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Devanand M, V N S, Madhu K. Signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of remyelination in multiple sclerosis: a mini review. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00109-023-02312-9. [PMID: 37084092 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the CNS that causes progressive disabilities, owing to CNS axon degeneration as a late result of demyelination. In the search for the prevention of axonal loss, mitigating inflammatory attacks in the CNS and myelin restoration are two possible approaches. As a result, therapies that target diverse signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection and remyelination have the potential to overcome the challenges in the development of multiple sclerosis treatments. LINGO1 (Leucine rich repeat and Immunoglobulin domain containing, Nogo receptor- interaction protein), AKT/PIP3/mTOR, Notch, Wnt, RXR (Retinoid X receptor gamma), and Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) signaling pathways are highlighted in this section. This article reviews the present knowledge regarding numerous signaling pathways and their functions in regulating remyelination in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. These pathways are potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhuna Devanand
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - Saiprabha V N
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.
| | - Krishnadas Madhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, AIMS Health Science Campus, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, Kerala, India.
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2
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Liu W, Guo R, Huang D, Ji J, Gansevoort RT, Snieder H, Jansonius NM. Co-occurrence of chronic kidney disease and glaucoma: Epidemiology and etiological mechanisms. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:1-16. [PMID: 36088997 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As the histology, physiology, and pathophysiology of eyes and kidneys show substantial overlap, it has been suggested that eye and kidney diseases, such as glaucoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be closely interlinked. We review the relationship between CKD and various subtypes of glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle- closure glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and several glaucoma endophenotypes. We also discuss the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for CKD and glaucoma, including atherosclerosis, the renin-angiotensin system, genes and genetic polymorphisms, vitamin D deficiency, and erythropoietin. The prevalence of glaucoma appears elevated in CKD patients, and vice versa, and the literature points to many intriguing associations; however, the associations are not always confirmed, and sometimes apparently opposite observations are reported. Glaucoma and CKD are complex diseases, and their mutual influence is only partially understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruru Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Zyla-Jackson K, Walton DA, Plafker KS, Kovats S, Georgescu C, Brush RS, Tytanic M, Agbaga MP, Plafker SM. Dietary protection against the visual and motor deficits induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1113954. [PMID: 36937529 PMCID: PMC10017782 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1113954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Five to eight percent of the world population currently suffers from at least one autoimmune disorder. Despite multiple immune modulatory therapies for autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, these treatments can be limiting for subsets of patients due to adverse effects and expense. To circumvent these barriers, we investigated a nutritional intervention in mice undergoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of autoimmune-mediated demyelination that induces visual and motor pathologies similar to those experienced by people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods EAE was induced in female and male mice and the impact of limiting dietary carbohydrates by feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) enriched in medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid), and fiber was evaluated in both a preventive regimen (prior to immunization with MOG antigen) and an interventional regimen (following the onset of symptoms). Motor scores were assigned daily and visual acuity was measured using optokinetic tracking. Immunohistochemical analyses of optic nerves were done to assess inflammatory infiltrates and myelination status. Fatty acid and cytokine profiling from blood were performed to evaluate systemic inflammatory status. Results The KD was efficacious when fed as a preventive regimen as well as when initiated as an interventional regimen following symptom onset. The KD minimally impacted body weight during the experimental time course, increased circulating ketones, prevented motor and ocular deficits, preserved myelination of the optic nerve, and reduced infiltration of immune cells to optic nerves. The KD also increased anti-inflammatory-associated omega-3 fatty acids in the plasma and reduced select cytokines in the circulation associated with EAE-mediated pathological inflammation. Discussion In light of ongoing clinical trials using dietary strategies to treat people with MS, these findings support that a KD enriched in MCTs, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber promotes a systemic anti-inflammatory milieu and ameliorates autoimmune-induced demyelinating visual and motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zyla-Jackson
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Dorothy A. Walton
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kendra S. Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Susan Kovats
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Richard S. Brush
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Madison Tytanic
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Martin-Paul Agbaga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Scott M. Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- *Correspondence: Scott M. Plafker
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4
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Lai YF, Lin TY, Ho PK, Chen YH, Huang YC, Lu DW. Erythropoietin in Optic Neuropathies: Current Future Strategies for Optic Nerve Protection and Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137143. [PMID: 35806148 PMCID: PMC9267007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is known as a hormone for erythropoiesis in response to anemia and hypoxia. However, the effect of EPO is not only limited to hematopoietic tissue. Several studies have highlighted the neuroprotective function of EPO in extra-hematopoietic tissues, especially the retina. EPO could interact with its heterodimer receptor (EPOR/βcR) to exert its anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects in preventing retinal ganglion cells death through different intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we summarized the available pre-clinical studies of EPO in treating glaucomatous optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and traumatic optic neuropathy. In addition, we explore the future strategies of EPO for optic nerve protection and repair, including advances in EPO derivates, and EPO deliveries. These strategies will lead to a new chapter in the treatment of optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Ting-Yi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Pin-Kuan Ho
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| | - Yu-Chuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (D.-W.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87923100 (Y.-C.H.); +886-2-87927163 (D.-W.L.)
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (Y.-F.L.); (T.-Y.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-C.H.); (D.-W.L.); Tel.: +886-2-87923100 (Y.-C.H.); +886-2-87927163 (D.-W.L.)
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5
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Arik E, Heinisch O, Bienert M, Gubeljak L, Slowik A, Reich A, Schulz JB, Wilhelm T, Huber M, Habib P. Erythropoietin Enhances Post-ischemic Migration and Phagocytosis and Alleviates the Activation of Inflammasomes in Human Microglial Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:915348. [PMID: 35813499 PMCID: PMC9263298 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.915348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been shown to exert anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects after cerebral ischemia. Inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and -18 (IL-1β and IL-18) are crucial mediators of apoptosis and are maturated by multiprotein complexes termed inflammasomes. Microglia are the first responders to post-ischemic brain damage and are a main source of inflammasomes. However, the impact of rhEPO on microglial activation and the subsequent induction of inflammasomes after ischemia remains elusive. To address this, we subjected human microglial clone 3 (HMC-3) cells to various durations of oxygen-glucose-deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) to assess the impact of rhEPO on cell viability, metabolic activity, oxidative stress, phagocytosis, migration, as well as on the regulation and activation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes. Administration of rhEPO mitigated OGD/R-induced oxidative stress and cell death. Additionally, it enhanced metabolic activity, migration and phagocytosis of HMC-3. Moreover, rhEPO attenuated post-ischemic activation and regulation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes as well as their downstream effectors CASPASE1 and IL-1β. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 via MCC950 had no effect on the activation of CASPASE1 and maturation of IL-1β after OGD/R, but increased protein levels of NLRP1, NLRC4, and AIM2, suggesting compensatory activities among inflammasomes. We provide evidence that EPO-conveyed anti-inflammatory actions might be mediated via the regulation of the inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Arik
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ole Heinisch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michaela Bienert
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara Gubeljak
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Reich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jörg B. Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN Institute of Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH and RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Pardes Habib, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-5771-216X
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Jeton F, Perrin-Terrin AS, Yegen CH, Marchant D, Richalet JP, Pichon A, Boncoeur E, Bodineau L, Voituron N. In Transgenic Erythropoietin Deficient Mice, an Increase in Respiratory Response to Hypercapnia Parallels Abnormal Distribution of CO 2/H +-Activated Cells in the Medulla Oblongata. Front Physiol 2022; 13:850418. [PMID: 35514353 PMCID: PMC9061944 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.850418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo) and its receptor are expressed in central respiratory areas. We hypothesized that chronic Epo deficiency alters functioning of central respiratory areas and thus the respiratory adaptation to hypercapnia. The hypercapnic ventilatory response (HcVR) was evaluated by whole body plethysmography in wild type (WT) and Epo deficient (Epo-TAgh) adult male mice under 4%CO2. Epo-TAgh mice showed a larger HcVR than WT mice because of an increase in both respiratory frequency and tidal volume, whereas WT mice only increased their tidal volume. A functional histological approach revealed changes in CO2/H+-activated cells between Epo-TAgh and WT mice. First, Epo-TAgh mice showed a smaller increase under hypercapnia in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group than WT, and this, independently of changes in the number of PHOX2B-expressing cells. Second, we did not observe in Epo-TAgh mice the hypercapnic increase in c-FOS-positive number of cells in the nucleus of the solitary tract present in WT mice. Finally, whereas hypercapnia did not induce an increase in the c-FOS-positive number of cells in medullary raphe nuclei in WT mice, chronic Epo deficiency leads to raphe pallidus and magnus nuclei activation by hyperacpnia, with a significant part of c-FOS positive cells displaying an immunoreactivity for serotonin in the raphe pallidus nucleus. All of these results suggest that chronic Epo-deficiency affects both the pattern of ventilatory response to hypercapnia and associated medullary respiratory network at adult stage with an increase in the sensitivity of 5-HT and non-5-HT neurons of the raphe medullary nuclei leading to stimulation of fR for moderate level of CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Jeton
