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eccDNAs are apoptotic products with high innate immunostimulatory activity. Nature 2021; 599:308-314. [PMID: 34671165 PMCID: PMC9295135 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04009-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA elements (eccDNAs) have been described in the literature for several decades, and are known for their broad existence across different species1,2. However, their biogenesis and functions are largely unknown. By developing a new circular DNA enrichment method, here we purified and sequenced full-length eccDNAs with Nanopore sequencing. We found that eccDNAs map across the entire genome in a close to random manner, suggesting a biogenesis mechanism of random ligation of genomic DNA fragments. Consistent with this idea, we found that apoptosis inducers can increase eccDNA generation, which is dependent on apoptotic DNA fragmentation followed by ligation by DNA ligase 3. Importantly, we demonstrated that eccDNAs can function as potent innate immunostimulants in a manner that is independent of eccDNA sequence but dependent on eccDNA circularity and the cytosolic DNA sensor Sting. Collectively, our study not only revealed the origin, biogenesis and immunostimulant function of eccDNAs but also uncovered their sensing pathway and potential clinical implications in immune response.
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2
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Basnakian AG, Moore CL. Apoptotic DNase network: Mutual induction and cooperation among apoptotic endonucleases. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:6496-6499. [PMID: 34085765 PMCID: PMC8278086 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA fragmentation produced by apoptotic DNases (endonucleases) leads to irreversible cell death. Although apoptotic DNases are simultaneously induced following toxic/oxidative cell injury and/or failed DNA repair, the study of DNases in apoptosis has generally been reductionist in approach, focusing on individual DNases rather than their possible cooperativity. Coordinated induction of DNases would require a mechanism of communication; however, mutual DNase induction or activation of DNases by enzymatic or non‐enzymatic mechanisms is not currently recognized. The evidence presented in this review suggests apoptotic DNases operate in a network in which members induce each other through the DNA breaks they produce. With DNA breaks being a common communicator among DNases, it would be logical to propose that DNA breaks from other sources such as oxidative DNA damage or actions of DNA repair endonucleases and DNA topoisomerases may also serve as triggers for a cooperative DNase feedback loop leading to elevated DNA fragmentation and subsequent cell death. Therefore, mutual induction of apoptotic DNases has serious implications for studies focused on activation or inhibition of specific DNases as a strategy for therapeutic intervention aimed at modulation of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei G Basnakian
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA
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3
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Deoxyribonucleases and Their Applications in Biomedicine. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071036. [PMID: 32664541 PMCID: PMC7407206 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular DNA, also called cell-free DNA, released from dying cells or activated immune cells can be recognized by the immune system as a danger signal causing or enhancing inflammation. The cleavage of extracellular DNA is crucial for limiting the inflammatory response and maintaining homeostasis. Deoxyribonucleases (DNases) as enzymes that degrade DNA are hypothesized to play a key role in this process as a determinant of the variable concentration of extracellular DNA. DNases are divided into two families-DNase I and DNase II, according to their biochemical and biological properties as well as the tissue-specific production. Studies have shown that low DNase activity is both, a biomarker and a pathogenic factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. Interventional experiments proved that administration of exogenous DNase has beneficial effects in inflammatory diseases. Recombinant human DNase reduces mucus viscosity in lungs and is used for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis. This review summarizes the currently available published data about DNases, their activity as a potential biomarker and methods used for their assessment. An overview of the experiments with systemic administration of DNase is also included. Whether low-plasma DNase activity is involved in the etiopathogenesis of diseases remains unknown and needs to be elucidated.
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Inhibition of nuclease activity by a splice-switching oligonucleotide targeting deoxyribonuclease 1 mRNA prevents apoptosis progression and prolong viability of normal human CD4 + T-lymphocytes. Biochimie 2020; 174:34-43. [PMID: 32315661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nuclease activity of deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNase I) is regulated by alternative splicing (AS) of its mRNA. The aim of this study was to define the ability of a splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO) that base-paired with DNase I pre-mRNA to induce AS and inhibit nuclease activity in human T, B and NK lymphocytes. The SSO for DNase I could significantly downregulate the expression of full-length active DNase I and upregulate a truncated splice variant with a deleted exon 4. Such an induction of AS resulted in inhibition of nuclease activity and slowed apoptosis progression in anti-CD95/FAS stimulated lymphocytes. These results should facilitate further investigations of apoptosis regulation in lymphocytes and demonstrate that SSOs for DNase I are promising cytoprotective agents.
