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Kiss E, Kins S, Gorgas K, Venczel Szakács KH, Kirsch J, Kuhse J. Another Use for a Proven Drug: Experimental Evidence for the Potential of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4165. [PMID: 38673751 PMCID: PMC11049906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived multitarget compounds may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for multifactorial diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Artemisinin and its derivatives were indicated to beneficially modulate various aspects of AD pathology in different AD animal models through the regulation of a wide range of different cellular processes, such as energy homeostasis, apoptosis, proliferation and inflammatory pathways. In this review, we aimed to provide an up-to-date overview of the experimental evidence documenting the neuroprotective activities of artemi-sinins to underscore the potential of these already-approved drugs for treating AD also in humans and propose their consideration for carefully designed clinical trials. In particular, the benefits to the main pathological hallmarks and events in the pathological cascade throughout AD development in different animal models of AD are summarized. Moreover, dose- and context-dependent effects of artemisinins are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiss
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 69120 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Karin Gorgas
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Kinga Hajnal Venczel Szakács
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, 540142 Târgu Mures, Romania;
| | - Joachim Kirsch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Jochen Kuhse
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.G.); (J.K.)
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Yang Z, Jia X, Deng Q, Luo M, Hou Y, Yue J, Mei J, Shan N, Wu Z. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with TFCP2 activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling to alleviate preeclampsia. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109732. [PMID: 37724958 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Failures in invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) migration into the maternal uterus have been noticed in preeclampsia (PE). Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been highlighted for the role as a potential therapeutic method in PE. This study intends to investigate the mechanistic basis of hUCMSCs-derived EVs loaded with bioinformatically identified TFCP2 in the activities of EVTs of PE. METHODS Primary human EVTs were exposed to hypoxic/reoxygenation (H/R) to mimic the environment encountered in PE. The in vivo PE-like phenotypes were induced in mice by reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) surgery. CCK-8, Transwell and flow cytometry assays were performed to detect proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of H/R-exposed EVTs. More importantly, EVs were extracted from hUCMSCs and transduced with ectopically expressed TFCP2, followed by co-culture with EVTs. RESULTS TFCP2 was found to be down-regulated in the preeclamptic placental tissues and in H/R-exposed EVTs. hUCMSCs-EVs loaded with TFCP2 activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby promoting the proliferative, migratory, and invasive potential of EVTs. Furthermore, overexpression of TFCP2 alleviated PE-like phenotypes in mice, which was associated with activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that hUCMSCs-EVs overexpressing TFCP2 may be instrumental for the therapeutic targeting and clinical management of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Jia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China
| | - Qinyin Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Mengdie Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610021, PR China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China
| | - Nan Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P. R. China.
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine UESTC, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China; Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610072, P. R. China.
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3
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The paradigm of amyloid precursor protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The potential role of the 682YENPTY 687 motif. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:923-930. [PMID: 36698966 PMCID: PMC9860402 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive decline of neuronal function in several brain areas, and are always associated with cognitive, psychiatric, or motor deficits due to the atrophy of certain neuronal populations. Most neurodegenerative diseases share common pathological mechanisms, such as neurotoxic protein misfolding, oxidative stress, and impairment of autophagy machinery. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common adult-onset motor neuron disorders worldwide. It is clinically characterized by the selective and progressive loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord, ultimately leading to muscle atrophy and rapidly progressive paralysis. Multiple recent studies have indicated that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its proteolytic fragments are not only drivers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but also one of the earliest signatures in ALS, preceding or anticipating neuromuscular junction instability and denervation. Indeed, altered levels of APP peptides have been found in the brain, muscles, skin, and cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients. In this short review, we discuss the nature and extent of research evidence on the role of APP peptides in ALS, focusing on the intracellular C-terminal peptide and its regulatory motif 682YENPTY687, with the overall aim of providing new frameworks and perspectives for intervention and identifying key questions for future investigations.
