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Bertrand JA, Woodward DF, Sherwood JM, Spenlehauer A, Silvestri C, Piscitelli F, Marzo VD, Yamazaki M, Sakimura K, Inoue Y, Watanabe K, Overby DR. Deletion of the gene encoding prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase reveals an important role in regulating intraocular pressure. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102235. [PMID: 33418484 PMCID: PMC9251352 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase (PM/PGFS) is an enzyme with very narrow substrate specificity and is dedicated to the biosynthesis of prostamide F2α and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α.). The importance of this enzyme, relative to the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) series, in providing functional tissue prostamide F2α levels was determined by creating a line of PM/PGFS gene deleted mice. Deletion of the gene encoding PM/PGFS (Fam213b / Prxl2b) was accomplished by a two exon disruption. Prostamide F2α levels in wild type (WT) and PM/PGFS knock-out (KO) mice were determined by LC/MS/MS. Deletion of Fam213b (Prxl2b) had no observed effect on behavior, appetite, or fertility. In contrast, tonometrically measured intraocular pressure was significantly elevated by approximately 4 mmHg in PM/PGFS KO mice compared to littermate WT mice. Outflow facility was measured in enucleated mouse eyes using the iPerfusion system. No effect on pressure dependent outflow facility occurred, which is consistent with the effects of prostamide F2α and PGF2α increasing outflow through the unconventional pathway. The elevation of intraocular pressure caused by deletion of the gene encoding the PM/PGFS enzyme likely results from a diversion of the endoperoxide precursor pathway to provide increased levels of those prostanoids known to raise intraocular pressure, namely prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). It follows that PM/PGFS may serve an important regulatory role in the eye by providing PGF2α and prostamide F2α to constrain the influence of those prostanoids that raise intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques A Bertrand
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - David F Woodward
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; JeniVision Inc., 5270, California Ave., Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Spenlehauer
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Département de Médecine, Université Laval, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 4G5; Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Campi Flegrei, 34 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l'Agriculture Bureau 1122, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, 440 Boulevard Hochelaga, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan; Dept of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Yoko Inoue
- Dept. of Cellular Neurobiology (currently Dept. of Animal Model Development), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8585 Japan
| | - Kikuko Watanabe
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, 651-2180, Japan
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Espinosa G, Plaza A, Schenffeldt A, Alarcón P, Gajardo G, Uberti B, Morán G, Henríquez C. Equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells inhibit reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 221:109975. [PMID: 32087476 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the largest leukocyte population in the blood of most mammals including horses, and play an important defensive role in many infectious diseases. However, the mechanisms that increase PMN as one of the main cellular subsets in the defense against pathogens could also be involved in the pathophysiology of dysregulated inflammatory conditions. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population with a modulatory potential on the inflammatory response and are known to interact with nearly all cells of the immune system, including PMN. In this study, the in vitro modulation of equine bone marrow-derived MSCs on equine PMN phagocytosis, ROS production, and NETs generation was assessed. RESULTS In co-culture with MSCs, unstimulated PMN produce less ROS (2.88 % ± 1.43) than PMN in single culture (5.89 % ± 2.63) (p = 0.016). Moreover, PMN co-cultured with MSCs remain conditioned to produce fewer ROS after PMA stimulation in comparison to PMN in single culture (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was found that incubation with MSC supernatant strongly inhibited ROS production (83 % ± 6.35 less than control) without affecting phagocytosis or capacity for NETosis (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a modulatory effect of equine BM-derived MSCs on PMN respiratory burst, without impairing other important microbicidal functions. This supports the potential use of equine MSCs in excessive or persistent inflammatory conditions in which neutrophils are the main effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Espinosa
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Anita Plaza
- Instituto de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Andrés Schenffeldt
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Benjamín Uberti
- Instituto de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gabriel Morán
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
| | - Claudio Henríquez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile.
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3
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Coleman RA, Woodrooffe AJ, Clark KL, Toris CB, Fan S, Wang JW, Woodward DF. The affinity, intrinsic activity and selectivity of a structurally novel EP 2 receptor agonist at human prostanoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:687-698. [PMID: 30341781 PMCID: PMC6365485 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists exhibit several activities including ocular hypotension, tocolysis and anti-inflammatory activity. This report describes the affinity and selectivity of a structurally novel, non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist, PGN-9856, and its therapeutic potential. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacology of a series of non-prostanoid EP2 receptor agonists was determined according to functional and radioligand binding studies, mostly using human recombinant prostanoid receptor transfectants. The selectivity of PGN-9856, as the preferred compound, was subsequently determined by using a diverse variety of non-prostanoid target proteins. The therapeutic potential of PGN-9856 was addressed by determining its activity in relevant primate cell, tissue and disease models. KEY RESULTS PGN-9856 was a selective and high affinity (pKi ≥ 8.3) ligand at human recombinant EP2 receptors. In addition to high affinity binding, it was a potent and full EP2 receptor agonist with a high level of selectivity at EP1 , EP3 , EP4 , DP, FP, IP and TP receptors. In cells overexpressing human recombinant EP2 receptors, PGN-9856 displayed a potency (pEC50 ≥ 8.5) and a maximal response (increase in cAMP) comparable to that of the endogenous agonist PGE2 . PGN-9856 exhibited no appreciable affinity (up 10 μM) for a range of 53 other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. Finally, PGN-9856 exhibited tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and long-acting ocular hypotensive properties consistent with its potent EP2 receptor agonist properties. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PGN-9856 is a potent, selective and efficacious prostanoid EP2 receptor agonist with diverse potential therapeutic applications: tocolytic, anti-inflammatory and notably anti-glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C B Toris
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - S Fan
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - J W Wang
- JeniVision Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
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Lee D, Mantravadi AV, Myers JS. Patient considerations in ocular hypertension: role of bimatoprost ophthalmic solution. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:1273-1280. [PMID: 28744094 PMCID: PMC5513827 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The reduction of intraocular pressure has been well established as an effective treatment to prevent both the development and the progression of all forms of glaucoma. Bimatoprost 0.03% ophthalmic solution, introduced in 2001, is a synthetic prostamide with the unique mechanism of improving both uveoscleral and trabecular outflow. Comparative studies with other pharmacotherapies have shown favorable results for bimatoprost as a potent ocular hypotensive agent that is generally well tolerated. Common side effects include conjunctival hyperemia, eyelash growth, iris pigmentation and periorbital changes. Hyperemia rates were reduced following the introduction of bimatoprost 0.01%. Bimatoprost should be used with caution in those with higher risk of developing ocular inflammation and macular edema. However, the perceived risk of bimatoprost in these patient populations is likely greater than the actual risk observed in practice. Bimatoprost is currently in the center of several clinical trials including its use for dermatologic applications and sustained-release therapies for the treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lee
- Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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5
