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Inouye K, Yeganyan S, Kay K, Thankam FG. Programmed spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes in regenerative cardiology. Cytotherapy 2024; 26:790-796. [PMID: 38520412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells have gained attention as a promising therapeutic approach for damaged myocardium, and there have been efforts to develop a protocol for regenerating cardiomyocytes (CMs). Certain cells have showed a greater aptitude for yielding beating CMs, such as induced pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells and extended pluripotent stem cells. The approach for generating CMs from stem cells differs across studies, although there is evidence that Wnt signaling, chemical additives, electrical stimulation, co-culture, biomaterials and transcription factors triggers CM differentiation. Upregulation of Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5 transcription factors has been correlated with successfully induced CMs, although Mef2c may potentially play a more prominent role in the generation of the beating phenotype, specifically. Regenerative research provides a possible candidate for cardiac repair; however, it is important to identify factors that influence their differentiation. Altogether, the spontaneously beating CMs would be monumental for regenerative research for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Inouye
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Stephanie Yeganyan
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Kaelen Kay
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Finosh G Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA.
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Liu GY, Xie WL, Wang YT, Chen L, Xu ZZ, Lv Y, Wu QP. Calpain: the regulatory point of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1194402. [PMID: 37456811 PMCID: PMC10346867 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1194402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Calpain is a conserved cysteine protease readily expressed in several mammalian tissues, which is usually activated by Ca2+ and with maximum activity at neutral pH. The activity of calpain is tightly regulated because its aberrant activation will nonspecifically cleave various proteins in cells. Abnormally elevation of Ca2+ promotes the abnormal activation of calpain during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, resulting in myocardial injury and cardiac dysfunction. In this paper, we mainly reviewed the effects of calpain in various programmed cell death (such as apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, and parthanatos) in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. In addition, we also discussed the abnormal activation of calpain during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, the effect of calpain on myocardial repair, and the possible future research directions of calpain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Li Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Ping Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhang M, Tian T, Jiang Y, Liu X, Xue G, Li X, Zhang X, Li S, Huang X, Li Z, Guo Y, Zhao L, Bao H, Zhou Z, Song J, Yang G, Xuan L, Shan H, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Yang B, Pan Z. Interdependent Nuclear Co-Trafficking of ASPP1 and p53 Aggravates Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Circ Res 2023; 132:208-222. [PMID: 36656967 PMCID: PMC9855749 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ASPP1 (apoptosis stimulating of p53 protein 1) is critical in regulating cell apoptosis as a cofactor of p53 to promote its transcriptional activity in the nucleus. However, whether cytoplasmic ASPP1 affects p53 nuclear trafficking and its role in cardiac diseases remains unknown. This study aims to explore the mechanism by which ASPP1 modulates p53 nuclear trafficking and the subsequent contribution to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS AND RESULTS The immunofluorescent staining showed that under normal condition ASPP1 and p53 colocalized in the cytoplasm of neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes, while they were both upregulated and translocated to the nuclei upon hypoxia/reoxygenation treatment. The nuclear translocation of ASPP1 and p53 was interdependent, as knockdown of either ASPP1 or p53 attenuated nuclear translocation of the other one. Inhibition of importin-β1 resulted in the cytoplasmic sequestration of both p53 and ASPP1 in neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation stimulation. Overexpression of ASPP1 potentiated, whereas knockdown of ASPP1 inhibited the expression of Bax (Bcl2-associated X), PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), and Noxa, direct apoptosis-associated targets of p53. ASPP1 was also increased in the I/R myocardium. Cardiomyocyte-specific transgenic overexpression of ASPP1 aggravated I/R injury as indicated by increased infarct size and impaired cardiac function. Conversely, knockout of ASPP1 mitigated cardiac I/R injury. The same qualitative data were observed in neonatal mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Furthermore, inhibition of p53 significantly blunted the proapoptotic activity and detrimental effects of ASPP1 both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Binding of ASPP1 to p53 triggers their nuclear cotranslocation via importin-β1 that eventually exacerbates cardiac I/R injury. The findings imply that interfering the expression of ASPP1 or the interaction between ASPP1 and p53 to block their nuclear trafficking represents an important therapeutic strategy for cardiac I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Xiamen Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Jiqin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Manman Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.).,Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (Y.J.)
| | - Xuening Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Genlong Xue
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Xingda Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Shangxuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Yang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Lexin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Hairong Bao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Zhiwen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Guohui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Lina Xuan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.).,Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Center for Druggability of Cardiovascular noncoding RNA, Institute for Frontier Medical Technology, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, China (H.S.)
| | - Zhiren Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (Z. Zhang, Z.P.)
| | - Yanjie Lu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.)
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China (Y.Y., Y.Z., J.Y., M.Z., T.T., Y.J., X.L., G.X., X.L., X.Z., S.L., X.H., Z.L., Y.G., L.Z., H.B., Z. Zhou, J.S., G.Y., L.X., H.S., Y.L., B.Y., Z.P.).,Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019 Research Unit 070, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (Z.P.).,NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China (Z. Zhang, Z.P.)
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Bhagat S, Biswas I, Alam MI, Khan M, Khan GA. Key role of Extracellular RNA in hypoxic stress induced myocardial injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260835. [PMID: 34882718 PMCID: PMC8659422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), atherosclerosis and other inflammatory and ischemic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a very high mortality rate and limited therapeutic options. Although the diagnosis is based on markers such as cardiac Troponin-T (cTrop-T), the mechanism of cTrop-T upregulation and release is relatively obscure. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanism of cTrop-T release during acute hypoxia (AH) in a mice model by ELISA & immunohistochemistry. Our study showed that AH exposure significantly induces the expression and release of sterile inflammatory as well as MI markers in a time-dependent manner. We further demonstrated that activation of TLR3 (mediated by eRNA) by AH exposure in mice induced cTrop-T release and Poly I:C (TLR3 agonist) also induced cTrop-T release, but the pre-treatment of TLR3 immuno-neutralizing antibody or silencing of Tlr3 gene or RNaseA treatment two hrs before AH exposure, significantly abrogated AH-induced Caspase 3 activity as well as cTrop-T release. Our immunohistochemistry and Masson Trichrome (MT) staining studies further established the progression of myocardial injury by collagen accumulation, endothelial cell and leukocyte activation and adhesion in myocardial tissue which was abrogated significantly by pre-treatment of RNaseA 2 hrs before AH exposure. These data indicate that AH induced cTrop-T release is mediated via the eRNA-TLR3-Caspase 3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumya Bhagat
- Department of Physiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Department of Physiology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Iqbal Alam
- Department of Physiology, HIMSAR, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Gausal A. Khan
- Department of Physiology & Physiotherapy, College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji Islands
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Adverse effects of fetal exposure of electronic-cigarettes and high-fat diet on male neonatal hearts. Exp Mol Pathol 2020; 118:104573. [PMID: 33212125 PMCID: PMC8501912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in children born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy. The cardiovascular risk in the offspring associated with in utero nicotine exposure is further exaggerated by maternal obesity. The consumption of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is alarmingly increasing among adolescents and young adults without the knowledge of their harmful health effects. There has also been a substantial increase in e-cigarette use by women of reproductive age. This study investigates the detrimental effects of gestational exposure of e-cigarette and a high-fat diet (HFD) on neonatal hearts. Time-mated pregnant mice were fed a HFD and exposed to saline or e-cigarette aerosol with 2.4% nicotine from embryonic day 4 (E4) to E20. We demonstrated that in utero exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD from E4 to E20 triggers cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis in the offspring at postnatal day1 (PND1), PND3, and PND14. Induction of CM apoptosis following gestational exposure of e-cigarettes and HFD was associated with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), increased cardiac oxidative stress coupled with perturbation of cardiac BAX/ BCL-2 ratio and activation of caspase 3 at PND 14. Electron microscopy further revealed that left ventricles of pups at PND14 after e-cigarette exposure exhibited apoptotic nuclei, convoluted nuclear membranes, myofibrillar derangement, and enlarged mitochondria occasionally showing signs of crystolysis, indicative of cardiomyopathy and cardiac dysfunction. Our results show profound adverse effects of prenatal exposure of e-cigarette plus HFD in neonatal hearts that may lead to long-term adverse cardiac consequences in the adult.
