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Umargamwala R, Manning J, Dorstyn L, Denton D, Kumar S. Understanding Developmental Cell Death Using Drosophila as a Model System. Cells 2024; 13:347. [PMID: 38391960 PMCID: PMC10886741 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death plays an essential function in organismal development, wellbeing, and ageing. Many types of cell deaths have been described in the past 30 years. Among these, apoptosis remains the most conserved type of cell death in metazoans and the most common mechanism for deleting unwanted cells. Other types of cell deaths that often play roles in specific contexts or upon pathological insults can be classed under variant forms of cell death and programmed necrosis. Studies in Drosophila have contributed significantly to the understanding and regulation of apoptosis pathways. In addition to this, Drosophila has also served as an essential model to study the genetic basis of autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and other relatively rare types of context-dependent cell deaths. Here, we summarise what is known about apoptosis, ADCD, and other context-specific variant cell death pathways in Drosophila, with a focus on developmental cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Umargamwala
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Jantina Manning
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Loretta Dorstyn
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (J.M.); (L.D.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Tang J, Zhai M, Yu R, Song X, Feng F, Gao H, Li B. MiR-3017b contributes to metamorphosis by targeting sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase in Tribolium castaneum. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:286-296. [PMID: 35038196 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, increasing numbers of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to regulate insect metamorphosis. One thousand, one hundred fifty-four miRNAs have been previously identified from Tribolium castaneum by high-throughput sequencing; however, little is known about which miRNAs can participate in metamorphosis, leaving the role of miRNAs in regulating the underlying mechanism elusive. Here, we report the participation of miR-3017b in the metamorphosis of T. castaneum. Temporal profiles revealed that miR-3017b was highly expressed at the late larval stage, but significantly decreased at the early pupal stage. Overexpression of miR-3017b caused larval to pupal to adult metamorphosis arrested. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and miRNA-mRNA interaction assay illustrated that miR-3017b interacts with the coding sequence of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) and suppresses its expression. Knockdown of SERCA caused metamorphosis arrested, similar to that observed in miR-3017b overexpression beetles. Further functional mechanism analyses revealed that 20-hydroxyecdysone application downregulates miR-3017b and up-regulates SERCA expression. The expression level of downstream genes in the 20E pathway was disrupted after overexpressing miR-3017 and the knockdown of SERCA. These results provided evidence miR-3017b-SERCA contributes to metamorphosis by regulating the 20E pathway in T. castaneum. It could advance our understanding of the coordination of 20E and miRNA regulation in insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengfan Zhai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Runnan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Juvenile hormone-induced histone deacetylase 3 suppresses apoptosis to maintain larval midgut in the yellow fever mosquito. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118871119. [PMID: 35259020 PMCID: PMC8931318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118871119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SignificanceJuvenile hormone (JH), a sesquiterpenoid, regulates many aspects of insect development, including maintenance of the larval stage by preventing metamorphosis. In contrast, ecdysteroids promote metamorphosis by inducing the E93 transcription factor, which triggers apoptosis of larval cells and remodeling of the larval midgut. We discovered that JH suppresses precocious larval midgut-remodeling by inducing an epigenetic modifier, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). JH-induced HDAC3 deacetylates the histone H4 localized at the promoters of proapoptotic genes, resulting in the suppression of these genes. This eventually prevents programmed cell death of midgut cells and midgut-remodeling during larval stages. These studies identified a previously unknown mechanism of JH action in blocking premature remodeling of the midgut during larval feeding stages.
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Kablau A, Eckert JH, Pistorius J, Sharbati S, Einspanier R. Effects of selected insecticidal substances on mRNA transcriptome in larvae of Apis mellifera. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104703. [PMID: 32980071 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the last decade, scientists have reported a loss of honeybee colonies. Multiple factors like parasites, pathogens and pesticides are dealt as possible drivers of honeybee losses. In particular, insecticides are considered as a major factor of pollinator poisoning. We applied sublethal concentrations of four insecticidal substances to honeybee larval food and analyzed the effects on transcriptome. The aim was to identify candidate genes indicating early negative impacts after application of insecticidal substances. Honeybee larvae were kept in-vitro under hive conditions (34-35 °C) and fed with dimethoate, fenoxycarb, chlorantraniliprole and flupyradifurone in sublethal concentrations between day 3-6 after grafting. Larvae at day 4, 6 and 8 were sampled and their transcriptome analyzed. By use of a RT-qPCR array differences in gene expression of selected gene families (immune system, development detoxification) were measured. Targets mainly involved in development, energy metabolism and the immune system were significantly affected by the insecticidal substances tested, selectively inducing genes of the detoxification system, immune response and nutritional stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Kablau
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob H Eckert
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Bee Protection, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jens Pistorius
- Julius Kühn-Institute, Institute for Bee Protection, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Molecular mechanisms of selective autophagy in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 354:63-105. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Denton D, Xu T, Dayan S, Nicolson S, Kumar S. Crosstalk between Dpp and Tor signaling coordinates autophagy-dependent midgut degradation. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:111. [PMID: 30737370 PMCID: PMC6368623 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of developmentally programmed cell death (PCD) is mediated by caspase-dependent apoptosis; however, additional modalities, including autophagy-dependent cell death, have important spatiotemporally restricted functions. Autophagy involves the engulfment of cytoplasmic components in a double membrane vesicle for delivery to the lysosome. An established model for autophagy-dependent PCD is Drosophila larval midgut removal during metamorphosis. Our previous work demonstrated that growth arrest is required to initiate autophagy-dependent midgut degradation and Target of rapamycin (Tor) limits autophagy induction. In further studies, we uncovered a role for Decapentaplegic (Dpp) in coordinating midgut degradation. Here, we provide new data to show that Dpp interacts with Tor during midgut degradation. Inhibiting Tor rescued the block in midgut degradation due to Dpp signaling. We propose that Dpp is upstream of Tor and down-regulation promotes growth arrest and autophagy-dependent midgut degradation. These findings underscore a relationship between Dpp and Tor signaling in the regulation of cell growth and tissue removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sonia Dayan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Shannon Nicolson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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Yalonetskaya A, Mondragon AA, Elguero J, McCall K. I Spy in the Developing Fly a Multitude of Ways to Die. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E26. [PMID: 30360387 PMCID: PMC6316796 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are two opposing, yet complementary fundamental processes in development. Cell proliferation provides new cells, while developmental programmed cell death adjusts cell numbers and refines structures as an organism grows. Apoptosis is the best-characterized form of programmed cell death; however, there are many other non-apoptotic forms of cell death that occur throughout development. Drosophila is an excellent model for studying these varied forms of cell death given the array of cellular, molecular, and genetic techniques available. In this review, we discuss select examples of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death that occur in different tissues and at different stages of Drosophila development. For example, apoptosis occurs throughout the nervous system to achieve an appropriate number of neurons. Elsewhere in the fly, non-apoptotic modes of developmental cell death are employed, such as in the elimination of larval salivary glands and midgut during metamorphosis. These and other examples discussed here demonstrate the versatility of Drosophila as a model organism for elucidating the diverse modes of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Yalonetskaya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Albert A Mondragon
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Johnny Elguero
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Velentzas PD, Zhang L, Das G, Chang TK, Nelson C, Kobertz WR, Baehrecke EH. The Proton-Coupled Monocarboxylate Transporter Hermes Is Necessary for Autophagy during Cell Death. Dev Cell 2018; 47:281-293.e4. [PMID: 30318245 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient availability influences the production and degradation of materials that are required for cell growth and survival. Autophagy is a nutrient-regulated process that is used to degrade cytoplasmic materials and has been associated with human diseases. Solute transporters influence nutrient availability and sensing, yet we know little about how transporters influence autophagy. Here, we screen for solute transporters that are required for autophagy-dependent cell death and identify CG11665/hermes. We show that hermes is required for both autophagy during steroid-triggered salivary gland cell death and TNF-induced non-apoptotic eye cell death. hermes encodes a proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter that preferentially transports pyruvate over lactate. mTOR signaling is elevated in hermes mutant cells, and decreased mTOR function suppresses the hermes salivary gland cell death phenotype. Hermes is most similar to human SLC16A11, a protein that was recently implicated in type 2 diabetes, thus providing a link between pyruvate, mTOR, autophagy, and possibly metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis D Velentzas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lejie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gautam Das
