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Manesia JK, Maganti HB, Almoflehi S, Jahan S, Hasan T, Pasha R, McGregor C, Dumont N, Laganière J, Audet J, Pineault N. AA2P-mediated DNA demethylation synergizes with stem cell agonists to promote expansion of hematopoietic stem cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100663. [PMID: 38070507 PMCID: PMC10783628 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules have enabled expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), but limited knowledge is available on whether these agonists can act synergistically. In this work, we identify a stem cell agonist in AA2P and optimize a series of stem cell agonist cocktails (SCACs) to help promote robust expansion of human HSPCs. We find that SCACs provide strong growth-promoting activities while promoting retention and function of immature HSPC. We show that AA2P-mediated HSPC expansion is driven through DNA demethylation leading to enhanced expression of AXL and GAS6. Further, we demonstrate that GAS6 enhances the serial engraftment activity of HSPCs and show that the GAS6/AXL pathway is critical for robust HSPC expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed K Manesia
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Harinad B Maganti
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sakhar Almoflehi
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Suria Jahan
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tanvir Hasan
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Roya Pasha
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Chelsea McGregor
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Julie Audet
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Canadian Blood Services, Centre for Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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2
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Furuya K, Zheng YW, Ge JY, Zhang L, Furuta T, Liang C, Abe H, Yagi H, Hamada H, Isoda H, Hui L, Ohkohchi N, Oda T. The evidence of a macrophage barrier in the xenotransplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells to severely immunodeficient rats. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12702. [PMID: 34145650 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human-to-rat hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) model is rare, unlike its human-to-mouse counterpart. The rat models are desired, especially in areas of physiology, toxicology, and pharmacology. In addition to lymphocytes, macrophages are also considered to be important for xenotransplantation. We generated a rat xenotransplantation model to prove the role of macrophages as a xenotransplantation barrier. METHODS Immunodeficiency in SRG rats, which are Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats lacking Rag2 and Il2rg, was confirmed by flow cytometry and spleen immunostaining. Human umbilical cord blood was collected after scheduled cesarean section at the University of Tsukuba Hospital. Cord blood mononuclear cells (CB-MNCs) were transplanted into the SRG rats administered several injections of clodronate liposome (CL), which cause macrophage depletion. Survival of human cells was observed by flow cytometry. Rat macrophage phagocytosis assay was performed to check the species-specific effects of rat macrophages on injected human/rat blood cells. RESULTS SRG rats were deficient in T/B/NK cells. Without CL pretreatment, human CB-MNCs were removed from SRG rats within 7 hours after transplantation. The rats pretreated with CL could survive after transplantation. Prolonged survival for more than 4 weeks was observed only following a one-time CL injection. Rat macrophages had a species-specific potential for the phagocytosis of human blood cells in vivo. CONCLUSION In human-to-rat HSCT, the short period of early macrophage control, leading to macrophage immunotolerance, is important for engraftment. The generated model can be useful for the creation of future xenotransplantation models or other clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine and School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China.,Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jian-Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine and School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ludi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomoaki Furuta
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruna Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroya Yagi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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3
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Bulaeva E, Pellacani D, Nakamichi N, Hammond CA, Beer PA, Lorzadeh A, Moksa M, Carles A, Bilenky M, Lefort S, Shu J, Wilhelm BT, Weng AP, Hirst M, Eaves CJ. MYC-induced human acute myeloid leukemia requires a continuing IL-3/GM-CSF costimulus. Blood 2020; 136:2764-2773. [PMID: 33301029 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic clones with leukemogenic mutations arise in healthy people as they age, but progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is rare. Recent evidence suggests that the microenvironment may play an important role in modulating human AML population dynamics. To investigate this concept further, we examined the combined and separate effects of an oncogene (c-MYC) and exposure to interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and stem cell factor (SCF) on the experimental genesis of a human AML in xenografted immunodeficient mice. Initial experiments showed that normal human CD34+ blood cells transduced with a lentiviral MYC vector and then transplanted into immunodeficient mice produced a hierarchically organized, rapidly fatal, and serially transplantable blast population, phenotypically and transcriptionally similar to human AML cells, but only in mice producing IL-3, GM-CSF, and SCF transgenically or in regular mice in which the cells were exposed to IL-3 or GM-CSF delivered using a cotransduction strategy. In their absence, the MYC+ human cells produced a normal repertoire of lymphoid and myeloid progeny in transplanted mice for many months, but, on transfer to secondary mice producing the human cytokines, the MYC+ cells rapidly generated AML. Indistinguishable diseases were also obtained efficiently from both primitive (CD34+CD38-) and late granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells. These findings underscore the critical role that these cytokines can play in activating a malignant state in normally differentiating human hematopoietic cells in which MYC expression has been deregulated. They also introduce a robust experimental model of human leukemogenesis to further elucidate key mechanisms involved and test strategies to suppress them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Bulaeva
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Davide Pellacani
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Naoto Nakamichi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin A Hammond
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philip A Beer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alireza Lorzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michelle Moksa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Annaïck Carles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Misha Bilenky
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Lefort
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeremy Shu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian T Wilhelm
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; and
| | - Andrew P Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ku A, Facca VJ, Cai Z, Reilly RM. Auger electrons for cancer therapy - a review. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:27. [PMID: 31659527 PMCID: PMC6800417 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auger electrons (AEs) are very low energy electrons that are emitted by radionuclides that decay by electron capture (e.g. 111In, 67Ga, 99mTc, 195mPt, 125I and 123I). This energy is deposited over nanometre-micrometre distances, resulting in high linear energy transfer (LET) that is potent for causing lethal damage in cancer cells. Thus, AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have great potential for treatment of cancer. In this review, we describe the radiobiological properties of AEs, their radiation dosimetry, radiolabelling methods, and preclinical and clinical studies that have been performed to investigate AEs for cancer treatment. Results AEs are most lethal to cancer cells when emitted near the cell nucleus and especially when incorporated into DNA (e.g. 125I-IUdR). AEs cause DNA damage both directly and indirectly via water radiolysis. AEs can also kill targeted cancer cells by damaging the cell membrane, and kill non-targeted cells through a cross-dose or bystander effect. The radiation dosimetry of AEs considers both organ doses and cellular doses. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema may be applied. Radiolabelling methods for complexing AE-emitters to biomolecules (antibodies and peptides) and nanoparticles include radioiodination (125I and 123I) or radiometal chelation (111In, 67Ga, 99mTc). Cancer cells exposed in vitro to AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents exhibit decreased clonogenic survival correlated at least in part with unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) detected by immunofluorescence for γH2AX, and chromosomal aberrations. Preclinical studies of AE-emitting radiotherapeutic agents have shown strong tumour growth inhibition in vivo in tumour xenograft mouse models. Minimal normal tissue toxicity was found due to the restricted toxicity of AEs mostly on tumour cells targeted by the radiotherapeutic agents. Clinical studies of AEs for cancer treatment have been limited but some encouraging results were obtained in early studies using 111In-DTPA-octreotide and 125I-IUdR, in which tumour remissions were achieved in several patients at administered amounts that caused low normal tissue toxicity, as well as promising improvements in the survival of glioblastoma patients with 125I-mAb 425, with minimal normal tissue toxicity. Conclusions Proof-of-principle for AE radiotherapy of cancer has been shown preclinically, and clinically in a limited number of studies. The recent introduction of many biologically-targeted therapies for cancer creates new opportunities to design novel AE-emitting agents for cancer treatment. Pierre Auger did not conceive of the application of AEs for targeted cancer treatment, but this is a tremendously exciting future that we and many other scientists in this field envision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Ku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Valerie J Facca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongli Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond M Reilly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Joint Department of Medical Imaging and Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Skayneh H, Jishi B, Hleihel R, Hamieh M, Darwiche N, Bazarbachi A, El Sabban M, El Hajj H. A Critical Review of Animal Models Used in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Pathophysiology. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E614. [PMID: 31412687 PMCID: PMC6722578 DOI: 10.3390/genes10080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most frequent, complex, and heterogeneous hematological malignancies. AML prognosis largely depends on acquired cytogenetic, epigenetic, and molecular abnormalities. Despite the improvement in understanding the biology of AML, survival rates remain quite low. Animal models offer a valuable tool to recapitulate different AML subtypes, and to assess the potential role of novel and known mutations in disease progression. This review provides a comprehensive and critical overview of select available AML animal models. These include the non-mammalian Zebrafish and Drosophila models as well as the mammalian rodent systems, comprising rats and mice. The suitability of each animal model, its contribution to the advancement of knowledge in AML pathophysiology and treatment, as well as its advantages and limitations are discussed. Despite some limitations, animal models represent a powerful approach to assess toxicity, and permit the design of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Skayneh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Batoul Jishi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Maguy Hamieh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon.