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Wang J, Zhou H. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in cardiac ischemia -reperfusion injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1866-1879. [PMID: 33163341 PMCID: PMC7606115 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is a critical contributor to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms, a series of adaptive responses that preserve mitochondrial structure and function, ensure cardiomyocyte survival and cardiac function after I/R injury. MQC includes mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, mitophagy and mitochondria-dependent cell death. The interplay among these responses is linked to pathological changes such as redox imbalance, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder, signal transduction arrest, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Excessive mitochondrial fission is an early marker of mitochondrial damage and cardiomyocyte death. Reduced mitochondrial fusion has been observed in stressed cardiomyocytes and correlates with mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac depression. Mitophagy allows autophagosomes to selectively degrade poorly structured mitochondria, thus maintaining mitochondrial network fitness. Nevertheless, abnormal mitophagy is maladaptive and has been linked to cell death. Although mitochondria serve as the fuel source of the heart by continuously producing adenosine triphosphate, they also stimulate cardiomyocyte death by inducing apoptosis or necroptosis in the reperfused myocardium. Therefore, defects in MQC may determine the fate of cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms and pathological effects of MQC in myocardial I/R injury, highlighting potential targets for the clinical management of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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Sternberg M, Pasini E, Chen-Scarabelli C, Corsetti G, Patel H, Linardi D, Onorati F, Faggian G, Scarabelli T, Saravolatz L. Elevated Cardiac Troponin in Clinical Scenarios Beyond Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:7115-7125. [PMID: 31542787 PMCID: PMC6774266 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this systematic review article, we aim to summarize the most up-to-date evidence regarding elevations of cardiac troponin, especially in clinical scenarios other than obstructive coronary artery disease. The accurate interpretation of raised cardiac troponin is challenging because it relies on unconfirmed postulations and dogmatic knowledge (e.g., the exclusive provenience of cardiac troponin from cardiac myocytes), based on which every troponin elevation is assumed to definitely indicate myocardial damage. Indeed, the investigation of the pathophysiologic mechanism leading to the release in the bloodstream of cardiac biomarkers should be the first step of the diagnostic process to fully understand the clinical significance of the elevated serum levels and identify the best management. A prominent effort should be put in place to identify the contribution of potential confounding factors, both cardiac and non-cardiac in etiology, with the ability to affect synthesis and clearance of cardiac biomarkers. Regardless of the underlying cause, it is well established that cardiovascular biomarkers are increasingly useful to further risk stratification and prognosticate patients. Accordingly, we sought to clarify the meaning and impact of elevated cardiac troponin in those frequently encountered real-world scenarios presenting clinicians with a diagnostic dilemma, with the final goal of facilitating the diagnosis and help optimize individually tailored treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sternberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Evasio Pasini
- Scientific Clinical Institutes Maugeri, Cardiac Rehabilitation Lumezzane Institute, Brescia, Italy
| | - Carol Chen-Scarabelli
- Center for Heart and Vessel Preclinical Studies, Department of Internal Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Giovannii Corsetti
- Division of Human Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Hemang Patel
- General Medical Education, Department of Internal Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Daniele Linardi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Onorati
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Faggian
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Tiziano Scarabelli
- Center for Heart and Vessel Preclinical Studies, Department of Internal Medicine, St. John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Louis Saravolatz
- Department of Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Yu Y, Xing N, Xu X, Zhu Y, Wang S, Sun G, Sun X. Tournefolic acid B, derived from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) Kuntze, protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-regulated apoptosis via PI3K/AKT pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 52:178-186. [PMID: 30599897 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an area of intense research, as myocardial infarction is a major cause of mortality and morbidity all around the world. Tournefolic acid B (TAB) is a relative new compound derived from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) Kuntze (Chinese name: Feng Lun Cai). This traditional Chinese herbal medicine has been used for its activities on anti-inflammatory, lowering blood glucose, antitumor and antiradiation. However, the pharmacological effects of TAB were rarely studied. PURPOSE Pathways involving phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase b (Akt) are crucial in regulating the ER stress and associated apoptosis in the process of I/R injury. In the present study, we aim to investigate the cardioprotective effects of tournefolic acid B (TAB) against myocardial I/R injury and explore the molecular mechanisms involved. STUDY DESIGN H9c2 cadiomyocyte were incubated with TAB for 24 h and then exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion in the absence or presence of TAB. METHODS The possible mechanisms were investigated in vitro and ex vivo by multiple detection methods including JC-1 staining, ROS detection, activities of caspases detection, TUNEL staining, and Western-blot analysis. RESULTS We found that TAB significantly improved the hemodynamic parameters (LVeDP, LVSP, + dP/dtmax, - dP/dtmin, and HR) of isolated rat hearts, and depressed the cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Besides, TAB inhibited the oxidative stress by adjusting the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px). The I/R injury triggered the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activating the ER proteins, such as Grp78, ATF6, PERK, and eIf2α. which are all refrained by TAB. TAB also enhanced the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, inhibited the expression of CHOP and Caspase-12, reduced the phosphorylation of JNK, and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. CONCLUSION TAB protects against myocardial I/R injury by suppressing PI3K/AKT-mediated ER stress, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, revealing a promising therapeutic agent against ischemic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of the efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Na Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yindi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Shan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of the efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of the efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of the efficacy evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
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9
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Awad MA, Aldosari SR, Abid MR. Genetic Alterations in Oxidant and Anti-Oxidant Enzymes in the Vascular System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:107. [PMID: 30140678 PMCID: PMC6095034 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the prime causes of mortality worldwide. Experimental animal models have become a valuable tool to investigate and further advance our knowledge on etiology, pathophysiology and intervention. They also provide a great opportunity to understand the contribution of different genes and effector molecules in the pathogenesis and development of diseases at the sub-cellular levels. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been associated with the progression of CVD such as ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and others. On the contrary, low levels of antioxidants were associated with exacerbated cardiovascular event. Major focus of this review is on vascular pathogenesis that leads to CVD, with special emphasis on the roles of oxidant/antioxidant enzymes in health and disease progression in vascular cells including vascular endothelium. The major oxidant enzymes that have been implicated with the progression of CVD include NADPH Oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, monoamine oxidase, and xanthine oxidoreductase. The major antioxidant enzymes that have been attributed to normalizing the levels of oxidative stress include superoxide dismutases, catalase and glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and thioredoxin. Cardiovascular phenotypes of major oxidants and antioxidants knockout and transgenic animal models are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan A Awad
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Sarah R Aldosari
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, United States
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10
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Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that catalyze deacylation of protein lysine residues. In mammals, seven sirtuins have been identified, SIRT1-7. SIRT3-5 are mainly or exclusively localized within mitochondria and mainly participate in the regulation of energy metabolic pathways. Since mitochondrial ATP regeneration is inevitably linked to the maintenance of cardiac pump function, it is not surprising that recent studies revealed a role for mitochondrial sirtuins in the regulation of myocardial energetics and function. In addition, mitochondrial sirtuins modulate the extent of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and the development of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Thus, targeting mitochondrial sirtuins has been proposed as a novel approach to improve myocardial mitochondrial energetics, which is frequently impaired in cardiac disease and considered an important underlying cause contributing to several cardiac pathologies, including myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and heart failure. In the current review, we present and discuss the available literature on mitochondrial sirtuins and their potential roles in cardiac physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Bugger
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Constantin N Witt
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bode