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France.,Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Perrin-Terrin
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France.,Inserm, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Celine-Hivda Yegen
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Marchant
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Jean-Paul Richalet
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France.,Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Pichon
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France.,Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Boncoeur
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Bodineau
- Inserm, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Laboratoire "Hypoxie et Poumons", UMR INSERM U1272, Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, Bobigny, France.,Laboratory of Excellence (Labex) GR-Ex, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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7
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Erythropoietin Abrogates Post-Ischemic Activation of the NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 Inflammasomes in Microglia/Macrophages in a TAK1-Dependent Manner. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 13:462-482. [PMID: 34628598 PMCID: PMC9046144 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are known to contribute to brain damage after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). TAK1 is predominantly expressed in microglial cells and can regulate the NLRP3 inflammasome, but its impact on other inflammasomes including NLRC4 and AIM2 after AIS remains elusive. EPO has been shown to reduce NLRP3 protein levels in different disease models. Whether EPO-mediated neuroprotection after AIS is conveyed via an EPO/TAK1/inflammasome axis in microglia remains to be clarified. Subjecting mice deficient for TAK1 in microglia/macrophages (Mi/MΦ) to AIS revealed a significant reduction in infarct sizes and neurological impairments compared to the corresponding controls. Post-ischemic increased activation of TAK1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasomes including their associated downstream cascades were markedly reduced upon deletion of Mi/MΦ TAK1. EPO administration improved clinical outcomes and dampened stroke-induced activation of TAK1 and inflammasome cascades, which was not evident after the deletion of Mi/MΦ TAK1. Pharmacological inhibition of NLRP3 in microglial BV-2 cells did not influence post-OGD IL-1β levels, but increased NLRC4 and AIM2 protein levels, suggesting compensatory activities among inflammasomes. Overall, we provide evidence that Mi/MΦ TAK1 regulates the expression and activation of the NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 inflammasomes. Furthermore, EPO mitigated stroke-induced activation of TAK1 and inflammasomes, indicating that EPO conveyed neuroprotection might be mediated via an EPO/TAK1/inflammasome axis.
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8
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Feizi S, Alemzadeh-Ansari M, Karimian F, Esfandiari H. Use of erythropoietin in ophthalmology: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:427-439. [PMID: 34157346 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that regulates hematopoiesis in the human body. The presence of EPO and its receptors in different tissues indicates that this hormone has extramedullary effects in other tissues, including the eye. We focus on the biological roles of this hormone in the development and normal physiologic functions of the eye. Furthermore, we explore the role of EPO in the management of different ocular diseases - including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, inherited retinal degeneration, branch and central retinal vein occlusion, retinal detachment, traumatic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, methanol optic neuropathy, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, and scleral necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Feizi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Farid Karimian
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Esfandiari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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9
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Ghareghani M, Ghanbari A, Eid A, Shaito A, Mohamed W, Mondello S, Zibara K. Hormones in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:164-189. [PMID: 34046214 PMCID: PMC8134801 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which activated immune cells attack the CNS and cause inflammation and demyelination. While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, the interaction between hormones and the immune system plays a role in disease progression, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are incompletely understood. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental, but also clinical studies, have addressed the possible role of the endocrine system in susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases. Although there are several demyelinating models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the oldest and most commonly used model for MS in laboratory animals which enables researchers to translate their findings from EAE into human. Evidences imply that there is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction, and the response to various immunological or pharmacological interventions, which led to conflicting results on the role of specific hormones in the EAE model. In this review, we address the role of endocrine system in EAE model to provide a comprehensive view and a better understanding of the interactions between the endocrine and the immune systems in various models of EAE, to open up a ground for further detailed studies in this field by considering and comparing the results and models used in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences – I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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10
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Beutel T, Dzimiera J, Kapell H, Engelhardt M, Gass A, Schirmer L. Cortical projection neurons as a therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1211-1224. [PMID: 33103501 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1842358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory-demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with lesions of the cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter. Recently, cortical lesions have become a major focus of research because cortical pathology and neuronal damage are critical determinants of irreversible clinical progression. Recent transcriptomic studies point toward cell type-specific changes in cortical neurons in MS with a selective vulnerability of excitatory projection neuron subtypes. AREAS COVERED We discuss the cortical mapping and the molecular properties of excitatory projection neurons and their role in MS lesion pathology while placing an emphasis on their subtype-specific transcriptomic changes and levels of vulnerability. We also examine the latest magnetic resonance imaging techniques to study cortical MS pathology as a key tool for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Finally, we consider possible therapeutic avenues and novel strategies to protect excitatory cortical projection neurons. Literature search methodology: PubMed articles from 2000-2020. EXPERT OPINION Excitatory cortical projection neurons are an emerging therapeutic target in the treatment of progressive MS. Understanding neuron subtype-specific molecular pathologies and their exact spatial mapping will help establish starting points for the development of novel cell type-specific therapies and biomarkers in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Beutel
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Dzimiera
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hannah Kapell
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Engelhardt
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, Heidelberg University , Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University , Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Samson F, He W, Sripathi SR, Patrick AT, Madu J, Chung H, Frost MC, Jee D, Gutsaeva DR, Jahng WJ. Dual Switch Mechanism of Erythropoietin as an Antiapoptotic and Pro-Angiogenic Determinant in the Retina. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:21113-21126. [PMID: 32875248 PMCID: PMC7450639 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Constant or intense light degenerates the retina and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Light generates reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide leading to initial reactions of retinal degeneration. Apoptosis is the primary mechanism of abnormal death of photoreceptors, retinal ganglion cells, or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in degenerative retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The current study evaluated the function of erythropoietin (EPO) on angiogenesis and apoptosis in the retina and RPE under oxidative stress. We determined the pro-angiogenic and antiapoptotic mechanism of EPO under stress conditions using a conditional EPO knockdown model using siRNA, EPO addition, proteomics, immunocytochemistry, and bioinformatic analysis. Our studies verified that EPO protected retinal cells from light-, hypoxia-, hyperoxia-, and hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis through caspase inhibition, whereas up-regulated angiogenic reactions through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensin pathway. We demonstrated that the EPO expression in the retina and subsequent serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase phosphorylations might be linked to oxidative stress response tightly to determining angiogenesis and apoptosis. Neuroprotective roles of EPO may involve the balance between antiapoptotic and pro-angiogenic signaling molecules, including BCL-xL, c-FOS, caspase-3, nitric oxide, angiotensin, and VEGF receptor. Our data indicate a new therapeutic application of EPO toward retinal degeneration based on the dual roles in apoptosis and angiogenesis at the molecular level under oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weilue He
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton 49931, United States
| | - Srinivas R. Sripathi
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ambrose Teru Patrick
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Joshua Madu
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department
of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Megan C. Frost
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton 49931, United States
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Division
of Vitreous and Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent’s
Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic
University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea
| | - Diana R. Gutsaeva
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Wan Jin Jahng
- Department
of Petroleum Chemistry, American University
of Nigeria, Yola 640101, Nigeria
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12
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Assessing the anterior visual pathway in optic neuritis: recent experimental and clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 32:346-357. [PMID: 30694926 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) and related autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized by chronic disability resulting from autoimmune neuroinflammation, with demyelination, astrocyte damage, impaired axonal transmission and neuroaxonal loss. Novel therapeutics stopping or reversing the progression of disability are still urgently warranted. This review addresses research on optic neuritis in preclinical experimental models and their translation to clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Optic neuritis can be used as paradigm for an MS relapse which can serve to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics in clinical trials with a reasonable duration and cohort size. The advantage is the linear structure of the visual pathway allowing the assessment of visual function and retinal structure as highly sensitive outcome parameters. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an inducible, inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system disease extensively used as animal model of MS. Optic neuritis is part of the clinicopathological manifestations in a number of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. These have gained increasing interest for studies evaluating neuroprotective and/or remyelinating substances as longitudinal, visual and retinal readouts have become available. SUMMARY Translation of preclinical experiments, evaluating neuroprotective or remyelinating therapeutics to clinical studies is challenging. In-vivo readouts like optical coherence tomography, offers the possibility to transfer experimental study designs to clinical optic neuritis trials.