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Mohamed Asik R, Suganthy N, Aarifa MA, Kumar A, Szigeti K, Mathe D, Gulyás B, Archunan G, Padmanabhan P. Alzheimer's Disease: A Molecular View of β-Amyloid Induced Morbific Events. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091126. [PMID: 34572312 PMCID: PMC8468668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a dynamic peptide of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which accelerates the disease progression. At the cell membrane and cell compartments, the amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes amyloidogenic cleavage by β- and γ-secretases and engenders the Aβ. In addition, externally produced Aβ gets inside the cells by receptors mediated internalization. An elevated amount of Aβ yields spontaneous aggregation which causes organelles impairment. Aβ stimulates the hyperphosphorylation of tau protein via acceleration by several kinases. Aβ travels to the mitochondria and interacts with its functional complexes, which impairs the mitochondrial function leading to the activation of apoptotic signaling cascade. Aβ disrupts the Ca2+ and protein homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex (GC) that promotes the organelle stress and inhibits its stress recovery machinery such as unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). At lysosome, Aβ precedes autophagy dysfunction upon interacting with autophagy molecules. Interestingly, Aβ act as a transcription regulator as well as inhibits telomerase activity. Both Aβ and p-tau interaction with neuronal and glial receptors elevate the inflammatory molecules and persuade inflammation. Here, we have expounded the Aβ mediated events in the cells and its cosmopolitan role on neurodegeneration, and the current clinical status of anti-amyloid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajmohamed Mohamed Asik
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Natarajan Suganthy
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Mohamed Asik Aarifa
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India;
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domokos Mathe
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (K.S.); (D.M.)
- CROmed Translational Research Centers, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
- In Vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Center of Excellence for Molecular Medicine (HCEMM), 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Marudupandiyar College, Thanjavur 613403, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore; (R.M.A.); (B.G.)
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (P.P.)
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Sliker BH, Goetz BT, Peters HL, Poelaert BJ, Borgstahl GEO, Solheim JC. Beta 2-microglobulin regulates amyloid precursor-like protein 2 expression and the migration of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:931-940. [PMID: 30810435 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1580414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta 2-microglobulin (β2m) is a component of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, which presents tumor antigens to T lymphocytes to trigger cancer cell destruction. Notably, β2m has been reported as persistently expressed, rather than down regulated, in some tumor types. For renal cell and oral squamous cell carcinomas, β2m expression has been linked to increased migratory capabilities. The migratory ability of pancreatic cancer cells contributes to their metastatic tendencies and lethal nature. Therefore, in this study, we examined the impact of β2m on pancreatic cancer cell migration. We found that β2m protein is amply expressed in several human pancreatic cancer cell lines (S2-013, PANC-1, and MIA PaCa-2). Reducing β2m expression by short interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection significantly slowed the migration of the PANC-1 and S2-013 cancer cell lines, but increased the migration of the MIA PaCa-2 cell line. The amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) has been documented as contributing to pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasiveness, and metastasis. We have previously shown that β2m/HLA class I/peptide complexes associate with APLP2 in S2-013 cells, and in this study we also detected their association in PANC-1 cells but not MIA PaCa-2 cells. In addition, siRNA down regulation of β2m expression diminished the expression of APLP2 in S2-013 and PANC-1 but heightened the level of APLP2 in MIA PaCa-2 cells, consistent with our migration data and co-immunoprecipitation data. Thus, our findings indicate that β2m regulates pancreatic cancer cell migration, and furthermore suggest that APLP2 is an intermediary in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailee H Sliker
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Benjamin T Goetz
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Haley L Peters
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Brittany J Poelaert
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Gloria E O Borgstahl
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,d Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Joyce C Solheim
- a Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Department of Pathology and Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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C-terminal fragments of amyloid precursor proteins increase cofilin phosphorylation by LIM kinase in cultured rat primary neurons. Neuroreport 2019; 30:38-45. [PMID: 30444792 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor proteins (APPs) are processed by β-, γ-, and ε-secretases and caspase-3 to generate C-terminal fragments of APP (APP-CTFs), which may contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, AD brains contain Hirano bodies, which are rod-like structures mostly composed of actin and the actin-binding protein, cofilin. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation of cofilin-actin rods are still unknown. In this study, we aim to elucidate the effects of APP-CTFs on the actin-depolymerizing factor [(ADF)/cofilin]. Our data indicate that transfection with APP-CT99 and APP-CT57 may increase the phosphorylation level of Ser3 of ADF/cofilin and Thr508 of LIM-kinase 1 in rat primary cortical neuronal cultures. S3 peptide, a synthetic peptide competitor of LIM-kinase 1 for ADF/cofilin phosphorylation and an inhibitor of APP-CTFs, induced ADF/cofilin phosphorylation. In comparison with the wild-type mouse, the APP-CT transgenic mouse showed increased immunoreactivity of phosphorylated cofilin (p-cofilin) in the brain. Treatment with DAPT, an inhibitor of γ-secretase, resulted in a decrease in p-cofilin protein level in the group transfected with full-length APP-695. Transfection with the mutant APP-CTF with a deleted YENPTY domain resulted in no significant increase in p-cofilin level. Thus, APP-CTFs induced cofilin phosphorylation to facilitate nuclear translocation. These results suggest a relationship between APP-CTFs and ADF/cofilin that may be suggestive of a new toxic pathway in the pathology of AD.