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, Heart Center Freiburg University, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Eid RA, Alkhateeb MA, Eleawa S, Al-Hashem FH, Al-Shraim M, El-Kott AF, Zaki MSA, Dallak MA, Aldera H. Cardioprotective effect of ghrelin against myocardial infarction-induced left ventricular injury via inhibition of SOCS3 and activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:13. [PMID: 29392420 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms through which ghrelin exerts its cardioprotective effects during cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction (MI) are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the cardioprotection mechanisms are mediated by modulation of JAK/STAT signaling and what triggers this modulation. Rats were divided into six groups (n = 12/group): control, sham, sham + ghrelin (100 µg/kg, s.c., daily, starting 1 day post-MI), MI, MI+ ghrelin, and MI+ ghrelin+ AG490, a potent JAK2 inhibitor (5 mg/kg, i.p., daily). All treatments were administered for 3 weeks. Administration of ghrelin to MI rats improved left ventricle (LV) architecture and restored cardiac contraction. In remote non-infarcted areas of MI rats, ghrelin reduced cardiac inflammation and lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activity. In addition, independent of the growth factor/insulin growth factor-1 (GF/IGF-1) axis, ghrelin significantly increased the phosphorylation of JAK2 and Tyr702 and Ser727 residues of STAT3 and inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK1 and Tyr701 and Ser727 residues of STAT1, simultaneously increasing the expression of BCL-2 and decreasing in the expression of BAX, cleaved CASP3, and FAS. This effect coincided with decreased expression of SOCS3. All these beneficial effects of ghrelin, except its inhibitory action on IL-6 expression, were partially and significantly abolished by the co-administration of AG490. In conclusion, the cardioprotective effect of ghrelin against MI-induced LV injury is exerted via activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling and inhibition of STAT1 signaling. These effects were independent of the GF/IGF-1 axis and could be partially mediated via inhibition of cardiac IL-6.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cardiovascular Agents/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ghrelin/administration & dosage
- Heart Ventricles/drug effects
- Heart Ventricles/enzymology
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 2/metabolism
- Male
- Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy
- Myocardial Infarction/enzymology
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/enzymology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/prevention & control
- Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
- Ventricular Remodeling/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Refaat A Eid
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud A Alkhateeb
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Eleawa
- College of Health Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences Department, PAAET, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Fahaid H Al-Hashem
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak Al-Shraim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attalla Farag El-Kott
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir Ahmed Zaki
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Dallak
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 641, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Aldera
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, 14611, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Smetana M, Besik J, Netuka I, Maly J, Maluskova J, Lodererova A, Hoskova L, Franeková J, Pokorna E, Pirk J, Szarszoi O. Sensitivity to perioperative ischemia/reperfusion injury in male and female donor myocardium. Physiol Res 2017; 66:949-957. [PMID: 28937258 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many functions of the cardiovascular apparatus are affected by gender. The aim of our study was find out whether markers of cell death present in the donor myocardium differ in male and female hearts. The study involved 81 patients undergoing heart transplantation from September 2010 to January 2013. Patients were divided into two groups: male allograft (n=49), and female allograft (n=32). Two types of myocardial cell death were analyzed. High-sensitive cardiac troponin T as a necrosis marker and protein bcl-2, caspase 3 and TUNEL as apoptosis markers were measured. We observed a significantly higher level of high-sensitive cardiac troponin T after correcting for predicted ventricular mass in female donors before transplantation as well as in the female allograft group after transplantation throughout the monitored period (P=0.011). There were no differences in apoptosis markers (bcl-2, caspase 3, TUNEL) between male and female hearts before transplantation. Both genders showed a significant increase of TUNEL-positive myocytes one week after transplantation without differences between the groups. Moreover, there were no differences in caspase 3 and bcl-2 expression between the two groups. Our results demonstrated the presence of necrotic and apoptotic cell death in human heart allografts. High-sensitive cardiac troponin T adjusted for predicted ventricular mass as a marker of myocardial necrosis was higher in female donors, and this gender difference was even more pronounced after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smetana
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Moghaddas A, Dashti-Khavidaki S. L-Carnitine and Potential Protective Effects Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Noncardiac Organs: From Experimental Data to Potential Clinical Applications. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:740-756. [PMID: 29053424 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1359221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is complex and multifactorial. In this condition, systemic event results in morbidity and mortality in several pathologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, trauma, and circulatory arrest. Hypoxia over ischemia phase leads to energy imbalance and changes of cellular homeostasis and functional or structural alterations. In addition, during the reperfusion period, some events, including calcium influx, release of intracellular enzymes, and cell membrane integrity breakdown, cause cell death. L-carnitine (LC) and its derivatives have been suggested to improve tolerance against I/R injury in various tissues. The favorable effects of LC are possibly mediated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects or by other capability due to increase in the intracellular carnitine content. In this article, anti-ischemic properties of LC and its derivative in noncardiac organs are reviewed using relative animal and human research. Although most of the studies on noncardiac internal organs have shown protective effects of LC administration against I/R injury, more clinical trials are needed to clarify the clinical importance of LC as a treatment option for I/R-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Moghaddas
- a Assistant Professor of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Simin Dashti-Khavidaki
- b Professor of Clinical Pharmacy Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Nephrology Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Manickam V, Periyasamy M, Dhakshinamoorthy V, Panneerselvam L, Perumal E. Recurrent exposure to ferric oxide nanoparticles alters myocardial oxidative stress, apoptosis and necrotic markers in male mice. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 278:54-64. [PMID: 28993115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cardiotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3-NPs) in mice was investigated. The mice were intraperitoneally administered with Fe2O3-NPs at the dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg bw for 30 days at seven days interval. In vivo MRI analysis reveals the Fe2O3-NPs accumulation in the cardiac system. Also, serum iron estimation and Prussian blue staining confirms the iron deposition in circulatory system. Cardiac dysfunction was assessed by ECG analysis and further validated by evaluating the functional markers such as cardiac Troponin-1 (cTnI) expression, AChE activity and levels of LDH and CK-MB in cardiac tissue. Fe2O3-NPs exposure disturbs the balance between the oxidants and antioxidants resulting in oxidative myocardial damages. In consequence, damaged mitochondria, diminished ATP level and NOX4 over expression were observed in the intoxicated groups indicating the role of Fe2O3-NPs in oxidative stress. A dose dependant increase in oxidative stress mediates apoptosis through upregulation of Bax, cytochrome c and cleaved caspase 3 in the 25 mg/kg treated group. Sustained oxidative stress suggest the occurrence of necrosis in addition to apoptosis in 50 mg/kg treated group evidenced by altered expression pattern of cleaved PARP, cytochrome c, Bax and cleaved caspase 3. In addition, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining confirms cardiac necrosis in 50 mg/kg Fe2O3-NPs treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayprakash Manickam
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Madhivadhani Periyasamy
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasanth Dhakshinamoorthy
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmikanthan Panneerselvam
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Jin Q, Ju J, Xu L, Liu Y, Li Z, Fu Y, Hou R. Estradiol postconditioning relieves ischemia/reperfusion injury in axial skin flaps of rats, inhibits apoptosis and alters the MKP-1/ERK pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:1472-1478. [PMID: 29067454 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that estradiol can reduce the ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in skin flaps. However, the mechanism, particularly the signal pathways involved in this protective effect are not well established. In the current study, an I/R injury model was established in rats to explore the connection between estradiol protection during I/R injury and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. Healthy male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=10): Control group (group I), I/R group (group II), saline group (group III), estradiol group (group IV) and inhibitor (PD‑98059) group (group V). The survival rate of the flap was compared between groups, morphological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining of sections, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling was performed to identify apoptotic cells and determine the apoptotic index. To further investigate the mechanism, western blot analysis was performed to assess the protein level of ERK1/2, phospho‑ERK1/2, and mitogen‑activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP‑1). The results of the present study demonstrated that estradiol therapy can reduce I/R injury and decrease the apoptosis index in an axial skin flap model. The inhibitor of the ERK pathway (PD‑98059) partially abolished the effects of estradiol, which involve the phosphatase enzyme MKP‑1. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that estradiol may act by reducing the expression of MKP‑1, mediating the expression/activation changes of the ERK pathway and subsequently reduce the level of apoptosis and the I/R injury the axial flap. Estrogen may be used to mitigate the adverse reaction caused by ischemia‑reperfusion injury and effectively improve the survival rate and survival quality of free skin flap and improve patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianheng Jin
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Ju
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Yuefei Liu
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
| | - Ruixing Hou