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Turcotte C, Zarini S, Jean S, Martin C, Murphy RC, Marsolais D, Laviolette M, Blanchet MR, Flamand N. The Endocannabinoid Metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2)-Glycerol Inhibits Human Neutrophil Functions: Involvement of Its Hydrolysis into PGE 2 and EP Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3255-3263. [PMID: 28258202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine mediate an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects are related, in part, to their metabolism by eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes. For example, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol can be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 into PG-ethanolamide (PG-EA) and PG-glycerol (PG-G), respectively. Although PGE2 is a recognized suppressor of neutrophil functions, the impact of cyclooxygenase-derived endocannabinoids such as PGE2-EA or PGE2-G on neutrophils is unknown. This study's aim was to define the effects of these mediators on neutrophil functions and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved. We show that PGE2-G, but not PGE2-EA, inhibits leukotriene B4 biosynthesis, superoxide production, migration, and antimicrobial peptide release. The effects of PGE2-G were prevented by EP1/EP2 receptor antagonist AH-6809 but not the EP4 antagonist ONO-AE2-227. The effects of PGE2-G required its hydrolysis into PGE2, were not observed with the non-hydrolyzable PGE2-serinol amide, and were completely prevented by methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphate and palmostatin B, and partially prevented by JZL184 and WWL113. Although we could detect six of the documented PG-G hydrolases in neutrophils by quantitative PCR, only ABHD12 and ABHD16A were detected by immunoblot. Our pharmacological data, combined with our protein expression data, did not allow us to pinpoint one PGE2-G lipase, and rather support the involvement of an uncharacterized lipase and/or of multiple hydrolases. In conclusion, we show that PGE2-G inhibits human neutrophil functions through its hydrolysis into PGE2, and by activating the EP2 receptor. This also indicates that neutrophils could regulate inflammation by altering the balance between PG-G and PG levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
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6
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Woodward DF, Poloso NJ, Wang JW. Prostaglandin E2-Glyceryl Ester: In Vivo Evidence for a Distinct Pharmacological Identity from Intraocular Pressure Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:173-80. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Urquhart P, Wang J, Woodward DF, Nicolaou A. Identification of prostamides, fatty acyl ethanolamines, and their biosynthetic precursors in rabbit cornea. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1419-33. [PMID: 26031663 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) and pros-taglandin ethanolamines (prostamides) are biologically active derivatives of arachidonic acid. Although available through different precursor phospholipids, there is considerable overlap between the biosynthetic pathways of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and anandamide-derived prostamides. Prostamides exhibit physiological actions and are involved in ocular hypotension, smooth muscle contraction, and inflammatory pain. Although topical application of bimatoprost, a structural analog of prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2α-EA), is currently a first-line treatment for ocular hypertension, the endogenous production of prostamides and their biochemical precursors in corneal tissue has not yet been reported. In this study, we report the presence of anandamide, palmitoyl-, stearoyl-, α-linolenoyl docosahexaenoyl-, linoleoyl-, and oleoyl-ethanolamines in rabbit cornea, and following treatment with anandamide, the formation of PGF2α-EA, PGE2-EA, PGD2-EA by corneal extracts (all analyzed by LC/ESI-MS/MS). A number of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines, precursors of anandamide and other fatty acyl ethanolamines, were also identified in corneal lipid extracts using ESI-MS/MS. These findings suggest that the prostamide and fatty acid ethanolamine pathways are operational in the cornea and may provide valuable insight into corneal physiology and their potential influence on adjacent tissues and the aqueous humor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Urquhart
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA
| | | | - Anna Nicolaou
- Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester, UK
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Craven ER, Alzuhairy SA. Bimatoprost: a unique compound that in its nonhydrolyzed form is a prostamide and hydrolyzed form has prostaglandin receptor activity, for glaucoma and cosmetic indications. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.917959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. COX-2-derived endocannabinoid metabolites as novel inflammatory mediators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:284-92. [PMID: 24684963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a key role in inflammatory processes. Classically, this enzyme is upregulated in inflammatory situations and is responsible for the generation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid (AA). One lesser-known property of COX-2 is its ability to metabolize the endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Endocannabinoid metabolism by COX-2 is not merely a means to terminate their actions. On the contrary, it generates PG analogs, namely PG-glycerol esters (PG-G) for 2-AG and PG-ethanolamides (PG-EA or prostamides) for AEA. Although the formation of these COX-2-derived metabolites of the endocannabinoids has been known for a while, their biological effects remain to be fully elucidated. Recently, several studies have focused on the role of these PG-G or PG-EA in vivo. In this review we take a closer look at the literature concerning these novel bioactive lipids and their role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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10
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Ligresti A, Martos J, Wang J, Guida F, Allarà M, Palmieri V, Luongo L, Woodward D, Di Marzo V. Prostamide F(2) α receptor antagonism combined with inhibition of FAAH may block the pro-inflammatory mediators formed following selective FAAH inhibition. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1408-19. [PMID: 24102214 PMCID: PMC3954481 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prostamides are lipid mediators formed by COX-2-catalysed oxidation of the endocannabinoid anandamide and eliciting effects often opposed to those caused by anandamide. Prostamides may be formed when hydrolysis of anandamide by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is physiologically, pathologically or pharmacologically decreased. Thus, therapeutic benefits of FAAH inhibitors might be attenuated by concomitant production of prostamide F2 α . This loss of benefit might be minimized by compounds designed to selectively antagonize prostamide receptors and also inhibiting FAAH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inhibition of FAAH by a series of selective antagonists of prostamide receptors, including AGN 204396, AGN 211335 and AGN 211336, was assessed using rat, mouse and human FAAH in vitro, together with affinity for human recombinant CB1 and CB2 receptors. Effects in vivo were measured in a model of formalin-induced inflammatory pain in mice. KEY RESULTS The prostamide F2 α receptor antagonists were active against mouse and rat FAAH in the low μM range and behaved as non-competitive and plasma membrane-permeant inhibitors. AGN 211335, the most potent inhibitor of rat FAAH (IC50 = 1.2 μM), raised exogenous anandamide levels in intact cells and also bound to cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Both AGN 211335 and AGN 211336 (0.25-1 mg·kg(-1) , i.p.) inhibited the formalin-induced nociceptive response in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Synthetic compounds with indirect agonist activity at cannabinoid receptors and antagonist activity at prostamide receptors can be developed. Such compounds could be used as alternatives to selective FAAH inhibitors to prevent the possibility of prostamide F2 α -induced inflammation and pain. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Guida
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine – Division of Pharmacology ‘L. Donatelli’, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vittoria Palmieri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine – Division of Pharmacology ‘L. Donatelli’, Second University of NaplesNaples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePozzuoli, Italy
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Wan Z, Woodward DF, Stamer WD. Endogenous Bioactive Lipids and the Regulation of Conventional Outflow Facility. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014; 3:457-470. [PMID: 19381354 DOI: 10.1586/17469899.3.4.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Perturbation of paracrine signaling within the human conventional outflow pathway influences tissue homeostasis and outflow function. For example, exogenous introduction of the bioactive lipids, sphingosine-1-phosphate, anandamide or prostaglandin F(2α), to conventional outflow tissues alters the rate of drainage of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, and into Schlemm's canal. This review summarizes recent data that characterizes endogenous bioactive lipids, their receptors and associated signaling partners in the conventional outflow tract. We also discuss the potential of targeting such signaling pathways as a strategy for the development of therapeutics to treat ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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12