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6
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Wunderlich M, Chou FS, Sexton C, Presicce P, Chougnet CA, Aliberti J, Mulloy JC. Improved multilineage human hematopoietic reconstitution and function in NSGS mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209034. [PMID: 30540841 PMCID: PMC6291127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of NOD/SCID (NS) mice has yielded numerous sub-strains with specific traits useful for the study of human hematopoietic xenografts, each with unique characteristics. Here, we have compared the engraftment and output of umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34+ cells in four immune-deficient strains: NS, NS with additional IL2RG knockout (NSG), NS with transgenic expression of human myeloid promoting cytokines SCF, GM-CSF, and IL-3 (NSS), and NS with both IL2RG knockout and transgenic cytokine expression (NSGS). Overall engraftment of human hematopoietic cells was highest in the IL2RG knockout strains (NSG and NSGS), while myeloid cell output was notably enhanced in the two strains with transgenic cytokine expression (NSS and NSGS). In further comparisons of NSG and NSGS mice, several additional differences were noted. NSGS mice were found to have a more rapid reconstitution of T cells, improved B cell differentiation, increased levels of NK cells, reduced platelets, and reduced maintenance of primitive CD34+ cells in the bone marrow. NSGS were superior hosts for secondary engraftment and both strains were equally suitable for experiments of graft versus host disease. Increased levels of human cytokines as well as human IgG and IgM were detected in the serum of humanized NSGS mice. Furthermore, immunization of humanized NSGS mice provided evidence of a functional response to repeated antigen exposure, implying a more complete hematopoietic graft was generated in these mice. These results highlight the important role that myeloid cells and myeloid-supportive cytokines play in the formation of a more functional xenograft immune system in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wunderlich
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
| | - Fu-Sheng Chou
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Christina Sexton
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julio Aliberti
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - James C. Mulloy
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MW); (JM)
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7
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Improving Gene Therapy Efficiency through the Enrichment of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Mol Ther 2017; 25:2163-2175. [PMID: 28663101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vector (LV)-based hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy is becoming a promising clinical strategy for the treatment of genetic blood diseases. However, the current approach of modifying 1 × 108 to 1 × 109 CD34+ cells per patient requires large amounts of LV, which is expensive and technically challenging to produce at clinical scale. Modification of bulk CD34+ cells uses LV inefficiently, because the majority of CD34+ cells are short-term progenitors with a limited post-transplant lifespan. Here, we utilized a clinically relevant, immunomagnetic bead (IB)-based method to purify CD34+CD38- cells from human bone marrow (BM) and mobilized peripheral blood (mPB). IB purification of CD34+CD38- cells enriched severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) repopulating cell (SRC) frequency an additional 12-fold beyond standard CD34+ purification and did not affect gene marking of long-term HSCs. Transplant of purified CD34+CD38- cells led to delayed myeloid reconstitution, which could be rescued by the addition of non-transduced CD38+ cells. Importantly, LV modification and transplantation of IB-purified CD34+CD38- cells/non-modified CD38+ cells into immune-deficient mice achieved long-term gene-marked engraftment comparable with modification of bulk CD34+ cells, while utilizing ∼7-fold less LV. Thus, we demonstrate a translatable method to improve the clinical and commercial viability of gene therapy for genetic blood cell diseases.
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8
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Miller PH, Rabu G, MacAldaz M, Knapp DJHF, Cheung AMS, Dhillon K, Nakamichi N, Beer PA, Shultz LD, Humphries RK, Eaves CJ. Analysis of parameters that affect human hematopoietic cell outputs in mutant c-kit-immunodeficient mice. Exp Hematol 2017; 48:41-49. [PMID: 28087429 PMCID: PMC5926796 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Xenograft models are transforming our understanding of the output capabilities of primitive human hematopoietic cells in vivo. However, many variables that affect posttransplantation reconstitution dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we show that an equivalent level of human chimerism can be regenerated from human CD34+ cord blood cells transplanted intravenously either with or without additional radiation-inactivated cells into 2- to 6-month-old NOD-Rag1−/−-IL2Rγc−/− (NRG) mice given a more radioprotective conditioning regimen than is possible in conventionally used, repair-deficient NOD-Prkdcscid/scid-IL2Rγc−/−(NSG) hosts. Comparison of sublethally irradiated and non-irradiated NRG mice and W41/W41 derivatives showed superior chimerism in the W41-deficient recipients, with some differential effects on different lineage outputs. Consistently superior outputs were observed in female recipients regardless of their genotype, age, or pretransplantation conditioning, with greater differences apparent later after transplantation. These results define key parameters for optimizing the sensitivity and minimizing the intraexperimental variability of human hematopoietic xenografts generated in increasingly supportive immunodeficient host mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Miller
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Rabu
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Margarita MacAldaz
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J H F Knapp
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alice M S Cheung
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiran Dhillon
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Naoto Nakamichi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philip A Beer
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - R Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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9
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Bonte S, Snauwaert S, Vanhee S, Dolens AC, Taghon T, Vandekerckhove B, Kerre T. Humanized Mice to Study Human T Cell Development. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1323:253-72. [PMID: 26294414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2809-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
While in vitro models exist to study human T cell development, they still lack the precise environmental stimuli, such as the exact combination and levels of cytokines and chemokines, that are present in vivo. Moreover, studying the homing of hematopoietic stem (HSC) and progenitor (HPC) cells to the thymus can only be done using in vivo models. Although species-specific differences exist, "humanized" models are generated to circumvent these issues. In this chapter, we focus on the humanized mouse models that can be used to study early T cell development. Models that study solely mature T cells, such as the SCID-PBL (Tary-Lehmann et al., Immunol Today 16:529-533) are therefore not discussed here, but have recently been reviewed (Shultz et al., Nat Rev Immunol 12:786-798).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonte
- The Department of Hematology and Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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10
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Escobedo-Cousin M, Jackson N, Laza-Briviesca R, Ariza-McNaughton L, Luevano M, Derniame S, Querol S, Blundell M, Thrasher A, Soria B, Cooper N, Bonnet D, Madrigal A, Saudemont A. Natural Killer Cells Improve Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment by Increasing Stem Cell Clonogenicity In Vitro and in a Humanized Mouse Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138623. [PMID: 26465138 PMCID: PMC4605799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cord blood (CB) is increasingly used as a source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for transplantation. Low incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) and a robust graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect are observed following CB transplantation (CBT). However, its main disadvantages are a limited number of HSC per unit, delayed immune reconstitution and a higher incidence of infection. Unmanipulated grafts contain accessory cells that may facilitate HSC engraftment. Therefore, the effects of accessory cells, particularly natural killer (NK) cells, on human CB HSC (CBSC) functions were assessed in vitro and in vivo. CBSC cultured with autologous CB NK cells showed higher levels of CXCR4 expression, a higher migration index and a higher number of colony forming units (CFU) after short-term and long-term cultures. We found that CBSC secreted CXCL9 following interaction with CB NK cells. In addition, recombinant CXCL9 increased CBSC clonogenicity, recapitulating the effect observed of CB NK cells on CBSC. Moreover, the co-infusion of CBSC with CB NK cells led to a higher level of CBSC engraftment in NSG mouse model. The results presented in this work offer the basis for an alternative approach to enhance HSC engraftment that could improve the outcome of CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Escobedo-Cousin
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Jackson
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Martha Luevano
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Derniame
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Querol
- Programa Concordia Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Blundell
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Fundación Progreso y Salud, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network on Diabetes and Related Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nichola Cooper
- Haematology Department, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Madrigal
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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11