- Institute of Hand Surgery, Ruihua Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215100, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Xuan L, Cui X, Wang Y, Chen S, Wei C, Zhao M. Ibutilide treatment protects against ER stress induced apoptosis by regulating calumenin expression in tunicamycin treated cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173469. [PMID: 28399139 PMCID: PMC5388464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ibutilide, a class III antiarrhythmic agent has been shown to be cardioprotective in treating atrial fibrillation, promoting cardioconversion and recently this agent has been shown to protect against ER stress induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. In this study we begin to identify the mechanism by which ibutilide exerts its cardioprotection in tunicamycin treated cardiomyocytes. We examined ER stress markers including calumenin; a calcium binding ER chaperone protein that has recently been linked to ER stress in cardiomyocytes, in our treated cells. Methods To assess the effect of ibutilide we used the well characterized in vitro model of ER stress induced apoptosis in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes (RNC). RNC were treated with tunicamycin and the degree of ER stress was assessed by quantifying mRNA and protein levels of GRP78, GRP94 and calumenin, and examined the extent of apoptosis by assessing the protein levels of caspase-3/9/12, CHOP, ATF6, p-PERK, spliced XBP-1, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the percentage of deoxynucleotidyl-transferase- mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells. Results We demonstrate ibutilide attenuated the up-regulation of ER stress markers GRP78 and GRP94 and rescued the decline in calumenin mRNA and protein levels in tunicamycin treated cardiomyocytes. The up-regulation of apoptotic markers caspase-3, CHOP, ATF6, p-PERK, spliced XBP-1, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the percentage of TUNEL positive cells were also attenuated after ibutilide treatment while the protein levels of Caspase-9 and Caspase-12 were unaffected. Conclusions This study suggests another cardioprotective effect of the antiarrhythmic agent ibutilide whereby pretreatment leads to the attenuation of ER stress induced apoptosis by regulating calumenin expression. This study provides further evidence for the role of calumenin in the cardiomyocyte ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- Inner Mongolia Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Liying Xuan
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- Inner Mongolia Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Wang
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Chen
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
| | - Chengxi Wei
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- Inner Mongolia Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (CXW); (MZ)
| | - Ming Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Provincial Key Laboratory of Mongolian Medicine Pharmacology for Cardio-Cerebral Vascular System, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- First Clinical Medical College of Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (CXW); (MZ)
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17
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Jian L, Lu Y, Lu S, Lu C. Chemical Chaperone 4-Phenylbutyric Acid Reduces Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:5218-5227. [PMID: 28036323 PMCID: PMC5221419 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in many countries and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the cause of many serious heart diseases. Recent reports suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with the progress of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In a previous study, we illustrated that 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) reduces I/R-induced cell death in vitro through inhibiting the ER stress-initiated cell apoptosis. In the present study we investigated whether 4-PBA improves heart function in isolated rat hearts subjected to I/R and elucidated the potential mechanisms involved in 4-PBA-induced cardioprotective effects. Material/Methods The isolated rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion in the absence or presence of 4-PBA. Hemodynamic parameters (LVSP, LVEDP, ±dP/dtmax, and HR) were monitored and histopathological examination was applied. The biomarkers related to oxidative stress were detected by LDH, ROS, MDA, CK, SOD, and GSH-Px kits. A TUNEL apoptosis assay kit was used to detect apoptosis. The expression levels of ER stress and apoptosis proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results We found that 4-PBA (5 mM, 10 mM) pretreatment significantly attenuated cardiac dysfunction and depressed oxidative stress induced by I/R. Moreover, I/R activated the ER stress proteins Grp78 and PERK, which are all decreased by 4-PBA. 4-PBA pretreatment also inhibited the expression of CHOP, Caspase-12, and Bax, reduced the phosphorylation of JNK, and enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Conclusions We elucidated the significant protective effects of 4-PBA against I/R injuries by inhibition of ER stress, oxidative stress, and their associated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jian
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin First Central Hospital, tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin First Central Hospital, tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Tianjin First Central Hospital, tianjin, China (mainland)
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18
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Sinha-Hikim I, Friedman TC, Falz M, Chalfant V, Hasan MK, Espinoza-Derout J, Lee DL, Sims C, Tran P, Mahata SK, Sinha-Hikim AP. Nicotine plus a high-fat diet triggers cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 368:159-170. [PMID: 27917437 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for diabetes, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The health risk associated with smoking can be aggravated by obesity. Smoking might also trigger cardiomyocyte (CM) apoptosis. Given that CM apoptosis has been implicated as a potential mechanism in the development of cardiomyopathy and heart failure, we characterize the key signaling pathways in nicotine plus high-fat diet (HFD)-induced CM apoptosis. Adult C57BL6 male mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD and received twice-daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections of nicotine (0.75 mg/kg body weight [BW]) or saline for 16 weeks. An additional group of nicotine-treated mice on HFD received twice-daily IP injections of mecamylamine (1 mg/kg BW), a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, for 16 weeks. Nicotine when combined with HFD led to a massive increase in CM apoptosis that was fully prevented by mecamylamine treatment. Induction of CM apoptosis was associated with increased oxidative stress and activation of caspase-2-mediated intrinsic pathway signaling coupled with inactivation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Furthermore, nicotine treatment significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the HFD-induced decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). We conclude that nicotine, when combined with HFD, triggers CM apoptosis through the generation of oxidative stress and inactivation of AMPK together with the activation of caspase-2-mediated intrinsic apoptotic signaling independently of FGF21 and SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Falz
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Victor Chalfant
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Mohammad Kamrul Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Desean L Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Carl Sims
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Peter Tran
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Health Care System and University of California, San Diego, Calif., USA
| | - Amiya P Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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19
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Hyperglycemia attenuates remifentanil postconditioning-induced cardioprotection against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. J Surg Res 2016; 203:483-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Jian L, Lu Y, Lu S, Lu C. Chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4386-92. [PMID: 27035223 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a potential contributor to high rates of mortality in several cardiovascular diseases. I/R initiates the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may lead to apoptotic pathways and exaggerate I/R injury. 4‑phenylbutyric acid (4‑PBA), a low molecular weight, terminal aromatic substituted fatty acid, has been reported to function as an ER chaperone. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether 4‑PBA is able to reduce ER stress‑induced apoptosis and prevent cardiomyocyte damage during the process of I/R in vitro. Accordingly, the rat cardiomyocyte line, H9c2, was treated with hypoxia/reoxygenation as an I/R model in vitro. Myocardium apoptosis was determined with TUNEL staining. The expression of ER stress‑related proteins were examined by western blotting. The resulting data showed that I/R activates the ER stress proteins, glucose‑regulated protein 78, activating transcription factor 6 and protein kinase RNA‑like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, which were all reduced by pretreatment with 4‑PBA. In addition, pretreatment with 4‑PBA significantly inhibited the expression levels of pro‑apoptotic proteins, C/EBP homologous protein, B cell lymphoma (Bcl‑2)‑associated X protein and phosphorylated c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase, and enhanced the expression of the anti‑apoptotic protein Bcl‑2 (n=3; P<0.05). The data demonstrated that I/R initiates ER stress‑associated apoptotic pathways, and 4‑PBA pretreatment protected the cardiomyocytes from I/R‑induced cell death. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report on the cell repair mechanism of 4‑PBA against I/R damage in cardiomyocytes based on ER stress‑associated apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Jian
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Shan Lu
- Radiology Department, Tianjin Medical University Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin 300000, P.R. China
| | - Chengzhi Lu
- Cardiovascular Department, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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21
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Moghaddas A, Dashti-Khavidaki S. Potential protective effects of l-carnitine against neuromuscular ischemia-reperfusion injury: From experimental data to potential clinical applications. Clin Nutr 2015. [PMID: 26199084 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury plays important role in morbidity and mortality in several pathologies, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, acute kidney injury, trauma, and circulatory arrest. An imbalance in metabolic supply and tissue's demand during ischemia results in profound tissue hypoxia and microvascular dysfunction. Subsequently, reperfusion further results in activation of immune responses and cell death programs. l-carnitine and its derivatives have been administered to improve tolerance against I/R injury in various tissues. Anti-ischemic properties of l-carnitine and its derivative in neuromuscular organs will be reviewed here at the light of pertinent results from basic and clinical researches. METHOD All available in vitro and in vivo studies, patents, clinical trials, and meeting abstracts in English language that examined the protective effects of l-carnitine against I/R induced injury in neuromuscular organs were reviewed. Materials were obtained by searching ELSEVIER, web of knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, clinical trials, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews. CONCLUSION Although animal studies on central nervous system and some human studies on muscular system were in favors of effects of l-carnitine against I/R injury, however, more clinical trials are needed to clarify the clinical importance of l-carnitine as a treatment option to manage I/R-induced injury of neuromuscular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Moghaddas