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tsun-Kai Chang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Cancer Immunology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Charles Nelson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - William R Kobertz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eric H Baehrecke
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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9
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Dpp regulates autophagy-dependent midgut removal and signals to block ecdysone production. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:763-778. [PMID: 29959404 PMCID: PMC6460390 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal development and homeostasis require the programmed removal of cells. Autophagy-dependent cell deletion is a unique form of cell death often involved in bulk degradation of tissues. In Drosophila the steroid hormone ecdysone controls developmental transitions and triggers the autophagy-dependent removal of the obsolete larval midgut. The production of ecdysone is exquisitely coordinated with signals from numerous organ systems to mediate the correct timing of such developmental programs. Here we report an unexpected role for the Drosophila bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor β ligand, Decapentaplegic (Dpp), in the regulation of ecdysone-mediated midgut degradation. We show that blocking Dpp signaling induces premature autophagy, rapid cell death, and midgut degradation, whereas sustained Dpp signaling inhibits autophagy induction. Furthermore, Dpp signaling in the midgut prevents the expression of ecdysone responsive genes and impairs ecdysone production in the prothoracic gland. We propose that Dpp has dual roles: one within the midgut to prevent improper tissue degradation, and one in interorgan communication to coordinate ecdysone biosynthesis and developmental timing.
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Yang C, Lin XW, Xu WH. Cathepsin L participates in the remodeling of the midgut through dissociation of midgut cells and activation of apoptosis via caspase-1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 82:21-30. [PMID: 28153644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The larval midgut in holometabolous insects must undergo a remodeling process during metamorphosis to form the pupal-adult midgut. However, the molecular mechanism of larval midgut cell dissociation remains unknown. Here, we show that the expression and activity of Helicoverpa armigera cathepsin L (Har-CatL) are high in the midgut at the mid-late stage of the 6th-instar larvae and are responsive to the upstream hormone ecdysone. Immunocytochemistry shows that signals for Har-CatL-like are localized in midgut cells, and an inhibitor experiment demonstrates that Har-CatL functions in the dissociation of midgut epithelial cells. Mechanistically, Har-CatL can cleave pro-caspase-1 into the mature peptide, thereby increasing the activity of caspase-1, which plays a key role in apoptosis, indicating that Har-CatL is also involved in the apoptosis of midgut cells by activating caspase-1. We believe that this is the first report that Har-CatL regulates the dissociation and apoptosis of the larval midgut epithelium for midgut remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xian-Wu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wei-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Liu Y, Lin J, Zhang M, Chen K, Yang S, Wang Q, Yang H, Xie S, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Chen F, Yang Y. PINK1 is required for timely cell-type specific mitochondrial clearance during Drosophila midgut metamorphosis. Dev Biol 2016; 419:357-372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Xu L, Li S, Ran X, Liu C, Lin R, Wang J. Apoptotic activity and gene responses in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, induced by azadirachtin A. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:1710-1717. [PMID: 26607310 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azadirachtin has been used as an antifeedant and growth disruption agent for many insect species. Previous investigations have reported the apoptotic effects of azadirachtin on some insect cells, but the molecular mechanisms are still not clear. This study investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms for the apoptotic effects induced by azadirachtin on Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells in vitro. RESULTS The results of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that azadirachtin exhibited significant cytotoxicity to S2 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The changes in cellular morphology and the DNA fragmentation demonstrated that azadirachtin induced remarkable apoptosis of S2 cells. Expression levels of 276 genes were found to be significantly changed in S2 cells after exposure to azadirachtin, as detected by Drosophila genome array. Among these genes, calmodulin (CaM) was the most highly upregulated gene. Azadirachtin was further demonstrated to trigger intracellular Ca(2+) release in S2 cells. The genes related to the apoptosis pathway, determined from chip data, were validated by the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. CONCLUSION The results showed that azadirachtin-mediated intracellular Ca(2+) release was the primary event that triggered apoptosis in Drosophila S2 cells through both pathways of the Ca(2+) -CaM and EcR/Usp signalling cascade. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xueqin Ran
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rutao Lin
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agriculture Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Tongren College, Tongren, China
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Abstract
Drosophila has served as a particularly attractive model to study cell death due to the vast array of tools for genetic manipulation under defined spatial and temporal conditions in vivo as well as in cultured cells. These genetic methods have been well supplemented by enzymatic assays and a panel of antibodies recognizing cell death markers. This chapter discusses reporters, mutants, and assays used by various laboratories to study cell death in the context of development and in response to external insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Vasudevan
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Hyung Don Ryoo
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Dong DJ, Jing YP, Liu W, Wang JX, Zhao XF. The Steroid Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone Up-regulates Ste-20 Family Serine/Threonine Kinase Hippo to Induce Programmed Cell Death. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24738-46. [PMID: 26272745 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the serine/threonine Ste20-like kinase Hippo signal promote programmed cell death (PCD) during development, although the interaction between them remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that 20E up-regulates Hippo to induce PCD during the metamorphic development of insects. We found that Hippo is involved in 20E-induced metamorphosis via promoting the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Yorkie (Yki), causing suppressed expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), thereby releasing its inhibitory effect on caspase. Furthermore, we show that 20E induced the expression of Hippo at the transcriptional level through the ecdysone receptor (EcR), ultraspiracle protein (USP), and hormone receptor 3 (HR3). We also found that Hippo suppresses the binding of Yki complex to the HR3 promoter. In summary, 20E up-regulates the transcription of Hippo via EcRB1, USP1, and HR3 to induce PCD, and Hippo has negative feedback effects on HR3 expression. These two signaling pathways coordinate PCD during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du-Juan Dong
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Pu Jing
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wen Liu
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- From the Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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15
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Boulan L, Milán M, Léopold P. The Systemic Control of Growth. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a019117. [PMID: 26261282 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a019117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth is a complex process that is intimately linked to the developmental program to form adults with proper size and proportions. Genetics is an important determinant of growth, as exemplified by the role of local diffusible molecules setting up organ proportions. In addition, organisms use adaptive responses allowing modulating the size of individuals according to environmental cues, for example, nutrition. Here, we describe some of the physiological principles participating in the determination of final individual size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boulan
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France INSERM, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marco Milán
- 5ICREA, Parc Cientific de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Léopold
- University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France INSERM, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 06108 Nice, France
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16
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Ligand-independent requirements of steroid receptors EcR and USP for cell survival. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:405-16. [PMID: 26250909 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The active form of the Drosophila steroid hormone ecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), binds the heterodimer EcR/USP nuclear receptor to regulate target genes that elicit proliferation, cell death and differentiation during insect development. Although the 20E effects are relatively well known, the physiological relevance of its receptors remains poorly understood. We show here that the prothoracic gland (PG), the major steroid-producing organ of insect larvae, requires EcR and USP to survive in a critical period previous to metamorphosis, and that this requirement is 20E-independent. The cell death induced by the downregulation of these receptors involves the activation of the JNK-encoding basket gene and it can be rescued by upregulating EcR isoforms which are unable to respond to 20E. Also, while PG cell death prevents ecdysone production, blocking hormone synthesis or secretion in normal PG does not lead to cell death, demonstrating further the ecdysone-independent nature of the receptor-deprivation cell death. In contrast to PG cells, wing disc or salivary glands cells do not require these receptors for survival, revealing their cell and developmental time specificity. Exploring the potential use of this feature of steroid receptors in cancer, we assayed tumor overgrowth induced by altered yorkie signaling. This overgrowth is suppressed by EcR downregulation in PG, but not in wing disc, cells. The mechanism of all these cell death features is based on the transcriptional regulation of reaper. These novel and context-dependent functional properties for EcR and USP receptors may help to understand the heterogeneous responses to steroid-based therapies in human pathologies.