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Stem Cells as Potential Targets of Polyphenols in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1483791. [PMID: 30112360 PMCID: PMC6077677 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1483791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis are major neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by the accumulation of abnormal pathogenic proteins due to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and pathogens, leading to neurodegeneration and behavioral deficits. Herein, we reviewed the utility of plant polyphenols in regulating proliferation and differentiation of stem cells for inducing brain self-repair in AD and multiple sclerosis. Firstly, we discussed the genetic, physiological, and environmental factors involved in the pathophysiology of both the disorders. Next, we reviewed various stem cell therapies available and how they have proved useful in animal models of AD and multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we discussed how polyphenols utilize the potential of stem cells, either complementing their therapeutic effects or stimulating endogenous and exogenous neurogenesis, against these diseases. We suggest that polyphenols could be a potential candidate for stem cell therapy against neurodegenerative disorders.
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Surles-Zeigler MC, Li Y, Distel TJ, Omotayo H, Ge S, Ford BD. Transcriptomic analysis of neuregulin-1 regulated genes following ischemic stroke by computational identification of promoter binding sites: A role for the ETS-1 transcription factor. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197092. [PMID: 29856744 PMCID: PMC5983438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality in the United States. We previously showed that neuregulin-1 (NRG1) was neuroprotective in rat models of ischemic stroke. We used gene expression profiling to understand the early cellular and molecular mechanisms of NRG1's effects after the induction of ischemia. Ischemic stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Rats were allocated to 3 groups: (1) control, (2) MCAO and (3) MCAO + NRG1. Cortical brain tissues were collected three hours following MCAO and NRG1 treatment and subjected to microarray analysis. Data and statistical analyses were performed using R/Bioconductor platform alongside Genesis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and Enrichr software packages. There were 2693 genes differentially regulated following ischemia and NRG1 treatment. These genes were organized by expression patterns into clusters using a K-means clustering algorithm. We further analyzed genes in clusters where ischemia altered gene expression, which was reversed by NRG1 (clusters 4 and 10). NRG1, IRS1, OPA3, and POU6F1 were central linking (node) genes in cluster 4. Conserved Transcription Factor Binding Site Finder (CONFAC) identified ETS-1 as a potential transcriptional regulator of NRG1 suppressed genes following ischemia. A transcription factor activity array showed that ETS-1 activity was increased 2-fold, 3 hours following ischemia and this activity was attenuated by NRG1. These findings reveal key early transcriptional mechanisms associated with neuroprotection by NRG1 in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C. Surles-Zeigler
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
- ICF, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Distel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Hakeem Omotayo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Shaokui Ge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Byron D. Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California–Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Myrum C, Nikolaienko O, Bramham CR, Haavik J, Zayats T. Implication of the APP Gene in Intellectual Abilities. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:723-735. [PMID: 28671113 PMCID: PMC5523840 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Cognitive functions are highly heritable and polygenic, though the source of this genetic influence is unclear. On the neurobiological level, these functions rely on effective neuroplasticity, in which the activity-regulated cytoskeleton associated protein (ARC) plays an essential role. Objectives: To examine whether the ARC gene complex may contribute to the genetic components of intellectual function given the crucial role of ARC in brain plasticity and memory formation. Methods: The ARC complex was tested for association with intelligence (IQ) in children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, N = 5,165). As Alzheimer’s disease (AD) shares genetics with cognitive functioning, the association was followed up in an AD sample (17,008 cases, 37,154 controls). Results: The ARC complex revealed association with verbal and total IQ (empirical p = 0.027 and 0.041, respectively) in the ALSPAC. The strongest single variant signal (rs2830077; empirical p = 0.018), within the APP gene, was confirmed in the AD sample (p = 2.76E-03). Functional analyses of this variant showed its preferential binding to the transcription factor CP2. Discussion: This study implicates APP in childhood IQ. While follow-up studies are needed, this observation could help elucidate the etiology of disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction, such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Myrum
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksii Nikolaienko
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Clive R Bramham
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tetyana Zayats