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van der Garde M, van Pel M, Millán Rivero JE, de Graaf-Dijkstra A, Slot MC, Kleinveld Y, Watt SM, Roelofs H, Zwaginga JJ. Direct Comparison of Wharton's Jelly and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Enhance Engraftment of Cord Blood CD34(+) Transplants. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:2649-59. [PMID: 26414086 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotransplantation of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) enhances HSPC engraftment. For these applications, MSCs are mostly obtained from bone marrow (BM). However, MSCs can also be isolated from the Wharton's jelly (WJ) of the human umbilical cord. This source, regarded to be a waste product, enables a relatively low-cost MSC acquisition without any burden to the donor. In this study, we evaluated the ability of WJ MSCs to enhance HSPC engraftment. First, we compared cultured human WJ MSCs with human BM-derived MSCs (BM MSCs) for in vitro marker expression, immunomodulatory capacity, and differentiation into three mesenchymal lineages. Although we confirmed that WJ MSCs have a more restricted differentiation capacity, both WJ MSCs and BM MSCs expressed similar levels of surface markers and exhibited similar immune inhibitory capacities. Most importantly, cotransplantation of either WJ MSCs or BM MSCs with CB CD34(+) cells into NOD SCID mice showed similar enhanced recovery of human platelets and CD45(+) cells in the peripheral blood and a 3-fold higher engraftment in the BM, blood, and spleen 6 weeks after transplantation when compared to transplantation of CD34(+) cells alone. Upon coincubation, both MSC sources increased the expression of adhesion molecules on CD34(+) cells, although stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)-induced migration of CD34(+) cells remained unaltered. Interestingly, there was an increase in CFU-GEMM when CB CD34(+) cells were cultured on monolayers of WJ MSCs in the presence of exogenous thrombopoietin, and an increase in BFU-E when BM MSCs replaced WJ MSCs in such cultures. Our results suggest that WJ MSC is likely to be a practical alternative for BM MSC to enhance CB CD34(+) cell engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van der Garde
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands .,3 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , and NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa van Pel
- 2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jose Eduardo Millán Rivero
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alice de Graaf-Dijkstra
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Manon C Slot
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiko Kleinveld
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne M Watt
- 3 Stem Cell Research, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , and NHS Blood and Transplant Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helene Roelofs
- 2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Zwaginga
- 1 Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research , Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation, Leiden, the Netherlands .,2 Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden, the Netherlands
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12
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Medina DJ, Abass-Shereef J, Walton K, Goodell L, Aviv H, Strair RK, Budak-Alpdogan T. Cobblestone-area forming cells derived from patients with mantle cell lymphoma are enriched for CD133+ tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91042. [PMID: 24722054 PMCID: PMC3982953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is associated with a significant risk of therapeutic failure and disease relapse, but the biological origin of relapse is poorly understood. Here, we prospectively identify subpopulations of primary MCL cells with different biologic and immunophenotypic features. Using a simple culture system, we demonstrate that a subset of primary MCL cells co-cultured with either primary human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSC) or murine MS-5 cells form in cobblestone-areas consisting of cells with a primitive immunophenotype (CD19−CD133+) containing the chromosomal translocation t (11;14)(q13;q32) characteristic of MCL. Limiting dilution serial transplantation experiments utilizing immunodeficient mice revealed that primary MCL engraftment was only observed when either unsorted or CD19−CD133+ cells were utilized. No engraftment was seen using the CD19+CD133− subpopulation. Our results establish that primary CD19−CD133+ MCL cells are a functionally distinct subpopulation of primary MCL cells enriched for MCL-initiating activity in immunodeficient mice. This rare subpopulation of MCL-initiating cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Medina
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jeneba Abass-Shereef
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kelly Walton
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lauri Goodell
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hana Aviv
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roger K. Strair
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Tulin Budak-Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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13
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Shan WL, Ma XL. How to Establish Acute Myeloid Leukemia Xenograft Models Using Immunodeficient Mice. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:7057-63. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.12.7057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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14
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Tanner A, Taylor SE, Decottignies W, Berges BK. Humanized mice as a model to study human hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:76-82. [PMID: 23962058 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation has the potential to treat a variety of human diseases, including genetic deficiencies, immune disorders, and to restore immunity following cancer treatment. However, there are several obstacles that prevent effective HSC transplantation in humans. These include finding a matched donor, having a sufficient number of cells for the transplant, and the potency of the cells in the transplant. Ethical issues prevent effective research in humans that could provide insight into ways to overcome these obstacles. Highly immunodeficient mice can be transplanted with human HSCs and this process is accompanied by HSC homing to the murine bone marrow. This is followed by stem cell expansion, multilineage hematopoiesis, long-term engraftment, and functional human antibody and cellular immune responses. As such, humanized mice serve as a model for human HSC transplantation. A variety of conditions have been analyzed for their impact on HSC transplantation to produce humanized mice, including the type and source of cells used in the transplant, the number of cells transplanted, the expansion of cells with various protocols, and the route of introduction of cells into the mouse. In this review, we summarize what has been learned about HSC transplantation using humanized mice as a recipient model and we comment on how these models may be useful to future preclinical research to determine more effective ways to expand HSCs and to determine their repopulating potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah
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15
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Chevallier P, Robillard N, Illiaquer M, Esbelin J, Mohty M, Bodin-Bressollette C, Guillaume T, Stocco V, Auffray F, Derenne S, Planche L, Bene MC, Imbert-Marcille BM. Characterization of various blood and graft sources: a prospective series. Transfusion 2013; 53:2020-6. [PMID: 23320942 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies comparing cell components of blood and graft sources are very scarce. We present here a thorough study examining the cellular content of various sources of blood and cell therapy products. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We have prospectively compared by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses the cellular composition of three blood sources on the one hand--peripheral blood (PB; n = 10) versus granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized PB (GCSF-PB, n = 10) versus cord blood (CB, n = 10)--and of three graft sources on the other hand--unmanipulated bone marrow (uBM, n = 5) versus leukapheresis product (LP, n = 10) versus thawed CB graft (n = 7). RESULTS All median absolute numbers of cell subsets were found significantly higher in GCSF-PB and LP, except for monocytoid dendritic cells (mDCs) in CB and uBM. The most impressive results were the median quantities of memory T and B lymphocytes but also of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) contained in LP compared to thawed CB graft, with ratios of 375, 318, and 247, respectively. The proportions of naive and CD4+/CD8- T cells, transitional B cells, and CD5+ and naive B lymphocytes were found significantly higher in CB samples while the proportions of mDCs and pDCs were found significantly lower. CONCLUSION Our study shows strong differences in terms of quantitative and qualitative cellular composition between several blood or graft sources, possibly explaining the differences observed in terms of outcomes after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Chevallier
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU Hôtel Dieu, Université de Nantes, Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Cancerologie (CI2C) and INSERM U892; Service d'Hematologie/Biologie, Service de Gynecologie/Obstetrique; Cellule de Promotion à la Recherche Clinique, CHU de Nantes; Service de Virologie, CHU de Nantes, and UPRES-EA4271, PRES L'UNAM, Nantes University; Unité d'Ingénierie Cellulaire, EFS Pays de la Loire, Nantes, France
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16
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Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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17
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Stem cells need their T. Blood 2012; 120:4279-80. [PMID: 23175660 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-455840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Émond H, Boyer L, Roy DC, Pineault N. Cotransplantation of Ex Vivo Expanded Progenitors with Nonexpanded Cord Blood Cells Improves Platelet Recovery. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3209-19. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Émond
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Lucie Boyer
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Denis-Claude Roy
- Centre de Recherche Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Province of Québec, Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Province of Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pineault
- Héma-Québec, Department of Research and Development, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, Université Laval, Québec, Province of Québec, Canada
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19
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Establishment of reproducible xenotransplantation model of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in NOD/SCID mice. JOURNAL OF HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. MEDICAL SCIENCES = HUA ZHONG KE JI DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE YING DE WEN BAN = HUAZHONG KEJI DAXUE XUEBAO. YIXUE YINGDEWEN BAN 2012; 32:511-516. [PMID: 22886962 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-012-0088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive leukemia. However the poor prognosis and low morbidity restrict further analysis of the disease. Therefore there is an increasing demand to develop animal models for identifying novel therapeutic approaches. In this study, we inoculated the anti-mouse CD122 monoclonal antibody conditioned NOD/SCID mice with the leukemia cells from 9 T-ALL patients and 1 cell line via the tail vein. Four of the 9 patients and the cell line were successfully engrafted. Flow cytometry detected high percentage of human CD45(+) cells in recipient mice. Immunohistochemistry showed infiltration of human CD45(+) cells in different organs. Serial transplantation was also achieved. In vivo drug treatment showed that dexamethasone could extend survival, which was consistent with clinical observation. These results demonstrated that we successfully established 5 xenotransplantation models of T-ALL in anti-mCD122 mAb conditioned NOD/SCID mice, which recapitulated the characteristics of original disease.