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Abstract
The apoptotic machinery is highly conserved throughout evolution, and central to the regulation of apoptosis is the caspase family of cysteine proteases. Insights into the regulation and function of apoptosis in mammals have come from studies using model organisms. Drosophila provides an exceptional model system for identifying the function of conserved mechanisms regulating apoptosis, especially during development. The characteristic patterns of apoptosis during Drosophila development have been well described, as has the apoptotic response following DNA damage. The focus of this discussion is to introduce methodologies for monitoring apoptosis during Drosophila development and also in Drosophila cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Denton
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sharad Kumar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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18
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Chittaranjan S, Xu J, Kuzyk M, Dullat HK, Wilton J, DeVorkin L, Lebovitz C, Morin GB, Marra MA, Gorski SM. The Drosophila TIPE family member Sigmar interacts with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen and modulates JNK signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy. Biol Open 2015; 4:672-84. [PMID: 25836674 PMCID: PMC4434819 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFAIP8 and other mammalian TIPE family proteins have attracted increased interest due to their associations with disease-related processes including oncogenic transformation, metastasis, and inflammation. The molecular and cellular functions of TIPE family proteins are still not well understood. Here we report the molecular and genetic characterization of the Drosophila TNFAIP8 homolog, CG4091/sigmar. Previous gene expression studies revealed dynamic expression of sigmar in larval salivary glands prior to histolysis. Here we demonstrate that in sigmar loss-of-function mutants, the salivary glands are morphologically abnormal with defects in the tubulin network and decreased autophagic flux. Sigmar localizes subcellularly to microtubule-containing projections in Drosophila S2 cells, and co-immunoprecipitates with the Ste20-like kinase Misshapen, a regulator of the JNK pathway. Further, the Drosophila TNF ligand Eiger can induce sigmar expression, and sigmar loss-of-function leads to altered localization of pDJNK in salivary glands. Together, these findings link Sigmar to the JNK pathway, cytoskeletal remodeling and autophagy activity during salivary gland development, and provide new insights into TIPE family member function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganthi Chittaranjan
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jing Xu
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Michael Kuzyk
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Harpreet K Dullat
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - James Wilton
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Lindsay DeVorkin
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chandra Lebovitz
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Gregg B Morin
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sharon M Gorski
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10 Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Sexual transfer of the steroid hormone 20E induces the postmating switch in Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16353-8. [PMID: 25368171 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410488111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Female insects generally mate multiple times during their lives. A notable exception is the female malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae, which after sex loses her susceptibility to further copulation. Sex in this species also renders females competent to lay eggs developed after blood feeding. Despite intense research efforts, the identity of the molecular triggers that cause the postmating switch in females, inducing a permanent refractoriness to further mating and triggering egg-laying, remains elusive. Here we show that the male-transferred steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is a key regulator of monandry and oviposition in An. gambiae. When sexual transfer of 20E is impaired by partial inactivation of the hormone and inhibition of its biosynthesis in males, oviposition and refractoriness to further mating in the female are strongly reduced. Conversely, mimicking sexual delivery by injecting 20E into virgin females switches them to an artificial mated status, triggering egg-laying and reducing susceptibility to copulation. Sexual transfer of 20E appears to incapacitate females physically from receiving seminal fluids by a second male. Comparative analysis of microarray data from females after mating and after 20E treatment indicates that 20E-regulated molecular pathways likely are implicated in the postmating switch, including cytoskeleton and musculature-associated genes that may render the atrium impenetrable to additional mates. By revealing signals and pathways shaping key processes in the An. gambiae reproductive biology, our data offer new opportunities for the control of natural populations of malaria vectors.