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Sharif NA, Klimko P. Update and commentary on the pro-drug bimatoprost and a putative ‘prostamide receptor’. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Kwon O, Kim JY, Paik SH, Jeon HC, Jung YJ, Lee Y, Baek JH, Chun JH, Lee WS, Lee JY, Rogers JD, Halstead M, Eun HC. Long-Term Utility and Durability of the Therapeutic Effects of Bimatoprost 0.03% for Eyelash Augmentation in Healthy Asian Subjects. Dermatology 2014; 229:222-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000363379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Woodward DF, Wang JW, Poloso NJ. Recent progress in prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (prostamide F2α) research and therapeutics. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:1135-47. [PMID: 23893067 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostamide (prostaglandin ethanolamide) research emerged from two distinct lines of research: 1) the unique pharmacology of the antiglaucoma drug bimatoprost and 2) the discovery that endocannabinoid anandamide was converted by COX-2 to a series of electrochemically neutral prostaglandin (PG) ethanolamides. Bimatoprost pharmacology was found to be virtually identical to that of prostamide F2α. The earliest studies relied on comparison of agonist potencies compared with PGF2α and synthetic prostaglandin F2α (FP) receptor agonists. The subsequent discovery of selective and potent prostamide receptor antagonists (AGN 211334-6, as shown in Fig. 3) was critical for distinguishing between prostamide and FP receptor-mediated effects. The prostamide F2α receptor was then modeled by cotransfecting the wild-type FP receptor with an mRNA splicing variant (altFP4).Bimatoprost is now used therapeutically for treating both glaucoma and eyelash hypotrichosis. Bimatoprost also stimulates hair growth in isolated human scalp hair follicles. A strong effect is also seen in mouse pelage hair, where bimatoprost essentially halves the onset of hair regrowth and the time to achieve full hair regrowth in shaved mice. Beyond glaucoma and hair growth, bimatoprost has potential for reducing fat deposition. Studies to date suggest that preadipocytes are the cellular target for bimatoprost. The discovery of the enzyme prostamide/PGF synthase was invaluable in elucidating the anatomic distribution of prostamide F2α. High expression in the central nervous system provided the impetus for later studies that described prostamide F2α as a nociceptive mediator in the spinal cord. At the translational level, bimatoprost has already provided therapeutics in two distinct areas and the use of both prostamide agonists and antagonists may provide other useful medicaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc, Irvine, California 92623-9534, USA.
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Silvestri C, Martella A, Poloso NJ, Piscitelli F, Capasso R, Izzo A, Woodward DF, Di Marzo V. Anandamide-derived prostamide F2α negatively regulates adipogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23307-21. [PMID: 23801328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.489906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators variedly affect adipocyte differentiation. Anandamide stimulates adipogenesis via CB1 receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Anandamide may be converted by PTGS2 (COX2) and prostaglandin F synthases, such as prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase, to prostaglandin F2α ethanolamide (PGF2αEA), of which bimatoprost is a potent synthetic analog. PGF2αEA/bimatoprost act via prostaglandin F2αFP receptor/FP alt4 splicing variant heterodimers. We investigated whether prostamide signaling occurs in preadipocytes and controls adipogenesis. Exposure of mouse 3T3-L1 or human preadipocytes to PGF2αEA/bimatoprost during early differentiation inhibits adipogenesis. PGF2αEA is produced from anandamide in preadipocytes and much less so in differentiating adipocytes, which express much less PTGS2, FP, and its alt4 splicing variant. Selective antagonism of PGF2αEA receptors counteracts prostamide effects on adipogenesis, as does inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Selective inhibition of PGF2αEA versus prostaglandin F2α biosynthesis accelerates adipogenesis. PGF2αEA levels are reduced in the white adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed mice where there is a high requirement for new adipocytes. Prostamides also inhibit zebrafish larval adipogenesis in vivo. We propose that prostamide signaling in preadipocytes is a novel anandamide-derived antiadipogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Silvestri
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Endogenous cannabinoids revisited: A biochemistry perspective. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 102-103:13-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Poloso NJ, Urquhart P, Nicolaou A, Wang J, Woodward DF. PGE2 differentially regulates monocyte-derived dendritic cell cytokine responses depending on receptor usage (EP2/EP4). Mol Immunol 2013; 54:284-95. [PMID: 23337716 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central players in coordinating immune responses, both innate and adaptive. While the role of lipid mediators in the immune response has been the subject of many investigations, the precise role of prostaglandins has often been plagued by contradictory studies. In this study, we examined the role of PGE(2) on human DC function. Although studies have suggested that PGE(2) specifically plays a role in DC motility and cytokine release profile, the precise receptor usage and signaling pathways involved remain unclear. In this report we found that irrespective of the human donor, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) express three of the four PGE(2) receptor subtypes (EP(2-4)), although only EP(2) and EP(4) were active with respect to cytokine production. Using selective EP receptor antagonists and agonists, we demonstrate that PGE(2) coordinates control of IL-23 release (a promoter of Th17, an autoimmune associated T cell subset) in a dose-dependent manner by differential use of EP(2) and EP(4) receptors in LPS-activated MoDCs. This is in contrast to IL-12, which is dose dependently inhibited by PGE(2) through both receptor subtypes. Low concentrations (∼1-10nM) of PGE(2) promoted IL-23 production via EP(4) receptors, while at higher (>50 nM), but still physiologically relevant concentrations, IL-23 is suppressed by an EP(2) dependent mechanism. These results can be explained by differential regulation of the common subunit, IL-12p40, and IL-23p19, by EP(2) and EP(4). By these means, PGE(2) can act as a regulatory switch of immune responses depending on its concentration in the microenvironment. In addition, we believe these results may also explain why seemingly conflicting biological functions assigned to PGE(2) have been reported in the literature, as the concentration of ligand (PGE(2)) fundamentally alters the nature of the response. This finding also highlights the potential of designing therapeutics which differentially target these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Poloso
- 2525 DuPont Dr, RD3-2B, Department Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Woodward DF, Tang ESH, Attar M, Wang JW. The biodisposition and hypertrichotic effects of bimatoprost in mouse skin. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:145-8. [PMID: 23278986 PMCID: PMC3594970 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies on bimatoprost were performed with two objectives: (i) to determine whether bimatoprost possesses hair growth-stimulating properties beyond eyelash hypertrichosis and (ii) to investigate the biodisposition of bimatoprost in skin for the first time. Bimatoprost, at the dose used clinically for eyelash growth (0.03%) and given once daily for 14 days, increased pelage hair growth in C57/black 6 mice. This occurred as a much earlier onset of new hair growth in shaved mice and the time taken to achieve complete hair regrowth, according to photographic documentation and visual assessment. Bimatoprost biodisposition in the skin was determined at three concentrations: 0.01%, 0.03% and 0.06%. Dose-dependent Cmax values were obtained (3.41, 6.74, 12.3 μg/g tissue), and cutaneous bimatoprost was well maintained for 24 h following a single dose. Bimatoprost was recovered from the skin only as the intact molecule, with no detectable levels of metabolites. Thus, bimatoprost produces hypertrichosis as the intact molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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Prostaglandin ethanolamides attenuate damage in a human explant colitis model. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2013; 100-101:22-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Goupil E, Wisehart V, Khoury E, Zimmerman B, Jaffal S, Hébert TE, Laporte SA. Biasing the prostaglandin F2α receptor responses toward EGFR-dependent transactivation of MAPK. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1189-202. [PMID: 22638073 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) receptor [F prostanoid (FP) receptor] has been implicated in many physiological events including cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, reproductive, and endocrine responses. Binding of PGF2α to FP receptor elicits inositol production and protein kinase C-dependent MAPK activation through Gα(q) coupling. Here we report that AL-8810, previously characterized as an orthosteric antagonist of PGF2α-dependent, Gα(q)-mediated signaling, potently activates ERK1/2 in a protein kinase C-independent manner. Rather, AL-8810 promoted ERK1/2 activation via an epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation mechanism in both human embryonic kidney 293 cells and in the MG-63 osteoblast-like cells, which express endogenous FP receptors. Neither AL-8810- nor PGF2α-mediated stimulation of FP receptor promoted association with β-arrestins, suggesting that MAPK activation induced by these ligands is independent of β-arrestin's signaling scaffold functions. Interestingly, the spatiotemporal activation of ERK1/2 promoted by AL-8810 and PGF2α showed almost completely opposite responses in the nucleus and the cytosol. Finally, using [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, we noted differential regulation of PGF2α- and AL-8810-induced cell proliferation in MG-63 cells. This study reveals, for the first time, the signaling biased nature of FP receptor orthosteric ligands toward MAPK signaling. Our findings on the specific patterns of ERK1/2 activation promoted by FP receptor ligands may help dissect the distinct roles of MAPK in FP receptor-dependent physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugénie Goupil
- Polypeptide Hormone Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B2
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Fowler CJ. Anandamide uptake explained? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:181-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sigle KJ, Camaño-Garcia G, Carriquiry AL, Betts DM, Kuehn MH, McLellan GJ. The effect of dorzolamide 2% on circadian intraocular pressure in cats with primary congenital glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 14 Suppl 1:48-53. [PMID: 21923823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00913.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of fluctuation in circadian intraocular pressure (IOP) and the efficacy of topical dorzolamide 2% q 8 h in lowering IOP and blunting circadian fluctuation in IOP in glaucomatous cats. ANIMALS STUDIED Seven adult cats with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). PROCEDURES Measurements of IOP and pupil diameter were obtained for both eyes (OU) of each cat q 4 h for 12 days. Cats were housed in a laboratory animal facility with a 12-h light:dark cycle. Baseline values were established for 2 days. For the next 5 days, placebo (1.4% polyvinyl alcohol) was administered OU q 8 h. Dorzolamide 2% was then administered OU q 8 h for a further 5 days. A multivariate mixed linear model was fitted to the data, with parameters estimated from a Bayesian perspective. The 4 am time point was selected as the reference for the purposes of comparisons. RESULTS Estimated mean IOP for the reference time point pre-treatment was symmetric (about 33 mmHg OU). In all cats, IOP was significantly lower during the diurnal phase, relative to the 4 am measurements, with highest IOP observed 2-6 h after the onset of the dark phase. Circadian fluctuations in IOP were dampened during the treatment period. There was a significant decrease in IOP in all cats during the dorzolamide treatment period (estimated mean for the treatment period reference = 17.9 mmHg OU). CONCLUSIONS Topical dorzolamide 2% q 8 h is effective in reducing IOP and IOP fluctuation in cats with PCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Sigle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Endocannabinoid oxygenation by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450: cross-talk between the eicosanoid and endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5899-921. [PMID: 21923193 PMCID: PMC3191732 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Jones RL, Woodward DF, Wang JW, Clark RL. Roles of affinity and lipophilicity in the slow kinetics of prostanoid receptor antagonists on isolated smooth muscle preparations. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:863-79. [PMID: 20973775 PMCID: PMC3042197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The highly lipophilic acyl-sulphonamides L-798106 and L-826266 showed surprisingly slow antagonism of the prostanoid EP₃ receptor system in guinea-pig aorta. Roles of affinity and lipophilicity in the onset kinetics of these and other prostanoid ligands were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Antagonist selectivity was assessed using a panel of human recombinant prostanoid receptor-fluorimetric imaging plate reader assays. Potencies/affinities and onset half-times of agonists and antagonists were obtained on guinea-pig-isolated aorta and vas deferens. n-Octanol-water partition coefficients were predicted. KEY RESULTS L-798106, L-826266 and the less lipophilic congener (DG)-3ap appear to behave as selective, competitive-reversible EP₃ antagonists. For ligands of low to moderate lipophilicity, potency increments for EP₃ and TP (thromboxane-like) agonism on guinea-pig aorta (above pEC₅₀ of 8.0) were associated with progressively longer onset half-times; similar trends were found for TP and histamine H₁ antagonism above a pA₂ limit of 8.0. In contrast, L-798106 (EP₃), L-826266 (EP₃, TP) and the lipophilic H₁ antagonists astemizole and terfenadine exhibited very slow onset rates despite their moderate affinities; (DG)-3ap (EP₃) had a faster onset. Agonism and antagonism on the vas deferens EP₃ system were overall much faster, although trends were similar. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS High affinity and high liphophilicity may contribute to the slow onsets of prostanoid ligands in some isolated smooth muscle preparations. Both relationships are explicable by tissue disposition under the limited diffusion model. EP₃ antagonists used as research tools should have moderate lipophilicity. The influence of lipophilicity on the potential clinical use of EP₃ antagonists is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylamides/chemistry
- Acrylamides/metabolism
- Acrylamides/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Guinea Pigs
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
- In Vitro Techniques
- Isoenzymes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Ligands
- Male
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Relaxation/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/chemistry
- Naphthalenes/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Neuromuscular Agents/chemistry
- Neuromuscular Agents/metabolism
- Neuromuscular Agents/pharmacology
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/agonists
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/genetics
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP3 Subtype/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/agonists
- Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Vas Deferens/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Stamer WD, Piwnica D, Jolas T, Carling RW, Cornell CL, Fliri H, Martos J, Pettit SN, Wang JW, Woodward DF. Cellular basis for bimatoprost effects on human conventional outflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5176-81. [PMID: 20435598 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bimatoprost is a widely used ocular hypotensive agent to treat glaucoma. It lowers intraocular pressure in humans by increasing both pressure-independent (uveoscleral) and pressure-dependent (conventional) aqueous humor outflow. The present study specifically examines bimatoprost effects on the cells that populate human outflow tissues. METHODS The authors tested for prostamide receptor activation in primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork (TM), Schlemm's canal (SC), and ciliary smooth muscle (CSM) cells using cellular dielectric spectroscopy (CDS). RESULTS The authors observed that bimatoprost produced an immediate and concentration-dependent increase in cell monolayer impedance for TM, SC, and CSM cells with EC(50) values of 4.3, 1.2, and 1.7 nM, respectively; corresponding to decreased cell contractility. Notably, in TM, SC, and CSM cells, bimatoprost was approximately equipotent to the selective FP receptor agonists fluprostenol and 17-phenyl PGF(2α). Bimatoprost effects were insensitive to cholera toxin and pertussis toxin but were abolished by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate pretreatment, suggesting Gq-involvement in cell signaling. The effects of bimatoprost on TM and SC cells were inhibited by the prostamide receptor antagonist AGN211334, with IC(50) values of 1.2 and 3.3 μM, respectively. Interestingly, AGN211334 behaved as an apparent inverse agonist in CDS assays involving TM cells but as a neutral prostamide antagonist with SC cells. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, results suggest that bimatoprost specifically activates receptors in both cell types of the human conventional outflow pathway to modify intraocular pressure. However, only TM cell monolayers appear to have autocrine, or agonist-independent, receptor signaling that is sensitive to a prostamide receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85711, USA.
