) receptor, a member of the group of metabotropic nucleotide receptors, shows a stereospecific ligand recognition of P(alpha)-substituted ATP derivatives (ATP-alpha-S isomers). These compounds are suitable candidates for the development of selective P2Y(11) receptor agonists that might be used as immune modulators. We have analysed the binding mode of ATP at the P2Y(11) receptor by molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Based on our recent findings, we decided to decipher the molecular determinants of stereoselective recognition at the P2Y(11) receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Two amino acid residues [Glu186 in the extracellular loop 2 and Arg268 in the transmembrane domain 6 (TM6)], which are part of the nucleotide-binding pocket, were selected and studied by mutational analyses. We expected these residues to be involved in determining the stereospecificity of the P2Y(11) receptor. KEY RESULTS After mutation of Arg268 to alanine or glutamine, the stereospecific recognition of the ATP-alpha-S isomers at the P2Y(11) receptor was lost. In contrast, at the Glu186Ala receptor mutant, the stereoselective differentiation between these isomers was increased. On the Arg268Gln/Glu186Ala double mutant we observed no further effect, except for additivity in the decrease in potency of both isomers, as compared with the single-point mutants. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results show that the stereospecificity of the P2Y(11) receptor for P(alpha)-substituted ATP derivatives is largely determined by the basic residue Arg268 in TM6. This will allow the design of receptor-subtype selective ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ecke
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany
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Development of selective agonists and antagonists of P2Y receptors. Purinergic Signal 2008; 5:75-89. [PMID: 18600475 PMCID: PMC2721770 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although elucidation of the medicinal chemistry of agonists and antagonists of the P2Y receptors has lagged behind that of many other members of group A G protein-coupled receptors, detailed qualitative and quantitative structure–activity relationships (SARs) were recently constructed for several of the subtypes. Agonists selective for P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y6 receptors and nucleotide antagonists selective for P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors are now known. Selective nonnucleotide antagonists were reported for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors. At the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors, nucleotide agonists (5′-diphosphate derivatives) were converted into antagonists of nanomolar affinity by altering the phosphate moieties, with a focus particularly on the ribose conformation and substitution pattern. Nucleotide analogues with conformationally constrained ribose-like rings were introduced as selective receptor probes for P2Y1 and P2Y6 receptors. Screening chemically diverse compound libraries has begun to yield new lead compounds for the development of P2Y receptor antagonists, such as competitive P2Y12 receptor antagonists with antithrombotic activity. Selective agonists for the P2Y4, P2Y11, and P2Y13 receptors and selective antagonists for P2Y4 and P2Y14 receptors have not yet been identified. The P2Y14 receptor appears to be the most restrictive of the class with respect to modification of the nucleobase, ribose, and phosphate moieties. The continuing process of ligand design for the P2Y receptors will aid in the identification of new clinical targets.
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Kahlert S, Blaser T, Tulapurkar M, Reiser G. P2Y receptor-activating nucleotides modulate cellular reactive oxygen species production in dissociated hippocampal astrocytes and neurons in culture independent of parallel cytosolic Ca(2+) rise and change in mitochondrial potential. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3443-56. [PMID: 17492786 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With mixed cultures of hippocampal astrocytes and neurons, we investigated the influence of nucleotides on cytosolic Ca(2+) level, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial potential. We employed ATP and four purine/pyrimidine derivates, which are P2Y receptor subtype-preferring agonists. Stimulation with ATP, a P2Y(1/2/4) receptor agonist in rat, caused a large cytosolic Ca(2+) increase in astrocytes and a considerably smaller Ca(2+) response in neighboring neurons. The P2Y(1) receptor antagonist MRS2179 completely blocked the ATP-induced Ca(2+) response in astrocytes and neurons. Application of ATP significantly reduced the mitochondrial potential in neurons, which was not inhibited by MRS2179. Interestingly, MRS2179 mediated a mitochondrial depolarization without affecting the cytosolic Ca(2+) level. Stimulation with UDP, a P2Y(6) receptor agonist; UTP, a P2Y(2/4) receptor agonist; 2MeSATP, a P2Y(1) receptor agonist; or 2MeSADP, a P2Y(1/12/13) receptor agonist, evoked significant Ca(2+) responses in astrocytes but small Ca(2+) responses in neurons. In astrocytes, there was an inverse relationship between the amplitude of the cytosolic Ca(2+) peak and the rate of ROS generation in response to nucleotide application. Activation with UDP resulted in the highest ROS generation that we detected, whereas 2MeSADP and 2MeSATP reduced the ROS generation below the basal level. 2MeSADP and UDP caused mitochondrial depolarization of comparable size. Thus, neither in astrocytes nor in neurons did the degree of mitochondrial depolarization correlate with ROS generation. Nucleotides acting via P2Y receptors can modulate ROS generation of hippocampal neurons without acutely changing the cytosolic Ca(2+) level. Thus, ROS might function as a signaling molecule upon nucleotide-induced P2Y receptor activation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kahlert