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20
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Meyer LH, Debatin KM. Diversity of human leukemia xenograft mouse models: implications for disease biology. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7141-4. [PMID: 22088964 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, xenografting human leukemia cells into mice with different levels of immunodeficiency, with or without preconditioning, has provided an important tool to study various aspects of leukemia biology and to identify distinct clinical risk groups for evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as the possibility of amplifying human leukemia cells in vivo. Interestingly, these models using human acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia cells as xenografts recapitulate many clinical features of the disease. Similar to the human environment (for example, in the bone marrow), transplanted leukemia cells in the murine setting are exposed to both favorable and unfavorable conditions for engraftment that may exert a distinct pressure for selection of subclones. Thus, results obtained in these models may vary depending on the experimental setup. The impact of in vivo growth of human leukemia cells on the background of a more or less hostile murine environment for leukemia biology and the course of the disease in patients are discussed in the context of the diversity of xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lüder Hinrich Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. lueder–hinrich.meyer@uniklinik–ulm.de
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21
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Gupta PB, Fillmore CM, Jiang G, Shapira SD, Tao K, Kuperwasser C, Lander ES. Stochastic state transitions give rise to phenotypic equilibrium in populations of cancer cells. Cell 2011; 146:633-44. [PMID: 21854987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1066] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells within individual tumors often exist in distinct phenotypic states that differ in functional attributes. While cancer cell populations typically display distinctive equilibria in the proportion of cells in various states, the mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Here, we study the dynamics of phenotypic proportions in human breast cancer cell lines. We show that subpopulations of cells purified for a given phenotypic state return towards equilibrium proportions over time. These observations can be explained by a Markov model in which cells transition stochastically between states. A prediction of this model is that, given certain conditions, any subpopulation of cells will return to equilibrium phenotypic proportions over time. A second prediction is that breast cancer stem-like cells arise de novo from non-stem-like cells. These findings contribute to our understanding of cancer heterogeneity and reveal how stochasticity in single-cell behaviors promotes phenotypic equilibrium in populations of cancer cells.
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22
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Leyton JV, Hu M, Gao C, Turner PV, Dick JE, Minden M, Reilly RM. Auger electron radioimmunotherapeutic agent specific for the CD123+/CD131- phenotype of the leukemia stem cell population. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1465-73. [PMID: 21816968 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.111.087668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Our aim was to construct and characterize (111)In-nuclear translocation sequence (NLS)-7G3, an Auger electron-emitting radioimmunotherapeutic agent that preferentially recognizes the expression of CD123 (interleukin-3 receptor [IL-3R] α-subchain) in the absence of CD131 (IL-3R β-subchain) displayed by leukemia stem cells. METHODS Monoclonal antibody 7G3 was modified with 13-mer peptides [CGYGPKKKRKVGG] harboring the NLS of SV-40 large T-antigen and with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for labeling with (111)In. Immunoreactivity was evaluated in a competition radioligand binding assay and by flow cytometry. Nuclear localization of (111)In-NLS-7G3 was studied by cell fractionation in CD123(+)/CD131(-) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)-3, -4, and -5 cells or in primary AML or normal leukocytes. Micro-SPECT was performed in nonobese diabetic (NOD)/severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice engrafted subcutaneously with Raji-CD123 tumors or with disseminated AML-3 or -5 cells. The cytotoxicity of (111)In-NLS-7G3 on AML-5 cells was studied after 7 d in culture by trypan blue dye exclusion. DNA damage was assessed using the γ-H2AX assay. RESULTS NLS-7G3 exhibited preserved CD123 immunoreactivity (affinity, 4.6 nmol/L). Nuclear importation of (111)In-NLS-7G3 in AML-3, -4, or -5 cells was specific and significantly higher than unmodified (111)In-7G3 and was greater in primary AML cells than in normal leukocytes. Rapid elimination of (111)In-NLS-7G3 in NOD/SCID mice prevented imaging of subcutaneous Raji-CD123 tumors. This phenomenon was Fc-dependent and IgG(2a) isotype-specific and was overcome by the preadministration of excess IgG(2a) or using (111)In-NLS-7G3 F(ab')(2) fragments. AML-3 and -5 cells were engrafted into the bone marrow or spleen or at extramedullary sites in NOD/SCID mice. Micro-SPECT/CT with (111)In-NLS-7G3 F(ab')(2) showed splenic involvement, whereas foci of disease were seen in the spine or femur or at extramedullary sites in the brain and lymph nodes using (111)In-NLS-7G3 IgG(2a). The viability of AML-5 cells was reduced by exposure in vitro to (111)In-NLS-7G3; this reduction was associated with an increase in unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks. CONCLUSION (111)In-NLS-7G3 is a promising novel Auger electron-emitting radioimmunotherapeutic agent for AML aimed at the leukemia stem cell population. Micro-SPECT/CT was useful for visualizing the engraftment of leukemia in NOD/SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Victor Leyton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Abstract
Myeloid leukemias are clonal disorders originating in a primitive multipotential hematopoietic cell and characterized by aberrant proliferation, differentiation and maturation of leukemic progenitors and precursor cells. These diseases are the result of multiple genetic and epigenetic events, although the nature and number of events vary widely among patients. For over four decades, studies have identified sub-populations of leukemic cells possessing different functional capabilities. Investigators have struggled to understand the origin and significance of this heterogeneity. The stem cell model for myeloid malignancies has offered one potential explanation. Since 1994, experimental data supporting the presence of leukemia stem cells has been reported and validated in numerous studies. We will review the history of the model, data from the past decade supporting the stem cell model for myeloid malignancies, more recent data regarding patient specific variability in leukemic stem cell surface antigen phenotype and the impact the stem cell model has on the care of patients with myeloid malignancies.