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13
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Habib P, Stamm AS, Schulz JB, Reich A, Slowik A, Capellmann S, Huber M, Wilhelm T. EPO and TMBIM3/GRINA Promote the Activation of the Adaptive Arm and Counteract the Terminal Arm of the Unfolded Protein Response after Murine Transient Cerebral Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215421. [PMID: 31683519 PMCID: PMC6862264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is known to cause the accumulation of misfolded proteins and loss of calcium homeostasis leading to impairment of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an ER-located and cytoprotective pathway that aims to resolve ER stress. Transmembrane BAX inhibitor-1 motif-containing (TMBIM) protein family member TMBIM3/GRINA is highly expressed in the brain and mostly located at the ER membrane suppressing ER calcium release by inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. GRINA confers neuroprotection and is regulated by erythropoietin (EPO) after murine cerebral ischemia. However, the role of GRINA and the impact of EPO treatment on the post-ischemic UPR have not been elucidated yet. We subjected GRINA-deficient (Grina−/−) and wildtype mice to transient (30 min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo) followed by 6 h or 72 h of reperfusion. We administered EPO or saline 0, 24 and 48 h after tMCAo/sham surgery. Oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) and pharmacological stimulation of the UPR using Tunicamycin and Thapsigargin were carried out in primary murine cortical mixed cell cultures. Treatment with the PERK-inhibitor GSK-2606414, IRE1a-RNase-inhibitor STF-083010 and EPO was performed 1 h prior to either 1 h, 2 h or 3 h of OGD. We found earlier and larger infarct demarcations in Grina−/− mice compared to wildtype mice, which was accompanied by a worse neurological outcome and an abolishment of EPO-mediated neuroprotection after ischemic stroke. In addition, GRINA-deficiency increased apoptosis and the activation of the corresponding PERK arm of the UPR after stroke. EPO enhanced the post-ischemic activation of pro-survival IRE1a and counteracted the pro-apoptotic PERK branch of the UPR. Both EPO and the PERK-inhibitor GSK-2606414 reduced cell death and regulated Grina mRNA levels after OGD. In conclusion, GRINA plays a crucial role in post-ischemic UPR and the use of both GSK-2606414 and EPO might lead to neuroprotection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/genetics
- Erythropoietin/pharmacology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/genetics
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/genetics
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/metabolism
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/prevention & control
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Oxygen/metabolism
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Thapsigargin/pharmacology
- Thiophenes/pharmacology
- Tunicamycin/pharmacology
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- Unfolded Protein Response/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ann-Sophie Stamm
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Joerg B Schulz
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
- JARA-BRAIN Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbAnd RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Arno Reich
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sandro Capellmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Immunology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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14
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Oza M, Becker W, Gummadidala PM, Dias T, Omebeyinje MH, Chen L, Mitra C, Jesmin R, Chakraborty P, Sajish M, Hofseth LJ, Banerjee K, Wang Q, Moeller PDR, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P, Chanda A. Acute and short-term administrations of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol modulate major gut metabolomic regulatory pathways in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10520. [PMID: 31324830 PMCID: PMC6642200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in Cannabis, which is studied extensively for its medicinal value. A central gap in the science is the underlying mechanisms surrounding THC's therapeutic effects and the role of gut metabolite profiles. Using a mass-spectrometry based metabolomics, we show here that intraperitoneal injection of THC in C57BL/6 mice modulates metabolic profiles that have previously been identified as integral to health. Specifically, we investigated the effects of acute (single THC injection denoted here as '1X') and short -term (five THC injections on alternate days denoted as '5X') THC administration on fecal and intestinal tissue metabolite profiles. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that THC administration alters host metabolism by targeting two prominent lipid metabolism pathways: glycerophospholipid metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Oza
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - William Becker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Phani M Gummadidala
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Travis Dias
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mayomi H Omebeyinje
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Creative Proteomics Inc., Shirley, New York, USA
| | - Chandrani Mitra
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rubaiya Jesmin
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Mathew Sajish
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lorne J Hofseth
- Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Peter D R Moeller
- National Ocean Service, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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15
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Palani CD, Fouda AY, Liu F, Xu Z, Mohamed E, Giri S, Smith SB, Caldwell RB, Narayanan SP. Deletion of Arginase 2 Ameliorates Retinal Neurodegeneration in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8589-8602. [PMID: 31280447 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis is a major clinical feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and can lead to temporary or permanent vision loss. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated the critical involvement of arginase 2 (A2) in retinal neurodegeneration in models of ischemic retinopathy. The current study was undertaken to investigate the role of A2 in MS-mediated retinal neuronal damage and degeneration. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in wild-type (WT) and A2 knockout (A2-/-) mice. EAE-induced motor deficits, loss of retinal ganglion cells, retinal thinning, inflammatory signaling, and glial activation were studied in EAE-treated WT and A2-/- mice and their respective controls. Increased expression of A2 was observed in WT retinas in response to EAE induction. EAE-induced motor deficits were markedly reduced in A2-/- mice compared with WT controls. Retinal flat mount studies demonstrated a significant reduction in the number of RGCs in WT EAE retinas in comparison with normal control mice. A significant improvement in neuronal survival was evident in retinas of EAE-induced A2-/- mice compared with WT. RNA levels of the proinflammatory molecules CCL2, COX2, IL-1α, and IL-12α were significantly reduced in the A2-/- EAE retinas compared with WT EAE. EAE-induced activation of glia (microglia and Müller cells) was markedly reduced in A2-/- retinas compared with WT. Western blot analyses showed increased levels of phospho-ERK1/2 and reduced levels of phospho-BAD in the WT EAE retina, while these changes were prevented in A2-/- mice. In conclusion, our studies establish EAE as an excellent model to study MS-mediated retinal neuronal damage and suggest the potential value of targeting A2 as a therapy to prevent MS-mediated retinal neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra D Palani
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Zhimin Xu
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Eslam Mohamed
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Shailedra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ruth B Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - S Priya Narayanan
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.