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20
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Cai MJ, Liu W, Pei XY, Li XR, He HJ, Wang JX, Zhao XF. Juvenile hormone prevents 20-hydroxyecdysone-induced metamorphosis by regulating the phosphorylation of a newly identified broad protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26630-26641. [PMID: 25096576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.581876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates insect molting and metamorphosis. By contrast, juvenile hormone (JH) prevents metamorphosis. However, the mechanism by which JH inhibits metamorphosis remains unclear. In this study, we propose that JH induces the phosphorylation of Broad isoform Z7 (BrZ7), a newly identified protein, to inhibit 20E-mediated metamorphosis in the lepidopteran insect Helicoverpa armigera. The knockdown of BrZ7 in larvae inhibited metamorphosis by repressing the expression of the 20E response gene. BrZ7 was weakly expressed and phosphorylated during larval growth but highly expressed and non-phosphorylated during metamorphosis. JH regulated the rapid phosphorylation of BrZ7 via a G-protein-coupled receptor-, phospholipase C-, and protein kinase C-triggered pathway. The phosphorylated BrZ7 bound to the 5'-regulatory region of calponin to regulate its expression in the JH pathway. Exogenous JH induced BrZ7 phosphorylation to prevent metamorphosis by suppressing 20E-related gene transcription. JH promoted non-phosphorylated calponin interacting with ultraspiracle protein to activate the JH pathway and antagonize the 20E pathway. This study reveals one of the possible mechanisms by which JH counteracts 20E-regulated metamorphosis by inducing the phosphorylation of BrZ7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xu-Yang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Hong-Juan He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education / Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
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21
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Dimorphic ovary differentiation in honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae involves caste-specific expression of homologs of ark and buffy cell death genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98088. [PMID: 24844304 PMCID: PMC4028266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of the number of repeated structural units, the ovarioles, in the ovaries is one of the critical events that shape caste polyphenism in social insects. In early postembryonic development, honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae have a pair of ovaries, each one consisting of almost two hundred ovariole primordia. While practically all these ovarioles continue developing in queen-destined larvae, they undergo massive programmed cell death (PCD) in worker-destined larvae. So as to gain insight into the molecular basis of this fundamental process in caste differentiation we used quantitative PCR (qPCR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to investigate the expression of the Amark and Ambuffy genes in the ovaries of the two honeybee castes throughout the fifth larval instar. These are the homologs of ark and buffy Drosophila melanogaster genes, respectively, involved in activating and inhibiting PCD. Caste-specific expression patterns were found during this time-window defining ovariole number. Amark transcript levels were increased when ovariole resorption was intensified in workers, but remained at low levels in queen ovaries. The transcripts were mainly localized at the apical end of all the worker ovarioles, but appeared in only a few queen ovarioles, thus strongly suggesting a function in mediating massive ovariolar cell death in worker larvae. Ambuffy was mainly expressed in the peritoneal sheath cells covering each ovariole. The levels of Ambuffy transcripts increased earlier in the developing ovaries of queens than in workers. Consistent with a protective role against cell death, Ambuffy transcripts were localized in practically all queen ovarioles, but only in few worker ovarioles. The results are indicative of a functional relationship between the expression of evolutionary conserved cell death genes and the morphological events leading to caste-specific ovary differentiation in a social insect.
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22
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Ecdysone-induced receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP52F regulates Drosophila midgut histolysis by enhancement of autophagy and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1594-606. [PMID: 24550005 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01391-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid removal of larval midgut is a critical developmental process directed by molting hormone ecdysone during Drosophila metamorphosis. To date, it remains unclear how the stepwise events can link the onset of ecdysone signaling to the destruction of larval midgut. This study investigated whether ecdysone-induced expression of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP52F regulates this process. The mutation of the Ptp52F gene caused significant delay in larval midgut degradation. Transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase (TER94), a regulator of ubiquitin proteasome system, was identified as a substrate and downstream effector of PTP52F in the ecdysone signaling. The inducible expression of PTP52F at the puparium formation stage resulted in dephosphorylation of TER94 on its Y800 residue, ensuring the rapid degradation of ubiquitylated proteins. One of the proteins targeted by dephosphorylated TER94 was found to be Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (DIAP1), which was rapidly proteolyzed in cells with significant expression of PTP52F. Importantly, the reduced level of DIAP1 in response to inducible PTP52F was essential not only for the onset of apoptosis but also for the initiation of autophagy. This study demonstrates a novel function of PTP52F in regulating ecdysone-directed metamorphosis via enhancement of autophagic and apoptotic cell death in doomed Drosophila midguts.
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23
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Denton D, Aung-Htut MT, Kumar S. Developmentally programmed cell death in Drosophila. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:3499-3506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Lu MX, Du YZ, Cao SS, Liu P, Li J. Molecular cloning and characterization of the first caspase in the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:10229-41. [PMID: 23676354 PMCID: PMC3676837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140510229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is executed through the activity of the caspases that are aspartyl-specific proteases. In this study, we isolated the caspase gene (Cscaspase-1) of Chilo suppressalis (one of the leading pests responsible for destruction of rice crops). It possesses the open reading frame (ORF) of 295 amino acids including prodomain, large subunit and small subunits, and two cleavage sites (Asp23 and Asp194) were found to be located among them. In addition to these profiles, Cscaspase-1 contains two active sites (His134 and Cys176). Genomic analysis demonstrated there was no intron in the genome of Cscaspase-1. The Cscaspase-1 transcripts were found in all tissues of the fifth instar larvae, and higher levels were found in the midgut, hindgut and Malpighian tubules. Examination of Cscaspase-1 expression in different developmental stages indicated low constitutive levels in the eggs and early larvae stages, and higher abundances were exhibited in the last larvae and pupae stages. The relative mRNA levels of Cscaspase-1 were induced by heat and cold temperatures. For example, the highest increase of Cscaspase-1 transcription was at −3 °C and 36 °C respectively. In a word, Cscaspase-1 plays a role of effector in the apoptosis of C. suppressalis. It also correlates with development, metamorphosis and thermotolerance of C. suppreassalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Xing Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (M.-X.L.); (S.-S.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Zhou Du
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (M.-X.L.); (S.-S.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-Z.D.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-514-8797-1854 (Y.-Z.D.); Tel.: +1-540-231-1182 (J.L.); Fax: +1-540-231-9070 (J.L.)
| | - Shuang-Shuang Cao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection & Institute of Applied Entomology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; E-Mails: (M.-X.L.); (S.-S.C.)
| | - Pingyang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-Z.D.); (J.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-514-8797-1854 (Y.-Z.D.); Tel.: +1-540-231-1182 (J.L.); Fax: +1-540-231-9070 (J.L.)