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Kim JS, Son SH, Kim MY, Choi D, Jang IS, Paik SS, Chae JH, Uversky VN, Kim CG. Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of CP2c and YY1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24389-24400. [PMID: 28412749 PMCID: PMC5421856 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an oncogenic role of the transcription factor (TF) CP2c in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on a strong correlation between CP2c expression, tumor grade, and aggressiveness. We recently found that CP2c directly interacts with another TF, YY1, which is also overexpressed in multiple cancers, including HCC. To evaluate if these proteins are co-regulated in carcinogenesis, we analyzed the expression of CP2c and YY1 in HCC (n = 136) tissues and examined the correlation between their expression and clinicopathological characteristics of HCC. Receiver operating characteristic analysis exhibited the validity of CP2c and nuclear YY1 expression as a diagnostic factor in HCC tissues. High expression of CP2c was significantly correlated with patient age, and higher histological grade, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, and small and large vessel invasion in HCC tissues, whereas high expression of nuclear YY1 was significantly associated with higher AJCC stage and small vessel invasion. In univariate and multivariate analyses, high expression of CP2c was significantly correlated with disease free survival (DFS), indicating that CP2c expression is an independent prognostic factor for DFS in HCC patients. Patients with high expression of both CP2c and nuclear YY1 usually had a shorter median survival time and worse DFS prognosis than other patients, suggesting that combined detection of CP2c and nuclear YY1 is a useful prognostic marker in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sook Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Min Young Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - DongHo Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Seung Sam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Chae
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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Li G, Chen H, Cheng L, Zhao R, Zhao J, Xu Y. Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 C-terminal fragments upregulate S100A9 gene and protein expression in BV2 cells. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1923-8. [PMID: 25558244 PMCID: PMC4281433 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.145362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine microglial cell line BV2 has neuroprotective effects, but is toxic to neurons by secreting inflammatory cytokines, and is an important target in the treatment of nerve inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we observed the effects of transfecting three amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2) C-terminal fragments (CTFs; C57, C50 and C31) in the pEGFP-N1 vector on S100A9 expression in BV2 cells. Reverse transcription-PCR, western blot assay and immunocytochemistry revealed that S100A9 protein and mRNA expression was greater in BV2 cells after CTF transfection than after mock transfection with an empty vector. Furthermore, transfection of full-length APLP2-751 resulted in low levels of S100A9 protein expression. Our results show that APLP2-CTFs upregulate S100A9 protein and mRNA expression in BV2 cells, and identify a novel pathway involved in neuronal injury and apoptosis, and repair and protection in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhe Li
- Department of Psychology, Yanbian Brain Hospital, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rongjie Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Junchang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanji Xu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, China
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12
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Apoptosis in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Understanding of the Physiology, Pathology and Therapeutic Avenues. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2301-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Dumanis SB, Chamberlain KA, Jin Sohn Y, Jin Lee Y, Guénette SY, Suzuki T, Mathews PM, Pak DT, Rebeck GW, Suh YH, Park HS, Hoe HS. FE65 as a link between VLDLR and APP to regulate their trafficking and processing. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:9. [PMID: 22429478 PMCID: PMC3379943 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies found that FE65, a cytoplasmic adaptor protein, interacts with APP and LRP1, altering the trafficking and processing of APP. We have previously shown that FE65 interacts with the ApoE receptor, ApoER2, altering its trafficking and processing. Interestingly, it has been shown that FE65 can act as a linker between APP and LRP1 or ApoER2. In the present study, we tested whether FE65 can interact with another ApoE receptor, VLDLR, thereby altering its trafficking and processing, and whether FE65 can serve as a linker between APP and VLDLR. Results We found that FE65 interacted with VLDLR using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays in COS7 cells and in brain lysates. This interaction occurs via the PTB1 domain of FE65. Co-transfection with FE65 and full length VLDLR increased secreted VLDLR (sVLDLR); however, the levels of VLDLR C-terminal fragment (CTF) were undetectable as a result of proteasomal degradation. Additionally, FE65 increased cell surface levels of VLDLR. Moreover, we identified a novel complex between VLDLR and APP, which altered trafficking and processing of both proteins. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation results demonstrated that the presence of FE65 increased the interaction between APP and VLDLR in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions These data suggest that FE65 can regulate VLDLR trafficking and processing. Additionally, the interaction between VLDLR and APP altered both protein's trafficking and processing. Finally, our data suggest that FE65 serves as a link between VLDLR and APP. This novel interaction adds to a growing body of literature indicating trimeric complexes with various ApoE Receptors and APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya B Dumanis