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16
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Sanjari MS, Pakdel F, Moosavi F, Pirmarzdashti N, Nojomi M, Haghighi A, Hashemi M, Kashkouli MB. Visual Outcomes of Adding Erythropoietin to Methylprednisolone for Treatment of Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2019; 14:299-305. [PMID: 31660109 PMCID: PMC6815326 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i3.4786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the short-term visual function results and safety of erythropoietin as an add-on to the standard corticosteroid therapy in retrobulbar optic neuritis (RON). METHODS In this prospective pilot study, adult patients with isolated RON with less than 10 days of onset were enrolled. Patients were consecutively assigned to standard intravenous methylprednisolone treatment either in combination with intravenous erythropoietin (20,000 units/day for three days) (group-1) or intravenous methylprednisolone alone (group-2). Primary outcome measure was best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), which was assessed up to 120 days from the day the treatment was begun. Systemic evaluations were performed during and after treatment. RESULTS Sixty-two patients with RON (mean age = 26.6 ± 5.77 years; range = 18-40 years) were enrolled into the study (group-1, n = 35; group-2, n = 27). BCVA three months after the treatment was 0.19 ± 0.55 logMAR and 0.11 ± 0.32 logMAR in group-1 and group-2, respectively (95% CI: - 0.61 - 0.16; P = 0.62). Change in BCVA after three months was 2.84 ± 3.49 logMAR in group-1 and 2.46 ± 1.40 logMAR in group-2 (95% CI: - 0.93 - 1.91; P = 0.57). Pace of recovery was not significantly different between the groups. No complications were detected among patients. CONCLUSION Intravenous erythropoietin as an add-on did not significantly improve the visual outcome in terms of visual acuity, visual field, and contrast sensitivity compared to traditional intravenous corticosteroid. This pilot study supports the safety profile of intravenous human recombinant erythropoietin, and it may help formulate future investigations with a larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Soltan Sanjari
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Pakdel
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moosavi
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Pirmarzdashti
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nojomi
- Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoosheh Haghighi
- Internal Medicine Department, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masih Hashemi
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bahmani Kashkouli
- Ophthalmology Department, Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Resende AP, Rosolen SG, Nunes T, São Braz B, Delgado E. Functional and Structural Effects of Erythropoietin Subconjunctival Administration in Glaucomatous Animals. Biomed Hub 2018; 3:1-11. [PMID: 31988957 PMCID: PMC6945896 DOI: 10.1159/000488970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study aimed to assess functional and structural benefits of erythropoietin (EPO) when administered subconjunctivally in the retina of glaucomatous rats using electroretinography (ERG) and retinal thickness (RT) measurements. Methods Glaucoma was experimentally induced in 26 Wistar Hannover albino rats. Animals were divided into 2 groups of 13 animals each: a treated group receiving a unique subconjunctival injection of 1,000 IU of EPO and a control group receiving a saline solution. In each group, 7 animals were used for retinal function evaluation (ERG) and 6 animals were used for retinal structural evaluation (histology). RT was measured, dorsally and ventrally, at 500 μm (RT1) and at 1,500 μm (RT2) from the optic nerve. Results Retinal function evaluation: for both scotopic and photopic conditions, ERG wave amplitudes increased in the treated group. This increase was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in photopic conditions. Structural evaluation: for both locations RT1 and RT2, the retinas were significantly (p < 0.05) thicker in the treated group. Conclusion Subconjunctival EPO administration showed beneficial effects both on retinal structure and on retinal function in induced glaucoma in albino rats. This neuroprotective effect should be applied in other animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Resende
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Serge G Rosolen
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Institut de la Vision, Paris.,Clinique Veterinaire Voltaire, Asnières sur Seine, France
| | - Telmo Nunes
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Berta São Braz
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Esmeralda Delgado
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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An Apparent Correlation Between Central Nervous System and Kidney's Erythropoietin and TNF Alpha Expression at Peak Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:246-254. [PMID: 29876728 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory demyelination disease associated with inflammatory reactions and attenuation of antioxidant capacity. Several lines of evidence show that organs such as the liver and kidneys can share their antioxidant activity to protect the central nervous system (CNS) against neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the possible interplay of the kidneys and CNS in pathogenesis of EAE. For this purpose, EAE model was induced in C57BL/6 mice, and expression of erythropoietin (EPO), TNF-α, and NFκB-1 was determined in the kidney and CNS at early and peak stages of the disease. Besides, changes in serum level of EPO and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured by different clinical scores. Real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed a substantial increase in TNF-α and NFκB-1 expression in mice at EAE peak stage compared to sham (control). There was a positive correlation between kidney-EPO and CNS-inflammatory factor expression in EAE-induced mice. In general, EPO expression was relatively higher in the kidneys compared to CNS tissue in sham group. There was a significant upregulation in expression of EPO in the brain, spinal cord, and kidneys particularly at peak stage. Accordingly, changes in serum TAC were consistent with serum EPO concentration. This data may suggest that there is an EPO-mediated cross-talk between the kidney and CNS during EAE pathogenesis.
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19
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Navarrete C, Carrillo-Salinas F, Palomares B, Mecha M, Jiménez-Jiménez C, Mestre L, Feliú A, Bellido ML, Fiebich BL, Appendino G, Calzado MA, Guaza C, Muñoz E. Hypoxia mimetic activity of VCE-004.8, a cannabidiol quinone derivative: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:64. [PMID: 29495967 PMCID: PMC5831753 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by a combination of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes variously dominant in different stages of the disease. Thus, immunosuppression is the goal standard for the inflammatory stage, and novel remyelination therapies are pursued to restore lost function. Cannabinoids such as 9Δ-THC and CBD are multi-target compounds already introduced in the clinical practice for multiple sclerosis (MS). Semisynthetic cannabinoids are designed to improve bioactivities and druggability of their natural precursors. VCE-004.8, an aminoquinone derivative of cannabidiol (CBD), is a dual PPARγ and CB2 agonist with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) can have a beneficial role in MS by modulating the immune response and favoring neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. Methods We investigated the effects of VCE-004.8 on the HIF pathway in different cell types. The effect of VCE-004.8 on macrophage polarization and arginase 1 expression was analyzed in RAW264.7 and BV2 cells. COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was studied in primary microglia cultures. The efficacy of VCE-004.8 in vivo was evaluated in two murine models of MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler’s virus-induced encephalopathy (TMEV). Results Herein, we provide evidence that VCE-004.8 stabilizes HIF-1α and HIF-2α and activates the HIF pathway in human microvascular endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and microglia cells. The stabilization of HIF-1α is produced by the inhibition of the prolyl-4-hydrolase activity of PHD1 and PDH2. VCE-004.8 upregulates the expression of HIF-dependent genes such as erythropoietin and VEGFA, induces angiogenesis, and enhances migration of oligodendrocytes. Moreover, VCE-004.8 blunts IL-17-induced M1 polarization, inhibits LPS-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 synthesis, and induces expression of arginase 1 in macrophages and microglia. In vivo experiments showed efficacy of VCE-004.8 in EAE and TMEV. Histopathological analysis revealed that VCE-004.8 treatments prevented demyelination, axonal damage, and immune cells infiltration. In addition, VCE-004.8 downregulated the expression of several genes closely associated with MS physiopathology, including those underlying the production of chemokines, cytokines, and adhesion molecules. Conclusions This study provides new significant insights about the potential role of VCE-004.8 for MS treatment by ameliorating neuroinflammation and demyelination. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1103-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Belén Palomares
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miriam Mecha
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Jiménez-Jiménez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leyre Mestre
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria L Bellido
- Vivacell Biotechnology SL, Córdoba, Spain.,Emerald Health Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco A Calzado
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Avda Menéndez Pidal s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain.