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25
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Danielsen ET, Moeller ME, Rewitz KF. Nutrient Signaling and Developmental Timing of Maturation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 105:37-67. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396968-2.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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26
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Rewitz KF, Yamanaka N, O'Connor MB. Developmental checkpoints and feedback circuits time insect maturation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 103:1-33. [PMID: 23347514 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385979-2.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transition from juvenile to adult is a fundamental process that allows animals to allocate resource toward reproduction after completing a certain amount of growth. In insects, growth to a species-specific target size induces pulses of the steroid hormone ecdysone that triggers metamorphosis and reproductive maturation. The past few years have seen significant progress in understanding the interplay of mechanisms that coordinate timing of ecdysone production and release. These studies show that the neuroendocrine system monitors complex size-related and nutritional signals, as well as external cues, to time production and release of ecdysone. Based on results discussed here, we suggest that developmental progression to adulthood is controlled by checkpoints that regulate the genetic timing program enabling it to adapt to different environmental conditions. These checkpoints utilize a number of signaling pathways to modulate ecdysone production in the prothoracic gland. Release of ecdysone activates an autonomous cascade of both feedforward and feedback signals that determine the duration of the ecdysone pulse at each developmental transitions. Conservation of the genetic mechanisms that coordinate the juvenile-adult transition suggests that insights from the fruit fly Drosophila will provide a framework for future investigation of developmental timing in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim F Rewitz
- Department of Biology, Cell and Neurobiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Zeng X, Hou SX. Broad relays hormone signals to regulate stem cell differentiation in Drosophila midgut during metamorphosis. Development 2012; 139:3917-25. [PMID: 23048182 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Like the mammalian intestine, the Drosophila adult midgut is constantly replenished by multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Although it is well known that adult ISCs arise from adult midgut progenitors (AMPs), relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate AMP specification. Here, we demonstrate that Broad (Br)-mediated hormone signaling regulates AMP specification. Br is highly expressed in AMPs temporally during the larva-pupa transition stage, and br loss of function blocks AMP differentiation. Furthermore, Br is required for AMPs to develop into functional ISCs. Conversely, br overexpression drives AMPs toward premature differentiation. In addition, we found that Br and Notch (N) signaling function in parallel pathways to regulate AMP differentiation. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism whereby Br-mediated hormone signaling directly regulates stem cells to generate adult cells during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankun Zeng
- The Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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28
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Gu J, Huang LX, Shen Y, Huang LH, Feng QL. Hsp70 and small Hsps are the major heat shock protein members involved in midgut metamorphosis in the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:535-543. [PMID: 22957810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are important chaperones, which are involved in various signal pathways and regulate lots of physiological processes. Early research suggested that some Hsps are involved in insect development. However, few studies have been carried out to explore the roles of Hsps, especially in larval-pupal metamorphosis. In the present study, 49 Hsp unigenes were identified in the Spodoptera litura transcriptome and their mRNA expression profiles during midgut metamorphosis were examined using a tag-based digital gene expression system. The genes with the most different levels of expression were then cloned and their expression patterns in midguts from sixth instar larvae to pupae were analysed using real time quantitative PCR. The responses of these genes to juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) were also studied. The results showed that the mRNA levels of 22 Hsp unigenes changed significantly during midgut metamorphosis. Amongst these 22 unigenes, hsp70, hsp20.4 and hsp20.8 were the most up-regulated members, and hsp15.9, hsp19.3 and hsp22.0 were the most down-regulated ones. Further studies showed that hsp70, hsp20.4 and hsp20.8 were remarkably up-regulated by JH. In addition, 20E slightly increased the mRNA levels of both hsp20.4 and hsp20.8. However, hsp15.9, hsp19.3 and hsp22.0 did not respond to either JH or 20E. These results indicate that Hsp70 and small Hsps (sHsps) are probably the major players in midgut metamorphosis in S. litura. The current findings provide valuable insights into the roles of the Hsp superfamily in insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Miura M. Apoptotic and nonapoptotic caspase functions in animal development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:4/10/a008664. [PMID: 23028118 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A developing animal is exposed to both intrinsic and extrinsic stresses. One stress response is caspase activation. Caspase activation not only controls apoptosis but also proliferation, differentiation, cell shape, and cell migration. Caspase activation drives development by executing cell death or nonapoptotic functions in a cell-autonomous manner, and by secreting signaling molecules or generating mechanical forces, in a noncell autonomous manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, and CREST, JST, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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30
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Togane Y, Ayukawa R, Hara Y, Akagawa H, Iwabuchi K, Tsujimura H. Spatio-temporal pattern of programmed cell death in the developing Drosophila optic lobe. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:503-18. [PMID: 22587328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A large number of cells die via programmed cell death during the normal development of the Drosophila optic lobe. In this study, we report the precise spatial and temporal pattern of cell death in this organ. Cell death in the developing optic lobe occurs in two distinct phases. The first phase extends from the start of metamorphosis to the mid-pupal stage. During this phase, a large number of cells die in the optic lobe as a whole, with a peak of cell death at an early pupal stage in the lamina and medulla cortices and the region of the T2/T3/C neurons, and a smaller number of dead cells observed in the lobula plate cortex. The second phase extends from the mid-pupal stage to eclosion. Throughout this period, a small number of dying cells can be observed, with a small peak at a late pupal stage. Most of the dying cells are neurons. During the first phase, dying cells are distributed in specific patterns in cortices. The lamina cortex contains two distinct clusters of dying cells; the medulla cortex, four clusters; the lobula plate cortex, one cluster; and the region of the T2/T3/C neurons, one cluster. Many of the clusters maintain their distinct positions in the optic lobe but others extend the region they cover during development. The presence of distinct clusters of dying cells at different phases suggests that distinct mechanisms control cell death during different stages of optic lobe development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Togane
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-si, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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31
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Manaboon M, Yasanga T, Sakurai S, Singtripop T. Programmed cell death of larval tissues induced by juvenile hormone in the bamboo borer, Omphisa fuscidentalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:1202-1208. [PMID: 22732232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a critical role during animal development through the destruction of unneeded cells and tissues. In some insects, the prothoracic glands (PGs) and anterior silk glands (ASGs) are larval-specific tissues that are normally eliminated by PCD after pupation. Previous studies report that juvenile hormone analog (JHA) terminates the larval diapause of Omphisa fuscidentalis by increasing the hemolymph ecdysteroids that trigger PCD. Because JHA may indirectly induce the PCD of the PGs and ASGs of Omphisa diapausing larvae, the effects of JHA on the induction of PCD were determined. The application of 1μg JHA induced PCD in the PGs and ASGs of larvae identified as stage G0 (prior to pupation). The injection of 1μg 20E triggered the PCD of the ASGs when the larvae expressed a G0-G1 morphology, whereas PCD occurred in the PGs on day 1 post-injection. Histological studies revealed similar patterns of morphological changes during the PG and ASG PCD in the JHA- and 20E-treated larvae. Furthermore, to confirm that PCD was induced by a high ecdysteroid level that increases after JHA application, the expression profiles of EcR-A and EcR-B1 in the PGs and ASGs from the JHA-treated larvae were examined, and the results showed that the expression levels of EcR-A and EcR-B1 mRNA increased during the G0 stage. These results suggest that JHA may be involved in PCD by increasing the ecdysteroid titer, leading to termination of the larval diapause period in Omphisa fuscidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaporn Manaboon
- Endocrinology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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32
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Anhezini L, Saita AP, Costa MS, Ramos RGP, Simon CR. Fhosencodes aDrosophilaFormin-Like Protein participating in autophagic programmed cell death. Genesis 2012; 50:672-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Davis MB, SanGil I, Berry G, Olayokun R, Neves LH. Identification of common and cell type specific LXXLL motif EcR cofactors using a bioinformatics refined candidate RNAi screen in Drosophila melanogaster cell lines. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:66. [PMID: 22050674 PMCID: PMC3227616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background During Drosophila development, titers of the steroid ecdysone trigger and maintain temporal and tissue specific biological transitions. Decades of evidence reveal that the ecdysone response is both unique to specific tissues and distinct among developmental timepoints. To achieve this diversity in response, the several isoforms of the Ecdysone Receptor, which transduce the hormone signal to the genome level, are believed to interact with tissue specific cofactors. To date, little is known about the identity of these cofactor interactions; therefore, we conducted a bioinformatics informed, RNAi luciferase reporter screen against a subset of putative candidate cofactors identified through an in silico proteome screen. Candidates were chosen based on criteria obtained from bioinformatic consensus of known nuclear receptor cofactors and homologs, including amino acid sequence motif content and context. Results The bioinformatics pre-screen of the Drosophila melanogaster proteome was successful in identifying an enriched putative candidate gene cohort. Over 80% of the genes tested yielded a positive hit in our reporter screen. We have identified both cell type specific and common cofactors which appear to be necessary for proper ecdysone induced gene regulation. We have determined that certain cofactors act as co-repressors to reduce target gene expression, while others act as co-activators to increase target gene expression. Interestingly, we find that a few of the cofactors shared among cell types have a reversible roles to function as co-repressors in certain cell types while in other cell types they serve as co-activators. Lastly, these proteins are highly conserved, with higher order organism homologs also harboring the LXXLL steroid receptor interaction domains, suggesting a highly conserved mode of steroid cell target specificity. Conclusions In conclusion, we submit these cofactors as novel components of the ecdysone signaling pathway in order to further elucidate the dynamics of steroid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Davis
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30502, USA.