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Chen-Scarabelli C, Agrawal PR, Saravolatz L, Abuniat C, Scarabelli G, Stephanou A, Loomba L, Narula J, Scarabelli TM, Knight R. The role and modulation of autophagy in experimental models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Geriatr Cardiol 2014; 11:338-48. [PMID: 25593583 PMCID: PMC4294150 DOI: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiological sequence called autophagy qualitatively determines cellular viability by removing protein aggregates and damaged cytoplasmic constituents, and contributes significantly to the degree of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This tightly orchestrated catabolic cellular 'housekeeping' process provides cells with a new source of energy to adapt to stressful conditions. This process was first described as a pro-survival mechanism, but increasing evidence suggests that it can also lead to the demise of the cell. Autophagy has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiac conditions including myocardial I/R injury. However, a debate persists as to whether autophagy acts as a protective mechanism or contributes to the injurious effects of I/R injury in the heart. This controversy may stem from several factors including the variability in the experimental models and species, and the methodology used to assess autophagy. This review provides updated knowledge on the modulation and role of autophagy in isolated cardiac cells subjected to I/R, and the growing interest towards manipulating autophagy to increase the survival of cardiac myocytes under conditions of stress-most notably being I/R injury. Perturbation of this evolutionarily conserved intracellular cleansing autophagy mechanism, by targeted modulation through, among others, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) modulators, calcium lowering agents, resveratrol, longevinex, sirtuin activators, the proapoptotic gene Bnip3, IP3 and lysosome inhibitors, may confer resistance to heart cells against I/R induced cell death. Thus, therapeutic manipulation of autophagy in the challenged myocardium may benefit post-infarction cardiac healing and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Chen-Scarabelli
- VA Ann Arbor Health Care System, University of Michigan, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Pratik R. Agrawal
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Louis Saravolatz
- St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 22101 Moross Rd., Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | - Cadigia Abuniat
- St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 22101 Moross Rd., Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | - Gabriele Scarabelli
- St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 22101 Moross Rd., Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | - Anastasis Stephanou
- Medical and Molecular Biology Unit, University College London, UCL, 30 Guildford St., London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Leena Loomba
- St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 22101 Moross Rd., Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | - Jagat Narula
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
| | - Tiziano M. Scarabelli
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029-6574, USA
- St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 22101 Moross Rd., Detroit, MI 48236, USA
| | - Richard Knight
- Medical and Molecular Biology Unit, University College London, UCL, 30 Guildford St., London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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23
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Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular compartment that has a key function in protein translation and folding. Maintaining its integrity is of fundamental importance for organism's physiology and viability. The dynamic regulation of intraluminal ER Ca(2+) concentration directly influences the activity of ER-resident chaperones and stress response pathways that balance protein load and folding capacity. We review the emerging evidence that microRNAs play important roles in adjusting these processes to frequently changing intracellular and environmental conditions to modify ER Ca(2+) handling and storage and maintain ER homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Finger
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoppe
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
All seven STAT proteins are expressed in the heart, and in this review we will focus on their contribution to cardiac physiology and to ischemic heart disease and its consequences. A substantial literature has focused on the roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in ischemic heart disease, where, at least in the acute phase, they appear to have a yin-yang relationship. STAT1 contributes to the loss of irreplaceable cardiac myocytes both by increasing apoptosis and by reducing cardioprotective autophagy. In contrast, STAT3 is cardioprotective, since STAT3-deficient mice have larger infarcts following ischemic injury, and a number of cardioprotective agents have been shown to act, at least partly, through STAT3 activation. STAT3 is also absolutely required for preconditioning—a process where periods of brief ischemia protect against a subsequent or previous prolonged ischemic episode. Prolonged activation of STAT3, however, is strongly implicated in the post-infarction remodeling of the heart which leads to heart failure, where, possibly together with STAT5, it augments activation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Knight
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit; University College London; London, UK
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25
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26
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Fiedler LR, Maifoshie E, Schneider MD. Mouse models of heart failure: cell signaling and cell survival. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 109:171-247. [PMID: 24947238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397920-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure is one of the paramount global causes of morbidity and mortality. Despite this pandemic need, the available clinical counter-measures have not altered substantially in recent decades, most notably in the context of pharmacological interventions. Cell death plays a causal role in heart failure, and its inhibition poses a promising approach that has not been thoroughly explored. In previous approaches to target discovery, clinical failures have reflected a deficiency in mechanistic understanding, and in some instances, failure to systematically translate laboratory findings toward the clinic. Here, we review diverse mouse models of heart failure, with an emphasis on those that identify potential targets for pharmacological inhibition of cell death, and on how their translation into effective therapies might be improved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna R Fiedler
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Evie Maifoshie
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael D Schneider
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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27
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Ren L, Liu W, Wang Y, Wang JC, Tu Q, Xu J, Liu R, Shen SF, Wang J. Investigation of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury dynamics in a tissue interface mimicking microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23205467 DOI: 10.1021/ac3025812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the methodological development of a spatiotemporally controllable investigation of the damage events in myocardial infarction remains challengeable. In the present study, we describe a micropillar array-aided tissue interface mimicking microfluidic device for the dynamic study of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury in a microenvironment-controllable manner. The mass distribution in the device was visually characterized, calculated, and systematically evaluated using the micropillar-assisted biomimetic interface, physiologically relevant flows, and multitype transportation. The fluidic microenvironment in the specifically functional chamber for cell positioning and analysis was successfully constructed with high fluidic relevance to the myocardial tissue. We also performed a microenvironment-controlled microfluidic cultivation of myocardial cells with high viability and regular structure integration. Using the well-established culture device with a tissue-mimicking microenvironment, a further on-chip investigation of hypoxia-induced myocardial injury was carried out and the varying apoptotic responses of myocardial cells were temporally monitored and measured. The results show that the hypoxia directionally resulted in observable cell shrinkage, disintegration of the cytoskeleton, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and obvious activation of caspase-3, which indicates its significant apoptosis effect on myocardial cells. We believe this microfluidic device can be suitable for temporal investigations of cell activities and responses in myocardial infarction. It is also potentially valuable to the microcontrol development of tissue-simulated studies of multiple clinical organ/tissue disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Monitoring molecular changes induced by ischemia/reperfusion in human free muscle flap tissue samples. Ann Plast Surg 2012; 68:202-8. [PMID: 21508818 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0b013e3181f77ba5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our current knowledge of the pathophysiological sequelae of ischemia or reperfusion (I/R) injury in free tissue transfer in reconstructive surgery is based on data obtained in animal experiments. In this study, we investigated the histologic and molecular changes after 11 free microsurgical muscle transfers in human muscle tissue. METHODS Biopsies of free muscle flap tissue were taken immediately before clipping of the pedicle and 5 days after ischemia and successful microanastomosis and restoration of the blood flow. Samples were analyzed histologically for edema formation and by immunohistochemistry for infiltration of inflammatory cells and angiogenesis. Expression levels of the inflammatory marker proteins interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α and of complement component 3 as a major mediator of I/R injury were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. A TUNEL (terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated-dUTP-nick-end-labeling) assay was used to assess apoptosis levels within the human muscle tissue. RESULTS I/R injury leads to a significant up-regulation of inflammatory parameters, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and angiogenesis. Increased complement component 3 deposition and apoptosis of cells were accompanied by interstitial edema as indication for a pronounced postischemic inflammatory reaction within the muscle tissue after free tissue transfer. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of molecular changes induced by I/R injury in human striated muscle tissue validate data obtained in animal models of I/R injury. The parameters and inflammatory patterns defined in this study will allow for the monitoring of the success of novel pharmaceutical strategies in the future and will help to transfer data obtained in animal work to the in vivo setting in human beings.
