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Gao L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Ma D, Xie A, Wang E, Cheng L, Liu S. Wnt3a-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Promote Alveolar Epithelial Regeneration after Lung Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206606. [PMID: 37072558 PMCID: PMC10288279 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compromised regeneration resulting from the deactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling contributes to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with limited therapeutic options. Extracellular cytokine-induced Wnt-based signaling provides an alternative option for COPD treatment. However, the hydrophobic nature of Wnt proteins limits their purification and use. This study devises a strategy to deliver the membrane-bound wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 3A (Wnt3a) over a long distance by anchoring it to the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The newly engineered Wnt3aWG EVs are generated by co-expressing Wnt3a with two genes encoding the membrane protein, WLS, and an engineered glypican, GPC6ΔGPI -C1C2. The bioactivity of Wnt3aWG EVs is validated using a TOPFlash assay and a mesoderm differentiation model of human pluripotent stem cells. Wnt3aWG EVs activate Wnt signaling and promote cell growth following human alveolar epithelial cell injury. In an elastase-induced emphysema model, impaired pulmonary function and enlarged airspace are greatly restored by the intravenous delivery of Wnt3aWG EVs. Single-cell RNA sequencing-based analyses further highlight that Wnt3aWG EV-activated regenerative programs are responsible for its beneficial effects. These findings suggest that EV-based Wnt3a delivery represents a novel therapeutic strategy for lung repair and regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- School of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Yongping Sun
- School of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Xinye Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - An Xie
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Enyu Wang
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- School of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
| | - Senquan Liu
- Department of HematologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of USTCDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- Blood and Cell Therapy InstituteAnhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Blood Research and ApplicationsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
- School of Basic Medical SciencesDivision of Life Sciences and MedicineUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027China
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2
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Park J, Choi H, Shim K. Inhibition of GSK3β Promotes Proliferation and Suppresses Apoptosis of Porcine Muscle Satellite Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233328. [PMID: 36496849 PMCID: PMC9738253 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global population increases, interest in cultured meat (a new research field) is gradually increasing. The main raw material for the production of cultured meat is muscle stem cells called satellite cells isolated from livestock. However, how to mass proliferate and maintain satellite cells in vitro without genetic manipulation remains unclear. In the present study, we isolated and purified porcine muscle satellite cells (PMSCs) from the femur of a 1-day-old piglet and cultured PMSCs by treating them with an inhibitor (XAV939, Tankyrase (TNKS) inhibitor) or an activator (CHIR99021, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) inhibitor) of Wnt signaling. The CHIR group treated with 3 μM CHIR99021 showed a significantly increased proliferation rate of PMSCs compared to the SC group (control), whereas the XAV group treated with 1 μM XAV939 showed a significantly decreased proliferation rate of PMSCs. CHIR99021 also inhibited the differentiation of PMSCs by reducing the expression of MyoD while maintaining the expression of Pax7 and suppressed apoptosis by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and genes. RNA sequencing was performed to obtain gene expression profiles following inhibition or activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and various signaling mechanisms related to the maintenance of satellite cells were identified. Our results suggest that inhibition of GSK3β could dramatically improve the maintenance and mass proliferation ability of PMSCs in vitro by regulating the expression of myogenic markers and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinryong Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-063-270-2609
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3
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DJ-1 Can Replace FGF-2 for Long-Term Culture of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Defined Media and Feeder-Free Condition. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115954. [PMID: 34073063 PMCID: PMC8197809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) cultures require high concentrations of expensive human fibroblast growth factor 2 (hFGF-2) for hPSC self-renewal and pluripotency in defined media for long-term culture. The thermal instability of the hFGF-2 mandates media change every day, which makes hPSC culture costly and cumbersome. Human DJ-1 (hDJ-1) can bind to and stimulate FGF receptor-1. In this study, for the first time, we have replaced hFGF-2 with hDJ-1 in the essential eight media and maintained the human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), H9, in the defined media at feeder-free condition. After more than ten passages, H9 in both groups still successfully maintained the typical hESC morphology and high protein levels of pluripotency markers, SSEA4, Tra1-60, Oct4, Nanog, and ALP. DNA microarray revealed that more than 97% of the 21,448 tested genes, including the pluripotency markers, Sox2, Nanog, Klf4, Lin28A, Lin28B, and Myc, have similar mRNA levels between the two groups. Karyotyping revealed no chromosome abnormalities in both groups. They also differentiated sufficiently into three germ layers by forming in vitro EBs and in vivo teratomas. There were some variations in the RT-qPCR assay of several pluripotency markers. The proliferation rates and the mitochondria of both groups were also different. Taken together, we conclude that hDJ-1 can replace hFGF-2 in maintaining the self-renewal and the pluripotency of hESCs in feeder-free conditions.