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24
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Frampton J. Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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25
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Frecha C, Fusil F, Cosset FL, Verhoeyen E. In vivo gene delivery into hCD34+ cells in a humanized mouse model. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 737:367-90. [PMID: 21590405 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-095-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In vivo targeted gene delivery to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) would mean a big step forward in the field of gene therapy. This would imply that the risk of cell differentiation and loss of homing/-engraftment is reduced, as there is no need for purification of the target cell. In vivo gene delivery also bypasses the issue that no precise markers that permit the isolation of a primitive hHSC exist up to now. Indeed, in vivo gene transfer could target all HSCs in their stem-cell niche, including those cells that are "missed" by the purification criteria. Moreover, for the majority of diseases, there is a requirement of a minimal number of gene-corrected cells to be reinfused to allow an efficient long-term engraftment. This requisite might become a limiting factor when treating children with inherited disorders, due to the low number of bone marrow (BM) CD34(+) HSCs that can actually be isolated. These problems could be overcome by using efficient in vivo HSC-specific lentiviral vectors (LVs). Additionally, vectors for in vivo HSC transduction must be specific for the target cell, to avoid vector spreading while enhancing transduction efficiency. Of importance, a major barrier in LV transduction of HSCs is that 75% of HSCs are residing in the G0 phase of the cell cycle and are not very permissive for classical VSV-G-LV transduction. Therefore, we engineered "early-activating-cytokine (SCF or/and TPO)" displaying LVs that allowed a slight and transient stimulation of hCD34(+) cells resulting in efficient lentiviral gene transfer while preserving the "stemness" of the targeted HSCs. The selective transduction of HSCs by these vectors was demonstrated by their capacity to promote selective transduction of CD34(+) cells in in vitro-derived, long-term culture-initiating cell colonies and long-term NOD/SCID repopulating cells. A second generation of these "early-acting-cytokine"-displaying lentiviral vectors has now been developed that is fit for targeted in vivo gene delivery to hCD34(+) cells. In the method presented here, we describe the in vivo gene delivery into hCD34(+) cells by intramarrow injection of these new vectors into humanized BALB/c Rag2( null )/IL2rgc ( null ) (BALB/c RAGA) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Frecha
- Human Virology Department, INSERM U758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, and Université de Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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26
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Wu LK, Tokarew JM, Chaytor JL, von Moos E, Li Y, Palii C, Ben RN, Allan DS. Carbohydrate-mediated inhibition of ice recrystallization in cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood. Carbohydr Res 2010; 346:86-93. [PMID: 21075361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) typically involves the cryoprotectant dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), however, infusional toxicity and reductions in cell viability remain a concern. Ice recrystallization (IR) is an important source of cryopreservation-induced cellular injury and limits the stem cell dose in UCB units. Carbohydrates have wide-ranging intrinsic IR inhibition (IRI) activity related to structural properties. We investigated the impact of carbohydrate IRI on cell viability, induction of apoptosis and hematopoietic progenitor function in cryopreserved UCB. Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from UCB were cryopreserved in storage media containing specific carbohydrates (200mM) and compared to 5% DMSO. Samples were analyzed under conditions of high IR ('slow' thaw) and low IR ('fast' thaw). Thawed samples were analyzed for viability and apoptosis by flow cytometry and hematopoietic function using colony-forming unit (CFU) assays. IRI of carbohydrate solutions was determined using the 'splat cooling' assay. Greater IRI capacity of carbohydrates correlated with increased yield of viable MNCs (r(2)=0.92, p=0.004) and CD34(+) cells (r(2)=0.96, p=0.019) after thawing under conditions of high IR. The correlations were less apparent under conditions of low IR. Carbohydrates with greater IRI modulate the induction of early apoptosis during thawing, especially in CD34+ cells (r(2)=0.96, p=0.0001) as compared to total mononuclear cells (p=0.006), and preserve CFU capacity in vitro (r(2)=0.92, p=<0.0001). Our results suggest that carbohydrates with potent IRI increase the yield of non-apoptotic and functional hematopoietic progenitors and provide a foundation for the development of novel synthetic carbohydrates with enhanced IRI properties to improve cryopreservation of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K Wu
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Program, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Schulenburg A, Brämswig K, Herrmann H, Karlic H, Mirkina I, Hubmann R, Laffer S, Marian B, Shehata M, Krepler C, Pehamberger H, Grunt T, Jäger U, Zielinski CC, Valent P. Neoplastic stem cells: current concepts and clinical perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 76:79-98. [PMID: 20185329 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic stem cells have initially been characterized in myeloid leukemias where NOD/SCID mouse-repopulating progenitors supposedly reside within a CD34+/Lin- subset of the malignant clone. These progenitors are considered to be self-renewing cells responsible for the in vivo long-term growth of neoplastic cells in leukemic patients. Therefore, these cells represent an attractive target of therapy. In some lymphoid leukemias, NOD/SCID mouse-repopulating cells were also reported to reside within the CD34+/Lin- subfraction of the clone. More recently, several attempts have been made to transfer the cancer stem cell concept to solid tumors and other non-hematopoietic neoplasms. In several of these tumors, the cell surface antigens AC133 (CD133) and CD44 are considered to indicate the potential of a cell to initiate permanent tumor formation in vivo. However, several questions concerning the phenotype, self-renewal capacity, stroma-dependence, and other properties of cancer- or leukemia-initiating cells remain to be solved. The current article provides a summary of our current knowledge on neoplastic (cancer) stem cells, with special emphasis on clinical implications and therapeutic options as well as a discussion about conceptual and technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulenburg
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Establishment of Leukemia Mouse Model Using Mouse-Derived A20 Leukemic Cells, and Detection of Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow. Lab Anim Res 2010. [DOI: 10.5625/lar.2010.26.4.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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29
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Single-cell STAT5 signal transduction profiling in normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cell populations reveals highly distinct cytokine responses. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7989. [PMID: 19956772 PMCID: PMC2776352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 (STAT5) plays critical roles in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. However, the manner in which STAT5 responds to early-acting and lineage-restricted cytokines, particularly in leukemic stem/progenitor cells, is largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We optimized a multiparametric flow cytometry protocol to analyze STAT5 phosphorylation upon cytokine stimulation in stem and progenitor cell compartments at a single-cell level. In normal cord blood (CB) cells, STAT5 phosphorylation was efficiently induced by TPO, IL-3 and GM-CSF within CD34+CD38− hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). EPO- and SCF-induced STAT5 phosphorylation was largely restricted to the megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP) compartment, while G-CSF as well IL-3 and GM-CSF were most efficient in inducing STAT5 phosphorylation in the myeloid progenitor compartments. Strikingly, mobilized adult peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells responded much less efficiently to cytokine-induced STAT5 activation, with the exception of TPO. In leukemic stem and progenitor cells, highly distinct cytokine responses were observed, differing significantly from their normal counterparts. These responses could not be predicted by the expression level of cytokine receptors. Also, heterogeneity existed in cytokine requirements for long-term expansion of AML CD34+ cells on stroma. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, our optimized multiparametric flow cytometry protocols allow the analysis of signal transduction at the single cell level in normal and leukemic stem and progenitor cells. Our study demonstrates highly distinctive cytokine responses in STAT5 phosphorylation in both normal and leukemic stem/progenitor cells.
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Abstract
Stem cells have emerged as the starting material of choice for bioprocesses to produce cells and tissues to treat degenerative, genetic, and immunological disease. Translating the biological properties and potential of stem cells into therapies will require overcoming significant cell-manufacturing and regulatory challenges. Bioprocess engineering fundamentals, including bioreactor design and process control, need to be combined with cellular systems biology principles to guide the development of next-generation technologies capable of producing cell-based products in a safe, robust, and cost-effective manner. The step-wise implementation of these bioengineering strategies will enhance cell therapy product quality and safety, expediting clinical development.
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31
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Trannoy LL, van Hensbergen Y, Lagerberg JW, Brand A. Photodynamic treatment with mono-phenyl-tri-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin for pathogen inactivation in cord blood stem cell products. Transfusion 2008; 48:2629-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Agliano A, Martin-Padura I, Mancuso P, Marighetti P, Rabascio C, Pruneri G, Shultz LD, Bertolini F. Human acute leukemia cells injected in NOD/LtSz-scid/IL-2Rγnull mice generate a faster and more efficient disease compared to other NOD/scid-related strains. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2222-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Herbert KE, Lévesque JP, Haylock DN, Prince HM. The use of experimental murine models to assess novel agents of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell mobilization. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2008; 14:603-21. [PMID: 18489986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent explosion in the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) mobilization has facilitated development of novel therapeutic agents, targeted at improving mobilization kinetics as well as HSPC yield. With the development of new agents comes the challenge of choosing efficient and relevant preclinical studies for the testing of the HSPC mobilization efficacy of these agents. This article reviews the use of the mouse as a convenient small animal model of HSPC mobilization and transplantation, and outlines the range of murine assays that can be applied to assess novel HSPC mobilizing agents. Techniques to demonstrate murine HSPC mobilization are discussed, as well as the role of murine assays to confirm human HSPC mobilization, and techniques to investigate the biologic phenotype of HSPC mobilized by these novel agents. Technical aspects regarding mobilization regimens and control arms, and choice of experimental animals are also discussed.