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Zhang J, Cui WW, Du C, Huang Y, Pi X, Guo W, Wang J, Huang W, Chen D, Li J, Li H, Zhang J, Ma Y, Mu H, Zhang S, Liu M, Cui X, Hu Y. Knockout of DNase1l1l abrogates lens denucleation process and causes cataract in zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165724. [PMID: 32061775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Removal of nuclei in lens fiber cells is required for organelle-free zone (OFZ) formation during lens development. Defect in degradation of nuclear DNA leads to cataract formation. DNase2β degrades nuclear DNA of lens fiber cells during lens differentiation in mouse. Hsf4 is the principal heat shock transcription factor in lens and facilitates the lens differentiation. Knockout of Hsf4 in mouse and zebrafish resulted in lens developmental defect that was characterized by retaining of nuclei in lens fiber cells. In previous in vitro studies, we found that Hsf4 promoted DNase2β expression in human and mouse lens epithelial cells. In this study, it was found that, instead of DNase2β, DNase1l1l is uniquely expressed in zebrafish lens and was absent in Hsf4-/- zebrafish lens. Using CRISPR-Cas9 technology, a DNase1l1l knockout zebrafish line was constructed, which developed cataract. Deletion of DNase1l1l totally abrogated lens primary and secondary fiber cell denucleation process, whereas had little effect on the clearance of other organelles. The transcriptional regulation of DNase1l1l was dramatically impaired in Hsf4-/- zebrafish lens. Rescue of DNase1l1l mRNA into Hsf4-/- zebrafish embryos alleviated its defect in lens fiber cell denucleation. Our results in vivo demonstrated that DNase1l1l is the primary DNase responsible for nuclear DNA degradation in lens fiber cells, and Hsf4 can transcriptionally activate DNase1l1l expression in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chunxiao Du
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuwen Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiahui Pi
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenya Guo
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jungai Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weikang Huang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Danling Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jing Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongmei Mu
- Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mugen Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiukun Cui
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China.
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China; Kaifeng Key Lab of Myopia and Cataract, Institute of Eye Disease, Kaifeng Central Hospital, Kaifeng, China.
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6
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Mikhailov A, Sankai Y. Cell penetrating caspase substrates promote survival of the transplanted cells. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:440. [PMID: 31324261 PMCID: PMC6642484 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cell survival in critical post-transplantation period is challenged by inflammation, lack of vascularization, and insufficient cell attachment anchoring. Temporally blocking cell death may increase cell survival, but it is important to possess no risks of sustained cell death signal blocking and possible malignant transformations. Regarding apoptotic cell death, multi-micromolar overloading the cell with competitive caspase substrates delays the effects of actual downstream enzyme activation processing. Later, when introduced substrate is consumed, and the caspase activation stimuli may still be present, the apoptotic cell death can proceed normally. Results Here we studied several synthetic peptides comprising from effector caspase activational cleavage sequences fused with various internalization motifs. Designed peptides showed rapid and efficient internalization into cultured neuroblast cells comparing to non-fused cleavage sequences as measured by cytofluorimetry and confirmed by mass spectrometry. Pretreatment with selected peptides protected the cells from several apoptogenic stimuli in vitro, as well as improved survival of syngeneic immortalized Schwann cells during transplantation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Mikhailov
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Sankai
- Center for Cybernics Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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7
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Keyel PA. Dnases in health and disease. Dev Biol 2017; 429:1-11. [PMID: 28666955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA degradation is critical to healthy organism development and survival. Two nuclease families that play key roles in development and in disease are the Dnase1 and Dnase2 families. While these two families were initially characterized by biochemical function, it is now clear that multiple enzymes in each family perform similar, non-redundant roles in many different tissues. Most Dnase1 and Dnase2 family members are poorly characterized, yet their elimination can lead to a wide range of diseases, including lethal anemia, parakeratosis, cataracts and systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, understanding these enzyme families represents a critical field of emerging research. This review explores what is currently known about Dnase1 and Dnase2 family members, highlighting important questions about the structure and function of family members, and how their absence translates to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Keyel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
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8
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Misic V, El-Mogy M, Geng S, Haj-Ahmad Y. Effect of endonuclease G depletion on plasmid DNA uptake and levels of homologous recombination in hela cells. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Zhdanov DD, Fahmi T, Wang X, Apostolov EO, Sokolov NN, Javadov S, Basnakian AG. Regulation of Apoptotic Endonucleases by EndoG. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:316-26. [PMID: 25849439 PMCID: PMC4426297 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells contain several apoptotic endonucleases, which appear to act simultaneously before and after cell death by destroying the host cell DNA. It is largely unknown how the endonucleases are being induced and whether they can regulate each other. This study was performed to determine whether apoptotic mitochondrial endonuclease G (EndoG) can regulate expression of other apoptotic endonucleases. The study showed that overexpression of mature EndoG in kidney tubular epithelial NRK-52E cells can increase expression of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and four endonucleases that belong to DNase I group including DNase I, DNase X, DNase IL2, and DNase γ, but not endonucleases of the DNase 2 group. The induction of DNase I-type endonucleases was associated with DNA degradation in promoter/exon 1 regions of the endonuclease genes. These results together with findings on colocalization of immunostained endonucleases and TUNEL suggest that DNA fragmentation after EndoG overexpression was caused by DNase I endonucleases and CAD in addition to EndoG itself. Overall, these data provide first evidence for the existence of the integral network of apoptotic endonucleases regulated by EndoG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Tariq Fahmi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Eugene O. Apostolov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Nikolai N. Sokolov