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Soto DA, Navarro M, Zheng C, Halstead MM, Zhou C, Guiltinan C, Wu J, Ross PJ. Simplification of culture conditions and feeder-free expansion of bovine embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11045. [PMID: 34040070 PMCID: PMC8155104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine embryonic stem cells (bESCs) extend the lifespan of the transient pluripotent bovine inner cell mass in vitro. After years of research, derivation of stable bESCs was only recently reported. Although successful, bESC culture relies on complex culture conditions that require a custom-made base medium and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) feeders, limiting the widespread use of bESCs. We report here simplified bESC culture conditions based on replacing custom base medium with a commercially available alternative and eliminating the need for MEF feeders by using a chemically-defined substrate. bESC lines were cultured and derived using a base medium consisting of N2B27 supplements and 1% BSA (NBFR-bESCs). Newly derived bESC lines were easy to establish, simple to propagate and stable after long-term culture. These cells expressed pluripotency markers and actively proliferated for more than 35 passages while maintaining normal karyotype and the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ lineages in embryoid bodies and teratomas. In addition, NBFR-bESCs grew for multiple passages in a feeder-free culture system based on vitronectin and Activin A medium supplementation while maintaining pluripotency. Simplified conditions will facilitate the use of bESCs for gene editing applications and pluripotency and lineage commitment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Alba Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Micaela Navarro
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas 'Dr Rodolfo Ugalde', UNSAM-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | | | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carly Guiltinan
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Pablo Juan Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Xiao Y, Amaral TF, Ross PJ, Soto DA, Diffenderfer KE, Pankonin AR, Jeensuk S, Tríbulo P, Hansen PJ. Importance of WNT-dependent signaling for derivation and maintenance of primed pluripotent bovine embryonic stem cells†. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:52-63. [PMID: 33899086 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT signaling system plays an important but paradoxical role in the regulation of pluripotency. In the cow, IWR-1, which inhibits canonical WNT activation and has WNT-independent actions, promotes the derivation of primed pluripotent embryonic stem cells from the blastocyst. Here, we describe a series of experiments to determine whether derivation of embryonic stem cells could be generated by replacing IWR-1 with other inhibitors of WNT signaling. Results confirm the importance of inhibition of canonical WNT signaling for the establishment of pluripotent embryonic stem cells in cattle and indicate that the actions of IWR-1 can be mimicked by the WNT secretion inhibitor IWP2 but not by the tankyrase inhibitor XAV939 or WNT inhibitory protein dickkopf 1. The role of Janus kinase-mediated signaling pathways for the maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells was also evaluated. Maintenance of pluripotency of embryonic stem cells lines was blocked by a broad inhibitor of Janus kinase, even though the cells did not express phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Further studies with blastocysts indicated that IWR-1 blocks the activation of pSTAT3. A likely explanation is that IWR-1 blocks differentiation of embryonic stem cells into a pSTAT3+ lineage. In conclusion, results presented here indicate the importance of inhibition of WNT signaling for the derivation of pluripotent bovine embryonic stem cells, the role of Janus kinase signaling for maintenance of pluripotency, and the participation of IWR-1 in the inhibition of activation of STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiao
- Department of Animal Sciences, Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thiago F Amaral
- Department of Animal Sciences, Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Delia A Soto
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Aimee R Pankonin
- Stem Cell Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Surawich Jeensuk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Livestock Development, Bureau of Biotechnology in Livestock Production, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Paula Tríbulo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Donald Henry Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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6
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Sidrat T, Rehman ZU, Joo MD, Lee KL, Kong IK. Wnt/β-catenin Pathway-Mediated PPARδ Expression during Embryonic Development Differentiation and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041854. [PMID: 33673357 PMCID: PMC7918746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a crucial role in early embryonic development. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a major regulator of cell proliferation and keeps embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in the pluripotent state. Dysregulation of Wnt signaling in the early developmental stages causes several hereditary diseases that lead to embryonic abnormalities. Several other signaling molecules are directly or indirectly activated in response to Wnt/β-catenin stimulation. The crosstalk of these signaling factors either synergizes or opposes the transcriptional activation of β-catenin/Tcf4-mediated target gene expression. Recently, the crosstalk between the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ), which belongs to the steroid superfamily, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been reported to take place during several aspects of embryonic development. However, numerous questions need to be answered regarding the function and regulation of PPARδ in coordination with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we have summarized the functional activation of the PPARδ in co-ordination with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway during the regulation of several aspects of embryonic development, stem cell regulation and maintenance, as well as during the progression of several metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabinda Sidrat
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (T.S.); (M.-D.J.)
| | - Zia-Ur Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21310, Pakistan;
| | - Myeong-Don Joo
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (T.S.); (M.-D.J.)
| | - Kyeong-Lim Lee
- The King Kong Corp. Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Il-Keun Kong
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (T.S.); (M.-D.J.)