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057-1464, USA
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14
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Ha S, Furukawa R, Fechheimer M. Association of AICD and Fe65 with Hirano bodies reduces transcriptional activation and initiation of apoptosis. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2287-98. [PMID: 20133016 PMCID: PMC2894277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hirano bodies are cytoplasmic inclusions predominantly found in the central nervous system associated with various conditions including aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since most studies of Hirano bodies have been performed in post-mortem samples, the physiological roles of Hirano bodies have not been investigated. Astrocytoma H4 cells were employed to test the hypothesis that Hirano bodies interact with and modulate signaling by the C-terminal fragment of amyloid-β precursor protein (AICD). We demonstrated by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation that model Hirano bodies accumulate AICD. Since stimulation of transcription by AICD is dependent on its interaction with the nuclear adaptor protein Fe65, we examined localization of Fe65, and employed a dual luciferase reporter assay to test the effects of Hirano bodies on AICD- and Fe65-dependent modulation of gene expression. We find that both AICD and Fe65 are co-localized in model Hirano bodies. Model Hirano bodies also down-regulate both AICD-dependent apoptosis and AICD- and Fe65-dependent transcriptional activity. Thus, association of AICD and Fe65 with Hirano bodies impedes their function in promoting apoptosis and modulating transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangdeuk Ha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Ruth Furukawa
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Marcus Fechheimer
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
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15
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Pardossi-Piquard R, Checler F. The physiology of the β-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain AICD. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:109-124. [PMID: 22122663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β precursor protein (βAPP) undergoes several cleavages by enzymatic activities called secretases. Numerous studies aimed at studying the biogenesis and catabolic fate of Aβ peptides, the proteinaceous component of the senile plaques that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease-affected brains. Relatively recently, another secretase-mediated β-APP-derived catabolite called APP IntraCellular Domain (AICD) entered the game. Whether AICD corresponded to a biologically inert by-pass product of βAPP processing or whether it could harbor its own function remained questionable. In this study, we review the mechanisms by which AICD is generated and how its production is regulated. Furthermore, we discuss the degradation mechanism underlying its rapid catabolic fate. Finally, we review putative AICD-related functions and more particularly, the numerous studies indicating that AICD could translocate to the nucleus and control at a transcriptional level, the expression of a series of proteins involved in various functions including the control of cell death and Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Pardossi-Piquard
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire UMR6097 CNRS, Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
| | - Frédéric Checler
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire UMR6097 CNRS, Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Sophia-Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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16
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Zhang H, Ma Q, Zhang YW, Xu H. Proteolytic processing of Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 22122372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP undergoes post-translational proteolysis/processing to generate the hydrophobic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Deposition of Aβ in the brain, forming oligomeric Aβ and plaques, is identified as one of the key pathological hallmarks of AD. The processing of APP to generate Aβ is executed by β- and γ-secretase and is highly regulated. Aβ toxicity can lead to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, impaired learning/memory and abnormal behaviors in AD models in vitro and in vivo. Aside from Aβ, proteolytic cleavages of APP can also give rise to the APP intracellular domain, reportedly involved in multiple types of cellular events such as gene transcription and apoptotic cell death. In addition to amyloidogenic processing, APP can also be cleaved by α-secretase to form a soluble or secreted APP ectodomain (sAPP-α) that has been shown to be mostly neuro-protective. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in APP metabolism and the likely functions of its various proteolytic products to give a better understanding of the patho/physiological functions of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qilin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Judge M, Hornbeck L, Potter H, Padmanabhan J. Mitosis-specific phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein at threonine 668 leads to its altered processing and association with centrosomes. Mol Neurodegener 2011; 6:80. [PMID: 22112898 PMCID: PMC3284477 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-6-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the molecular mechanisms by which they induce neurodegeneration are not well understood. We examined transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) for changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins to determine whether there is a correlation between cell cycle