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20
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Singhal NK, Alkhayer K, Shelestak J, Clements R, Freeman E, McDonough J. Erythropoietin Upregulates Brain Hemoglobin Expression and Supports Neuronal Mitochondrial Activity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8051-8058. [PMID: 29498007 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-inflammatory and demyelinating disease. Downregulation of neuronal mitochondrial gene expression and activity have been reported in several studies of MS. We have previously shown that hemoglobin-β (Hbb) signals to the nucleus of neurons and upregulates H3K4me3, a histone mark involved in regulating cellular metabolism and differentiation. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of erythropoietin (EPO) on the upregulation of hemoglobin and mitochondrial-associated neuroprotection. We found that administering EPO (5000 IU/kg intraperitoneally) to mice upregulated brain Hbb expression, levels of H3K4me3, expression of mitochondrial complex III, complex V, and mitochondrial respiration. We also found that the neuronal mitochondrial metabolite N-acetylaspartate (NAA), a marker of neuronal mitochondrial activity, was increased with EPO treatment. Further, we measured the effects of EPO on preventing mitochondrial deficits in the cuprizone toxic demyelinating mouse model of MS. We found that EPO prevented cuprizone-mediated decreases in Hbb, complex III, and NAA. Our data suggest that EPO mediated regulation of Hbb supports neuronal energetics and may provide neuroprotection in MS and other neurodegenerative diseases where a dysfunction of mitochondria contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Singhal
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - K Alkhayer
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - J Shelestak
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - R Clements
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - E Freeman
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - J McDonough
- Department of Biological Sciences and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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21
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Optic neuritis as a phase 2 paradigm for neuroprotection therapies of multiple sclerosis: update on current trials and perspectives. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 29:199-204. [PMID: 27035900 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In multiple sclerosis as the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease in Western countries, major therapeutic success has been achieved with regard to strategies targeting immunological master switches. These approaches effectively reduce inflammatory disease activity but fail to address ongoing neurodegeneration or disturbed regeneration. However, intense research efforts investigating molecular mechanisms of disease have identified 'druggable' targets for prevention of inflammatory neurodegeneration and disturbed regeneration. This review covers recent developments in clinical trials using optic neuritis as a model for screening such neuroprotective and neuroregenerative therapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Optic neuritis has been used in a series of recent pilot studies investigating the effects of erythropoietin, simvastatin, autologous mesenchymal stem cells, phenytoin, as well as blockade of LINGO-1 (opicinumab). Of note, these studies applied novel outcome measures related to function and structure of the visual pathway, including optical coherence tomography, full-field visual-evoked potentials, multifocal visual-evoked potential, high as well as low-contrast visual acuity. Comparison of these different approaches reveals novel insights into short-term evolution of neurobiological effects during optic neuritis and the window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions. SUMMARY Translation of neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches to clinical reality represents a huge challenge. Optic neuritis as a prototypic autoimmune demyelinating disease offers an option for testing new therapies targeting key deleterious processes in multiple sclerosis.
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22
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Aranda ML, González Fleitas MF, Dieguez HH, Milne GA, Devouassoux JD, Keller Sarmiento MI, Chianelli M, Sande PH, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. Therapeutic benefit of environmental enrichment on optic neuritis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 145:87-98. [PMID: 29233635 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative, and presently untreatable condition of the optic nerve which might induce blindness. We analyzed the effect of environmental enrichment (EE) on visual pathway damage provoked by experimental ON induced by a microinjection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the optic nerve. For this purpose, LPS was microinjected into the optic nerve from male Wistar rats. After injection, one group of animals was submitted to EE, and another group remained in standard environment (SE) for 21 days. EE prevented the decrease in pupil light reflex (PLR), visual evoked potentials, retinal anterograde transport, phosphorylated neurofilament immunoreactivity, myelination (luxol fast blue staining), and axon (toluidine blue staining) and retinal ganglion cell (Brn3a-immunoreactivity) number. EE also prevented microglial/macrophage reactivity (Iba-1- and ED1-immunoreactivity), and astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunostaining) induced by experimental ON. LPS-injected optic nerves displayed oxidative damage and increased inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and interleukin-1β and TNFα mRNA levels which were prevented by EE. EE increased optic nerve brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. When EE started at 4 (but not 7) days post-injection of LPS, a preservation of the PLR was observed at 21 days post-LPS, which was blocked by the daily administration of ANA-12 from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS. Moreover, EE from day 4 to day 7 post-LPS significantly preserved the PLR at 21 days post-injection. Taken together, our data suggest that EE preserved visual functions and reduced neuroinflammation of the optic nerve. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Neurobiology of Environmental Enrichment".
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos L Aranda
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgia A Milne
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián D Devouassoux
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Paraguay 2155, 5th Floor, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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23
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Moransard M, Bednar M, Frei K, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO. Erythropoietin reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis severity via neuroprotective mechanisms. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:202. [PMID: 29029628 PMCID: PMC5640948 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment with erythropoietin (Epo) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), has consistently been shown to ameliorate disease progression and improve overall outcome. The effect has been attributed to modulation of the immune response and/or preservation of the central nervous system (CNS) tissue integrity. It remains unclear, however, if (a) Epo acts primarily in the CNS or the periphery and if (b) Epo's beneficial effect in EAE is mainly due to maintaining CNS tissue integrity or to modulation of the immune response. If Epo acts primarily by modulating the immune system, where is this modulation required? In the periphery, the CNS or both? METHODS To address these questions, we used two well-characterized transgenic mouse strains that constitutively overexpress recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) either systemically (tg6) or in CNS only (tg21) in a MOG-induced EAE model. We assessed clinical severity, disease progression, immunomodulation, and CNS tissue integrity, including neuronal survival. RESULTS Although disease onset remained unaffected, EAE progression was alleviated in transgenic animals compared to controls with both lines performing equally well showing that expression of Epo in the periphery is not required; Epo expression in the CNS is sufficient. Immunomodulation was observed in both strains but surprisingly the profile of modulation differed substantially between strains. Modulation in the tg21 strain was limited to a reduction in macrophages in the CNS, with no peripheral immunomodulatory effects observed. In contrast, in the tg6 strain, macrophages were upregulated in the CNS, and, in the periphery of this strain, T cells and macrophages were downregulated. The lack of a consistent immunomodulatory profile across both transgenic species suggests that immunomodulation by Epo is unlikely to be the primary mechanism driving amelioration of EAE. Finally, CNS tissue integrity was affected in all strains. Although myelin appeared equally damaged in all strains, neuronal survival was significantly improved in the spinal cord of tg21 mice, indicating that Epo may ameliorate EAE predominantly by protecting neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that moderate elevated brain Epo levels provide clinically significant neuroprotection in EAE without modulation of the immune response making a significant contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moransard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Bednar
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Frei
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8006, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - O O Ogunshola
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Aalling N, Hageman I, Miskowiak K, Orlowski D, Wegener G, Wortwein G. Erythropoietin prevents the effect of chronic restraint stress on the number of hippocampal CA3c dendritic terminals-relation to expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:103-116. [PMID: 28752903 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced allostatic load affects a variety of biological processes including synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has shown promising neuroprotective effects. Recombinant human EPO is currently highlighted as a new candidate treatment for cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. Because EPO enhances synaptic plasticity, attenuates oxidative stress, and inhibits generation of proinflammatory cytokines, EPO may be able to modulate the effects of stress-induced allostatic load at the molecular level. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how EPO and repeated restraint stress, separately and combined, influence (i) behavior in the novelty-suppressed feeding test of depression/anxiety-related behavior; (ii) mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; and (iii) remodeling of the dendritic structure of the CA3c area of the hippocampus in male rats. As expected, chronic restraint stress lowered the number of CA3c apical dendritic terminals, and EPO treatment reversed this effect. Interestingly, these effects seemed to be mechanistically distinct, as stress and EPO had differential effects on gene expression. While chronic restraint stress lowered the expression of spinophilin, tumor necrosis factor α, and heat shock protein 72, EPO increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α and lowered the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hippocampus. These findings indicate that the effects of treatment with EPO follow different molecular pathways and do not directly counteract the effects of stress in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aalling
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Hageman
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gitta Wortwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Thomas CN, Berry M, Logan A, Blanch RJ, Ahmed Z. Caspases in retinal ganglion cell death and axon regeneration. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17032. [PMID: 29675270 PMCID: PMC5903394 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) are terminally differentiated CNS neurons that possess limited endogenous regenerative capacity after injury and thus RGC death causes permanent visual loss. RGC die by caspase-dependent mechanisms, including apoptosis, during development, after ocular injury and in progressive degenerative diseases of the eye and optic nerve, such as glaucoma, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy and multiple sclerosis. Inhibition of caspases through genetic or pharmacological approaches can arrest the apoptotic cascade and protect a proportion of RGC. Novel findings have also highlighted a pyroptotic role of inflammatory caspases in RGC death. In this review, we discuss the molecular signalling mechanisms of apoptotic and inflammatory caspase responses in RGC specifically, their involvement in RGC degeneration and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe N Thomas
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard J Blanch
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Academic Department of Military Surgery and Trauma, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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26