- The King Kong Corp. Ltd., Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1942
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7
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Fleischer A, Vallejo-Díez S, Martín-Fernández JM, Sánchez-Gilabert A, Castresana M, Del Pozo A, Esquisabel A, Ávila S, Castrillo JL, Gaínza E, Pedraz JL, Viñas M, Bachiller D. iPSC-Derived Intestinal Organoids from Cystic Fibrosis Patients Acquire CFTR Activity upon TALEN-Mediated Repair of the p.F508del Mutation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:858-870. [PMID: 32373648 PMCID: PMC7195499 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the main genetic cause of death among the Caucasian population. The disease is characterized by abnormal fluid and electrolyte mobility across secretory epithelia. The first manifestations occur within hours of birth (meconium ileus), later extending to other organs, generally affecting the respiratory tract. It is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. CFTR encodes a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent, phosphorylation-regulated chloride channel required for transport of chloride and other ions through cell membranes. There are more than 2,000 mutations described in the CFTR gene, but one of them, phenylalanine residue at amino acid position 508 (p.F508del), a recessive allele, is responsible for the vast majority of CF cases worldwide. Here, we present the results of the application of genome-editing techniques to the restoration of CFTR activity in p.F508del patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Gene-edited iPSCs were subsequently used to produce intestinal organoids on which the physiological activity of the restored gene was tested in forskolin-induced swelling tests. The seamless restoration of the p.F508del mutation resulted in normal expression of the mature CFTR glycoprotein, full recovery of CFTR activity, and a normal response of the repaired organoids to treatment with two approved CF therapies: VX-770 and VX-809.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarne Fleischer
- Karuna Good Cells Technologies S.L., C/Cercas Bajas 13 Bajo, 01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Sara Vallejo-Díez
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC/IMEDEA), Miguel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
| | | | | | - Mónica Castresana
- Karuna Good Cells Technologies S.L., C/Cercas Bajas 13 Bajo, 01001 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Amaia Esquisabel
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Ávila
- Genetadi Biotech S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Miguel Viñas
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Antimicrobials, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, 08097 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Bachiller
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC/IMEDEA), Miguel Marqués 21, 07190 Esporles, Spain
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Multifactorial Modeling Reveals a Dominant Role of Wnt Signaling in Lineage Commitment of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030071. [PMID: 31443254 PMCID: PMC6783940 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human primed pluripotent state is maintained by a complex balance of several signaling pathways governing pluripotency maintenance and commitment. Here, we explore a multiparameter approach using a full factorial design and a simple well-defined culture system to assess individual and synergistic contributions of Wnt, FGF and TGFβ signaling to pluripotency and lineage specification of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Hierarchical clustering and quadratic models highlighted a dominant effect of Wnt signaling over FGF and TGFβ signaling, drawing hiPSCs towards mesendoderm lineages. In addition, a synergistic effect between Wnt signaling and FGF was observed to have a negative contribution to pluripotency maintenance and a positive contribution to ectoderm and mesoderm commitment. Furthermore, FGF and TGFβ signaling only contributed significantly for negative ectoderm scores, suggesting that the effect of both factors for pluripotency maintenance resides in a balance of inhibitory signals instead of proactive stimulation of hiPSC pluripotency. Overall, our dry-signaling multiparameter modeling approach can contribute to elucidate individual and synergistic inputs, providing an additional degree of comprehension of the complex regulatory mechanisms of human pluripotency and commitment.
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9
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Ectopic activation of WNT signaling in human embryonal carcinoma cells and its effects in short- and long-term in vitro culture. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11928. [PMID: 31417131 PMCID: PMC6695393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells comprise the pluripotent stem cells of malignant non-seminomatous germ cell tumors (GCTs) and represent the malignant counterpart of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). WNT/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in regulating adult and embryonic stem cells although its role in EC cells is less investigated. Here, we studied WNT signaling in a panel of representative pluripotent and nullipotent human EC cell lines. We found that EC cell lines show distinct levels of intrinsic WNT signaling and respond differently to ectopic WNT activation. Short-term activation of WNT signaling induced a differentiation-response in the pluripotent EC cells (NT2 and NCCIT) whereas the nullipotent EC cells (TERA1 and 2102Ep) were refractory and maintained high levels of OCT4 and SSEA4 expression. Long-term activation of WNT signaling in NCCIT and, to a lesser extent, TERA1 cells led to (re)gain of OCT4 expression and a switch from SSEA4 to SSEA1 surface antigens ultimately resulting in OCT4+/SSEA4−/SSEA1+ profile. Cisplatin treatment indicated that the OCT4+/SSEA4−/SSEA1+ NCCIT cells became more resistant to chemotherapy treatment. Our findings are of particular interest for the GCT and ES cell biology and shed light on the role of WNT signaling in human EC cells.