activation and pathology development in AD. Results Our studies in the AD transgenic mice show significantly higher levels of cyclin E, cyclin D1, E2F1, and P-cdc2 in the cells in the vicinity of the plaques where maximum levels of Threonine 668 (Thr668)-phosphorylated APP accumulation was observed. This suggests that the cell cycle regulatory proteins might be influencing plaque pathology by affecting APP phosphorylation. Using neuroglioma cells overexpressing APP we demonstrate that phosphorylation of APP at Thr668 is mitosis-specific. Cells undergoing mitosis show altered cellular distribution and localization of P-APP at the centrosomes. Also, Thr668 phosphorylation in mitosis correlates with increased processing of APP to generate Aβ and the C-terminal fragment of APP, which is prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of the G1/S transition. Conclusions The data presented here suggests that cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of APP may affect its normal cellular function. For example, association of P-APP with the centrosome may affect spindle assembly and cell cycle progression, further contributing to the development of pathology in AD. The experiments with G1/S inhibitors suggest that cell cycle inhibition may impede the development of Alzheimer's pathology by suppressing modification of βAPP, and thus may represent a novel approach to AD treatment. Finally, the cell cycle regulated phosphorylation and processing of APP into Aβ and the C-terminal fragment suggest that these proteins may have a normal function during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Judge
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B, Downs Blvd,, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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18
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MicroRNA-153 negatively regulates the expression of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid precursor-like protein 2. Brain Res 2011; 1455:103-13. [PMID: 22510281 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a crucial risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2), a homologue of APP, is also suggested to participate in AD pathogenesis. Accumulating evidence suggest the regulatory role of microRNA on AD-related genes. Here we showed that the levels of miR-153 were significantly decreased at early- and late-stage of AD in APPswe/PSΔE9 murine model. Moreover, a binding site of miR-153 on APP and APLP2-3'UTR was identified, respectively, by luciferase assay. Gain and loss of function experiments demonstrated that miR-153 suppressed the expression of APP and APLP2. Using miR-153 transgenic mouse model, we testified that miR-153 downregulated the expression of APP and APLP2 protein in vivo. Furthermore, closely related expression patterns of miR-153 and APP/APLP2 during brain development indicated a physiological regulation role of miR-153 on the two genes. In a neuronal cell line treated with Aβ(42) peptides and H(2)O(2,) the levels of miR-153 varied during time-course leading to corresponding changes of APLP2 protein, indicating Aβ peptides and oxidative stress influence the expression of miR-153. Thus, miR-153 contributes to post-transcriptional regulation of APP/APLP2, suggesting a possible role for miR-153 in neuro-pathological conditions.
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19
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Chang KA, Suh YH. Possible roles of amyloid intracellular domain of amyloid precursor protein. BMB Rep 2011; 43:656-63. [PMID: 21034527 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2010.43.10.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is critically involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is cleaved by gamma/epsilon-secretase activity and results in the generation of different lengths of the APP Intracellular C-terminal Domain (AICD). In spite of its small size and short half-life, AICD has become the focus of studies on AD pathogenesis. Recently, it was demonstrated that AICD binds to different intracellular binding partners ('adaptor protein'), which regulate its stability and cellular localization. In terms of choice of adaptor protein, phosphorylation seems to play an important role. AICD and its various adaptor proteins are thought to take part in various cellular events, including regulation of gene transcription, apoptosis, calcium signaling, growth factor, and NF-κB pathway activation, as well as the production, trafficking, and processing of APP, and the modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. This review discusses the possible roles of AICD in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun-A Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Institute, MRC, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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20
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Zhang L. CRASH Syndrome: Does It Teach Us about Neurotrophic Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules? Neuroscientist 2010; 16:470-4. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858410365561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
L1 cell adhesion molecule is a transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. L1 plays essential roles in normal development of the nervous system, and the mutations in the L1 gene are responsible for CRASH syndrome, a very rare inherited disorder characterized by corpus callosum hypoplasia, mental retardation, adducted thumbs, spastic paraplegia, and hydrocephalus. Here it is hypothesized that in the normal nervous system, the synthesis and neurotrophic function of L1 is controlled by a positive feedback loop, which consists of L1, L1 sheddases, γ-secretase, L1 extracellular domain (L1ED), L1 cytoplasmic domain (L1CD), and transcriptional factor Pax6. The mutations in L1ED or L1CD will disrupt this feedback loop and inhibit the synthesis and neurotrophic function of L1, therefore contributing to the severe phenotypes in CRASH syndrome. Supported by several lines of experimental evidence, this hypothesis has important implications for the therapy of CRASH syndrome by guiding the development of novel strategies to restore this positive feedback loop to recover the normal function of L1 in CRASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China, , Department of Pathology, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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21