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Richie-Jannetta R, Nirodi CS, Crews BC, Woodward DF, Wang JW, Duff PT, Marnett LJ. Structural determinants for calcium mobilization by prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin F2alpha glyceryl esters in RAW 264.7 cells and H1819 cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2010; 92:19-24. [PMID: 20152925 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol is oxygenated by cyclooxygenase-2 to form prostaglandin glyceryl esters. Previous work in this laboratory has suggested that PGE(2)-G activates a novel G protein-coupled receptor in a murine macrophage-like cell line, RAW 264.7. To probe the structural determinants for the putative receptor in RAW 264.7 cells, a panel of 10 analogs was tested for their ability to increase intracellular calcium. These analogs included PGE(2)- and PGF(2alpha)-ethanolamide, 4 PGE(2) glyceryl ester analogs, and 4 PGF(2alpha) glyceryl ester analogs. The glyceryl ester analogs differed in the positioning of the hydroxyl groups in the glycerol moiety and the type of linker (ester, amide, or thioester) of the prostaglandin to the glycerol moiety. Compounds were also evaluated in a human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (H1819). The glycerol moiety was required for the calcium response. All glyceryl ester analogs but not ethanolamides caused a concentration-dependent increase in calcium levels in both RAW 264.7 and H1819 cells. An amide or ester linkage was preferable to a thioester linkage. The EC(50) values did not significantly change when the positioning of the hydroxyls was varied. This calcium response induced by the glyceryl ester analogs appears to be independent of the putative hydrolysis products, PGE(2) and PGF(2alpha), and appears to represent a novel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Richie-Jannetta
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, USA
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Abstract
Bimatoprost is a synthetic prostamide analog that is efficacious in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and other forms of glaucoma. It reduces intraocular pressure (IOP) by increasing uveoscleral and trabecular outflow. When used as a 0.03% topical preparation once daily, it demonstrates sustained lowering of IOP of 7 - 8 mmHg over a 24-h period. The drug has been found to be more effective than timolol. In some studies it has shown greater ability to lower IOP when compared with other prostaglandin analogs; whereas in others all three clinically used prostaglandin analogs were found to be equally effective. It shows good IOP reduction when used in combination with other glaucoma medications. A common side effect includes mild conjunctival hyperemia, which is generally reversible. Other side effects include periorbital pigmentation, discomfort, ocular surface hyperemia and skin changes. Pharmacoeconomic data indicate that bimatoprost is cost effective in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma.
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Smid SD. Role of prostaglandins and specific place in therapy of bimatoprost in the treatment of elevated intraocular pressure and ocular hypertension: A closer look at the agonist properties of bimatoprost and the prostamides. Clin Ophthalmol 2009; 3:663-70. [PMID: 20054414 PMCID: PMC2801635 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimatoprost is the only representative of a novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamide (prostamide) compounds used therapeutically as an efficacious treatment for glaucoma. The pathways through which bimatoprost works to improve uveoscleral outflow to relieve elevated intraocular pressure are similar to those of the conventional prostaglandins used in glaucoma therapy, with some evidence of a preferential action at the trabecular meshwork. The pharmacology of bimatoprost is however, unclear. Pharmacological evidence supports a specific and distinct receptor-mediated agonist activity of bimatoprost at ‘prostamide’ receptors, which is selective to the prostamides as a class. However, other studies have reported either activity of bimatoprost at additional prostanoid and nonprostanoid receptors, or a conversion of bimatoprost to metabolites with agonist activity at prostaglandin FP receptors in the human eye. The formation of endogenous prostamides has been demonstrated in vivo, by a novel pathway involving the cyclooxygenase-2-mediated conversion of endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) substrates. Irrespective of the pharmacology of bimatoprost and the prostamides in general, further studies are needed to determine the biological role and biochemical pathology of prostamides in the human eye, particularly in glaucoma. Such studies may improve our understanding of uveoscleral flow and may offer new treatments for controlling intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Costagliola C, dell’Omo R, Romano MR, Rinaldi M, Zeppa L, Parmeggiani F. Pharmacotherapy of intraocular pressure – part II. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin analogues and prostamides. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009; 10:2859-70. [PMID: 19929706 DOI: 10.1517/14656560903300129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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31
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Jones RL, Giembycz MA, Woodward DF. Prostanoid receptor antagonists: development strategies and therapeutic applications. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:104-45. [PMID: 19624532 PMCID: PMC2795261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the primary products of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)/prostaglandin synthase(s), which occurred between 1958 and 1976, was followed by a classification system for prostanoid receptors (DP, EP(1), EP(2) ...) based mainly on the pharmacological actions of natural and synthetic agonists and a few antagonists. The design of potent selective antagonists was rapid for certain prostanoid receptors (EP(1), TP), slow for others (FP, IP) and has yet to be achieved in certain cases (EP(2)). While some antagonists are structurally related to the natural agonist, most recent compounds are 'non-prostanoid' (often acyl-sulphonamides) and have emerged from high-throughput screening of compound libraries, made possible by the development of (functional) assays involving single recombinant prostanoid receptors. Selective antagonists have been crucial to defining the roles of PGD(2) (acting on DP(1) and DP(2) receptors) and PGE(2) (on EP(1) and EP(4) receptors) in various inflammatory conditions; there are clear opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The vast endeavour on TP (thromboxane) antagonists is considered in relation to their limited pharmaceutical success in the cardiovascular area. Correspondingly, the clinical utility of IP (prostacyclin) antagonists is assessed in relation to the cloud hanging over the long-term safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Aspirin apart, COX inhibitors broadly suppress all prostanoid pathways, while high selectivity has been a major goal in receptor antagonist development; more targeted therapy may require an intermediate position with defined antagonist selectivity profiles. This review is intended to provide overviews of each antagonist class (including prostamide antagonists), covering major development strategies and current and potential clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Jones
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Chen J, Lu RT, Lai R, Dinh T, Paul D, Venadas S, Wheeler LA. Bimatoprost-induced calcium signaling in human T-cells does not involve prostanoid FP or TP receptors. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:184-95. [PMID: 19274525 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802669781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prostamide bimatoprost and prostanoid FP receptor agonists are highly efficacious drugs for glaucoma treatment. The presence of both prostamide and prostanoid FP receptors in bimatoprost-sensitive preparations has made prostamide receptor classification difficult. This study investigated a novel bimatoprost-sensitive preparation. METHODS Human peripheral blood T lymphoblasts (Molt-3) and human osteoblasts (hFOB) were cultured for intracellular calcium signaling studies and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of RNA. RESULTS Bimatoprost stimulated concentration-related increases in [Ca(2 +)](i) in a human T-cell line that does not express human FP receptor/variants, according to PCR analysis. The calcium signal induced by bimatoprost was not antagonized by prostanoid FP receptor antagonist/partial agonist AL-8810 or selective TP receptor antagonist SQ 29548. Conversely, bimatoprost did not elevate [Ca(2 +)](i) in human osteoblasts, which were confirmed to contain RNA of human FP receptor/variants. CONCLUSIONS Molt-3 cells have been identified as a bimatoprost-sensitive preparation in which the activity of bimatoprost is independent of prostanoid FP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California 92612, USA.