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34
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Kurant E. Keeping the CNS clear: Glial phagocytic functions in Drosophila. Glia 2010; 59:1304-11. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.21098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Simon CR, Moda LMR, Octacilio-Silva S, Anhezini L, Machado-Gitai LCH, Ramos RGP. Precise temporal regulation of roughest is required for correct salivary gland autophagic cell death in Drosophila. Genesis 2009; 47:492-504. [PMID: 19415632 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila roughest (rst) locus encodes an immunoglobulin superfamily transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in a variety of embryonic and postembryonic developmental processes. Here we demonstrate a previously unnoticed role for this gene in the autophagic elimination of larval salivary glands during early pupal stages by showing that overexpression of the Rst protein ectodomain in early pupa leads to persistence of salivary glands up to at least 12 hours after head eversion, although with variable penetrance. The same phenotype is observed in individuals carrying the dominant regulatory allele rst(D), but not in loss of function alleles. Analysis of persistent glands at the ultrastructural level showed that programmed cell death starts at the right time but is arrested at an early stage of the process. Finally we describe the expression pattern and intracellular distribution of Rst in wild type and rst(D) mutants, showing that its downregulation in salivary glands at the beginning of pupal stage is an important factor in the correct implementation of the autophagic program of this tissue in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Simon
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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Denton D, Shravage B, Simin R, Mills K, Berry DL, Baehrecke EH, Kumar S. Autophagy, not apoptosis, is essential for midgut cell death in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1741-6. [PMID: 19818615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Most developmentally programmed cell death in metazoans is mediated by caspases. During Drosophila metamorphosis, obsolete tissues, including the midgut and salivary glands, are removed by programmed cell death [1]. The initiator caspase Dronc and its activator Ark are required for the death of salivary glands, but not for midgut removal [2, 3]. In addition to caspases, complete removal of salivary glands requires autophagy [4]. However, the contribution of autophagy to midgut cell death has not been explored. Examination of combined mutants of the main initiator and effector caspases revealed that the canonical apoptotic pathway is not required for midgut cell death. Further analyses revealed that the caspase Decay is responsible for most of the caspase activity in dying midguts, yet inhibition of this activity has no effect on midgut removal. By contrast, midgut degradation was severely delayed by inhibition of autophagy, and this occurred without a decrease in caspase activity. Surprisingly, the combined inhibition of caspases and autophagy did not result in an additional delay in midgut removal. Together, our results indicate that autophagy, not caspases, is essential for midgut programmed cell death, providing the first in vivo evidence of caspase-independent programmed cell death that requires autophagy despite the presence of high caspase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Denton
- Department of Haematology, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Chittaranjan S, McConechy M, Hou YCC, Freeman JD, DeVorkin L, Gorski SM. Steroid hormone control of cell death and cell survival: molecular insights using RNAi. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000379. [PMID: 19214204 PMCID: PMC2632862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect steroid hormone ecdysone triggers programmed cell death of obsolete larval tissues during metamorphosis and provides a model system for understanding steroid hormone control of cell death and cell survival. Previous genome-wide expression studies of Drosophila larval salivary glands resulted in the identification of many genes associated with ecdysone-induced cell death and cell survival, but functional verification was lacking. In this study, we test functionally 460 of these genes using RNA interference in ecdysone-treated Drosophila l(2)mbn cells. Cell viability, cell morphology, cell proliferation, and apoptosis assays confirmed the effects of known genes and additionally resulted in the identification of six new pro-death related genes, including sorting nexin-like gene SH3PX1 and Sox box protein Sox14, and 18 new pro-survival genes. Identified genes were further characterized to determine their ecdysone dependency and potential function in cell death regulation. We found that the pro-survival function of five genes (Ras85D, Cp1, CG13784, CG32016, and CG33087), was dependent on ecdysone signaling. The TUNEL assay revealed an additional two genes (Kap-alpha3 and Smr) with an ecdysone-dependent cell survival function that was associated with reduced cell death. In vitro, Sox14 RNAi reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive l(2)mbn cells (p<0.05) following ecdysone treatment, and Sox14 overexpression was sufficient to induce apoptosis. In vivo analyses of Sox14-RNAi animals revealed multiple phenotypes characteristic of aberrant or reduced ecdysone signaling, including defects in larval midgut and salivary gland destruction. These studies identify Sox14 as a positive regulator of ecdysone-mediated cell death and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the ecdysone signaling network governing cell death and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa McConechy
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying-Chen Claire Hou
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J. Douglas Freeman
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsay DeVorkin
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sharon M. Gorski
- The Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Cranna N, Quinn L. Impact of steroid hormone signals on Drosophila cell cycle during development. Cell Div 2009; 4:3. [PMID: 19154610 PMCID: PMC2647916 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis of Drosophila involves proliferation, differentiation and death of larval tissues in order to form the adult fly. The major steroid hormone implicated in the larval-pupal transition and adult tissue modelling is ecdysone. Previous reviews have draw together studies connecting ecdysone signaling to the processes of apoptosis and differentiation. Here we discuss those reports connecting the ecdysone pulse to developmentally regulated cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cranna
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia.
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Morphological changes and patterns of ecdysone receptor B1 immunolocalization in the anterior silk gland undergoing programmed cell death in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Acta Histochem 2009; 111:25-34. [PMID: 18554690 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The silk gland is a specific larval tissue of Lepidopteran insects and begins to degenerate shortly before pupation. The steroid hormone ecdysone triggers the stage specific programmed cell death of the anterior silk glands during metamorphosis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. The anterior silk gland expresses ecdysone receptors, which are involved in regulation processes in response to ecdysone. In this study, the morphological changes, immunohistochemical localization and protein levels of ecdysone receptor B1 (EcR-B1) in the anterior silk gland of B. mori were investigated during programmed cell death. Morphological changes observed during the degeneration process involve the appearance of large vacuoles, probably autophagic vacuoles, which increase in number in pupal anterior silk glands. No macrophages were found in the silk gland during the prepupal and pupal stage unlike in apoptosis, which strongly suggests that programmed cell death of the anterior silk gland is carried out by autophagy. Morphological changes of the silk glands were accompanied by changes in the immunolocalization and protein levels of EcR-B1. The differences in tissue distribution and protein levels of EcR-B1 during the programmed cell death indicate that the receptor plays a major role in the modulation and function of ecdysone activity in Bombyx anterior silk glands. Our results indicate that EcR-B1 expression may be important for the process of programmed cell death in the anterior silk glands.