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29
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Teng M, Zhao X, Huang Y. Regenerating cardiac cells: insights from the bench and the clinic. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 350:189-97. [PMID: 22868915 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in cardiovascular regenerative medicine is the development of novel therapeutic strategies to restore the function of cardiac muscle in the failing heart. The heart has historically been regarded as a terminally differentiated organ that does not have the potential to regenerate. This concept has been updated by the discovery of cardiac stem and progenitor cells that reside in the adult mammalian heart. Whereas diverse types of adult cardiac stem or progenitor cells have been described, we still do not know whether these cells share a common origin. A better understanding of the physiology of cardiac stem and progenitor cells should advance the successful use of regenerative medicine as a viable therapy for heart disease. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the various adult cardiac stem and progenitor cell types that have been discovered. We also review clinical trials presently being undertaken with adult stem cells to repair the injured myocardium in patients with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Teng
- Institute of Burn Research, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Negative pressure wound therapy reduces the ischaemia/reperfusion-associated inflammatory response in free muscle flaps. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2011; 65:640-9. [PMID: 22137686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently established negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) as a safe postoperative care concept for free muscle flaps; however, the molecular effects of NPWT on free muscle flaps remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of NPWT on pathological changes associated with ischaemia/reperfusion injury in free flap tissue. METHODS From July 2008 to September 2010, 30 patients receiving skin-grafted free muscle transfer for defect coverage were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: In one group the skin-grafted free flap was covered by a vacuum dressing (NPWT); in the second group, flaps were covered by conventional petroleum gauze dressings (conv). Biopsies were taken intra-operatively prior to clipping of the pedicle and on postoperative day 5. Samples were analysed by immunohistochemistry for infiltration of inflammatory cells, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the analysis of expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as markers of inflammation. Histological samples were also examined for interstitial oedema formation, and apoptosis was detected by a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS NPWT leads to a significantly reduced tissue infiltration of CD68 + macrophages and reduced expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα. None of these parameters was significantly elevated in the pre-ischaemic biopsies. Furthermore, NPWT reduced the interstitial oedema formation and the number of apoptotic cells in free flap tissue. CONCLUSION NPWT of skin-grafted free muscle flaps leads to a reduced inflammatory response following ischaemia/reperfusion, resulting in reduced oedema formation improving the microcirculation and ultimately reduced tissue damage. We thereby deliver new insight into the effects of NPWT.
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31
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and diabetic cardiomyopathy. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:827971. [PMID: 22144992 PMCID: PMC3226330 DOI: 10.1155/2012/827971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle entrusted with lipid synthesis, calcium homeostasis, protein folding, and maturation. Perturbation of ER-associated functions results in an evolutionarily conserved cell stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is also called ER stress. ER stress is aimed initially at compensating for damage but can eventually trigger cell death if ER stress is excessive or prolonged. Now the ER stress has been associated with numerous diseases. For instance, our recent studies have demonstrated the important role of ER stress in diabetes-induced cardiac cell death. It is known that apoptosis has been considered to play a critical role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Therefore, this paper will summarize the information from the literature and our own studies to focus on the pathological role of ER stress in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying UPR activation and ER-initiated apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy will provide us with new targets for drug discovery and therapeutic intervention.
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Ayala P, Montenegro J, Vivar R, Letelier A, Urroz PA, Copaja M, Pivet D, Humeres C, Troncoso R, Vicencio JM, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. Attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress using the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid prevents cardiac fibrosis induced by isoproterenol. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:97-104. [PMID: 22101259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is involved in various diseases. In the human heart, ischemia/reperfusion has been correlated to ER stress, and several markers of the unfolded protein response (UPR) participate during cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. Here, we used isoproterenol (ISO) injection as a model for in vivo cardiac fibrosis. ISO induced significant cardiomyocyte loss and collagen deposition in the damaged areas of the endocardium. These responses were accompanied by an increase in the protein levels of the luminal ER chaperones BIP and PDI, as well as an increase in the UPR effector CHOP. The use of the chemical chaperone 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) prevented the activation of the UPR, the increase in luminal chaperones and also, leads to decreased collagen deposition, cardiomyocyte loss into the damaged zones. Our results suggest that cardiac damage and fibrosis induced in vivo by the beta-adrenergic agonist ISO are tightly related to ER stress signaling pathways, and that increasing the ER luminal folding capacity with exogenously administrated 4-PBA is a powerful strategy for preventing the development of cardiac fibrosis. Additionally, 4-PBA might prevent the loss of cardiomyocytes. Our data suggests that the attenuation of ER stress pathways with pharmacological compounds such as the chemical chaperone 4-PBA can prevent the development of cardiac fibrosis and adverse remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayala
- FONDAP CEMC, Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Minocycline suppresses oxidative stress and attenuates fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis triggered by in utero cocaine exposure. Apoptosis 2011; 16:563-73. [PMID: 21424555 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the molecular mechanisms by which minocycline, a second generation tetracycline, prevents cardiac myocyte death induced by in utero cocaine exposure. Timed mated pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received one of the following treatments twice daily from embryonic (E) day 15-21 (E15-E21): (i) intraperitoneal (IP) injections of saline (control); (ii) IP injections of cocaine (15 mg/kg BW); and (iii) IP injections of cocaine + oral administration of 25 mg/kg BW of minocycline. Pups were killed on postnatal day 15 (P15). Additional pregnant dams received twice daily IP injections of cocaine (from E15-E21) + oral administration of a relatively higher (37.5 mg/kg BW) dose of minocycline. Minocycline treatment continued from E15 until the pups were sacrificed on P15. In utero cocaine exposure resulted in an increase in oxidative stress and fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis through activation of c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. Continued minocycline treatment from E15 through P15 significantly prevented oxidative stress, kinase activation, perturbation of BAX/BCL-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and attenuated fetal cardiac myocyte apoptosis after prenatal cocaine exposure. These results demonstrate in vivo cardioprotective effects of minocycline in preventing fetal cardiac myocyte death after prenatal cocaine exposure. Given its proven clinical safety and ability to cross the placental barrier and enter into the fetal circulation, minocycline may be an effective therapy for preventing cardiac consequences of in utero cocaine exposure.
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Abstract
Orientin, isolated from bamboo leaves, is an important natural antioxidant. It has been identified that orientin could protect myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and mitochondrial pathway might be involved in this effect. But the precise mechanism underlying this protective effect is still elusive. Mitochondrial channels are proved to be the important effectors of cell life and death. Especially, mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) has shown particular contribution to cardiomyocytes under specific pathological or physiological conditions. The role of MCU in regulating I/R-induced heart injury is a novel research area. In addition, the relationship of orientin and MCU in mediating reperfusion-induced cardiomyocytes injury is still elusive. In the present study, we used H9c2 cardiomytocytes to investigate the effect of orientin on MCU during reperfusion. Our results indicated that orientin could prevent the MCU opening in H9c2 cells subjected to I/R injury. Further investigation revealed that this effect was correlated with orientin-attenuated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), mitochondrial cytochrome c release and mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. Our results suggested that these beneficial effects of orientin were partially blocked by spermine, an activator of MCU. In summary, the findings indicate that orientin protects H9c2 cardiomytocytes against ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter opening,and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may be involved in these effects of orientin.