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Bean GW, Camras CB. Commercially available prostaglandin analogs for the reduction of intraocular pressure: similarities and differences. Surv Ophthalmol 2009; 53 Suppl1:S69-84. [PMID: 19038626 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 12 years, the pharmacological management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension has significantly changed with the introduction of the prostaglandin analogs, specifically, latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost. Their ability to effectively reduce intraocular pressure with once-per-day dosing, their comparable ocular tolerability with timolol, and their general lack of systemic side effects have made them the mainstay of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma and ocular hypertension in most parts of the world. A review of their pharmacology reveals that they are all prodrugs that are converted to their respective free acids within the eye to activate the prostanoid FP receptor and to reduce intraocular pressure by enhancing the uveoscleral and the trabecular meshwork outflow pathways. A review of numerous prospective, randomized comparative studies indicates that no clinically significant differences exist among these agents regarding their ability to lower intraocular pressure.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2009; 20:137-45. [PMID: 19240547 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e32832979bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Malcher-Lopes R, Buzzi M. Glucocorticoid-regulated crosstalk between arachidonic acid and endocannabinoid biochemical pathways coordinates cognitive-, neuroimmune-, and energy homeostasis-related adaptations to stress. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:263-313. [PMID: 19647116 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its derivatives constitute the major group of signaling molecules involved in the innate immune response and its communication with all cellular and systemic aspects involved on homeostasis maintenance. Glucocorticoids spread throughout the organism their influences over key enzymatic steps of the arachidonic acid biochemical pathways, leading, in the central nervous system, to a shift favoring the synthesis of anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids over proinflammatory metabolites, such as prostaglandins. This shift modifies local immune-inflammatory response and neuronal activity to ultimately coordinate cognitive, behavioral, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, physiological, and metabolic adjustments to basal and stress conditions. In the hypothalamus, a reciprocal feedback between glucocorticoids and arachidonate-containing molecules provides a mechanism for homeostatic control. This neurochemical switch is susceptible to fine-tuning by neuropeptides, cytokines, and hormones, such as leptin and interleukin-1beta, assuring functional integration between energy homeostasis control and the immune/stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Malcher-Lopes
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, EMBRAPA-Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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Tóth A, Blumberg PM, Boczán J. Chapter 15 Anandamide and the Vanilloid Receptor (TRPV1). VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:389-419. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and EP1 receptor antagonism reduces human colonic longitudinal muscle contractility in vitro. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:117-21. [PMID: 19126433 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of cyclo-oxygenase enzyme inhibition and prostamide agonism on human colonic contractility in vitro. The effects of the non-specific COX inhibitor diclofenac were compared against selective COX-2 inhibition via nimesulide, the prostanoid EP(1) receptor antagonist SC19220 or the prostaglandin prodrug/prostamide receptor agonist bimatoprost, on potency of contraction to acetylcholine in human colonic circular and longitudinal muscle strips. Pre-treatment with either nimesulide (10(-5)M) or diclofenac (10(-6)M) caused a significant decrease in the potency of acetylcholine-evoked longitudinal muscle contraction, but did not inhibit acetylcholine-evoked circular muscle contraction. Pre-treatment with the EP(1) receptor antagonist SC19220 (10(-5)M) similarly decreased cholinergic potency in longitudinal muscle, without influence on circular muscle contraction. The prostamide agonist bimatoprost (10(-6)M) increased basal circular and longitudinal muscle tone, but did not alter cholinergic potency in either muscle layer. In conclusion, colonic longitudinal muscle contraction is augmented by COX-2 activity, most likely via PGE(2) acting at EP(1) receptors. While colonic contraction is tonically modulated by bimatoprost, it does not share the same functional properties attributed to other endogenous COX-2 metabolites on colonic contractile function.
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The pharmacology and therapeutic relevance of endocannabinoid derived cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 products. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:71-80. [PMID: 18700152 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) as naturally occurring mammalian endocannabinoids has had important and wide-reaching therapeutic implications. This, to a large extent, ensues from the complexity of endocannabinoid biology. One facet of endocannabinoid biology now receiving increased attention is the cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) derived oxidation products. Anandamide and 2-AG are oxidized to a range of PG-ethanolamides and PG-glyceryl esters that closely approaches that of the prostaglandins (PGs) formed from arachidonic acid. The pharmacology of these electrochemically neutral PG-ethanolamides (prostamides) and PG-glyceryl esters appears to be unique. No meaningful interaction with natural or recombinant prostanoid receptors is apparent. Nevertheless, in certain cells and tissues, prostamides and PG-glyceryl esters exert potent effects. The recent discovery of selective antagonists for the putative prostamide receptor has been a major advance in further establishing prostamide pharmacology as an entity distinct from prostanoid receptors. Since discovery of the prototype prostamide antagonist (AGN 204396), rapid progress has been made. The latest prostamide antagonists (AGN 211334-6) are 100 times more potent than the prototype and are, therefore, sufficiently active to be used in living animal studies. These compounds will allow a full evaluation of the role of prostamides in health and disease. To date, the only therapeutic application for prostamides is in glaucoma. The prostamide analog, bimatoprost, being the most effective ocular hypotensive drug currently available. Interestingly, PGE(2)-glyceryl ester and its chemically stable analog PGE(2)-serinolamide also lower intraocular pressure in dogs. Nevertheless, the therapeutic future of PGE(2)-glyceryl ester is more likely to reside in inflammation.