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, V.N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Alexei G. Basnakian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Renal Medicine Service, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas
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10
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Delta-lactoferrin induces cell death via the mitochondrial death signaling pathway by upregulating bax expression. Biometals 2014; 27:875-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Mizuta R, Araki S, Furukawa M, Furukawa Y, Ebara S, Shiokawa D, Hayashi K, Tanuma SI, Kitamura D. DNase γ is the effector endonuclease for internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in necrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80223. [PMID: 24312463 PMCID: PMC3846476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and necrosis, two major forms of cell death, can be distinguished morphologically and biochemically. Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (INDF) is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis, and caspase-activated DNase (CAD), also known as DNA fragmentation factor 40 kDa (DFF40), is one of the major effector endonucleases. DNase γ, a Mg(2+)/Ca(2+)-dependent endonuclease, is also known to generate INDF but its role among other apoptosis-associated endonucleases in cell death is unclear. Here we show that (i) INDF occurs even during necrosis in cell lines, primary cells, and in tissues of mice in vivo, and (ii) DNase γ, but not CAD, is the effector endonuclease for INDF in cells undergoing necrosis. These results document a previously unappreciated role for INDF in necrosis and define its molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryushin Mizuta
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Araki
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makoto Furukawa
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Furukawa
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Syota Ebara
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shiokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Hayashi
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sei-ichi Tanuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Aleksandrushkina NI, Vanyushin BF. Endonucleases and apoptosis in animals. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 77:1436-51. [PMID: 23379520 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endonucleases are the main instruments of obligatory DNA degradation in apoptosis. Many endonucleases have marked processive action; initially they split DNA in chromatin into very large domains, and then they perform in it internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA followed by its hydrolysis to small fragments (oligonucleotides). During apoptosis, DNA of chromatin is attacked by many nucleases that are different in activity, specificity, and order of action. The activity of every endonuclease is regulated in the cell through its own regulatory mechanism (metal ions and other effectors, possibly also S-adenosylmethionine). Apoptosis is impossible without endonucleases as far as it leads to accumulation of unnecessary (defective) DNA, disorders in cell differentiation, embryogenesis, the organism's development, and is accompanied by various severe diseases. The interpretation of the structure and functions of endonucleases and of the nature and action of their modulating effectors is important not only for elucidation of mechanisms of apoptosis, but also for regulation and control of programmed cell death, cell differentiation, and development of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Aleksandrushkina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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13
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Rapid generation of mitochondrial superoxide induces mitochondrion-dependent but caspase-independent cell death in hippocampal neuronal cells that morphologically resembles necroptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 262:156-66. [PMID: 22575170 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies in recent years have revealed that excess mitochondrial superoxide production is an important etiological factor in neurodegenerative diseases, resulting from oxidative modifications of cellular lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Hence, it is important to understand the mechanism by which mitochondrial oxidative stress causes neuronal death. In this study, the immortalized mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT22) in culture were used as a model and they were exposed to menadione (also known as vitamin K(3)) to increase intracellular superoxide production. We found that menadione causes preferential accumulation of superoxide in the mitochondria of these cells, along with the rapid development of mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular ATP depletion. Neuronal death induced by menadione is independent of the activation of the MAPK signaling pathways and caspases. The lack of caspase activation is due to the rapid depletion of cellular ATP. It was observed that two ATP-independent mitochondrial nucleases, namely, AIF and Endo G, are released following menadione exposure. Silencing of their expression using specific siRNAs results in transient suppression (for ~12h) of mitochondrial superoxide-induced neuronal death. While suppression of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase expression markedly sensitizes neuronal cells to mitochondrial superoxide-induced cytotoxicity, its over-expression confers strong protection. Collectively, these findings showed that many of the observed features associated with mitochondrial superoxide-induced cell death, including caspase independency, rapid depletion of ATP level, mitochondrial release of AIF and Endo G, and mitochondrial swelling, are distinctly different from those of apoptosis; instead they resemble some of the known features of necroptosis.