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Galgano M, Toshkezi G, Qiu X, Russell T, Chin L, Zhao LR. Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Endeavors. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1118-1130. [PMID: 28933211 PMCID: PMC5657730 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717714102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) presents in various forms ranging from mild alterations of consciousness to an unrelenting comatose state and death. In the most severe form of TBI, the entirety of the brain is affected by a diffuse type of injury and swelling. Treatment modalities vary extensively based on the severity of the injury and range from daily cognitive therapy sessions to radical surgery such as bilateral decompressive craniectomies. Guidelines have been set forth regarding the optimal management of TBI, but they must be taken in context of the situation and cannot be used in every individual circumstance. In this review article, we have summarized the current status of treatment for TBI in both clinical practice and basic research. We have put forth a brief overview of the various subtypes of traumatic injuries, optimal medical management, and both the noninvasive and invasive monitoring modalities, in addition to the surgical interventions necessary in particular instances. We have overviewed the main achievements in searching for therapeutic strategies of TBI in basic science. We have also discussed the future direction for developing TBI treatment from an experimental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Galgano
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gentian Toshkezi
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Xuecheng Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- VA Health Care Upstate New York, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Russell
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Chin
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- VA Health Care Upstate New York, Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
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27
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Intravitreal erythropoietin injection in late-stage optic neuropathy: a safety study on human. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:1021-1025. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Pathipati P, Ferriero DM. The Differential Effects of Erythropoietin Exposure to Oxidative Stress on Microglia and Astrocytes in vitro. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:310-322. [PMID: 28511187 DOI: 10.1159/000467391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal brain is especially susceptible to oxidative stress owing to its reduced antioxidant capacity. Following hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, for example, there is a prolonged elevation in levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the immature brain compared to the adult brain, resulting in lasting injury that can lead to life-long disability or morbidity. Erythropoietin (Epo) is one of few multifaceted treatment options that have been promising enough to trial in the clinic for both term and preterm brain injury. Despite this, there is a lack of clear understanding of how Epo modulates glial cell activity following oxidative injury, specifically, whether it affects microglia (Mg) and astrocytes (Ast) differently. Using an in vitro approach using primary murine Mg and Ast subjected to H2O2 injury, we studied the oxidative and inflammatory responses of Mg and Ast to recombinant murine (rm)Epo treatment. We found that Epo protects Ast from H2O2 injury (p < 0.05) and increases secreted nitric oxide levels in these cells (p < 0.05) while suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species (p < 0.05) and superoxide ion (p < 0.05) levels only in Mg. Using a multiplex analysis, we noted that although H2O2 induced the levels of several chemokines, rmEpo did not have any significant specific effects on their levels, either with or without the presence of conditioned medium from injured neurons (NCM). Ultimately, it appears that rmEpo has pleiotropic effects based on the cell type; it has a protective effect on Ast but an antioxidative effect only on Mg without any significant modulation of chemokine and cytokine levels in either cell type. These findings highlight the importance of considering all cell types when assessing the benefits and pitfalls of Epo use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praneeti Pathipati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Herold S, Kumar P, Jung K, Graf I, Menkhoff H, Schulz X, Bähr M, Hein K. CatWalk gait analysis in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:78. [PMID: 27903258 PMCID: PMC5131412 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis. The characteristic feature of the MOG-EAE model in Brown Norway rats is consistent involvement of the spinal cord resulting in limb paresis. The aim of the study was to investigate whether early subclinical gait abnormalities are present in this animal model and can be detected by CatWalk XT, a fully automated gait analysis system. Furthermore, we investigated the usability of CatWalk system for treatment studies. Results Our gait analysis showed no preclinical abnormalities in MOG-EAE animals. Nevertheless, we characterized a combination of gait parameters that display a high predictive capacity in regard to disease onset. Our detailed histopathological analysis of the spinal cord revealed that lesion formation starts in the lumbar region and propagates toward the cervical part of the spinal cord during the disease course. In the treatment study, the stabilization of gait parameters under the treatment with methylprednisolone was detected in CatWalk as well as in traditional EAE-scoring system. Conclusions The results from CatWalk test indicate no benefit of lab-intensive automated gait system in EAE-model with chronic-progressive disease course as well as in therapeutic studies with pronounced effect on the severity of clinical symptoms. However, due to its quantitative and objective nature this system may display a refined test to detect small but functional relevant changes in regeneration-orientated studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Herold
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistical Bioinformatics, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Irina Graf
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henrike Menkhoff
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xenia Schulz
- Department of Medical Biometry and Statistical Bioinformatics, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch Straße 40, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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30
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Sühs KW, Papanagiotou P, Hein K, Pul R, Scholz K, Heesen C, Diem R. Disease Activity and Conversion into Multiple Sclerosis after Optic Neuritis Is Treated with Erythropoietin. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101666. [PMID: 27706045 PMCID: PMC5085699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cerebral lesion load by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study on erythropoietin in clinically isolated optic neuritis (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00355095) were analyzed. Therefore, patients with acute optic neuritis were assigned to receive either 33,000 IU of recombinant human erythropoietin (IV) daily for three days, or a placebo, as an add-on to methylprednisolone. Of 35 patients, we investigated changes in cerebral lesion load in MRIs obtained at baseline and at weeks 4, 8, and 16. In 5 of the 35 patients, we found conversion into multiple sclerosis (MS) based on MRI progression only. These five patients had received the placebo. Another five patients showed MRI progression together with relapses. Three of these patients had received erythropoietin, and two the placebo. Yet, analyzing the change in absolute numbers of periventricular, juxtacortical, and infratentorial lesions including gadolinium-enhancing lesions, there were no significant differences between the groups. Although effective in terms of retinal nerve fiber layer protection, erythropoietin treatment of acute isolated optic neuritis did not influence further evolution of MRI lesions in the brain when comparing absolute numbers. However, early conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to MS assessed by MRI activity seemed to occur more frequently in the placebo-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt-Wolfram Sühs
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Panagiotis Papanagiotou
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Bremen Mitte, St. Jürgen Str. 1, 28177 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Refik Pul
- Department of Neurology, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Scholz
- Department of Radiology, Lüneburg Hospital, Bögelstr. 1, 21339 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurooncology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Schreiber K, Magyari M, Sellebjerg F, Iversen P, Garde E, Madsen CG, Börnsen L, Romme Christensen J, Ratzer R, Siebner HR, Laursen B, Soelberg Sorensen P. High-dose erythropoietin in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis: A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Mult Scler 2016; 23:675-685. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458516661048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a part of an endogenous neuroprotective system in the brain and may address pathophysiological mechanisms in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To evaluate a treatment effect of EPO on progressive MS. Methods: This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial, in which 52 patients with secondary or primary progressive MS were allocated to treatment with recombinant EPO (48,000 IU) or placebo, administered intravenously 17 times during 24 weeks. Patients had an Expanded Disability Status Score (EDSS) from 4 to 6.5 and clinical progression without relapses in the 2 preceding years. The primary outcome was the change in a composite measure of maximum gait distance, hand dexterity, and cognition from baseline to 24 weeks. Results: A total of 50 patients completed the study. Venesection was performed often but no thromboembolic events occurred. We found no difference in the primary outcome between the EPO and the placebo group using the intention-to-treat principle ( p = 0.22). None of the secondary outcomes, neither clinical nor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures showed any significant differences. Conclusion: This study provides class II evidence that treatment with high-dose EPO is not an effective treatment in patients with moderately advanced progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schreiber
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Melinda Magyari
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Iversen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Garde
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Gøbel Madsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Börnsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Ratzer
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark/Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Per Soelberg Sorensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Shirley Ding SL, Leow SN, Munisvaradass R, Koh EH, Bastion MLC, Then KY, Kumar S, Mok PL. Revisiting the role of erythropoietin for treatment of ocular disorders. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:1293-1309. [PMID: 27285322 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone conventionally thought to be responsible only in producing red blood cells in our body. However, with the discovery of the presence of EPO and EPO receptors in the retinal layers, the EPO seems to have physiological roles in the eye. In this review, we revisit the role of EPO in the eye. We look into the biological role of EPO in the development of the eye and the physiologic roles that it has. Apart from that, we seek to understand the mechanisms and pathways of EPO that contributes to the therapeutic and pathological conditions of the various ocular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, optic neuritis, and retinal detachment. With these understandings, we discuss the clinical applications of EPO for treatment of ocular disorders, modes of administration, EPO formulations, current clinical trials, and its future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Shirley Ding
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S N Leow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - R Munisvaradass
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E H Koh
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L C Bastion
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K Y Then
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - P L Mok
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Menuet C, Khemiri H, de la Poëze d'Harambure T, Gestreau C. Polycythemia and high levels of erythropoietin in blood and brain blunt the hypercapnic ventilatory response in adult mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R979-91. [PMID: 26936784 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00474.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Changes in arterial Po2, Pco2, and pH are the strongest stimuli sensed by peripheral and central chemoreceptors to adjust ventilation to the metabolic demand. Erythropoietin (Epo), the main regulator of red blood cell production, increases the hypoxic ventilatory response, an effect attributed to the presence of Epo receptors in both carotid bodies and key brainstem structures involved in integration of peripheral inputs and control of breathing. However, it is not known whether Epo also has an effect on the hypercapnic chemoreflex. In a first attempt to answer this question, we tested the hypothesis that Epo alters the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels. Basal ventilation and hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) were recorded from control mice and from two transgenic mouse lines constitutively expressing high levels of human Epo in brain only (Tg21) or in brain and plasma (Tg6), the latter leading to polycythemia. To tease apart the potential effects of polycythemia and levels of plasma Epo in the HCVR, control animals were injected with an Epo analog (Aranesp), and Tg6 mice were treated with the hemolytic agent phenylhydrazine after splenectomy. Ventilatory parameters measured by plethysmography in conscious mice were consistent with data from electrophysiological recordings in anesthetized animals and revealed a blunted HCVR in Tg6 mice. Polycythemia alone and increased levels of plasma Epo blunt the HCVR. In addition, Tg21 mice with an augmented level of cerebral Epo also had a decreased HCVR. We discuss the potential implications of these findings in several physiopathological conditions.