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Smid SD. Gastrointestinal endocannabinoid system: multifaceted roles in the healthy and inflamed intestine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35:1383-7. [PMID: 18671715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2008.05016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system is emerging as a key modulator of intestinal physiology, influencing motility, secretion, epithelial integrity and immune function in the gut, in addition to influencing satiety and emesis. 2. Accumulating evidence suggests that the endocannabinoid system may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease, particularly in the light of recent studies demonstrating an effect of endocannabinoids on the development of experimental inflammation and linkages with functional clinical disorders characterized by altered motility. 3. The predominant endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, not only mediate their effects via two recognized cannabinoid receptor subtypes, namely CB(1) and CB(2), but emerging evidence now shows they are also substrates for cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, generating a distinct and novel class of prostaglandin ethanolamides (prostamides) and prostaglandin glycerol esters. These compounds are bioactive and may mediate an array of biological effects distinct to those of conventional prostanoids. 4. The effects of prostamides on gastrointestinal motility, secretion, sensation and immune function have not been characterized extensively. Prostamides may play an important role in gastrointestinal inflammation, particularly given the enhanced expression of both COX-2 and endocannabinoids that occurs in the inflamed gut. 5. Further preclinical studies are needed to determine the therapeutic potential of drugs targeting the endocannabinoid system in functional and inflammatory gut disorders, to assist with the determination of feasibility for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Smid
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Sharif NA, Kaddour-Djebbar I, Abdel-Latif AA. Cat iris sphincter smooth-muscle contraction: comparison of FP-class prostaglandin analog agonist activities. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2008; 24:152-63. [PMID: 18355130 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2007.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacologic characteristics of a number of FP-class prostaglandin (PG) analogs were determined by using the cat iris sphincter smooth-muscle-contraction assay. Cumulative concentration-response curves were generated for each compound. The relative agonist potencies (EC(50)) of the compounds were: cloprostenol (0.0012 +/- 0.0004 nM) >> travoprost acid (0.46 +/- 0.13 nM) = bimatoprost acid (0.99 +/- 0.19 nM) > (+/-)-fluprostenol (15.8 +/- 2.6 nM) = PGF(2alpha) (18.6 +/- 1.8 nM) > latanoprost acid (29.9 +/- 1.6 nM) > bimatoprost (140 +/- 45 nM) > S-1033 (588 +/- 39 nM) > unoprostone (UF-021; 1280 +/- 50 nM; n = 4-14). The maximum response induced by travoprost acid (122% +/- 2.3% maximum response relative to PGF(2alpha)) was significantly greater than that induced by all the other PG compounds (P < 0.001 - P < 0.02). Interestingly, the FP-receptor antagonist, AL-8810, behaved as a moderate efficacy partial agonist (EC(50) = 2140 +/- 190 nM; 63 +/- 4.3% maximum response relative to PGF(2alpha)), indicating that the cat iris contains an extremely well-coupled FP-receptor population, and/or the tissue contains an extremely high density of the FP-receptor and/or spare receptors. The cat iris contraction data were well correlated with other FP-receptor-mediated signal-transduction processes, including FP-receptor binding in bovine corpus luteum (r = 0.86), FP-receptor binding in human iris (r = 0.61), phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in human ciliary muscle and trabecular meshwork cells (r = 0.77 - 0.86), PI turnover in rat and mouse cells (r = 0.73 - 0.76) and via cloned human FP-receptor (r = 0.9), and rat uterus contraction (r = 0.84). These data confirm the presence of functional FP-receptors in the cat iris sphincter, which are exquisitely well coupled and which respond to a variety of FP-class PG analogs with differing potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najam A Sharif
- Ophthalmology Discovery Research, Alcon Research Ltd, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA.
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Liang Y, Woodward DF, Guzman VM, Li C, Scott DF, Wang JW, Wheeler LA, Garst ME, Landsverk K, Sachs G, Krauss AHP, Cornell C, Martos J, Pettit S, Fliri H. Identification and pharmacological characterization of the prostaglandin FP receptor and FP receptor variant complexes. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1079-93. [PMID: 18587449 PMCID: PMC2440084 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: A prostamide analogue, bimatoprost, has been shown to be effective in reducing intraocular pressure, but its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Hence, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this effect of bimatoprost, we focused on pharmacologically characterizing prostaglandin FP receptor (FP) and FP receptor variant (altFP) complexes. Experimental approach: FP receptor mRNA variants were identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The FP-altFP4 heterodimers were established in HEK293/EBNA cells co-expressing FP and altFP4 receptor variants. A fluorometric imaging plate reader was used to study Ca2+ mobilization. Upregulation of cysteine-rich angiogenic protein 61 (Cyr61) mRNA was measured by Northern blot analysis, and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) by western analysis. Key results: Six splicing variants of FP receptor mRNA were identified in human ocular tissues. Immunoprecipitation confirmed that the FP receptor is dimerized with altFP4 receptors in HEK293/EBNA cells co-expressing FP and altFP4 receptors. In the studies of the kinetic profile for Ca2+ mobilization, prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) elicited a rapid increase in intracellular Ca2+ followed by a steady state phase. In contrast, bimatoprost elicited an immediate increase in intracellular Ca2+ followed by a second phase. The prostamide antagonist, AGN211335, selectively and dose-dependently inhibited the bimatoprost-initiated second phase of Ca2+ mobilization, Cyr61 mRNA upregulation and MLC phosphorylation, but did not block the action of PGF2α. Conclusion and implications: Bimatoprost lacks effects on the FP receptor but may interact with the FP-altFP receptor heterodimer to induce alterations in second messenger signalling. Hence, FP-altFP complexes may represent the underlying basis of bimatoprost pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- Departments of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA, USA.
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Martinez A, Sanchez M. Efficacy and safety of bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination in the treatment of glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2008; 9:137-43. [PMID: 18076345 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.9.1.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
When a single medication does not adequately control intraocular pressure, additional intraocular hypotensive agents are often added to the therapeutic regime. However, regimen complexity has been associated with reduced patient compliance. Treatment with a fixed combination may, therefore, increase compliance as a result of simplifying the dosage regimen. Bimatoprost/timolol fixed combination (BTFC) combines two clinically effective agents that decrease elevated intraocular pressure by independent mechanisms. In two clinical studies, BTFC was more effective than its individual components. Furthermore, in a non-inferiority study BTFC has been shown to be as effective as the association of its individual components. BTFC was clinically effective and generally well tolerated, with no unexpected adverse reactions reported for the BTFC compared with those reported for bimatoprost or timolol monotherapies.