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Sala V, Crepaldi T. Novel therapy for myocardial infarction: can HGF/Met be beneficial? Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1703-17. [PMID: 21327916 PMCID: PMC11114731 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of hospitalization worldwide. A recently developed strategy to improve the management of MI is based on the use of growth factors which are able to enhance the intrinsic capacity of the heart to repair itself or regenerate after damage. Among others, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been proposed as a modulator of cardiac repair of damage due to the pleiotropic effects elicited by Met receptor stimulation. In this review we describe the mechanistic basis for autocrine and paracrine protection of HGF in the injured heart. We also analyse the role of HGF/Met in stem cell maintenance and in stem cell therapies for MI. Finally, we summarize the most significant results on the use of HGF in experimental models of heart injury and discuss the potential of the molecule for treating ischaemic heart disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Sala
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - T. Crepaldi
- Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Massimo D’Azeglio 52, 10126 Turin, Italy
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Groenendyk J, Sreenivasaiah PK, Kim DH, Agellon LB, Michalak M. Biology of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart. Circ Res 2010; 107:1185-97. [PMID: 21071716 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.227033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional intracellular organelle supporting many processes required by virtually every mammalian cell, including cardiomyocytes. It performs diverse functions, including protein synthesis, translocation across the membrane, integration into the membrane, folding, posttranslational modification including N-linked glycosylation, and synthesis of phospholipids and steroids on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane, and regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis. Perturbation of ER-associated functions results in ER stress via the activation of complex cytoplasmic and nuclear signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) (also known as misfolded protein response), leading to upregulation of expression of ER resident chaperones, inhibition of protein synthesis and activation of protein degradation. The UPR has been associated with numerous human pathologies, and it may play an important role in the pathophysiology of the heart. ER stress responses, ER Ca(2+) buffering, and protein and lipid turnover impact many cardiac functions, including energy metabolism, cardiogenesis, ischemic/reperfusion, cardiomyopathies, and heart failure. ER proteins and ER stress-associated pathways may play a role in the development of novel UPR-targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Groenendyk
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Systems Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Bell RM, Yellon DM. There is More to Life than Revascularization: Therapeutic Targeting of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:e67-79. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Kitabayashi K, Siltanen A, Pätilä T, Mahar MAA, Tikkanen I, Koponen J, Ono M, Sawa Y, Kankuri E, Harjula A. Bcl-2 Expression Enhances Myoblast Sheet Transplantation Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:573-88. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x486048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myoblast sheet transplantation is a promising novel treatment modality for heart failure after an ischemic insult. However, low supply of blood and nutrients may compromise sheet survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mitochondria-protective Bcl-2-modified myoblasts in cell sheet transplantation therapy. In the Bcl-2-expressing rat L6 myoblast sheets (L6-Bcl2), increased expression of myocyte markers and angiogenic mediators was evident compared to wild-type (L6-WT) sheets. The L6-Bcl2 sheets demonstrated significant resistance to apoptotic stimuli, and their differentiation capacity in vitro was increased. We evaluated the therapeutic effect of Bcl-2-modified myoblast sheets in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Sixty-four Wistar rats were divided into four groups. One group underwent AMI ( n = 22), another AMI and L6-WT sheet transplantation ( n = 17), and a third AMI and L6-Bcl2 sheet transplantation ( n = 20). Five rats underwent a sham operation. Echocardiography was performed after 3, 10, and 28 days. Samples for histological analysis were collected at the end of the study. After AMI, the Bcl-2-expressing sheets survived longer on the infarcted myocardium, and significantly improved cardiac function. L6-Bcl2 sheet transplantation reduced myocardial fibrosis and increased vascular density in infarct and border areas. Moreover, the number of c-kit-positive and proliferating cells in the myocardium was increased in the L6-Bcl2 group. In conclusion, Bcl-2 prolongs survival of myoblast sheets, increases production of proangiogenic paracrine mediators, and enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cell sheet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsukiyo Kitabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Siltanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tommi Pätilä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Ilkka Tikkanen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonna Koponen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Masamichi Ono
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Esko Kankuri
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ari Harjula
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Kondo K, Shibata R, Unno K, Shimano M, Ishii M, Kito T, Shintani S, Walsh K, Ouchi N, Murohara T. Impact of a single intracoronary administration of adiponectin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a pig model. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010; 3:166-73. [PMID: 20332381 DOI: 10.1161/circinterventions.109.872044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin plays a protective role in the development of obesity-linked disorders. We demonstrated that adiponectin exerts beneficial actions on acute ischemic injury in mice hearts. However, the effects of adiponectin treatment in large animals and its feasibility in clinical practice have not been investigated. This study investigated the effects of intracoronary administration of adiponectin on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS The left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded in pigs for 45 minutes and then reperfused for 24 hours. Recombinant adiponectin protein was given as a bolus intracoronary injection during ischemia. Cardiac functional parameters were measured by a manometer-tipped catheter. Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 transcripts were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Serum levels of derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites and biological antioxidant potential were measured. Adiponectin protein was determined by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. Intracoronary administration of adiponectin protein led to a reduction in myocardial infarct size and improvement of left ventricular function in pigs after I/R. Injected adiponectin protein accumulated in the I/R-injured heart. Adiponectin treatment resulted in decreased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and increased interleukin-10 mRNA levels in the myocardium after I/R. Adiponectin-treated pigs had reduced apoptotic activity in the I/R-injured heart and showed increased biological antioxidant potential levels and decreased derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolite levels in the blood stream after I/R. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that adiponectin protects against I/R injury in a preclinical pig model through its ability to suppress inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Administration of intracoronary adiponectin could be a useful adjunctive therapy for acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Japan
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B-type natriuretic peptide protect cardiomyocytes at reperfusion via mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:170-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Natarajan R, Salloum FN, Fisher BJ, Smithson L, Almenara J, Fowler AA. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibition attenuates post-ischemic cardiac injury via induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress genes. Vascul Pharmacol 2009; 51:110-8. [PMID: 19524066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) unleashes cellular events that threaten organ survival. I/R affects endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integrity and initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR). The adaptive arm of the UPR attenuates ER stress by increasing expression of chaperones promoting proper protein folding. However, failure to resolve ER stress leads to apoptotis. We recently showed that prolyl hydroxylase inhibition (PHI) attenuated post-ischemic cardiac injury. We hypothesized that PHI attenuated myocardial I/R injury through modulation of the UPR. We show for the first time that PHI activates all three regulatory arms of the UPR in murine microvascular endothelial cells and in mouse hearts. Cardiac I/R activated expression of pro-apoptotic CHOP (2.8 fold, n=3, p<0.01). PHI significantly decreased CHOP expression (50%, n=3, p<0.05) in post-ischemic hearts. PHI also induced activating transcription factor 4 (3.5 fold, n=3, p<0.001), glucose-regulated protein 78 (6 fold, n=3, p<0.001) and ER degradation-enhancing alpha-mannosidase-like protein (2.8 fold, n=3, p<0.001) expression in reperfusing hearts. Thus PHI resulted in significant reduction of apoptosis in post-ischemic myocardium. Our studies suggest that PHI induces protective ER stress proteins and attenuates post-ischemic myocardial damage by decreasing the pro-apoptotic components of the UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Natarajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980050, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0050, USA.
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van den Heuvel MG, Buurman WA, Bast A, van der Hulst RR. Review: ischaemia–reperfusion injury in flap surgery. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2009; 62:721-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2009.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kasama S, Furuya M, Toyama T, Ichikawa S, Kurabayashi M. Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on left ventricular remodelling in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:1485-94. [PMID: 18490430 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a member of the natriuretic peptide family that exerts various biological effects via acting on the receptor-guanylyl cyclase system, increasing the content of intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). ANP was first identified as a diuretic/natriuretic and vasodilating hormone, but subsequent studies revealed that ANP has a very important function in the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelin synthesis, and sympathetic nerve activity. Evidence is also accumulating from recent work that ANP exerts its cardioprotective functions not only as a circulating hormone but also as a local autocrine and/or paracrine factor. ANP inhibits apoptosis and hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes, and inhibits proliferation and fibrosis of cardiac fibroblasts. Reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the infarct size and improves left ventricular (LV) function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the benefits of PCI in AMI are limited by reperfusion injury. Animal studies have shown that ANP inhibits ischaemia/reperfusion injury, and reduces infarct size. We and others have recently shown that the intravenous administration of ANP inhibits RAAS, sympathetic nerve activity and reperfusion injury, prevents LV remodelling, and improves LV function in patients with AMI. ANP has a variety of cardioprotective effects and is considered to be a very promising adjunct drug for the reperfusion therapy in patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Kasama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0034, Japan.