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Erythropoietin Pathway: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050677. [PMID: 27164096 PMCID: PMC4881503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has indicated that erythropoietin may have antidepressant effects. In addition to the kidney and liver, many organs have been identified as secretory tissues for erythropoietin, including the brain. Its receptor is expressed in cerebral and spinal cord neurons, the hypothalamus, hippocampus, neocortex, dorsal root ganglia, nerve axons, and Schwann cells. These findings may highlight new functions for erythropoietin, which was originally considered to play a crucial role in the progress of erythroid differentiation. Erythropoietin and its receptor signaling through JAK2 activate multiple downstream signaling pathways including STAT5, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK. These factors may play an important role in inflammation and neuroprogression in the nervous system. This is particularly true for the hippocampus, which is possibly related to learning, memory, neurocognitive deficits and mood alterations. Thus, the influence of erythropoietin on the downstream pathways known to be involved in the treatment of depression makes the erythropoietin-related pathway an attractive target for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Focusing on erythropoietin may help us understand the pathogenic mechanisms of depression and the molecular basis of its treatment.
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35
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Resende AP, São Braz B, Delgado E. Ocular Erythropoietin Penetration after Subconjunctival Administration in Glaucomatous Rats. Ophthalmic Res 2016; 56:104-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000444327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Erythropoietin in ophthalmology: A literature review. J Curr Ophthalmol 2016; 28:5-11. [PMID: 27239595 PMCID: PMC4881220 DOI: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To review the current literature on ocular application of erythropoietin (EPO). METHODS A comprehensive search was performed on Pubmed and Scopus databases. All selected articles were reviewed thoroughly by the authors to review current applications of the EPO in ocular diseases. RESULTS Various aspects of administration of EPO for different ischemic, traumatic, vascular, and degenerative disorders have been explained. The articles are generally preclinical with few small studies reporting clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION EPO has been used for the treatment of different ophthalmic conditions with promising results. Further studies are needed to elaborate the role of EPO in management of ocular diseases.
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Diem R, Molnar F, Beisse F, Gross N, Drüschler K, Heinrich SP, Joachimsen L, Rauer S, Pielen A, Sühs KW, Linker RA, Huchzermeyer C, Albrecht P, Hassenstein A, Aktas O, Guthoff T, Tonagel F, Kernstock C, Hartmann K, Kümpfel T, Hein K, van Oterendorp C, Grotejohann B, Ihorst G, Maurer J, Müller M, Volkmann M, Wildemann B, Platten M, Wick W, Heesen C, Schiefer U, Wolf S, Lagrèze WA. Treatment of optic neuritis with erythropoietin (TONE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial-study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010956. [PMID: 26932144 PMCID: PMC4785322 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Optic neuritis leads to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. The standard treatment is a methylprednisolone pulse therapy. This treatment slightly shortens the time of recovery but does not prevent neurodegeneration and persistent visual impairment. In a phase II trial performed in preparation of this study, we have shown that erythropoietin protects global retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT-G) in acute optic neuritis; however, the preparatory trial was not powered to show effects on visual function. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Treatment of Optic Neuritis with Erythropoietin (TONE) is a national, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial with two parallel arms. The primary objective is to determine the efficacy of erythropoietin compared to placebo given add-on to methylprednisolone as assessed by measurements of RNFLT-G and low-contrast visual acuity in the affected eye 6 months after randomisation. Inclusion criteria are a first episode of optic neuritis with decreased visual acuity to ≤ 0.5 (decimal system) and an onset of symptoms within 10 days prior to inclusion. The most important exclusion criteria are history of optic neuritis or multiple sclerosis or any ocular disease (affected or non-affected eye), significant hyperopia, myopia or astigmatism, elevated blood pressure, thrombotic events or malignancy. After randomisation, patients either receive 33,000 international units human recombinant erythropoietin intravenously for 3 consecutive days or placebo (0.9% saline) administered intravenously. With an estimated power of 80%, the calculated sample size is 100 patients. The trial started in September 2014 with a planned recruitment period of 30 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION TONE has been approved by the Central Ethics Commission in Freiburg (194/14) and the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (61-3910-4039831). It complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, local laws and ICH-GCP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01962571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fanni Molnar
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Flemming Beisse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Gross
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Katharina Drüschler
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven P Heinrich
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Lutz Joachimsen
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauer
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Amelie Pielen
- Clinic for Ophthalmology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Cord Huchzermeyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, Medical faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Hassenstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Guthoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrin Hartmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Grotejohann
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ihorst
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Julia Maurer
- Clinical Trials Unit, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Müller
- Competence Center “Vision Research”, Study Course Ophthalmological Optics, Faculty of Optics and Mechatronics, University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany
| | - Martin Volkmann
- Medical Service Center PD Dr. Volkmann and Colleges, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Heesen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schiefer
- University Eye Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Competence Center “Vision Research”, Study Course Ophthalmological Optics, Faculty of Optics and Mechatronics, University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany
- Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bern Photographic Reading Center, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolf A Lagrèze
- Eye Center, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Moallem SA, Mohamadpour AH, Abnous K, Sankian M, Sadeghnia HR, Tsatsakis A, Shahsavand S. Erythropoietin in the treatment of carbon monoxide neurotoxicity in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 86:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adding erythropoietin to intravenous methylprednisolone for the treatment of unilateral acute optic neuritis of unknown or demyelinative origin. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253:797-801. [PMID: 25605544 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-014-2925-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effect of adding recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) to intravenous methylprednisolone for the treatment of unilateral acute optic neuritis of unknown or demyelinative origin on the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), perimetric variables [mean deviation (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD)], and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS Thirty patients (15 patients in each group) diagnosed with unilateral acute optic neuritis of unknown or demyelinative origin were included. All patients received 1, 000 mg intravenous methylprednisolone per day for 3 days. One intravenous bullous dose of rhEPO with the dose of 33,000 IU was administered at days 1-3 for the patients in group 2. One intravenous bullous dose of 0.9 % normal saline was administered at days 1-3 for group 1 patients. At 6 months post-intervention, in the involved eye, logMAR, MD, PSD, and mean RNFL thickness in each of four quadrants and post-intervention changes in each of the variables were compared between group 1 and group 2. RESULTS The amount of MD improvement after the intervention (difference of pre- and post-intervention MDs) was significantly higher in the group 2 patients (p = 0.04). The other post-intervention variables, including post-intervention PSD, amount of PSD improvement, and total and four-quadrant post-intervention RNFL thickness and RNFL loss (difference of pre- and post-intervention RNFL thicknesses), demonstrated no significant differences between group 1 and group 2. CONCLUSION Until more controlled studies are available, the rhEPO is not recommended as an add-on treatment for optic neuritis.