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Frigerio CS, Kukar TL, Fauq A, Engel PC, Golde TE, Walsh DM. An NSAID-like compound, FT-9, preferentially inhibits gamma-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein compared to its effect on amyloid precursor-like protein 1. Biochemistry 2009; 48:10894-904. [PMID: 19821615 PMCID: PMC4489158 DOI: 10.1021/bi901237k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of gamma-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a prime target for the development of therapeutics for treating Alzheimer's disease; however, complete inhibition of this activity would also impair the processing of many other proteins, including the APP homologues, amyloid precursor-like protein (APLP) 1 and 2. To prevent unwanted side effects, therapeutically useful gamma-secretase inhibitors should specifically target APP processing while sparing cleavage of other gamma-substrates. Thus, since APLP1 and APLP2 are more similar to APP than any of the other known gamma-secretase substrates and have important physiological roles in their own right, we reasoned that comparison of the effect of gamma-secretase inhibitors on APLP processing should provide a sensitive indicator of the selectivity of putative inhibitors. To address this issue, we have optimized microsome and cell culture assays to monitor the gamma-secretase proteolysis of APP and APLPs. Production of the gamma-secretase-generated intracellular domain (ICD) occurs more rapidly from APLP1 than from either APLP2 or APP, suggesting that APLP1 is a better gamma-substrate and that substrate recognition is not restricted to the highly conserved amino acid sequences surrounding the epsilon-site. As expected, the well-characterized gamma-secretase modulator, fenofibrate, did not inhibit ICD release, whereas a related compound, FT-9, inhibited gamma-secretase both in microsomes and in whole cells. Importantly, FT-9 displayed a preferential effect, inhibiting cleavage of APP much more effectively than cleavage of APLP1. These findings suggest that selective inhibitors can be developed and that screening of compounds against APP and APLPs should assist in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Sala Frigerio
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Thomas L. Kukar
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Abdul Fauq
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Paul C. Engel
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, Florida 32224
| | - Dominic M. Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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22
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Marks N, Berg MJ. BACE and gamma-secretase characterization and their sorting as therapeutic targets to reduce amyloidogenesis. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:181-210. [PMID: 19760173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Secretases are named for enzymes processing amyloid precursor protein (APP), a prototypic type-1 membrane protein. This led directly to discovery of novel Aspartyl proteases (beta-secretases or BACE), a tetramer complex gamma-secretase (gamma-SC) containing presenilins, nicastrin, aph-1 and pen-2, and a new role for metalloprotease(s) of the ADAM family as a alpha-secretases. Recent advances in defining pathways that mediate endosomal-lysosomal-autophagic-exosomal trafficking now provide targets for new drugs to attenuate abnormal production of fibril forming products characteristic of AD. A key to success includes not only characterization of relevant secretases but mechanisms for sorting and transport of key metabolites to abnormal vesicles or sites for assembly of fibrils. New developments we highlight include an important role for an 'early recycling endosome' coated in retromer complex containing lipoprotein receptor LRP-II (SorLA) for switching APP to a non-amyloidogenic pathway for alpha-secretases processing, or to shuttle APP to a 'late endosome compartment' to form Abeta or AICD. LRP11 (SorLA) is of particular importance since it decreases in sporadic AD whose etiology otherwise is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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23
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Müller T, Meyer HE, Egensperger R, Marcus K. The amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD) as modulator of gene expression, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics-relevance for Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:393-406. [PMID: 18603345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in 1987, extensive research has been conducted analyzing the APP-derived beta-amyloid (Abeta) which is found in massive quantities in senile plaques of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Numerous studies over the last two decades have demonstrated the neurotoxic properties of Abeta. However, it is still unclear whether Abeta neurotoxicity is an initial cause or rather a late event in the pathophysiology of AD. The understanding of preclinical AD-related pathophysiological mechanisms is of significant interest in the identification of potential pharmacological targets. In this context another APP-derived cleavage product, the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD), has sparked considerable research interest over the last 7 years. Different AICD levels as a result of gamma-secretase activity may contribute to early pathophysiological mechanisms in AD. However, the relevance of AICD is being discussed highly controversially amongst AD researchers. This review summarizes recent findings in terms of the origin of AICD by regulated intramembrane proteolysis; its structure, binding factors, and post-translational modifications; and its putative role in gene transcription, apoptosis, and cytoskeletal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Müller