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34
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Anti-CD38 antibody-mediated clearance of human repopulating cells masks the heterogeneity of leukemia-initiating cells. Blood 2008; 112:568-75. [PMID: 18523148 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-10-118331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice are increasingly used to assay human hematopoietic repopulating cells as well as leukemia-initiating cells. One method commonly used to isolate these rare cells is to sort cells stained with fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies into fractions, then transplant the different fractions into immunodeficient mice to test their repopulating ability. The antibodies are generally treated as being neutral in terms of their effects on the experiment. Human repopulating cells are thought to express CD34 and lack CD38. Here we present evidence that anti-CD38 antibodies have a profound inhibitory effect on engraftment of cord blood and leukemia cells. We show that this effect is Fc-mediated and can be overcome by treating mice with immunosuppressive antibodies. When this inhibitory effect is prevented, we demonstrate that the CD34(+)CD38(+) fraction of certain acute myeloid leukemia samples contains all, or at least most, leukemia-initiating cell capacity. This study highlights the potential pitfall of antibody-mediated clearance of repopulating cells and is important for any groups working with this model. More importantly, the work suggests that there is greater variation in the phenotypes of leukemia-initiating cells than previously suggested.
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35
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Bernard D, Peakman M, Hayday AC. Establishing humanized mice using stem cells: maximizing the potential. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:406-14. [PMID: 18435804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on physiology and pathology as they relate to the immune system draw heavily upon rodent models. With the increasing impetus provided by initiatives in translational medicine, the demand for ever more sophisticated, 'humanized' murine models is greater than ever. However, the design and implementation of studies in such mice is far from trivial. Here we provide a technical perspective on the increasing interest in developing humanized mice. We give examples of primary data starting with the routine procurement of human donor material, through CD34(+) cell purification prior to engraftment to injection into immunocompromised mice. Our goal is to provide practical advice to the many investigators who may be commencing or considering such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bernard
- King's College London, Department of Immunobiology, London, UK
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36
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Hess DA, Craft TP, Wirthlin L, Hohm S, Zhou P, Eades WC, Creer MH, Sands MS, Nolta JA. Widespread nonhematopoietic tissue distribution by transplanted human progenitor cells with high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Stem Cells 2008; 26:611-20. [PMID: 18055447 PMCID: PMC3045698 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplanted adult progenitor cells distribute to peripheral organs and can promote endogenous cellular repair in damaged tissues. However, development of cell-based regenerative therapies has been hindered by the lack of preclinical models to efficiently assess multiple organ distribution and difficulty defining human cells with regenerative function. After transplantation into beta-glucuronidase (GUSB)-deficient NOD/SCID/mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice, we characterized the distribution of lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood-derived cells purified by selection using high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity with CD133 coexpression. ALDH(hi) or ALDH(hi)CD133+ cells produced robust hematopoietic reconstitution and variable levels of tissue distribution in multiple organs. GUSB+ donor cells that coexpressed human leukocyte antigen (HLA-A,B,C) and hematopoietic (CD45+) cell surface markers were the primary cell phenotype found adjacent to the vascular beds of several tissues, including islet and ductal regions of mouse pancreata. In contrast, variable phenotypes were detected in the chimeric liver, with HLA+/CD45+ cells demonstrating robust GUSB expression adjacent to blood vessels and CD45-/HLA- cells with diluted GUSB expression predominant in the liver parenchyma. However, true nonhematopoietic human (HLA+/CD45-) cells were rarely detected in other peripheral tissues, suggesting that these GUSB+/HLA-/CD45- cells in the liver were a result of downregulated human surface marker expression in vivo, not widespread seeding of nonhematopoietic cells. However, relying solely on continued expression of cell surface markers, as used in traditional xenotransplantation models, may underestimate true tissue distribution. ALDH-expressing progenitor cells demonstrated widespread and tissue-specific distribution of variable cellular phenotypes, indicating that these adult progenitor cells should be explored in transplantation models of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hess
- Hematopoietic Development and Malignancy Group, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
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37
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Hexner EO, Danet-Desnoyers GAH, Zhang Y, Frank DM, Riley JL, Levine BL, Porter DL, June CH, Emerson SG. Umbilical cord blood xenografts in immunodeficient mice reveal that T cells enhance hematopoietic engraftment beyond overcoming immune barriers by stimulating stem cell differentiation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007; 13:1135-44. [PMID: 17889349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2007.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical experience and animal models have shown that donor T cell depletion (TCD) adversely affects engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Although it is known that donor T cells are acting to overcome residual host immune barriers, they may also exert effects independent of host resistance via direct or indirect interactions with donor stem cells, their microenvironment, or key differentiation events. To more precisely define the effect of T cells on engraftment, we have performed human umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation into immunodeficient mice under limiting dilution conditions. UCB mononuclear cells (MNC) or TCD UCB were transplanted into NOD/LtSz-scid/scid B2m(null) (NOD/SCID-beta(2)m(-/-)) mice. Cohorts of mice received UCB MNC or TCD UCB at 5 dose levels between 5 x 10(4) and 5 x 10(6) cells. At dose levels at or above 10(5) cells, engraftment was higher in the MNC recipients (n = 32) than the TCD recipients (n = 31) in a dose-dependent manner. Despite this difference, limiting dilution analysis to determine functional stem cell frequency revealed that SCID repopulating cells in TCD UCB was not significantly less than in CB MNCs, suggesting that T cells may facilitate engraftment at stages beyond the stem cell. Add-back of CD3/CD28 costimulated T cells restored and appeared to enhance engraftment, both in NOD/SCID-beta(2)m(-/-) as well as NOD/LtSz-scid IL2Rgamma(null) (NOG) recipients. These results, in a model where there are minimal host immune barriers to overcome, suggest T cells possess additional graft-facilitating properties. CD3/CD28 costimulation of UCB T cells represents a potential strategy for enhancing the engraftment of UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O Hexner
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is dependent upon the successful homing, engraftment and repopulation of stem cells in the bone marrow. Stem cell homing through the circulation to the bone marrow is the critical first step in this process. This review discusses the latest progress in defining the molecular processes underlying stem cell homing and the specialized niches where stem cells reside. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past decade, remarkable advances have been made in characterizing the complex sequence of events involved in stem cell homing to the bone marrow. Specifically, the molecular basis of stem cell adhesion and rolling along bone marrow sinusoidal endothelial cells has been defined, and mechanisms underlying endothelial transmigration and enlodgement in bone marrow niches have now been identified. The processes governing hematopoietic stem cell homing to the bone marrow also regulate hematopoietic stem cell migration to extramedullary tissues and the metastasis of cancer stem cells. Improved understanding of these processes has catalyzed the development of therapies to facilitate stem cell mobilization for clinical purposes. SUMMARY Several components of the essential process of stem cell homing have now been characterized. Cell adhesion molecules and their ligands, extracellular matrix components, chemokines, and specialized bone marrow niches all participate in the precise regulation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Chute
- Division of Cellular Therapy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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39
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Somervaille TCP, Cleary ML. Identification and characterization of leukemia stem cells in murine MLL-AF9 acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:257-68. [PMID: 17045204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a mouse model of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) induced by the MLL-AF9 oncogene, we demonstrate that colony-forming cells (CFCs) in the bone marrow and spleen of leukemic mice are also leukemia stem cells (LSCs). These self-renewing cells (1) are frequent, accounting for 25%-30% of myeloid lineage cells at late-stage disease; (2) generate a phenotypic, morphologic, and functional leukemia cell hierarchy; (3) express mature myeloid lineage-specific antigens; and (4) exhibit altered microenvironmental interactions by comparison with the oncogene-immortalized CFCs that initiated the disease. Therefore, the LSCs responsible for sustaining, expanding, and regenerating MLL-AF9 AML are downstream myeloid lineage cells, which have acquired an aberrant Hox-associated self-renewal program as well as other biologic features of hematopoietic stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Lineage