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40
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Mitchell N, Cranna N, Richardson H, Quinn L. The Ecdysone-inducible zinc-finger transcription factor Crol regulates Wg transcription and cell cycle progression in Drosophila. Development 2008; 135:2707-16. [PMID: 18614577 DOI: 10.1242/dev.021766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone Ecdysone is crucial for developmental cell death, proliferation and morphogenesis in Drosophila. Herein, we delineate a molecular pathway linking Ecdysone signalling to cell cycle regulation in the Drosophila developing wing. We present evidence that the Ecdysone-inducible zinc-finger transcription factor Crol provides a crucial link between the Ecdysone steroid hormone pathway and the Wingless (Wg) signalling pathway in Drosophila. We identified Crol as a strong enhancer of a wing phenotype generated by overexpression of the Wg-inducible cell cycle inhibitor Hfp. We demonstrate that Crol is required for cell cycle progression: crol mutant clones have reduced cell cycles and are removed by apoptosis, while upregulation of Crol overrides the Wg-mediated developmental cell cycle arrest in the zone of non-proliferating cells in the wing disc. Furthermore, we show that Crol acts to repress wg transcription. We also show that overexpression of crol results in downregulation of Hfp, consistent with the identification of the crol mutant as a dominant enhancer of the Hfp overexpression phenotype. Taken together, our studies have revealed a novel mechanism for cell cycle regulation, whereby Crol links steroid hormone signals to Wg signalling and the regulation of crucial cell cycle targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Mitchell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Melbourne, Australia
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41
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Denton D, Mills K, Kumar S. Chapter 2 Methods and Protocols for Studying Cell Death in Drosophila. Methods Enzymol 2008; 446:17-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)01602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Cooper DM, Thi EP, Chamberlain CM, Pio F, Lowenberger C. Aedes Dronc: a novel ecdysone-inducible caspase in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:563-72. [PMID: 17725799 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteinyl-aspartate-specific proteases known for their role in apoptosis. Here, we describe the characterization of Aedes Dronc, a novel caspase in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aedes Dronc is predicted to contain an N-terminal caspase recruitment domain and is a homologue of Drosophila Dronc and human caspase-9. An increase in transcripts and caspase activity coincides with developmental changes in the mosquito, suggesting that Aedes Dronc plays a role in developmental apoptosis. Exposure of third instar larvae to ecdysone resulted in a significant increase in both transcript levels and caspase activity. We present here a functional characterization of the first caspase recruitment domain-containing caspase in mosquitoes, and will initiate studies on the role of apoptosis in the innate immune response of vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Cooper
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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43
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Takemoto K, Kuranaga E, Tonoki A, Nagai T, Miyawaki A, Miura M. Local initiation of caspase activation in Drosophila salivary gland programmed cell death in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13367-72. [PMID: 17679695 PMCID: PMC1948907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702733104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is an essential event in animal development. Spatiotemporal analysis of caspase activation in vivo could provide new insights into programmed cell death occurring during development. Here, using the FRET-based caspase-3 indicator, SCAT3, we report the results of live-imaging analysis of caspase activation in developing Drosophila in vivo. In Drosophila, the salivary gland is sculpted by caspase-mediated programmed cell death initiated by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone). Using a SCAT3 probe, we observed that caspase activation in the salivary glands begins in the anterior cells and is then propagated to the posterior cells in vivo. In vitro salivary gland culture experiments indicated that local exposure of ecdysone to the anterior salivary gland reproduces the caspase activation gradient as observed in vivo. In betaFTZ-F1 mutants, caspase activation was delayed and occurred in a random pattern in vivo. In contrast to the in vivo response, the salivary glands from betaFTZ-F1 mutants showed a normal in vitro response to ecdysone, suggesting that betaFTZ-F1 may be involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis and secretion of ecdysone from the ring gland for local initiation of programmed cell death. These results imply a role of betaFTZ-F1 in coordinating the initiation of salivary gland apoptosis in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Takemoto
- *Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for NanoSystems Physiology, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; and
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- *Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ayako Tonoki
- *Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Laboratory for NanoSystems Physiology, Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; and
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- *Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Parthasarathy R, Palli SR. Stage- and cell-specific expression of ecdysone receptors and ecdysone-induced transcription factors during midgut remodeling in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:216-29. [PMID: 17074360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In insects, especially in mosquitoes that are adult blood feeders, midgut remodeling is an important event during metamorphosis. It involves two processes viz., programmed cell death (PCD) of larval cells, and proliferation and differentiation of imaginal cells to form pupal/adult midgut. These processes are regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH), but the signaling mechanisms, which trigger specific changes remain poorly understood. Here, we report stage- and cell-specific expression of ecydone receptor (EcR), ultraspiracle (USP), broad (Br), E75B and hormone receptor 3 (HR3) during midgut remodeling in Aedes aegypti. In Ae. aegypti both EcR and USP genes code for two isoforms each and the expression of mRNA for these isoforms showed both stage- and cell-specific regulation. In general, EcR-B and USP-A mRNAs were detected during larval stages in larval cells, and EcR-A and USP-B mRNAs were detected during pupal stages in imaginal cells. These data suggest that EcR-B/USP-A heterodimer is important for PCD of larval cells and EcR-A/USP-B heterodimer is important for formation of pupal/adult midgut. Broad Z1 mRNA was detected only in the larval cells suggesting its primary role in PCD. It is likely that E75B and HR3 are probably involved in both PCD and imaginal cell proliferation and differentiation as their mRNAs were expressed in the larval as well as in imaginal cells. Application of JH analog, methoprene, lowered or delayed the expression of all the genes studied. These data suggest that 20E plays a major role in midgut remodeling and coordinates this process through stage- and cell-specific expression of different isoforms of nuclear receptors and transcription factors in the target larval and imaginal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Parthasarathy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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45
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Martin DN, Balgley B, Dutta S, Chen J, Rudnick P, Cranford J, Kantartzis S, DeVoe DL, Lee C, Baehrecke EH. Proteomic analysis of steroid-triggered autophagic programmed cell death during Drosophila development. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:916-23. [PMID: 17256009 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two morphological forms of programmed cell death, apoptosis and autophagic cell death, remove unneeded or damaged cells during animal development. Although the mechanisms that regulate apoptosis are well studied, little is known about autophagic cell death. A shotgun proteome analysis of purified dying larval salivary glands in Drosophila was used to identify proteins that are expressed during autophagic programmed cell death. A total of 5661 proteins were identified from stages before and after the onset of cell death. Analyses of these data enabled us to identify proteins from a number of interesting categories including regulators of transcription, the apoptosis, autophagy, lysosomal, and ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathways, and proteins involved in growth control. Several of the identified proteins, including the serine/threonine kinase warts (Wts), were not detected using whole-genome DNA microarrays, providing support for the importance of such high-throughput proteomic technology. Wts regulates cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, and significantly, mutations in wts prevent destruction of salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Martin
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, College Park, MD 20742-4450, USA