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14
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Hayakawa A, Suzuki H, Kamei Y, Tanuma SI, Magae J. Cladribine enhances apoptotic cell death in lung carcinoma cells over-expressing DNase γ. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1001-4. [PMID: 21720004 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, lung cancer is the most common form of cancer and often has a poor prognosis. Establishment of effective therapies for lung cancer is a major concern in clinical cancer research. We compared the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents including cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, vinorelbine and cladribine, on a human lung cancer cell line, A549, and its derivative transfected with the DNase γ gene. We observed selective cytotoxicity of cladribine on the DNase γ-expressing sub-cell line of A549. Cladribine induces selective apoptosis in DNase γ-expressing A549 cells, which depends on activation of caspases. These results suggest that a combination therapy that includes cladribine along with the introduction of DNase γ has potential as a new therapeutic strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 1–1–1 Daigaku-dori, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 756–0884, Japan
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15
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Yamada Y, Fujii T, Ishijima R, Tachibana H, Yokoue N, Takasawa R, Tanuma SI. The release of high mobility group box 1 in apoptosis is triggered by nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 506:188-93. [PMID: 21093407 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) initially identified as a non-histone chromosomal protein, which mainly functions as chromatin structure and transcriptional regulation, has been recently reported to be secreted into extracellular milieu in necrosis and apoptosis, and act as a proinflammatory mediator. However, the mechanism by which apoptotic cells release HMGB1 is not clear. In this study, we found that staurosporine (apoptosis-inducer)-induced HMGB1 release was associated with nucleosomal DNA fragmentation catalyzed by caspase-activated DNase (CAD) in WEHI-231 cells. Importantly, this event was effectively attenuated by the treatment of a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, and by the inhibition of CAD-mediated DNA fragmentation by the expression of caspase-resistant inhibitor of CAD (ICAD-CR). In WEHI-231/ICAD-CR and WEHI-231/Puro cells, DNase γ-catalyzed nucleosomal DNA fragmentation occurred by anti-IgM antibody treatment was critical for HMGB1 release. Furthermore, in DNase γ stably-expressing HeLa S3 cells (HeLa S3/γ), the release of HMGB1 accompanied with nucleosomal DNA fragmentation was more apparent than that in parental HeLa S3 cells in which DNA fragmentation was scarcely observed. Taken together, these date suggest that nucleosomal DNA fragmentation catalyzed by CAD or DNase γ plays a pivotal role in HMGB1 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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16
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Mizuta R, Mizuta M, Araki S, Suzuki K, Ebara S, Furukawa Y, Shiokawa D, Tanuma SI, Kitamura D. DNase gamma-dependent and -independent apoptotic DNA fragmentations in Ramos Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 30:165-70. [PMID: 19574717 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.30.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragmentation is a biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Several endonucleases, including CAD/DFF40 and endonuclease G, are implicated in DNA fragmentation. DNase gamma has also been considered to be one of the enzymes involved, but its role in relation to CAD/DFF40 in apoptosis has not been fully elucidated. Here, we distinguished between DNase gamma-dependent and CAD/DFF40-dependent DNA fragmentations. We found that DNase gamma activities appeared in the late apoptotic phase and accelerated DNA fragmentation. Thus, even if the apoptotic DNA fragmentation is initiated by CAD/DFF40, DNase gamma is required for the more complete digestion of the genomic DNA in dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryushin Mizuta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan.
