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Abstract
Despite significant scientific knowledge in the field of cancer immunology, therapeutic strategies using cancer vaccines to generate anti-tumor immunity have historically resulted in only modest clinical benefit. Disappointing results from prior cancer vaccine trials are likely due to multifactorial causes. Perhaps the most important is the role of inherent tumor-induced immune suppression and enhanced immunologic tolerance. Current research directed toward understanding the mechanisms of immunologic tolerance has led to the development of promising therapeutic immune regulatory antibodies that inhibit immunologic checkpoints and subsequently enhance immunologic anti-tumor activity. This review discusses the prior challenges associated with cancer vaccines and describes how, by breaking immune inhibition and facilitating immune stimulation, immune regulatory antibodies show great promise in the treatment of a variety of tumors.
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He Q, Li J, Yin W, Song Z, Zhang Z, Yi T, Tang J, Wu D, Lu Y, Wang Z, Liu D, Zhang X, Hu Z, Gao J. Low-dose paclitaxel enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of GM-CSF surface-modified whole-tumor-cell vaccine in mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:715-30. [PMID: 21331814 PMCID: PMC11028932 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0988-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy combined with a tumor vaccine is an attractive approach in cancer therapy. This study was designed to investigate the optimal schedule and mechanisms of action of a novel GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) surface-modified tumor-cell vaccine in combination with paclitaxel in the treatment of mouse RM-1 prostate cancer. First, the anti-tumor efficiencies of various dosage of paclitaxel (4, 20, 40 mg/kg) in combination with the vaccine in different administration sequences were examined in the mouse RM-1 prostate cancer model. Then, the in vivo and in vitro effects of various dosage of paclitaxel on RM-1 cells, T cells, and DCs (dendritic cells) were evaluated. The results showed that: (a) the GM-CSF-surface-modified tumor-cell vaccine was more potent at inducing the uptake of tumor antigens by DCs than irradiated tumor cells plus free GM-CSF; (b) 4 mg/kg paclitaxel combined with the GM-CSF-surface-modified tumor-cell vaccine was the most effective at enhancing tumor regression in RM-1 prostate cancer mice when the vaccine was administrated 2 days after paclitaxel; and (c) administration of 4 mg/kg paclitaxel followed by the vaccine induced the highest degree of CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in tumor tissue, suggesting that the induction of tumor-specific immune response had occurred. These findings suggested that the GM-CSF-surface-modified tumor-cell vaccine may have potential clinical benefit for patients with prostate cancer when it is combined with paclitaxel. Furthermore, the effect of immunochemotherapy depends on careful selection of paclitaxel dosage and the sequence of paclitaxel/vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Xiangfan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Scientific and Technical University, Xiangfan, China
| | - Jinlong Li
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Yin
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichun Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tienan Yi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Xiangfan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Scientific and Technical University, Xiangfan, China
| | - Jia Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Demin Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Hu
- Institute of Biotherapy, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- 1838 Guangzhou da dao bei, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical College, University Park, 325035 Wenzhou, China
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Abstract
Standard therapies for many common cancers remain toxic and are often ineffective. Cellular immunotherapy has the potential to be a highly targeted alternative, with low toxicity to normal tissues but a high capacity to eradicate tumor. In this chapter we describe approaches that generate cellular therapies using active immunization with cells, proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, as well as efforts that use adoptive transfer of effector cells that directly target antigens on malignant cells. Many of these approaches are proving successful in hematologic malignancy and in melanoma. In this chapter we discuss the advantages and limitations of each and how over the next decade investigators will attempt to broaden their reach, increase their efficacy, and simplify their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma V Okur
- Baylor College of Medicine, Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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5
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Abstract
Whole-cell tumor vaccines have been investigated for more than 20 years for their efficacy in both preclinical models and in clinical trials in humans. There are clear advantages of whole-cell/polyepitope vaccination over those types of immunotherapy that target specific epitopes. Multiple and unknown antigens may be targeted to both the innate and adaptive immune system, and this may be further augmented by genetic modification of the vaccine cells to provide cytokines and costimulation. In this review, we give an overview of the field including the preclinical and clinical advances using unmodified and modified tumor-cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Copier
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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6
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines are a unique approach to cancer therapy. They exert an antitumor effect by engaging the host immune response, and have great potential for circumventing the intrinsic drug resistance that limits standard cancer management. Additional advantages of cancer vaccines are exquisite specificity, low toxicity, and the potential for a durable treatment effect due to immunologic memory. OBJECTIVES This review aims to consider the promise of cancer vaccines, review the current state of cancer vaccine development, and suggest directions for future research. METHODS The scope of this review was defined peer-reviewed information found on Medline, and information found on the Internet about Phase III clinical trials that are ongoing and not yet published. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Multiple Phase III clinical trials have demonstrated the promise and challenges posed by therapeutic vaccines, and defined the next steps in their clinical development. Determining the optimal integration of cancer vaccines with chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and biologically targeted therapies, defining predictive biomarkers of immunologic and clinical response, and combining tumor vaccines with new drugs that effectively modulate the antitumor immune response, will ensure that cancer vaccines become part of standard cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Johns Hopkins University, Tumor Immunology and Breast Cancer Research Programs, Department of Oncology, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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Heinrich JE, Pollard M, Wolter WA, Liang Z, Song H, Rosen ED, Suckow MA. Vaccination against prostate cancer using a live tissue factor deficient cell line in Lobund-Wistar rats. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:725-30. [PMID: 16953436 PMCID: PMC11030641 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reducing expression of the tissue factor gene in prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PAIII) results in a cell line that, in vivo, mimics the growth of wildtype (wt) PAIII. However, instead of continuing to grow and metastasize as wt PAIII tumors do, tissue factor deficient PAIII (TFD PAIII) masses spontaneously regress after several weeks. Although whole cell vaccines are typically inactivated prior to administration to prevent proliferation within the host, numerous studies have suggested that exposure to live, attenuated, whole tumor cells, and the extracellular microenvironment they recruit, increases immunotherapeutic potential. Here, we provide support for this notion, and a strategy through which to implement it, by demonstrating that subcutaneous vaccinations with the TFD PAIII protect the Lobund-Wistar rat against subsequent wt PAIII cell challenge. TFD PAIII immunized rats suffered significantly less metastasis of wt PAIII challenge tumors compared to unvaccinated naïve controls rats. These results offer the intriguing possibility that the TFD PAIII vaccine is an effective system for the prevention and, possibly, the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Heinrich
- University of Notre Dame Biological Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common, noncutaneous cancer for men in the U.S., leading to more than 30,000 deaths a year. Vaccines for prostate cancer, which for several years have been shown to generate immunologic responses, are beginning to show significant clinical promise. At present, numerous therapeutic options are being investigated, including autologous and allogeneic whole-tumor cell vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, and poxvirus-based vaccines. Advances in basic immunology have translated into new, more complex therapeutic strategies. The findings from current trials and the demonstrated potential to combine vaccines with conventional therapies herald a promising future for the treatment of prostate cancer. This review highlights recent advances and clinical trials in immunotherapy for prostate cancer, along with current thoughts on immunologic and clinical monitoring of these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Tarassoff
- F.A.C.P., National Cancer Institute, Clinical Immunotherapy Group, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1750, Building 10, Room 5B52, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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