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät der Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Ecke D, Hanck T, Tulapurkar ME, Schäfer R, Kassack M, Stricker R, Reiser G. Hetero-oligomerization of the P2Y11 receptor with the P2Y1 receptor controls the internalization and ligand selectivity of the P2Y11 receptor. Biochem J 2008; 409:107-16. [PMID: 17824841 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides signal through purinergic receptors such as the P2 receptors, which are subdivided into the ionotropic P2X receptors and the metabotropic P2Y receptors. The diversity of functions within the purinergic receptor family is required for the tissue-specificity of nucleotide signalling. In the present study, hetero-oligomerization between two metabotropic P2Y receptor subtypes is established. These receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y11, were found to associate together when co-expressed in HEK293 cells. This association was detected by co-pull-down, immunoprecipitation and FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) experiments. We found a striking functional consequence of the interaction between the P2Y11 receptor and the P2Y1 receptor where this interaction promotes agonist-induced internalization of the P2Y11 receptor. This is remarkable because the P2Y11 receptor by itself is not able to undergo endocytosis. Co-internalization of these receptors was also seen in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells co-expressing both P2Y11 and P2Y1 receptors, upon stimulation with ATP or the P2Y1 receptor-specific agonist 2-MeS-ADP. 1321N1 astrocytoma cells do not express endogenous P2Y receptors. Moreover, in HEK293 cells, the P2Y11 receptor was found to functionally associate with endogenous P2Y1 receptors. Treatment of HEK293 cells with siRNA (small interfering RNA) directed against the P2Y1 receptor diminished the agonist-induced endocytosis of the heterologously expressed GFP-P2Y11 receptor. Pharmacological characteristics of the P2Y11 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells were determined by recording Ca2+ responses after nucleotide stimulation. This analysis revealed a ligand specificity which was different from the agonist profile established in cells expressing the P2Y11 receptor as the only metabotropic nucleotide receptor. Thus the hetero-oligomerization of the P2Y1 and P2Y11 receptors allows novel functions of the P2Y11 receptor in response to extracellular nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Ecke
- Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Zylberg J, Ecke D, Fischer B, Reiser G. Structure and ligand-binding site characteristics of the human P2Y11 nucleotide receptor deduced from computational modelling and mutational analysis. Biochem J 2007; 405:277-86. [PMID: 17338680 PMCID: PMC1904521 DOI: 10.1042/bj20061728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The P2Y11-R (P2Y11 receptor) is a less explored drug target. We computed an hP2Y11-R (human P2Y11) homology model with two templates, bovine-rhodopsin (2.6 A resolution; 1 A=0.1 nm) and a hP2Y1-ATP complex model. The hP2Y11-R model was refined using molecular dynamics calculations and validated by virtual screening methods, with an enrichment factor of 5. Furthermore, mutational analyses of Arg106, Glu186, Arg268, Arg307 and Ala313 confirmed the adequacy of our hP2Y11-R model and the computed ligand recognition mode. The E186A and R268A mutants reduced the potency of ATP by one and three orders of magnitude respectively. The R106A and R307A mutants were functionally inactive. We propose that residues Arg106, Arg268, Arg307 and Glu186 are involved in ionic interactions with the phosphate moiety of ATP. Arg307 is possibly also H-bonded to N6 of ATP via the backbone carbonyl. Activity of ATP at the F109I mutant revealed that the proposed p-stacking of Phe109 with the adenine ring is a minor interaction. The mutation A313N, which is part of a hydrophobic pocket in the vicinity of the ATP C-2 position, partially explains the high activity of 2-MeS-ATP at P2Y1-R as compared with the negligible activity at the P2Y11-R. Inactivity of ATP at the Y261A mutant implies that Tyr261 acts as a molecular switch, as in other G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, analysis of cAMP responses seen with the mutants showed that the efficacy of coupling of the P2Y11-R with Gs is more variable than coupling with Gq. Our model also indicates that Ser206 forms an H-bond with Pgamma (the gamma-phosphate of the triphosphate chain of ATP) and Met310 interacts with the adenine moiety.
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Key Words
- ligand binding
- molecular dynamics
- mutagenesis
- nucleotide receptor
- p2y receptor
- virtual screening
- atp[s], adenosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate
- b-rhodopsin, bovine-rhodopsin
- [ca2+]i, intracellular ca2+ concentration
- ef, enrichment factor
- eia, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- el, extracellular loop
- fura 2/am, fura 2 acetoxymethyl ester
- gfp, green fluorescent protein
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptor
- p2y-r, p2y receptor
- hp2y-r, human p2y-r
- p2y11-r, p2y11 receptor
- hp2y11-r, human p2y11 receptor
- md, molecular dynamics
- tm, transmembrane
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Zylberg
- *Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Denise Ecke
- †Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bilha Fischer
- *Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Georg Reiser
- †Institut für Neurobiochemie, Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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