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Anesi A, Generali L, Sandoni L, Pozzi S, Grande A. From Osteoclast Differentiation to Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Molecular and Clinical Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194925. [PMID: 31590328 PMCID: PMC6801843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone physiology relies on the delicate balance between resorption and formation of its tissue. Bone resorption depends on a process called osteoclastogenesis in which bone-resorbing cells, i.e., osteoclasts, are produced by the differentiation of more undifferentiated progenitors and precursors. This process is governed by two main factors, monocyte-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). While the former exerts a proliferating effect on progenitors/precursors, the latter triggers a differentiation effect on more mature cells of the same lineage. Bone homeostasis requires a perfect space–time coordination of the involved signals. When osteoclastogenesis is poorly balanced with the differentiation of the bone forming counterparts, i.e., osteoblasts, physiological bone remodelling can turn into a pathological state, causing the systematic disruption of bone tissue which results in osteopenia or osteolysis. Examples of these conditions are represented by osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, bone metastasis, and multiple myeloma. Therefore, drugs targeting osteoclastogenesis, such as bisphosphonates and an anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody, have been developed and are currently used in the treatment of such diseases. Despite their demonstrated therapeutic efficacy, these agents are unfortunately not devoid of side effects. In this regard, a condition called osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been recently correlated with anti-resorptive therapy. In this review we will address the involvement of osteoclasts and osteoclast-related factors in the pathogenesis of ONJ. It is to be hoped that a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying bone remodelling will help in the design a medical therapeutic approach for ONJ as an alternative to surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Anesi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Luigi Generali
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Sandoni
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Samantha Pozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Alexis Grande
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Montorsi L, Parenti S, Losi L, Ferrarini F, Gemelli C, Rossi A, Manco G, Ferrari S, Calabretta B, Tagliafico E, Zanocco-Marani T, Grande A. Expression of μ-protocadherin is negatively regulated by the activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway in normal and cancer colorectal enterocytes. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2263. [PMID: 27310872 PMCID: PMC5143391 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mu-protocadherin (MUCDHL) is an adhesion molecule predominantly expressed by colorectal epithelial cells which is markedly downregulated upon malignant transformation. Notably, treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with mesalazine lead to increased expression of MUCDHL, and is associated with sequestration of β-catenin on the plasma membrane and inhibition of its transcriptional activity. To better characterize the causal relationship between β-catenin and MUCDHL expression, we performed various experiments in which CRC cell lines and normal colonic organoids were subjected to culture conditions inhibiting (FH535 treatment, transcription factor 7-like 2 siRNA inactivation, Wnt withdrawal) or stimulating (LiCl treatment) β-catenin activity. We show here that expression of MUCDHL is negatively regulated by functional activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway. This finding was observed in cell culture systems representing conditions of physiological stimulation and upon constitutive activation of β-catenin in CRC. The ability of MUCDHL to sequester and inhibit β-catenin appears to provide a positive feedback enforcing the effect of β-catenin inhibitors rather than serving as the primary mechanism responsible for β-catenin inhibition. Moreover, MUCDHL might have a role as biomarker in the development of CRC chemoprevention drugs endowed with β-catenin inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Montorsi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - S Parenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - L Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - C Gemelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - G Manco
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with Interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - S Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - B Calabretta
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Medicine and Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Cancer Biology and SKKC, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Tagliafico
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - T Zanocco-Marani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A Grande
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Gemelli C, Martello A, Montanari M, Zanocco Marani T, Salsi V, Zappavigna V, Parenti S, Vignudelli T, Selmi T, Ferrari S, Grande A. The Orosomucoid 1 protein is involved in the vitamin D – mediated macrophage de-activation process. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:3201-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lee HJ, Muindi JR, Tan W, Hu Q, Wang D, Liu S, Wilding GE, Ford LA, Sait SNJ, Block AW, Adjei AA, Barcos M, Griffiths EA, Thompson JE, Wang ES, Johnson CS, Trump DL, Wetzler M. Low 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels are associated with adverse outcome in newly diagnosed, intensively treated adult acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2013; 120:521-9. [PMID: 24166051 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that low 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels may be prognostic in some malignancies, but no studies have evaluated their impact on treatment outcome in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Vitamin D levels were evaluated in 97 consecutive, newly diagnosed, intensively treated patients with AML. MicroRNA expression profiles and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 25(OH) vitamin D3 pathway genes were evaluated and correlated with 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels and treatment outcome. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (35%) had normal 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels (32-100 ng/mL), 34 patients (35%) had insufficient levels (20-31.9 ng/mL), and 29 patients (30%) had deficient levels (<20 ng/mL). Insufficient/deficient 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels were associated with worse relapse-free survival (RFS) compared with normal vitamin D3 levels. In multivariate analyses, deficient 25(OH) vitamin D3 , smoking, European Leukemia Network genetic group, and white blood cell count retained their statistical significance for RFS. Several microRNAs and SNPs were associated with 25(OH) vitamin D3 levels, although none remained significant after multiple test corrections; one 25(OH) vitamin D3 receptor SNP, rs10783219, was associated with a lower complete remission rate (P = .0442) and with shorter RFS (P = .0058) and overall survival (P = .0011). CONCLUSIONS It remains to be determined what role microRNA and SNP profiles play in contributing to low 25(OH) vitamin D3 level and/or outcome and whether supplementation will improve outcomes for patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Ju Lee
- Leukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York
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Parenti S, Ferrarini F, Zini R, Montanari M, Losi L, Canovi B, Ferrari S, Grande A. Mesalazine inhibits the beta-catenin signalling pathway acting through the upregulation of mu-protocadherin gene in colo-rectal cancer cells. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31:108-19. [PMID: 19785626 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several reports indicate that mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) is a promising candidate for the chemoprevention of colo-rectal cancer because of its ability to reach the purpose avoiding the unwanted side effects usually associated with prolonged administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This activity of 5-ASA is probably the consequence of a number of effects determined on colo-rectal cancer cells, consisting of reduced proliferation, increased apoptosis and activation of cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair processes. A recent observation has suggested that inhibition of beta-catenin signalling could induce these cellular effects. AIM To characterize better the capacity of 5-ASA to inhibit the beta-catenin signalling pathway. METHODS Genes belonging to the beta-catenin signalling pathway were analysed in colo-rectal cancer cell lines treated with 5-ASA using a combination of laboratory assays that are able to detect their phenotypic expression and functional activity. RESULTS The results obtained indicated that 5-ASA induces the expression of a protein called mu-protocadherin that belongs to the cadherin superfamily and is able to sequester beta-catenin on the plasmatic membrane of treated cells hampering its function. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that mu-protocadherin might be employed as a biological marker to monitor the chemopreventive efficacy of 5-ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parenti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Lymboussaki A, Gemelli C, Testa A, Facchini G, Ferrari F, Mavilio F, Grande A. PPARdelta is a ligand-dependent negative regulator of vitamin D3-induced monocyte differentiation. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:230-7. [PMID: 19056929 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of reports indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) delta is involved in the molecular control of monocyte-macrophage differentiation. In this regard, the recent demonstration that PPARdelta is a primary response gene of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD), i.e. a powerful inducer of such process, allowed us to hypothesize the existence of a cross talk between PPARdelta and VD receptor pathways. To address this issue, we analyzed the effects promoted by stimulation with PPARdelta ligands and by overexpression of this nuclear receptor in monoblastic cell lines undergoing exposure to VD. The results obtained evidenced that, although promoting a weak differentiation effect by themselves, PPARdelta ligands efficiently co-operated with VD treatment. In spite of this, PPARdelta overexpression exerted a remarkable inhibitory effect on monocyte-macrophage differentiation induced by VD that was, at least partly, reverted by stimulation with a highly specific PPARdelta ligand. These data indicate that, although acting through a ligand-dependent modality, PPARdelta is a negative regulator of VD-mediated monocyte differentiation, allowing us to hypothesize a role of the investigated nuclear receptor in the differentiation block of M5 type (monoblastic) acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs). Bioinformatic analysis of a microarray database, containing the expression profiles of 285 AML cases, further supported this hypothesis demonstrating the existence of a subset of M5 type (monoblastic) AMLs that overexpress PPARdelta gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Lymboussaki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
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Montanari M, Gemelli C, Tenedini E, Zanocco Marani T, Vignudelli T, Siena M, Zini R, Salati S, Chiossi G, Tagliafico E, Manfredini R, Grande A, Ferrari S. Correlation between differentiation plasticity and mRNA expression profiling of CD34+-derived CD14− and CD14+ human normal myeloid precursors. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1588-600. [PMID: 15947790 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of their apparently restricted differentiation potentiality, hematopoietic precursors are plastic cells able to trans-differentiate from a maturation lineage to another. To better characterize this differentiation plasticity, we purified CD14- and CD14+ myeloid precursors generated by 'in vitro' culture of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Morphological analysis of the investigated cell populations indicated that, as expected, they consisted of granulocyte and monocyte precursors, respectively. Treatment with differentiation inducers revealed that CD14- cells were bipotent granulo-monocyte precursors, while CD14+ cells appeared univocally committed to a terminal macrophage maturation. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the conversion of granulocyte precursors to the mono-macrophage maturation lineage occurs through a differentiation transition in which the granulocyte-related myeloperoxidase enzyme and the monocyte-specific CD14 antigen are co-expressed. Expression profiling evidenced that the observed trans-differentiation process was accompanied by a remarkable upregulation of the monocyte-related MafB transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Montanari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Tagliafico E, Siena M, Zanocco-Marani T, Manfredini R, Tenedini E, Montanari M, Grande A, Ferrari S. Requirement of the coiled-coil domains of p92(c-Fes) for nuclear localization in myeloid cells upon induction of differentiation. Oncogene 2003; 22:1712-23. [PMID: 12642874 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Fes is implicated in myeloid cells differentiation. It has been observed that its localization can be cytoplasmic, perinuclear, or nuclear. To further characterize this point, we studied Fes subcellular localization in myeloid cell lines (HL60 and K562) and in COS1 cells. Fes was observed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of HL60, K562 cells overexpressing Fes and only in the cytoplasm of COS1 cells, suggesting that nuclear localization is cell context dependent. Moreover, in myeloid cells, the treatment with differentiation-inducing agents such as retinoic acid, phorbol esters and vitamin D, is followed by an increase of the oligomeric form of Fes in the nucleus. In fact, oligomerization seems to be necessary for translocation to occur, since Fes mutants missing the coiled-coil domains are not able to form oligomers and fail to localize in the nucleus. The active form of Fes is tyrosine phosphorylated; however, phosphorylation is not required for Fes to localize in the nucleus, since tyrosine kinase inhibitors do not block the translocation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tagliafico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Universitá di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Grande A, Montanari M, Tagliafico E, Manfredini R, Marani TZ, Siena M, Tenedini E, Gallinelli A, Ferrari S. Physiological levels of 1α, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 induce the monocytic commitment of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.4.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grande
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Monica Montanari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Rossella Manfredini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Tommaso Zanocco Marani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Michela Siena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
| | - Andrea Gallinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Ostetriche e Pediatriche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy and
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Consolini R, Pala S, Legitimo A, Crimaldi G, Ferrari S, Ferrari S. Effects of vitamin D on the growth of normal and malignant B-cell progenitors. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 126:214-9. [PMID: 11703363 PMCID: PMC1906205 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the effects of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2-D3) (VD, calcitriol) on the proliferation and differentiation potential of normal and leukaemic cells in vitro of myeloid lineage are known, we investigated the response to VD on the growth of both normal and malignant lymphoid progenitors. Effects of vitamin D on normal human lymphoid progenitors and B lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) progenitors were assessed by using an in vitro cell colony assay specific for either B or T cell lineages. The expression of VDR on B untreated malignant progenitors at diagnosis was investigated by RT-PCR analysis. VD induced a significant inhibition of normal lymphoid cell progenitors growth of both T and B lineage. VD inhibited significantly also the growth of malignant B cell lineage lymphoid progenitors, without inducing cytotoxic effect. As it has been reported that VD effects on activated lymphocytes are mediated by 1,25-(OH)2-D3 nuclear receptor (VDR), we investigated VDR expression on malignant B cell progenitors. We did not detect VDR expression on these cells examined at diagnosis. We demonstrated that VD inhibited in vitro the clonogenic growth of both normal and malignant lymphoid B cell progenitors and that this inhibitory effect on malignant B cell progenitors was not related to VDR. Our work contributes to understanding of the mechanism of action of this hormone in promoting cellular inhibition of clonal growth of malignant lymphoid B cell progenitors, suggesting that the regulation of some critical growth and differentiation factor receptors could be a key physiological role of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Consolini
- Dipartimento di Medicina della Procreazione e dell'Età Evolutiva, Istituto di Clinica Paediatrica, Università di Pisa, Italy.
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Grande A, Montanari M, Manfredini R, Tagliafico E, Zanocco-Marani T, Trevisan F, Ligabue G, Siena M, Ferrari S, Ferrari S. A functionally active RARalpha nuclear receptor is expressed in retinoic acid non responsive early myeloblastic cell lines. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:70-82. [PMID: 11313705 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2000] [Revised: 07/24/2000] [Accepted: 08/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) can restore the differentiation capacity of leukemic promyelocytes, early leukemic myeloblasts are conversely not responsive to ATRA induced granulocytic differentiation. To assess whether this resistance to ATRA is related to an impaired function of the Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha (RARalpha), we performed an analysis of RARalpha expression and transactivation activity, in several myeloid leukemic cell lines, representative of different types of spontaneous acute myeloid leukemias. Our results indicate that a functionally active RARalpha nuclear receptor is expressed in all the analyzed cell lines, regardless of their differentiation capacity following exposure to ATRA. The observation that ATRA treatment is able to induce the expression of retinoic acid target genes, in late- but not in early-myeloblastic leukemic cells, raises the possibility that the differentiation block of these cells is achieved through a chromatin mediated mechanism. Acetylation is apparently not involved in this process, since the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, is not able to restore the differentiation capacity of early leukemic myeloblasts. Further investigation is needed to clarify whether myeloid transcription factors, distinct to RARalpha, play a role in the resistance of these cells to ATRA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaline Phosphatase/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/chemistry
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Macrophage-1 Antigen/biosynthesis
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Retinoid X Receptors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcriptional Activation/physiology
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grande
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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