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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24
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Marks N, Berg MJ. Neurosecretases provide strategies to treat sporadic and familial Alzheimer disorders. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:184-215. [PMID: 17719698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries on neurosecretases and their trafficking to release fibril-forming neuropeptides or other products, are of interest to pathology, cell signaling and drug discovery. Nomenclature arose from the use of amyloid precursor protein (APP) as a prototypic type-1 substrate leading to the isolation of beta-secretase (BACE), multimeric complexes (gamma-secretase, gamma-SC) for intramembranal cleavage, and attributing a new function to well-characterized metalloproteases of the ADAM family (alpha-secretase) for normal APP turnover. While purified alpha/beta-secretases facilitate drug discovery, gamma-SC presents greater challenges for characterization and mechanisms of catalysis. The review comments on links between mutation or polymorphisms in relation to enzyme mechanisms and disease. The association between lipoprotein receptor LRP11 variants and sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) offers scope to integrate components of pre- and post-Golgi membranes, or brain clathrin-coated vesicles within pathways for trafficking as targets for intervention. The presence of APP and metabolites in brain clathrin-coated vesicles as significant cargo with lipoproteins and adaptors focuses attention as targets for therapeutic intervention. This overview emphasizes the importance to develop new therapies targeting neurosecretases to treat a major neurological disorder that has vast economic and social implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Marks
- Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States.
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25
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Deng W, Cao A, Lai L. Detecting the inter-peptide arrangement and maturation process of transthyretin (105-115) amyloid fibril using a FRET pair with short Förster distance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 362:689-94. [PMID: 17761149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transthyretin (TTR) is an amyloidogenic protein involved in many mental diseases. The peptide derived from TTR (105-115) has been widely studied as a model peptide for understanding the mechanism of amyloid fibril formation. However, the detailed arrangement of this peptide in amyloid fibril is still unclear. We have studied the amyloid fibril formation process of TTR (105-115) by introducing a pair of FRET probes into the peptide with a dansyl group at the N-terminal and a tryptophan residue at the C-terminal. Our experiment demonstrated that the strands of TTR (105-115) in the same beta-sheet may be parallel and the mating sheets may be anti-parallel to each other in the amyloid fibril. The kinetics followed by FRET and EM indicated for a possible intermediate state and the distance between sheets became shorter when the intermediate amyloid fibril turns into a more matured form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry for Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Nelson BR, Hartman BH, Georgi SA, Lan MS, Reh TA. Transient inactivation of Notch signaling synchronizes differentiation of neural progenitor cells. Dev Biol 2007; 304:479-98. [PMID: 17280659 PMCID: PMC1979095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the developing nervous system, the balance between proliferation and differentiation is critical to generate the appropriate numbers and types of neurons and glia. Notch signaling maintains the progenitor pool throughout this process. While many components of the Notch pathway have been identified, the downstream molecular events leading to neural differentiation are not well understood. We have taken advantage of a small molecule inhibitor, DAPT, to block Notch activity in retinal progenitor cells, and analyzed the resulting molecular and cellular changes over time. DAPT treatment causes a massive, coordinated differentiation of progenitors that produces cell types appropriate for their developmental stage. Transient exposure of retina to DAPT for specific time periods allowed us to define the period of Notch inactivation that is required for a permanent commitment to differentiate. Inactivation of Notch signaling revealed a cascade of proneural bHLH transcription factor gene expression that correlates with stages in progenitor cell differentiation. Microarray/QPCR analysis confirms the changes in Notch signaling components, and reveals new molecular targets for investigating neuronal differentiation. Thus, transient inactivation of Notch signaling synchronizes progenitor cell differentiation, and allows for a systematic analysis of key steps in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden R. Nelson
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Byron H. Hartman
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sean A. Georgi
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Michael S. Lan
- The Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Author for correspondence: Dr. T.A. Reh, Department of Biological Structure, Box 357420, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, , phone 206-543-8043, fax 206-543-1524
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