1
|
Zhang J, Cui X, Zhao S, Chang Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Liu J, Sun G, Wang Y, Liu Y. Establishment of a pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics model of Schisandra lignans against hippocampal neurotransmitters in AD rats based on microdi-alysis liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1342121. [PMID: 38529184 PMCID: PMC10961592 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1342121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Our previous studies substantiated that the biological activity of Schisandra chinensis lignans during the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was mediated by neurotransmitter levels, and 15 of its active components were identified. However, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of Schisandra chinensis lignans has been less studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Schisandra chinensis lignans in the treatment of AD, and to establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. Methods and Results: Herein, we established a microdialysis-ultra performance liquid chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry (MD-LC-TQ-MS) technique that could simultaneously and continuously collect and quantitatively analyze the active compounds and neurotransmitters related to the therapeutic effects of Schisandra chinensis in awake AD rats. Eight lignans were detected in the hippocampus, and a PK-PD model was established. The fitted curves highlighted a temporal lag between the maximum drug concentration and the peak drug effect. Following treatment, the levels of four neurotransmitters tended to converge with those observed in the sham operation group. Conclusion: By establishing a comprehensive concentration-time-effect relationship for Schisandra chinensis lignans in AD treatment, our study provides novel insights into the in vivo effects of these lignans in AD rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
- Qian Xi Nan Maternal and Child Care Hospital, Xingyi, China
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Zenghui Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Junshuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Guohao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yiyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang S, Lee S, Yoon J, Chung JY. Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Carvedilol to Evaluate the Effect of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Genotype on the Heart Rate Reduction. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e173. [PMID: 37272562 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist primarily metabolized by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6. This study established a carvedilol population pharmacokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) model to describe the effects of CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms on the inter-individual variability of PK and PD. METHODS The PK-PD model was developed from a clinical study conducted on 21 healthy subjects divided into three CYP2D6 phenotype groups, with six subjects in the extensive metabolizer (EM, *1/*1, *1/*2), seven in the intermediate metabolizer-1 (IM-1, *1/*10, *2/*10), and eight in the intermediate metabolizer-2 (IM-2, *10/*10) groups. The PK-PD model was sequentially developed, and the isoproterenol-induced heart rate changes were used to establish the PD model. A direct effect response and inhibitory Emax model were used to develop a carvedilol PK-PD model. RESULTS The carvedilol PK was well described by a two-compartment model with zero-order absorption, lag time, and first-order elimination. The carvedilol clearance in the CYP2D6*10/*10 group decreased by 32.8% compared with the other groups. The inhibitory concentration of carvedilol estimated from the final PK-PD model was 16.5 ng/mL regardless of the CYP2D6 phenotype. CONCLUSION The PK-PD model revealed that the CYP2D6 genetic polymorphisms were contributed to the inter-individual variability of carvedilol PK, but not PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sejung Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jangsoo Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wallman M, Scheuerer S, Martel E, Pairet N, Jirstrand M, Gabrielsson J. An Integrative Approach for Improved Assessment of Cardiovascular Safety Data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:218-231. [PMID: 33648939 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular adverse effects in drug development are a major source of compound attrition. Characterization of blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and QT-interval prolongation are therefore necessary in early discovery. It is, however, common practice to analyze these effects independently of each other. High-resolution time courses are collected via telemetric techniques, but only low-resolution data are analyzed and reported. This ignores codependencies among responses (HR, BP, SV, and QT-interval) and separation of system (turnover properties) and drug-specific properties (potencies, efficacies). An analysis of drug exposure-time and high-resolution response-time data of HR and mean arterial blood pressure was performed after acute oral dosing of ivabradine, sildenafil, dofetilide, and pimobendan in Han-Wistar rats. All data were modeled jointly, including different compounds and exposure and response time courses, using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. Estimated fractional turnover rates [h-1, relative standard error (%RSE) within parentheses] were 9.45 (15), 30.7 (7.8), 3.8 (13), and 0.115 (1.7) for QT, HR, total peripheral resistance, and SV, respectively. Potencies (nM, %RSE within parentheses) were IC 50 = 475 (11), IC 50 = 4.01 (5.4), EC 50 = 50.6 (93), and IC 50 = 47.8 (16), and efficacies (%RSE within parentheses) were I max = 0.944 (1.7), Imax = 1.00 (1.3), E max = 0.195 (9.9), and Imax = 0.745 (4.6) for ivabradine, sildenafil, dofetilide, and pimobendan. Hill parameters were estimated with good precision and below unity, indicating a shallow concentration-response relationship. An equilibrium concentration-biomarker response relationship was predicted and displayed graphically. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a model-based approach integrating data from different studies and compounds for refined preclinical safety margin assessment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A model-based approach was proposed utilizing biomarker data on heart rate, blood pressure, and QT-interval. A pharmacodynamic model was developed to improve assessment of high-resolution telemetric cardiovascular safety data driven by different drugs (ivabradine, sildenafil, dofetilide, and pimobondan), wherein system- (turnover rates) and drug-specific parameters (e.g., potencies and efficacies) were sought. The model-predicted equilibrium concentration-biomarker response relationships and was used for safety assessment (predictions of 20% effective concentration, for example) of heart rate, blood pressure, and QT-interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Wallman
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| | - Stefan Scheuerer
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| | - Eric Martel
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| | - Nicolas Pairet
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| | - Mats Jirstrand
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| | - Johan Gabrielsson
- Systems and Data Analysis, Fraunhofer-Chalmers Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.W., M.J.); Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Biberach, Germany (S.S., E.M., N.P.); and Firma Biopharmacon, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu F, Heimbach T, Hatsis P, Tang HM, Dugyala R, Yue Q, Wang T, He H. Integrated TK-TD modeling for drug-induced concurrent tachycardia and QT changes in beagle dogs. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2017. [PMID: 28643108 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-017-9532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity, including tachycardia and QT prolongation, remains a major safety concern that needs to be identified and its risk mitigated in early stages of drug development. In the present study, an integrated toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TK-TD) modeling approach within a nonlinear mixed-effect modeling framework is applied to investigate concurrent abnormal heart rate and QT changes in three beagle dogs, using a Novartis internal compound (NVS001) as the case example. By accounting for saturable drug absorption, circadian rhythms, drug-effect tolerance, and nonlinear rate-dependency of QT interval, the dynamic TK-TD model captures the experimentally observed drug effects on heart rate and QT interval across a wide dosing range of NVS001 in beagle dogs. Further analyses reveal that the NVS001-induced QT prolongation observed in the low-dose groups is potentially caused by direct drug inhibition on the hERG channel, while the apparent QT shortening in the high-dose groups may be due to strong rate-dependency of QT at high heart rates. This study also suggests that the TK-TD model can be used to identify direct drug effects on the non-rate-dependent QT component by dissociating QT changes from tachycardia and deriving a new QT correction method. The integrated TK-TD model presented here may serve as a novel quantitative framework for evaluating drug-induced concurrent changes in heart rate and QT to potentially facilitate preclinical and clinical safety studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
| | - Tycho Heimbach
- Department of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Panos Hatsis
- Department of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Hai-Ming Tang
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Raviprakash Dugyala
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Qin Yue
- Department of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Handan He
- Department of PK Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Advani P, Joseph B, Ambre P, Pissurlenkar R, Khedkar V, Iyer K, Gabhe S, Iyer RP, Coutinho E. In silico optimization of pharmacokinetic properties and receptor binding affinity simultaneously: a 'parallel progression approach to drug design' applied to β-blockers. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:384-98. [PMID: 25854164 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1033646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present work exploits the potential of in silico approaches for minimizing attrition of leads in the later stages of drug development. We propose a theoretical approach, wherein 'parallel' information is generated to simultaneously optimize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of lead candidates. β-blockers, though in use for many years, have suboptimal PKs; hence are an ideal test series for the 'parallel progression approach'. This approach utilizes molecular modeling tools viz. hologram quantitative structure activity relationships, homology modeling, docking, predictive metabolism, and toxicity models. Validated models have been developed for PK parameters such as volume of distribution (log Vd) and clearance (log Cl), which together influence the half-life (t1/2) of a drug. Simultaneously, models