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Spleen/pathology
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transplantation, Homologous
- X-Rays
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim C P Somervaille
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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40
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von Drygalski A, Savatski L, Eastwood D, Klein J, Adamson JW. The rate of marrow recovery and extent of donor engraftment following transplantation of ex vivo-expanded bone marrow cells are independently influenced by the cytokines used for expansion. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 14:564-75. [PMID: 16305341 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful stem cell transplantation depends on cell dose, and this is particularly true for placental/cord blood transplantation in which it has been clearly shown that both the success of engraftment as well as the speed of white cell and platelet recovery are dependent on the nucleated cell dose in the graft. Thus, if stem cell numbers could be increased, the speed as well as the likelihood of engraftment might be improved. We studied the effect of two different cytokine combinations--kit ligand (KL), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and Flt-3 ligand supplemented with thrombopoietin and IL-11 (combination 1) or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and G-CSF (combination 2)--for their ability to affect speed and extent of engraftment using limited numbers (5 x 10(4)) of murine bone marrow (BM) light-density (LD) cells or their progeny expanded ex vivo in the presence one or the other cytokine combination for 6 days. With combination 1, we found that speed of platelet recovery was enhanced, but at the expense of white blood cell (WBC) recovery and percent donor engraftment. Furthermore, the cytokine combination that best maintained donor engraftment, combination 2, did so at the expense of platelet recovery. In no case was percent donor engraftment improved over 5 x 10(4) unmanipulated LD BM cells. These results are consistent with the interpretation that immediate recovery of blood cells of different lineages and longterm donor engraftment are separate functions that can be influenced by the choice of cytokines used during the ex vivo expansion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A von Drygalski
- The Blood Research Institute of BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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41
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Schulenburg A, Ulrich-Pur H, Thurnher D, Erovic B, Florian S, Sperr WR, Kalhs P, Marian B, Wrba F, Zielinski CC, Valent P. Neoplastic stem cells: A novel therapeutic target in clinical oncology. Cancer 2006; 107:2512-20. [PMID: 17039500 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Despite recent advances, most therapeutic approaches fail to eradicate the entire neoplastic clone. The remaining cells often develop metastasis and/or recurrences and therefore may represent attractive targets of therapy. A new exciting concept in this regard suggests that each neoplasm represents a heterogeneous population of cells that pertain to long-term tumor growth both in vivo in the natural host and in experimental animals. This concept postulates the existence of small fractions of 'tumor stem cells' that exhibit a capacity for self-renewal and unlimited growth and therefore are distinct from their progeny. Based on these hypotheses, the targeting of neoplastic stem cells is considered indispensable for eradication of the entire clone and for the development of curative treatment approaches. However, tumor stem cells often may be quiescent cells and may express a different profile of targets compared with 'more mature' tumor cells. Therefore, current efforts have attempted to characterize target expression profiles in cancer stem cells in various malignancies. In the this review, the authors have provided a brief summary of the current knowledge of neoplastic stem cells and the application of respective concepts in translational oncology with the ultimate objective of improving anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Schulenburg
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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42
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the capacity to self-renew and the potential to differentiate into all of the mature blood cell types. The ability to prospectively identify and isolate HSCs has been the subject of extensive investigation since the first transplantation studies implying their existence almost 50 years ago. Despite significant advances in enrichment protocols, the continuous in vitro propagation of human HSCs has not yet been achieved. This chapter describes current procedures used to phenotypically and functionally characterize candidate human HSCs and initial efforts to derive permanent human HSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Hawley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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43
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DeLuca D, Basye JL, Schumacher MJ, Lebsack TW. Production of human B cells from CD34+CD38- T- B- progenitors in organ culture by sequential cytokine stimulation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:1084-98. [PMID: 16581123 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated sequential cytokine addition on human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation in murine fetal liver (FL), fetal spleen (FS) and bone marrow (BM) organ cultures (OC). Tissues were colonized with unpurified or FACS sorted CD34+CD38-CD10-CD19-CD3-CD8-CD4-(T- B-) cells from human cord blood (HUCB). CD19+ cell production and kinetics differed in each tissue. Fetal liver organ cultures (FLOC) inoculated with CD34+CD38-T-B- cells produced fewer CD19+ cells than fetal liver organ culture (FLOC) cultured with unpurified HUCB. CD19+ cell production was restored in the CD34+CD38-T-B- organ cultures by treating with SCF, LIF and IL-6 followed by IL-7 and removing all cytokines for the last 3 days of culture (a six-fold increase). FLOC also produced CD34+CD38-T-B- cells and monocyte-lineage CD33+CD14- cells, both of which increased after cytokine treatment. Re-colonization of secondary FLOC with CD34+CD38-T-B- cells generated in primary FLOC produced additional B-cells, monocytes and CD34+CD38- cells suggesting that the primary cells retained HSC activity. Expansion and differentiation of HSCs depended on the microenvironment of the recipient tissue as well as addition of cytokines in the appropriate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences North Room 648, Tucson, AZ 84724-5049, USA.
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44
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Hess DA, Wirthlin L, Craft TP, Herrbrich PE, Hohm SA, Lahey R, Eades WC, Creer MH, Nolta JA. Selection based on CD133 and high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity isolates long-term reconstituting human hematopoietic stem cells. Blood 2005; 107:2162-9. [PMID: 16269619 PMCID: PMC1895716 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel cell-based therapies requires understanding of distinct human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell populations. We recently isolated reconstituting hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by lineage depletion and purification based on high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH(hi)Lin- cells). Here, we further dissected the ALDH(hi)-Lin- population by selection for CD133, a surface molecule expressed on progenitors from hematopoietic, endothelial, and neural lineages. ALDH(hi)CD133+Lin- cells were primarily CD34+, but also included CD34-CD38-CD133+ cells, a phenotype previously associated with repopulating function. Both ALDH(hi)CD133-Lin- and ALDH(hi)CD133+Lin- cells demonstrated distinct clonogenic progenitor function in vitro, whereas only the ALDH(hi)CD133+Lin- population seeded the murine bone marrow 48 hours after transplantation. Significant human cell repopulation was observed only in NOD/SCID and NOD/SCID beta2M-null mice that received transplants of ALDH(hi)CD133+Lin- cells. Limiting dilution analysis demonstrated a 10-fold increase in the frequency of NOD/SCID repopulating cells compared with CD133+Lin- cells, suggesting that high ALDH activity further purified cells with repopulating function. Transplanted ALDH(hi)CD133+Lin- cells also maintained primitive hematopoietic phenotypes (CD34+CD38-) and demonstrated enhanced repopulating function in recipients of serial, secondary transplants. Cell selection based on ALDH activity and CD133 expression provides a novel purification of HSCs with long-term repopulating function and may be considered an alternative to CD34 cell selection for stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hess
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Hematopoietic Development and Malignancy Group, Washington University School of Medicine, Southwest Tower, Rm 644, 4940 Parkview Pl, Campus Box 8007, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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45
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McCormack E, Bruserud O, Gjertsen BT. Animal models of acute myelogenous leukaemia - development, application and future perspectives. Leukemia 2005; 19:687-706. [PMID: 15759039 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
From the early inception of the transplant models through to contemporary genetic and xenograft models, evolution of murine leukaemic model systems have been critical to our general comprehension and treatment of cancer, and, more specifically, disease states such as acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). However, even with modern advances in therapeutics and molecular diagnostics, the majority of AML patients die from their disease. Thus, in the absence of definitive in vitro models which precisely recapitulate the in vivo setting of human AMLs and failure of significant numbers of new drugs late in clinical trials, it is essential that murine AML models are developed to exploit more specific, targeted therapeutics. While various model systems are described and discussed in the literature from initial transplant models such as BNML and spontaneous murine leukaemia virus models, to the more definitive genetic and clinically significant NOD/SCID xenograft models, there exists no single compendium which directly assesses, reviews or compares the relevance of these models. Thus, the function of this article is to provide clinicians and experimentalists a chronological, comprehensive appraisal of all AML model systems, critical discussion on the elucidation of their roles in our understanding of AML and consideration to their efficacy in the development of AML chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E McCormack