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Secondary necrosis in multicellular animals: an outcome of apoptosis with pathogenic implications. Apoptosis 2008; 13:463-82. [PMID: 18322800 PMCID: PMC7102248 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In metazoans apoptosis is a major physiological process of cell elimination during development and in tissue homeostasis and can be involved in pathological situations. In vitro, apoptosis proceeds through an execution phase during which cell dismantling is initiated, with or without fragmentation into apoptotic bodies, but with maintenance of a near-to-intact cytoplasmic membrane, followed by a transition to a necrotic cell elimination traditionally called “secondary necrosis”. Secondary necrosis involves activation of self-hydrolytic enzymes, and swelling of the cell or of the apoptotic bodies, generalized and irreparable damage to the cytoplasmic membrane, and culminates with cell disruption. In vivo, under normal conditions, the elimination of apoptosing cells or apoptotic bodies is by removal through engulfment by scavengers prompted by the exposure of engulfment signals during the execution phase of apoptosis; if this removal fails progression to secondary necrosis ensues as in the in vitro situation. In vivo secondary necrosis occurs when massive apoptosis overwhelms the available scavenging capacity, or when the scavenger mechanism is directly impaired, and may result in leakage of the cell contents with induction of tissue injury and inflammatory and autoimmune responses. Several disorders where secondary necrosis has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism will be reviewed.
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Comparison of the cardiac effects between quinazoline-based alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists on occlusion-reperfusion injury. J Biomed Sci 2007; 15:239-49. [PMID: 17922254 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-007-9214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinazoline-based compounds such as prazosin and its congeners including doxazosin, bunazosin, and terazosin are widely used as antihypertensive agents. However, there were many clinical observations showing that using these agents may result in higher risk of cardiovascular accidents in recent years. In this study, we compared the effects of four alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists: prazosin, doxazosin, bunazosin, and terazosin on occlusion-reperfusion injury. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were pretreated with these four antagonists, and then the left main coronary artery was occluded. After 30 min occlusion, the hearts were reperfused for 2 h and the infarct sizes were measured. Two of the compounds studied, prazosin and doxazosin, apparently increased infarct size, CK-MB, and LDH activities after 2 h reperfusion. In contrast, bunazosin decreased infarct size and those biochemical indicators of cellular damage compared to control hearts. Although infarct size after reperfusion was differently changed by these four alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, TUNEL-positive nuclei and caspase-3 protein expressions of all the groups were not significantly different. We supposed that the different effects of these four agents on infarct size came from the difference in necrosis rather than apoptosis.
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Ago T, Sadoshima J. Thioredoxin and ventricular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 41:762-73. [PMID: 17007870 PMCID: PMC1852508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing bodies of evidence indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by mitochondria and other sources play an essential role in mediating ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction and the development of heart failure. Antioxidants scavenge ROS, thereby maintaining the reduced environment of cells and inhibiting ventricular remodeling in the heart. Thioredoxin not only functions as a major antioxidant in the heart but also interacts with important signaling molecules and transcription factors, thereby modulating various cellular functions. The activity of thioredoxin is regulated by a variety of mechanisms, such as transcription, localization, protein-protein interaction, and post-translational modification. In this review, we will summarize the cardiac effects of thioredoxin and the mechanisms by which thioredoxin mediates inhibition of ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ago
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Medical Science Building G-609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Szegezdi E, Duffy A, O'Mahoney ME, Logue SE, Mylotte LA, O'brien T, Samali A. ER stress contributes to ischemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1406-11. [PMID: 16979584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia is a severe stress condition that leads to loss of cardiomyocytes. The cell loss is attributed to apoptosis, although the exact mechanisms involved are only partially defined, which limits therapeutic opportunities. Here, we show caspase activation and apoptosis in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures subjected to simulated ischemia by serum, glucose, and oxygen deprivation (SGO). Caspase activation was preceded by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), detected by the induction of Grp78, induction and splicing of XBP1, and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha (eIF2alpha). At a later time the ER stress response switched from UPR and cytoprotective response to a pro-apoptotic response as demonstrated by the upregulation of CHOP and processing of pro-caspase-12. Thus, we provide evidence that the ER can generate and propagate apoptotic signals in response to ischemic stress and this pathway is therefore a novel target for prevention of ischemia-mediated cardiomyocyte loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Szegezdi
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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48
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Martindale JJ, Fernandez R, Thuerauf D, Whittaker R, Gude N, Sussman MA, Glembotski CC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress gene induction and protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury in the hearts of transgenic mice with a tamoxifen-regulated form of ATF6. Circ Res 2006; 98:1186-93. [PMID: 16601230 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000220643.65941.8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) affects the integrity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of synthesis and folding of numerous proteins. Therefore, I/R may activate the unfolded protein response (UPR), resulting in the induction of a collection of ER stress proteins, many of which are protective and function to resolve the ER stress. In this study, we showed that when mouse hearts were subjected to ex vivo I/R, the levels of 2 ER stress-inducible markers of the UPR, the ER-targeted cytoprotective chaperones glucose-regulated proteins 78 and 94 (GRP78 and GRP94), were increased, consistent with I/R-mediated UPR activation in the heart. The UPR-mediated activation of ATF6 (Activation of Transcription Factor 6) induces cytoprotective ER stress proteins, including GRP78 and GRP94. To examine whether ATF6 protects the myocardium from I/R injury in the heart, we generated transgenic (TG) mice featuring cardiac-restricted expression of a novel tamoxifen-activated form of ATF6, ATF6-MER. When NTG and ATF6-MER TG mice were treated with or without tamoxifen for 5 days, only the hearts from the tamoxifen-treated TG mice exhibited increased levels of many ER stress-inducible mRNAs and proteins; for example, GRP78 and GRP94 transcript levels were increased by 8- and 15-fold, respectively. The tamoxifen-treated TG mouse hearts also exhibited better functional recovery from ex vivo I/R, as well as significantly reduced necrosis and apoptosis. These results suggest that the UPR is activated in the heart during I/R and that, as a result, the ATF6 branch of the UPR may induce expression of proteins that can function to reduce I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Martindale
- Heart Institute, Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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49
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Vähäsilta T, Saraste A, Kytö V, Malmberg M, Kiss J, Kentala E, Kallajoki M, Savunen T. Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis After Antegrade and Retrograde Cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80:2229-34. [PMID: 16305878 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrograde cardioplegia alone is often used in aortic valve and aortic root surgery. Due to the differences in venous anatomy between the right and the left side of the heart, retrograde cardioplegia is associated with incomplete protection of the right side. Since some apoptotic cardiomyocyte death is inevitable during an open heart surgery, we compared the extent of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the left and right ventricles after antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia in a pig ischemia-reperfusion model. METHODS Pigs (n = 16, mean weight 30 kg) were openly assigned into the groups of antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia. After aortic cross-clamping, 500 mL of cold crystalloid (modified St Thomas) cardioplegia was administered into the ascending aorta or the coronary sinus. Aortic cross-clamp time was 30 minutes. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was measured using the terminal transferase mediated ddUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for active caspase-3 in myocardial biopsies obtained before ischemia and after 90 minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS Apoptotic cardiomyocytes were significantly increased after ischemia-reperfusion as shown by both the TUNEL assay and caspase-3 activation. In the right ventricle, retrograde cardioplegia was associated with a 3.4-fold higher amount (TUNEL assay) of apoptotic cardiomyocytes as compared with antegrade cardioplegia (0.107% vs 0.032%, p < 0.05). A similar difference was also found in the left ventricle, although at a lower level (0.027% vs 0.012%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased apoptotic death of cardiomyocytes after retrograde cardioplegia as compared with the antegrade procedure implicates that retrograde cardioplegia alone provides inferior cardioprotection against irreversible ischemia-reperfusion injury both in the right and the left ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Vähäsilta
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Finland.
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