for PD in terms of inhibition constant pKi have been developed. Thus, PK and PD properties of β-blockers were concurrently analyzed and after iterative cycling, modifications were proposed that lead to compounds with optimized PK and PD. We report some of the resultant re-engineered β-blockers with improved half-lives and pKi values comparable with marketed β-blockers. These were further analyzed by the docking studies to evaluate their binding poses. Finally, metabolic and toxicological assessment of these molecules was done through in silico methods. The strategy proposed herein has potential universal applicability, and can be used in any drug discovery scenario; provided that the data used is consistent in terms of experimental conditions, endpoints, and methods employed. Thus the 'parallel progression approach' helps to simultaneously fine-tune various properties of the drug and would be an invaluable tool during the drug development process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Advani
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India.,e Mumbai Educational Trust , Institute of Pharmacy , Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai , India
| | - Blessy Joseph
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Premlata Ambre
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Raghuvir Pissurlenkar
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Vijay Khedkar
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Krishna Iyer
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| | - Satish Gabhe
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University , Pune , India
| | | | - Evans Coutinho
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Bombay College of Pharmacy , Mumbai , Maharashtra , India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Höcht C, Bertera FM, Del Mauro JS, Taira CA. Models for evaluating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for β-blockers. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:525-41. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.885951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
7
|
Louizos C, Yáñez JA, Forrest L, Davies NM. Understanding the hysteresis loop conundrum in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 17:34-91. [PMID: 24735761 PMCID: PMC4332569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hysteresis loops are phenomena that sometimes are encountered in the analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships spanning from pre-clinical to clinical studies. When hysteresis occurs it provides insight into the complexity of drug action and disposition that can be encountered. Hysteresis loops suggest that the relationship between drug concentration and the effect being measured is not a simple direct relationship, but may have an inherent time delay and disequilibrium, which may be the result of metabolites, the consequence of changes in pharmacodynamics or the use of a non-specific assay or may involve an indirect relationship. Counter-clockwise hysteresis has been generally defined as the process in which effect can increase with time for a given drug concentration, while in the case of clockwise hysteresis the measured effect decreases with time for a given drug concentration. Hysteresis loops can occur as a consequence of a number of different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms including tolerance, distributional delay, feedback regulation, input and output rate changes, agonistic or antagonistic active metabolites, uptake into active site, slow receptor kinetics, delayed or modified activity, time-dependent protein binding and the use of racemic drugs among other factors. In this review, each of these various causes of hysteresis loops are discussed, with incorporation of relevant examples of drugs demonstrating these relationships for illustrative purposes. Furthermore, the effect that pharmaceutical formulation has on the occurrence and potential change in direction of the hysteresis loop, and the major pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic modeling approaches utilized to collapse and model hysteresis are detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaime A. Yáñez
- Ocular Pharmacokinetics and Disposition. Alcon Research,
Ltd., a Novartis Company, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Laird Forrest
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry,
University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia J, Dong C, Zhang W, Cui Y, Liu J. Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship for oral sustained-release atenolol pellets in rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:342-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Di Verniero CA, Bertera F, Buontempo F, Bernabeu E, Chiappetta D, Mayer MA, Bramuglia GF, Taira CA, Höcht C. Enantioselective pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic modelling of carvedilol in aNG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester rat model of secondary hypertension. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:890-900. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.07.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
10
|