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17
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Lu H, Wei G, Wang D, Yung P, Ying W. Posttreatment with the Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid abolishes genotoxic agent-induced nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation and decreases death of astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2925-31. [PMID: 18506851 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation are important nuclear changes in apoptosis. In this study we determined whether DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation occur in astrocytes treated with 100-200 microM of the genotoxic agent M-nitroso-N-nitroguanidine (MNNG). Our study also investigated the roles of Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease (CME) in the MNNG-induced nuclear changes. We found that MNNG induced profound ATP depletion as well as marked nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation in the cells. Both the nuclear condensation and the DNA fragmentation were abolished by posttreatment of the cells with the CME inhibitor aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA). The ATA posttreatment also significantly, but only partially, decreased MNNG-induced cell death. In contrast, pretreatment plus cotreatment with ATA did not affect either MNNG-induced nuclear condensation or cell death. Our study further suggests that ATA does not decrease the cytotoxicity of MNNG by directly inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases. Collectively, our observations suggest that MNNG can induce both DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation in astrocytes by a CME-dependent mechanism, which partially contributes to the genotoxic agent-induced cell death. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafei Lu
- Department of Neurology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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Puhl HL, Ikeda SR. Identification of the sensory neuron specific regulatory region for the mouse gene encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.8. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1209-24. [PMID: 18466327 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) are critical membrane components that participate in the electrical activity of excitable cells. The type one VGSC family includes the tetrodotoxin insensitive sodium channel, Na(V)1.8, encoded by the Scn10a gene. Na(V)1.8 expression is restricted to small and medium diameter nociceptive sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and cranial sensory ganglia. To understand the stringent transcriptional regulation of the Scn10a gene, the sensory neuron specific promoter was functionally identified. While identifying the mRNA 5'-end, alternative splicing within the 5'-UTR was observed to create heterogeneity in the RNA transcript. Four kilobases of upstream genomic DNA was cloned and the presence of tissue specific promoter activity was tested by microinjection and adenoviral infection of fluorescent protein reporter constructs into primary mouse and rat neurons, and cell lines. The region contained many putative transcription factor-binding sites and strong homology with the predicted rat ortholog. Homology to the predicted human ortholog was limited to the proximal end and several conserved cis elements were noted. Two regulatory modules were identified by microinjection of reporter constructs into dorsal root ganglia and superior cervical ganglia neurons: a neuron specific proximal promoter region between -1.6 and -0.2 kb of the transcription start site cluster, and a distal sensory neuron switch region beyond -1.6 kb that restricted fluorescent protein expression to a subset of primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Puhl
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9411, USA.
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Shiokawa D, Shika Y, Araki S, Sunaga S, Mizuta R, Kitamura D, Tanuma S. Stage-specific expression of DNaseγ during B-cell development and its role in B-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in WEHI-231 cells. Cell Death Differ 2007; 14:992-1000. [PMID: 17218958 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the non-redundant roles of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) and DNasegamma during apoptosis in the immature B-cell line WEHI-231. These cells induce DNA-ladder formation and nuclear fragmentation by activating CAD during cytotoxic drug-induced apoptosis. Moreover, these apoptotic manifestations are accompanied by inhibitor of CAD (ICAD) cleavage and are abrogated by the constitutive expression of a caspase-resistant ICAD mutant. No such nuclear changes occur during oxidative stress-induced necrosis, indicating that neither CAD nor DNasegamma functions under necrotic conditions. Interestingly, the DNA-ladder formation and nuclear fragmentation induced by B-cell receptor ligation occur in the absence of ICAD cleavage and are not significantly affected by the ICAD mutant. Both types of nuclear changes are preceded by the upregulation of DNasegamma expression and are strongly suppressed by 4-(4,6-dichloro-[1, 3, 5]-triazin-2-ylamino)-2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid (DR396), which is a specific inhibitor of DNasegamma. Our results suggest that DNasegamma provides an alternative mechanism for inducing nuclear changes when the working apoptotic cascade is unsuitable for CAD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shiokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Sunaga S, Yoshimori A, Shiokawa D, Tanuma SI. Structure basis for the inhibitory mechanism of a novel DNase γ-specific inhibitor, DR396. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:4217-26. [PMID: 16574417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNase gamma, a member of the DNase I family, has been suggested to cause DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. We recently identified 4-(4,6-dichloro-[1,3,5]-triazine-2-ylamino)-2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid (DR396) as a novel specific inhibitor for human DNase gamma [Sunaga, S.; Kobayashi, T.; Yoshimori, A.; Shiokawa, D.; Tanuma, S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.2004, 325, 1292]. However, the binding mode (coordinate) of DR396 to DNase gamma has not yet been defined. Here, we examined the molecular basis for the inhibitory activity of DR396 to DNase gamma by structure-based computational docking studies. In the blind-docking study using a human DNase gamma homology model, a unique binding site of DR396 was predicted, which is tentatively named the 'DNA trapping site' because of the binding domain of the unhydrolyzed DNA strand, but not the active site. Targeting the DNA trapping site as a hot spot, new human DNase gamma inhibitors were obtained from our diverse chemical library in silico. These inhibitors showed high correlations between their predicted binding-free energies (DeltaGs) and observed IC50 values in the DNA trapping site but not the active site. The IC50 of a regioisomer of DR396, 5-(4,6-dichloro-[1,3,5]-triazine-2-ylamino)-2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid (DF365), was 73 microM (DeltaG=-9.75 kcal/mol), a 20-fold weaker inhibitory ability than that of DR396 (IC50=3.2 microM, DeltaG=-11.22 kcal/mol). Fluorescein and triazine derivatives, partial structures of DR396, had little inhibitory activity for DNase gamma. Docking analyses of the interaction between DR396 and DNase gamma revealed that DR396 binds tightly to three subsites (S1, S2, and S3) in the trapping site of DNase gamma by forming six hydrogen bonds, whereas DF365 and the partial structures are unable to form hydrogen bonds at all three subsites. These findings suggest that the specificity and potency of the inhibitory activity of DR396 for DNase gamma is due to the specific interaction of DR396 with three subsites in the DNA trapping site of DNase gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Shiokawa D, Hatanaka T, Hatanaka M, Shika Y, Nishikawa A, Tanuma S. cDNA cloning and functional characterization of Xenopus laevis DNase γ. Apoptosis 2006; 11:555-62. [PMID: 16547842 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-8208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here the cDNA cloning and functional analysis of Xenopus DNase gamma (xDNase gamma). Two forms of cDNAs are isolated from adult spleen: one composing a 933 bp open reading frame for the enzymatically active xDNase gamma protein, and the other encoding an inactive short alternative form. Northern blot analysis revealed that the xDNase gamma mRNA is expressed in spleen, liver, testis, and ovary. xDNase gamma expression is scarcely detected in the tail muscle of tadpoles; however, it increases during metamorphosis and reaches a maximum during the late metamorphic climax. The ectopic expression of xDNase gamma results in the appearance of extensive DNA fragmentation in C2C12 myoblasts after the induction of apoptosis. In contrast, Xenopus DNase I fails to induce apoptotic DNA ladder formation under the same conditions. Our results suggest a possible involvement of xDNase gamma in apoptosis during amphibian metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Shiokawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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Samejima K, Earnshaw WC. Trashing the genome: the role of nucleases during apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2005; 6:677-88. [PMID: 16103871 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Two classes of nucleases degrade the cellular DNA during apoptosis. Cell-autonomous nucleases cleave DNA within the dying cell. They are not essential for apoptotic cell death or the life of the organism, but they might affect the efficiency of the process. By contrast, waste-management nucleases are essential for the life of the organism. In post-engulfment DNA degradation, the DNA of apoptotic cells is destroyed in lysosomes of the cells that have phagocytosed the corpses. Waste-management nucleases also destroy DNA that is released into the extracellular compartment. Here, we describe the complex group of nucleases that are involved in DNA destruction during apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Samejima
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Swann Building, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR, UK
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Sunaga S, Kobayashi T, Yoshimori A, Shiokawa D, Tanuma SI. A novel inhibitor that protects apoptotic DNA fragmentation catalyzed by DNase γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1292-7. [PMID: 15555567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The internucleosomal cleavage of genomic DNA is the biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. DNase gamma, a Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease, has been suggested to be one of the apoptotic endonucleases. We identified here 4-(4,6-dichloro-[1,3,5]-triazin-2-ylamino)-2-(6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid (DR396) as a novel and potent DNase gamma inhibitor using stable HeLa S3 transfectants of DNase gamma (HeLa-gamma cells). DR396 inhibited apoptotic DNA fragmentation in HeLa-gamma cells induced by staurosporine (STS) and in rat splenocytes exposed to gamma-ray irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. This compound potently and selectively inhibited DNase gamma activity with an IC(50) value of 3.2 microM. DR396 did not delay the apoptotic processes as judged by the morphological changes and the cleavage of a death substrate, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Furthermore, the compound did not prevent apoptotic DNA fragmentation in Jurkat cells induced by anti-Fas antibody (Ab), which is catalyzed by caspase-activated DNase (CAD). These findings clearly indicate that DR396 exerts chemical knockdown effect of DNase gamma on cells, suggesting that the compound could be an attractive tool for understanding of the physiological significance of DNase gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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