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Ma R, Hu J, Huang C, Wang M, Xiang J, Li G. JAK2/STAT5/Bcl-xL signalling is essential for erythropoietin-mediated protection against apoptosis induced in PC12 cells by the amyloid β-peptide Aβ25-35. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3234-45. [PMID: 24597613 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Erythropoietin (EPO) exerts neuroprotective actions in the CNS, including protection against apoptosis induced by the amyloid β-peptide Aβ25-35 . However, it remains unclear which signalling pathway activated by EPO is involved in this neuroprotection. Here, we have investigated whether JAK2/STAT5/Bcl-xL and ERK1/2 signalling pathways are essential for EPO-mediated protection against apoptosis induced by Aβ25-35 . EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH EPO was added to cultures of PC12 cells, 1 h before Aβ25-35 . For kinase inhibitor studies, AG490 and PD98059 were added to PC12 cells, 0.5 h before the addition of EPO. Transfection with siRNA was used to knockdown STAT5. Activation of JAK2/STAT5/Bcl-xL and ERK1/2 signalling pathways were investigated by Western blotting. Cell viability was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay and apoptosis was detected by TUNEL and acridine orange-ethidium bromide double staining. KEY RESULTS EPO increased phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 in PC12 cells treated with Aβ25-35 . Furthermore, EPO modulated the nuclear translocation of phospho-STAT5, which increased expression of Bcl-xL and decreased levels of caspase-3. These beneficial effects were blocked by the JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 or STAT5 knockdown. However, the ERK1/2 pathway did not play a crucial role in our model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS EPO protected PC12 cells against Aβ25-35 -induced neurotoxicity. Activation of JAK2/STAT5/Bcl-xL pathway was important in EPO-mediated neuroprotection. EPO may serve as a novel protective agent against Aβ25-35 -induced cytotoxicity in, for instance, Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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Najmi Varzaneh F, Najmi Varzaneh F, Azimi AR, Rezaei N, Sahraian MA. Efficacy of combination therapy with erythropoietin and methylprednisolone in clinical recovery of severe relapse in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Belg 2014; 114:273-8. [PMID: 24604685 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted disease in which genetic and environmental factors are involved. Although neurodegeneration aspect of MS has major influence in patients' disability, none of the available treatments have been shown to obviously reduce neurodegeneration. Recently, the role of Erythropoietin (EPO) as a neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory agent has been attracted tremendous interest. In the present randomized double-blind pilot study, we combined EPO with methylprednisolone (MPred) in severe motor relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients to target both inflammatory and neurodegenerative aspects of disease. Twenty patients with RR-MS in relapse phase were randomized into two groups. The case group (10 patients) received intravenous MPred (1,000 mg/24 h) and intravenous EPO (20,000 U/24 h) for five consecutive days, and the control group (10 patients) received just MPred at the same dose as the case group, and a placebo. Both groups were followed for 3 months by ambulatory index (AI), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters. Improvement in maximal distance walking, reflected by reduction in AI and EDSS, was observed in EPO group after second month and continued after 3 months. Furthermore, MRI data analysis showed significant reduction in the number of T2WI lesions in EPO group without any significant change in contrast enhancing and black hole lesions. There was no major side effect in EPO group. The results of this first therapeutic pilot trial in RR-MS patients are promising, but need to be validated in larger trials.
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Bond WS, Rex TS. Evidence That Erythropoietin Modulates Neuroinflammation through Differential Action on Neurons, Astrocytes, and Microglia. Front Immunol 2014; 5:523. [PMID: 25374571 PMCID: PMC4205853 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a normal and healthy response to neuronal damage. However, excessive or chronic neuroinflammation exacerbates neurodegeneration after trauma and in progressive diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Therefore, molecules that modulate neuroinflammation are candidates as neuroprotective agents. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a known neuroprotective agent that indirectly attenuates neuroinflammation, in part, by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. In this review, we provide evidence that EPO also modulates neuroinflammation upstream of apoptosis by acting directly on glia. Further, the signaling induced by EPO may differ depending on cell type and context possibly as a result of activation of different receptors. While significant progress has been made in our understanding of EPO signaling, this review also identifies areas for future study in terms of the role of EPO in modulating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley S Bond
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA ; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
| | - Tonia S Rex
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA ; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, TN , USA
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Lagrèze W, Diem R. Neue Aspekte in der Therapie der multiplen Sklerose und Optikusneuritis. Ophthalmologe 2014; 111:709-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00347-013-2987-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu S, Zwinger P, Black J, Waxman S. Tapered withdrawal of phenytoin removes protective effect in EAE without inflammatory rebound and mortality. J Neurol Sci 2014; 341:8-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hanumunthadu D, Dehabadi MH, Cordeiro MF. Neuroprotection in glaucoma: current and emerging approaches. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2014.892415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Schäfer R, Mueller L, Buecheler R, Proksch B, Schwab M, Gleiter CH, Danielyan L. Interplay between endothelin and erythropoietin in astroglia: the role in protection against hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:2858-75. [PMID: 24557580 PMCID: PMC3958886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15022858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that, under in vitro conditions, the vulnerability of astroglia to hypoxia is reflected by alterations in endothelin (ET)-1 release and capacity of erythropoietin (EPO) to regulate ET-1 levels. Exposure of cells to 24 h hypoxia did not induce changes in ET-1 release, while 48–72 h hypoxia resulted in increase of ET-1 release from astrocytes that could be abolished by EPO. The endothelin receptor type A (ETA) antagonist BQ123 increased extracellular levels of ET-1 in human fetal astroglial cell line (SV-FHAS). The survival and proliferation of rat primary astrocytes, neural precursors, and neurons upon hypoxic conditions were increased upon administration of BQ123. Hypoxic injury and aging affected the interaction between the EPO and ET systems. Under hypoxia EPO decreased ET-1 release from astrocytes, while ETA receptor blockade enhanced the expression of EPO mRNA and EPO receptor in culture-aged rat astroglia. The blockade of ETA receptor can increase the availability of ET-1 to the ETB receptor and can potentiate the neuroprotective effects of EPO. Thus, the new therapeutic use of combined administration of EPO and ETA receptor antagonists during hypoxia-associated neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) can be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hesse gGmbH, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-University Hospital, Sandhofstrasse 1, Frankfurt/Main D-60528, Germany.
| | - Lars Mueller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Reinhild Buecheler
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Barbara Proksch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Christoph H Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
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Lo A. Advancement of therapies for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 8:1355-66. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.9.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is pathologically characterized by inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration. Axonal damage, along with neuronal loss, occurs from disease onset and may lead to progressive and permanent disability. In contrast with the inflammatory pathways, the molecular mechanisms leading to MS neurodegeneration remain largely elusive. With improved understanding of these mechanisms, new potential therapeutic targets for neuroprotection have emerged. We review the current understanding of neurodegenerative processes at play in MS and discuss potential outcome measures and targets for neuroprotection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Hadi Maghzi
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), 675 Nelson Rising Lane, 2nd floor, Room 221F, Box 3206, 94158, San Francisco, CA, USA,
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50
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Luessi F, Siffrin V, Zipp F. Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: novel treatment strategies. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 12:1061-76; quiz 1077. [PMID: 23039386 DOI: 10.1586/ern.12.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that the neuronal compartment already plays an important role early in the pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuronal injury in the course of chronic neuroinflammation is a key factor in determining long-term disability in patients. Viewing MS as both inflammatory and neurodegenerative has major implications for therapy, with CNS protection and repair needed in addition to controlling inflammation. Here, the authors' review recently elucidated molecular insights into inflammatory neuronal/axonal pathology in MS and discuss the resulting options regarding neuroprotective and regenerative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Luessi
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Rhine Main Neuroscience Network, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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