- Hematology Section, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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46
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Katsumoto TR, Duda J, Kim A, Wardak Z, Dranoff G, Clapp DW, Shannon K. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and accessory cells modulate radioprotection by purified hematopoietic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 201:853-8. [PMID: 15781578 PMCID: PMC2213101 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of myeloid lineage cells and regulates chemotaxis and adhesion. However, mice in which the genes encoding GM-CSF (Gmcsf) or the β common subunit of the GM-CSF receptor (βc) are inactivated display normal steady-state hematopoiesis. Here, we show that host GM-CSF signaling strongly modulates the ability of donor hematopoietic cells to radioprotect lethally irradiated mice. Although bone marrow mononuclear cells efficiently rescue Gmcsf mutant recipients, fetal liver cells and Sca1+ lin−/dim marrow cells are markedly impaired. This defect is partially attributable to accessory cells that are more prevalent in bone marrow. In contrast, Gmcsf-deficient hematopoietic stem cells demonstrate normal proliferative potentials. Short-term survival is also impaired in irradiated βc mutant recipients transplanted with fetal liver or bone marrow. These data demonstrate a nonredundant function of GM-CSF in radioprotection by donor hematopoietic cells that may prove relevant in clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiko R Katsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Migration of hematopoietic stem cells through the blood, across the endothelial vasculature to different organs and to their bone marrow (BM) niches, requires active navigation, a process termed homing. Homing is a rapid process and is the first and essential step in clinical stem cell transplantation. Similarly, homing is required for seeding of the fetal BM by hematopoietic progenitors during development. Homing has physiological roles in adult BM homeostasis, which are amplified during stress-induced recruitment of leukocytes from the BM reservoir and during stem cell mobilization, as part of host defense and repair. Homing is thought to be a coordinated, multistep process, which involves signaling by stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and stem cell factor (SCF), activation of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), very late antigen 4/5 (VLA-4/5) and CD44, cytoskeleton rearrangement, membrane type 1 (MT1)-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and secretion of MMP2/9. Rolling and firm adhesion of progenitors to endothelial cells in small marrow sinusoids under blood flow is followed by trans-endothelial migration across the physical endothelium/extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier. Stem cells finalize their homing uniquely, by selective access and anchorage to their specialized niches in the extravascular space of the endosteum region and in periarterial sites. This review is focused on mechanisms and key regulators of human stem cell homing to the BM in experimental animal models and clinical transplantation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvee Lapidot
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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Byk T, Kahn J, Kollet O, Petit I, Samira S, Shivtiel S, Ben-Hur H, Peled A, Piacibello W, Lapidot T. Cycling G1 CD34+/CD38+Cells Potentiate the Motility and Engraftment of Quiescent G0 CD34+/CD38−/lowSevere Combined Immunodeficiency Repopulating Cells. Stem Cells 2005; 23:561-74. [PMID: 15790777 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of human stem cell expansion ex vivo is not fully understood. Furthermore, little is known about the mechanisms of human stem cell homing/repopulation and the role that differentiating progenitor cells may play in these processes. We report that 2- to 3-day in vitro cytokine stimulation of human cord blood CD34(+)-enriched cells induces the production of short-term repopulating, cycling G1 CD34(+)/CD38(+) cells with increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion as well as increased migration capacity to the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and homing to the bone marrow of irradiated nonobese diabetic severe/combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice. These cycling G1 cells enhance SDF-1-mediated in vitro migration and in vivo homing of quiescent G0 CD34(+) cells, which is partially abrogated after inhibition of MMP-2/-9 activity. Moreover, the engraftment potential of quiescent G0 SCID repopulating cells (SRCs) is also increased by the cycling G1 CD34(+)/CD38(+) cells. This effect is significantly abrogated after incubation of cycling G1 cells with a neutralizing anti-CXCR4 antibody. Our data suggest synergistic interactions between accessory cycling G1 CD34(+)/CD38(+) committed progenitor cells and quiescent, primitive G0 CD34(+)/CD38(-/low) SRC/stem cells, the former increasing the motility and engraftment potential of the latter, partly via secretion of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Byk
- The Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Immunology, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Igarashi H, Medina KL, Yokota T, Rossi MID, Sakaguchi N, Comp PC, Kincade PW. Early lymphoid progenitors in mouse and man are highly sensitive to glucocorticoids. Int Immunol 2005; 17:501-11. [PMID: 15746243 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are extensively used in anti-inflammatory therapy and may contribute to the normal regulation of lymphopoiesis. This study utilized new information about the early stages of lymphopoiesis in mouse and man to determine precisely which cell types are hormone sensitive. Cycling B lineage precursors were depleted in dexamethasone-treated mice, while mature, non-dividing CD45R(Hi) CD19(Hi) lymphocytes, myeloid progenitors and stem cells with the potential for lymphocyte generation on transplantation were spared. Lineage marker-negative (Lin(-)) IL-7R(+) Flk-2(+) pro-lymphocytes also declined, but not as rapidly as the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-positive cells within an early Lin(-) c-kit(Hi) Sca-1(Hi) fraction of bone marrow. Hormone-sensitive cells with additional properties of early lymphoid progenitors (ELP) were identified within the same Lin(-) c-kit(Hi) Sca-1(Hi) subset using human mu transgenic mice and recombination-activating gene 1 (RAG1)/green fluorescent protein knock-in animals. Furthermore, cells with a recent history of RAG1 expression were more glucocorticoid sensitive than mature lymphocytes in marrow and spleen. Lymphocyte progenitors in mice bearing a human bcl-2 transgene were protected from dexamethasone treatment. However, isolated progenitors from either wild-type or bcl-2 transgenic mice were directly sensitive to the hormone in stromal cell-free cultures, suggesting that additional factors must determine vulnerability to glucocorticoids. B lineage lymphocyte precursors were found to be abnormally elevated in the bone marrow of adrenalectomized or RU486-treated mice. This suggests that glucocorticoids may normally contribute to steady-state regulation of lymphopoiesis. Finally, parallel studies revealed that the earliest events in human lymphopoiesis are susceptible to injury during glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Igarashi
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 Northeast 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Chadwick K, Shojaei F, Gallacher L, Bhatia M. Smad7 alters cell fate decisions of human hematopoietic repopulating cells. Blood 2005; 105:1905-15. [PMID: 15498852 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-03-0881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractIntracellular Smad proteins mediate signal transduction of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily that play pleiotropic roles in hematopoietic development, suggesting that intracellular Smad proteins may play key roles in hematopoietic regulation. Although inhibitory Smad7, which negatively regulates TGF-β signaling, has been implicated in the development of mature hematopoietic cells, a role for Smad7 in regulating more primitive hematopoietic cells has yet to be examined. Here, Smad7 was overexpressed in primary human severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) repopulating cells (SRCs), representing a common myeloid/lymphoid precursor cell with the functional capacity to repopulate the bone marrow of nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID recipient mice. Retroviral transduction of Smad7 into human umbilical cord blood (CB)-SRCs caused a shift from lymphoid dominant engraftment toward increased myeloid contribution, and increased the myeloid-committed clonogenic progenitor frequency in reconstituted mice. Neither myeloid nor B-lymphoid lineage developmental stages were compromised by Smad7 overexpression, suggesting Smad7 regulates cell fate commitment decisions of myeloid/lymphoid precursors by augmenting myeloid differentiation at the expense of lymphoid commitment. In addition, global gene expression analysis using microarray was used to identify potential target genes regulated by Smad7 in primitive hematopoietic cells that may control this process. Our study demonstrates a novel and unexpected role for Smad7 in modulating the cell fate decisions of primary multipotent human repopulating cells and establishes a role for Smad7 in the development of primitive human hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Chadwick
- Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Dr, London, ON N6A 5K8, Canada
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