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46
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Parthasarathy R, Palli SR. Developmental and hormonal regulation of midgut remodeling in a lepidopteran insect, Heliothis virescens. Mech Dev 2007; 124:23-34. [PMID: 17107775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Midgut tissue undergoes remodeling during metamorphosis in insects belonging to orders Lepidoptera and Diptera. We investigated the developmental and hormonal regulation of these remodeling events in lepidopteran insect, Heliothis virescens. In H. virescens, programmed cell death (PCD) of larval midgut cells as well as proliferation and differentiation of imaginal cells began at 108 h after ecdysis to the final larval instar (AEFL) and proceeded through the pupal stages. Expression patterns of pro- cell death factors (caspase-1 and ICE) and anti-cell death factor, Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) were studied in midguts during last larval and pupal stages. IAP, Caspase-1 and ICE mRNAs showed peaks at 48 h AEFL, 96 h AEFL and in newly formed pupae, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis substantiated high caspase-3 activity in midgut at 108 h AEFL. Application of methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog (JHA) blocked PCD by maintaining high levels of IAP, downregulating the expression of caspase-1, ICE and inhibiting an increase in caspase-3 protein levels in midgut tissue. Also, the differentiation of imaginal cells was impaired by methoprene treatment. These studies demonstrate that presence of JHA during final instar larvae affects both midgut remodeling and larval-pupal metamorphosis leading to larval/pupal deformities in lepidopteran insects, a mechanism that is different from that in mosquito, Ae. aegypti where JHA uncouples midgut remodeling from metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Parthasarathy
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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47
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Wu Y, Parthasarathy R, Bai H, Palli SR. Mechanisms of midgut remodeling: juvenile hormone analog methoprene blocks midgut metamorphosis by modulating ecdysone action. Mech Dev 2006; 123:530-47. [PMID: 16829058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In holometabolous insects such as mosquito, Aedes aegypti, midgut undergoes remodeling during metamorphosis. Insect metamorphosis is regulated by several hormones including juvenile hormone (JH) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The cellular and molecular events that occur during midgut remodeling were investigated by studying nuclear stained whole mounts and cross-sections of midguts and by monitoring the mRNA levels of genes involved in 20E action in methoprene-treated and untreated Ae. aegypti. We used JH analog, methoprene, to mimic JH action. In Ae. aegypti larvae, the programmed cell death (PCD) of larval midgut cells and the proliferation and differentiation of imaginal cells were initiated at about 36h after ecdysis to the 4th instar larval stage (AEFL) and were completed by 12h after ecdysis to the pupal stage (AEPS). In methoprene-treated larvae, the proliferation and differentiation of imaginal cells was initiated at 36h AEFL, but the PCD was initiated only after ecdysis to the pupal stage. However, the terminal events that occur for completion of PCD during pupal stage were blocked. As a result, the pupae developed from methoprene-treated larvae contained two midgut epithelial layers until they died during the pupal stage. Quantitative PCR analyses showed that methoprene affected midgut remodeling by modulating the expression of ecdysone receptor B, ultraspiracle A, broad complex, E93, ftz-f1, dronc and drice, the genes that are shown to play key roles in 20E action and PCD. Thus, JH analog, methoprene acts on Ae. aegypti by interfering with the expression of genes involved in 20E action resulting in a block in midgut remodeling and death during pupal stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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48
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Tolhuis B, de Wit E, Muijrers I, Teunissen H, Talhout W, van Steensel B, van Lohuizen M. Genome-wide profiling of PRC1 and PRC2 Polycomb chromatin binding in Drosophila melanogaster. Nat Genet 2006; 38:694-9. [PMID: 16628213 DOI: 10.1038/ng1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) proteins maintain transcriptional repression of developmentally important genes and have been implicated in cell proliferation and stem cell self-renewal. We used a genome-wide approach to map binding patterns of PcG proteins (Pc, esc and Sce) in Drosophila melanogaster Kc cells. We found that Pc associates with large genomic regions of up to approximately 150 kb in size, hereafter referred to as 'Pc domains'. Sce and esc accompany Pc in most of these domains. PcG-bound chromatin is trimethylated at histone H3 Lys27 and is generally transcriptionally silent. Furthermore, PcG proteins preferentially bind to developmental genes. Many of these encode transcriptional regulators and key components of signal transduction pathways, including Wingless, Hedgehog, Notch and Delta. We also identify several new putative functions of PcG proteins, such as in steroid hormone biosynthesis. These results highlight the extensive involvement of PcG proteins in the coordination of development through the formation of large repressive chromatin domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Tolhuis
- Division of Molecular Genetics, and the Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Ling E, Shirai K, Kanekatsu R, Kiguchi K, Kobayashi Y, Funayama T, Watanabe H. Contribution of circulating hemocytes to the regeneration of heavy ion beams (12C5+) irradiated hematopoietic organs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori, through the way of phagocytosis of injured cells after invasion. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:531-43. [PMID: 16198419 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2005] [Revised: 07/09/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Heavy ion beam irradiation has promising effects on tumor therapy. Our previous study using the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, showed that this irradiation could seriously damage larval hematopoietic organs but they would regenerate later. In the in vitro irradiation, most hemocytes died when hematopoietic organs and wing discs connected with epidermis were directionally irradiated from epidermis to hematopoietic organ and then cultured so as to exclude circulating hemocytes. A few hemocytes had escaped irradiation according to extremely low hematopoiesis in vitro. Almost no hemocytes could incorporate BrdU at 60 h after irradiation, with which living and proliferating hemocytes are also labeled. In the absence of circulating hemocytes, the irradiation-escaped hemocytes in the organs were not enough for cleaning all dead cells because lots of small dead bodies remained in situ post-irradiation. After irradiating hematopoietic organs in larvae (in vivo irradiation), only a few apoptotic cells were found when given the same length of recovery time, and most hemocytes maintained normal morphology. Many hemocytes incorporated BrdU when tested at the same time as the in vitro irradiation but this number was lower than that measured for control organs. Circulating hemocytes, labeled by fluorescent microbeads through phagocytosis before irradiation, were found to have invaded the in vivo irradiated hematopoietic organs where they help the irradiation-escaped hemocytes to clear dead cells in the process of regeneration. Hematopoiesis of the regenerated hematopoietic organs did not fully recover to the level of the control organs according to the number of hemocytes produced in tissue culture. Some of the released hemocytes obviously underwent apoptosis, suggesting a far-reaching bystander effect of carbon ion beams irradiation on hemocytes inside. From these results, it is suggested that, together with irradiation-escaped hemocytes, the invaded circulating hemocytes took part in the regeneration of heavy ion beams irradiated hematopoietic organs through the way of phagocytosis of injured hemocytes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjun Ling
- Laboratory of Silkworm Physiology, Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan.
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Abstract
The elimination of cells by programmed cell death is a fundamental event in development where multicellular organisms regulate cell numbers or eliminate cells that are functionally redundant or potentially detrimental to the organism. The evolutionary conservation of the biochemical and genetic regulation of programmed cell death across species has allowed the genetic pathways of programmed cell death determined in lower species, such as the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster to act as models to delineate the genetics and regulation of cell death in mammalian cells. These studies have identified cell autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms that regulate of cell death and reveal that developmental cell death can either be a pre-determined cell fate or the consequence of insufficient cell interactions that normally promote cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Twomey
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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