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Moriuchi H, Koda N, Okuda-Ashitaka E, Daiyasu H, Ogasawara K, Toh H, Ito S, Woodward DF, Watanabe K. Molecular characterization of a novel type of prostamide/prostaglandin F synthase, belonging to the thioredoxin-like superfamily. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:792-801. [PMID: 18006499 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705638200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin F (PGF) ethanolamide (prostamide F) synthase, which catalyzed the reduction of prostamide H(2) to prostamide F(2alpha), was found in mouse and swine brain. The enzyme was purified from swine brain, and its amino acid sequence was defined. The mouse enzyme consisted of a 603-bp open reading frame coding for a 201-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular weight of 21,669. The amino acid sequence placed the enzyme in the thioredoxin-like superfamily with Cys(44) being the active site. The enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli as well as the native enzyme catalyzed not only the reduction of prostamide H(2) to prostamide F(2alpha) but also that of PGH(2) to PGF(2alpha). The V(max) and K(m) values for prostamide H(2) were about 0.25 micromol/min.mg of protein and 7.6 microm, respectively, and those for PGH(2) were about 0.69 micromol/min.mg of protein and 6.9 microm, respectively. Neither PGE(2) nor PGD(2) served as a substrate for this synthase. Based on these data, we named the enzyme prostamide/PGF synthase. Although the enzyme showed a broad specificity for reductants, reduced thioredoxin preferentially served as a reducing equivalent donor for this enzyme. Moreover, Northern and Western blot analyses in addition to the prostamide F synthase activity showed that the enzyme was mainly distributed in the brain and spinal cord, and the immunohistochemical study in the spinal cord showed that the enzyme was found mainly in the cytosol. These results suggest that prostamide/PGF synthase may play an important functional role in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Moriuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Art, University of East Asia, 2-1 Ichinomiyagakuen, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 751-8503, Japan
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Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The complications of promiscuity: endocannabinoid action and metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:602-23. [PMID: 17876303 PMCID: PMC2190010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present our understanding of the action and metabolism of endocannabinoids and related endogenous molecules. It is clear that the interactions between the multiple endocannabinoid-like molecules (ECLs) are highly complex, both at the level of signal transduction and metabolism. Thus, ECLs are a group of ligands active at 7-transmembrane and nuclear receptors, as well as transmitter-gated and ion channels. ECLs and their metabolites can converge on common endpoints (either metabolic or signalling) through contradictory or reinforcing pathways. We highlight the complexity of the endocannabinoid system, based on the promiscuous nature of ECLs and their metabolites, as well as the synthetic modulators of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 7LP, UK.
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Fowler CJ. The contribution of cyclooxygenase-2 to endocannabinoid metabolism and action. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:594-601. [PMID: 17618306 PMCID: PMC2190012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of sensitive analytical methods for measurement of endocannabinoids, their metabolites, and related lipids, has underlined the complexity of the endocannabinoid system. A case can be made for an 'endocannabinoid soup' (akin to the inflammatory soup) whereby the net effect of a pathological state and/or a pharmacological intervention on this system is the result not only of changes in endocannabinoid levels but also of their metabolites and related compounds that affect their function. With respect to the metabolism of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, the main hydrolytic enzymes involved are fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase. However, other pathways can come into play when these are blocked. Cyclooxygenase-2 derived metabolites of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol have a number of properties, including effects upon cell viability, contraction of the cat iris sphincter (an effect mediated by a novel receptor), mobilization of calcium and modulation of synaptic transmission. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, whose primary mode of action is the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, can also interact with the endocannabinoid system both in vitro and in vivo. Other enzymes, such as the lipoxygenase and cytochrome P450 oxidative enzymes, can also metabolize endocannabinoids and produce biologically active compounds. It is concluded that sensitive analytical methods, which allow for measurement of endocannabinoids and related lipids, should provide vital information as to the importance of these alternative metabolic pathways when the primary hydrolytic endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes are inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Wan Z, Woodward DF, Cornell CL, Fliri HG, Martos JL, Pettit SN, Wang JW, Kharlamb AB, Wheeler LA, Garst ME, Landsverk KJ, Struble CS, Stamer WD. Bimatoprost, prostamide activity, and conventional drainage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48:4107-15. [PMID: 17724194 PMCID: PMC2680422 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite structural similarity with prostaglandin F(2 alpha), the ocular hypotensive agent bimatoprost (Lumigan; Allergan, Inc., Irvine, CA) shows unique pharmacology in vitro and functional activity in vivo. Unfortunately, the precise mechanisms that underlie bimatoprost's distinctive impact on aqueous humor dynamics are unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of bimatoprost and a novel prostamide-selective antagonist AGN 211334 on human conventional drainage. METHODS Two model systems were used to test the consequences of bimatoprost and/or AGN 211334 treatment on conventional drainage. Human anterior segments in organ culture were perfused at a constant flow rate of 2.5 microL/min while pressure was recorded continuously. After stable baseline facilities were established, segments were treated with drug(s), and pressure was monitored for an additional 3 days. In parallel, the drugs' effects on hydraulic conductivity of human trabecular meshwork (TM) cell monolayers were evaluated. Pharmacological properties of AGN 211334 were characterized in isolated feline iris preparations in organ culture and heterologously expressed G-protein-coupled receptors were examined in vitro. RESULTS Bimatoprost increased outflow facility by an average of 40% +/- 10% within 48 hours of treatment (n = 10, P < 0.001). Preincubation or coincubation with AGN 211334 significantly blunted bimatoprost's effects by 95% or 43%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in cell culture experiments in which bimatoprost increased hydraulic conductivity of TM cell monolayers by 78% +/- 25%. Pretreatment with AGN 211334 completely blocked bimatoprost's effects, while coincubation decreased its effects on average by 74%. In both models, AGN 211334 alone significantly decreased fluid flux across trabecular tissues and cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that bimatoprost interacts with a prostamide receptor in the trabecular meshwork to increase outflow facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85711, USA
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Woodward DF, Liang Y, Krauss AHP. Prostamides (prostaglandin-ethanolamides) and their pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:410-9. [PMID: 17721551 PMCID: PMC2241799 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostamides are part of a large and continually expanding series of pharmacologically unique neutral lipids. They are COX-2 derived oxidation products of the endocannabinoid/endovanniloid anandamide. Prostamide pharmacology is unique and, as in the case of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, bears little resemblance to that of the corresponding free acids. By virtue of its close relationship to the anti-glaucoma drug bimatoprost, prostamide F(2alpha) has received the greatest research attention. Prostamide F(2alpha) and bimatoprost effects appear independent of prostanoid FP receptor activation, according to a litany of agonist studies. Studies involving freshly isolated and separate feline iridial smooth muscle cells revealed that bimatoprost and FP receptor agonists stimulated different cells, without exception. This suggests the existence of receptors that preferentially recognize prostamide F(2alpha). The recent discovery of prostamide antagonists has provided further support for prostamide receptors as discrete entities. The prototypical prostamide antagonists, AGN 204396 and 7, blocked the effects of prostamide F(2alpha) and bimatoprost but not those of PGF(2alpha) and FP receptor agonists in the feline iris. Second generation more potent prostamide antagonists, such as AGN 211334, should allow the role of prostamides in health and disease to be elucidated. From the therapeutics standpoint, the prostamide F(2alpha) analogue bimatoprost is the most efficacious ocular hypotensive agent currently available for the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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Burk RM, Woodward DF. Bimatoprost, a novel efficacious ocular hypotensive drug now recognized as a member of a new class of agents called prostamides. Drug Dev Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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