van Steeg TJ, Krekels EHJ, Freijer J, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. Effect of altered AGP plasma binding on heart rate changes by S(-)-propranolol in rats using mechanism-based estimations of in vivo receptor affinity (K(B,vivo)). J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2511-20. [PMID: 20020526 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the impact of plasma protein binding on pharmacokinetics, no quantitative in vivo information is available on its impact on pharmacodynamics. The pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the model drug S(-)-propranolol was evaluated using mechanism-based estimations of in vivo receptor affinity (K(B,vivo)), under conditions of altered plasma protein binding resulting from different levels of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Male Wistar Kyoto rats with isoprenaline-induced tachycardia received an intravenous infusion of S(-)-propranolol, on postsurgery day 2 (n = 7) and day 7 (n = 8) with elevated and normal plasma protein binding, respectively. Serial blood samples were taken in parallel to heart rate measurements. AGP concentrations at 2 and 7 days postsurgery were 708 +/- 274 and 176 +/- 111 microg/mL (mean +/- SE), respectively. Using nonlinear mixed effects modeling, AGP concentration was a covariate for intercompartmental clearance for the third compartment of the pharmacokinetic model of S(-)-propranolol. Individual values of AGP concentrations ranged between 110 and 1150 microg/mL, and were associated with K(B,vivo) values of S(-)-propranolol from 7.0 to 30 nM. Using the K(B,vivo) for S(-)-propranolol with correction for average values for normal and elevated plasma protein binding, nearly identical values were found. This confirms, strictly quantitative, earlier indications that plasma protein binding restricts the pharmacodynamics of S(-)-propranolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J van Steeg
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cardiovascular Effects in Rats following Exposure to a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:416-28. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310364027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) signaling pathway, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met)/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), has been implicated in oncogenesis and is a target of interest in cancer therapy. PF-04254644 is a potent and selective inhibitor of c-Met/HGFR. Wide ligand binding profiling of PF-04254644 revealed a potentially significant interaction with phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3, and follow-up PDE enzyme activity assays confirmed PF-04254644 as a potent inhibitor of PDE3 as well as other PDEs (1, 2, 5, 10, and 11). Clinical observations, laboratory, and echocardiography parameters were recorded in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that received PF-04254644 oral dosing for up to seven consecutive days. Toxicological evaluations revealed myocardial degeneration as an adverse event at all tested doses. Echocardiographic evaluations revealed an increase in heart rate (HR) and contractility after the first dose with PF-04254644 and myocardial fibrosis correlated with decreased cardiac function after repeat dosing. A study in telemetry-instrumented rats substantiated that PF-04254644 induced a sustained increased HR and decreased contractility after six days of treatment. Data suggest that the decreased cardiac function and cardiotoxicity are likely due to inhibition of multiple PDEs by PF-04254644.
Collapse
|
12
|
van Steeg TJ, Boralli VB, Krekels EHJ, Slijkerman P, Freijer J, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. Influence of plasma protein binding on pharmacodynamics: Estimation of in vivo receptor affinities of beta blockers using a new mechanism-based PK-PD modelling approach. J Pharm Sci 2010; 98:3816-28. [PMID: 19117045 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to examine in a systematic manner the influence of plasma protein binding on in vivo pharmacodynamics. Comparative pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies with four beta blockers were performed in conscious rats, using heart rate under isoprenaline-induced tachycardia as a pharmacodynamic endpoint. A recently proposed mechanism-based agonist-antagonist interaction model was used to obtain in vivo estimates of receptor affinities (K(B,vivo)). These values were compared with in vitro affinities (K(B,vitro)) on the basis of both total and free drug concentrations. For the total drug concentrations, the K(B,vivo) estimates were 26, 13, 6.5 and 0.89 nM for S(-)-atenolol, S(-)-propranolol, S(-)-metoprolol and timolol. The K(B,vivo) estimates on the basis of the free concentrations were 25, 2.0, 5.2 and 0.56 nM, respectively. The K(B,vivo)-K(B,vitro) correlation for total drug concentrations clearly deviated from the line of identity, especially for the most highly bound drug S(-)-propranolol (ratio K(B,vivo)/K(B,vitro) approximately 6.8). For the free drug, the correlation approximated the line of identity. Using this model, for beta-blockers the free plasma concentration appears to be the best predictor of in vivo pharmacodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J van Steeg
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden-Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang J, Mager DE, Straubinger RM. Comparison of two pharmacodynamic transduction models for the analysis of tumor therapeutic responses in model systems. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 12:1-10. [PMID: 19902363 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Semi-mechanistic pharmacodynamic (PD) models that capture tumor responses to anticancer agents with fidelity can provide valuable insights that could aid in the optimization of dosing regimens and the development of drug delivery strategies. This study evaluated the utility and potential interchangeability of two transduction-type PD models: a cell distribution model (CDM) and a signal distribution model (SDM). The evaluation was performed by simulating dense and sparse tumor response data with one model and analyzing it using the other. Performance was scored by visual inspection and precision of parameter estimation. Capture of tumor response data was also evaluated for a liposomal formulation of paclitaxel in the paclitaxel-resistant murine Colon-26 model. A suitable PK model was developed by simultaneous fitting of literature data for paclitaxel formulations in mice. Analysis of the simulated tumor response data revealed that the SDM was more flexible in describing delayed drug effects upon tumor volume progression. Dense and sparse data simulated using the CDM were fit very well by the SDM, but under some conditions, data simulated using the SDM were fitted poorly by the CDM. Although both models described the dose-dependent therapeutic responses of Colon-26 tumors, the fit by the SDM contained less bias. The CDM and SDM are both useful transduction models that recapitulate, with fidelity, delayed drug effects upon tumor growth. However, they are mechanistically distinct and not interchangeable. Both fit some types of tumor growth data well, but the SDM appeared more robust, particularly where experimental data are sparse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- The Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York 14260-1200, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heatley JJ. Cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disease of rodents and small exotic mammals. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2009; 12:99-vii. [PMID: 19131033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease in small exotic mammals is anecdotally common, but clinical reports of diagnosis and treatment of disease are rare. This article focuses on known causes of cardiovascular disease in the small exotic mammal. Normal anatomy and physiology, as it differs from the dog and cat, is also highlighted. Cardiomyopathy, dirofilariasis, atrial thrombosis, and other acquired and congenital cardiac and vascular diseases of rodents, hedgehogs, sugar gliders, raccoons, opossums, and skunks are reviewed. Expected clinical signs and diagnostic and treatment options, including a formulary, are provided for these species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jill Heatley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Zoological Medicine Service, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bertera FM, Di Verniero CA, Mayer MA, Bramuglia GF, Taira CA, Höcht C. Is urethane-chloralose anaesthesia appropriate for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment? Studies with carvedilol. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2008; 59:13-20. [PMID: 18973819 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the work was to establish the impact of urethane-chloralose anaesthesia on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) properties of carvedilol in control rats and L-NAME hypertensive animals. METHODS Male Wistar Rats were randomly divided into: control (n=12) with tap water to drink and L-NAME rats (n=12) with L-NAME solution (40 mg/kg/day) to drink for 2 weeks. Effects of carvedilol (1 mg kg(-1), i.v.) on blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during 3 h in conscious and urethane (500 mg kg(-1), i.p.) - chloralose (50 mg kg(-1), i.p.) anaesthetized rats. Carvedilol plasma pharmacokinetics was studied by means of traditional blood sampling. PK-PD modeling of carvedilol was made by means of an effect compartment model. RESULTS Neither urethane-chloralose nor L-NAME modified estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol. Although urethane-chloralose did not modify potency of carvedilol comparing with awake animals in control and hypertensive group, maximal negative chronotropic response was significantly greater in anaesthetized L-NAME rats in comparison to awake animals. Conversely, anaesthesia did not modify maximal chronotropic response to carvedilol in control rats. Whilst no differences were found in the estimated potency of carvedilol hypotensive response comparing control and L-NAME rats in both awake and anaesthetized conditions, maximal hypotensive effect of carvedilol was significantly greater in anaesthetized control and L-NAME animals in comparison to conscious rats. L-NAME rats showed a greater maximal hypotensive response comparing to control group. DISCUSSION Urethane-chloralose anaesthesia is an acceptable experimental condition for the evaluation of PK-PD properties of carvedilol, considering that it does not affect the potency of carvedilol for its chronotropic and hypotensive effect. Conclusions obtained from urethane-chloralose anaesthetized animals, regarding the impact of l-NAME treatment on PK-PD properties of carvedilol, did not differ from those obtained from conscious animals. Anaesthesia did not modify pharmacokinetic behaviour of carvedilol in both normotensive and L-NAME hypertensive rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Martín Bertera
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Farmacología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
In Vitro and In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Properties of Metoprolol in Fructose-fed Hypertensive Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2008; 51:532-41. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181730306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
17
|
van Steeg TJ, Freijer J, Danhof M, de Lange ECM. Mechanism-Based Pharmacodynamic Modeling of S(–)-Atenolol: Estimation of in Vivo Affinity for the β1-Adrenoceptor with an Agonist-Antagonist Interaction Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 324:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.131680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|