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10
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Dakhore S, Nayer B, Hasegawa K. Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture: Current Status, Challenges, and Advancement. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7396905. [PMID: 30595701 PMCID: PMC6282144 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7396905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have gained attention due to their pluripotent and proliferative ability which enables production of almost all cell types in the human body in vitro and makes them an excellent tool to study human embryogenesis and disease, as well as for drug discovery and cell transplantation therapies. Discovery of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) further expanded therapeutic applications of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). hPSCs provide a stable and unlimited original cell source for producing suitable cells and tissues for downstream applications. Therefore, engineering the environment in which these cells are grown, for stable and quality-controlled hPSC maintenance and production, is one of the key factors governing the success of these applications. hPSCs are maintained in a particular niche using specific cell culture components. Ideally, the culture should be free of xenobiotic components to render hPSCs suitable for therapeutic applications. Substantial efforts have been put to identify effective components, and develop culture conditions and protocols, for their large-scale expansion without compromising on quality. In this review, we discuss different media, their components and functions, including specific requirements to maintain the pluripotent and proliferative ability of hPSCs. Understanding the role of culture components would enable the development of appropriate conditions to promote large-scale, quality-controlled expansion of hPSCs thereby increasing their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushrut Dakhore
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Bhavana Nayer
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
| | - Kouichi Hasegawa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, India
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Japan
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11
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Shekari F, Han CL, Lee J, Mirzaei M, Gupta V, Haynes PA, Lee B, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Surface markers of human embryonic stem cells: a meta analysis of membrane proteomics reports. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 30358457 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1539669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unique biological features and attributes that make them attractive in various areas of biomedical research. With heightened applications, there is an ever increasing need for advancement of proteome analysis. Membrane proteins are one of the most important subset of hESC proteins as they can be used as surface markers. Areas covered: This review discusses commonly used surface markers of hESCs, and provides in-depth analysis of available hESC membrane proteome reports and the existence of these markers in many other cell types, especially cancer cells. Appreciating, existing ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we have attempted a meta analysis of the published membrane protein reports of hESCs by using a combination of protein databases and prediction tools to find the most confident plasma membrane proteins in hESCs. Furthermore, responsiveness of plasma membrane proteins to differentiation has been discussed based on available transcriptome profiling data bank. Expert commentary: Combined transcriptome and membrane proteome analysis highlighted additional proteins that may eventually find utility as new cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,f Australian Proteome Analysis Facility , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,i Department of Systems and Synthetic biology , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization , Karaj , Iran
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12
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Yu CY, Chuang CY, Kuo HC. Trans-spliced long non-coding RNA: an emerging regulator of pluripotency. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3339-3351. [PMID: 29961157 PMCID: PMC11105688 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With dual capacities for unlimited self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) give rise to many cell types in our body and PSC culture systems provide an unparalleled opportunity to study early human development and disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms underlying pluripotency maintenance in PSCs involve many factors. Among these regulators, recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect the pluripotency circuitry by cooperating with master pluripotency-associated factors. Additionally, trans-spliced RNAs, which are generated by combining two or more pre-mRNA transcripts to produce a chimeric RNA, have been identified as regulators of various biological processes, including human pluripotency. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge about the roles of lncRNAs, including trans-spliced lncRNAs, in controlling pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Chuang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Shekari F, Nezari H, Larijani MR, Han CL, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Salekdeh GH. Proteome analysis of human embryonic stem cells organelles. J Proteomics 2017; 162:108-118. [PMID: 28435121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
As the functions of proteins are associated with their cellular localization, the comprehensive sub-cellular proteome knowledge of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is indispensable for ensuring a therapeutic effect. Here, we have utilized a sub-cellular proteomics approach to analyze the localization of proteins in the nucleus, mitochondria, crude membrane, cytoplasm, heavy and light microsomes. Out of 2002 reproducibly identified proteins, we detected 762 proteins in a single organelle whereas 160 proteins were found in all sub-cellular fractions. We verified the localization of identified proteins through databases and discussed the consistency of the obtained results. With regards to the ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we tried to clearly define the plasma membrane, peripheral membrane and membrane proteins by annotation of these proteins in databases, along with predictions of transmembrane helices. Among ten enriched signaling pathways highlighted in our results, non-canonical Wnt signaling were analyzed in greater detail. The functions of three novel hESC membrane proteins (ERBB4, GGT1 and ZDHHC13) have been assessed in terms of pluripotency. Our report is the most comprehensive for organellar proteomics of hESCs. SIGNIFICANCE Mass spectrometric identification of proteins using a TripleTOF 5600 from nucleus, mitochondria, crude membrane, cytoplasm, heavy and light microsomal fractions highlighted the significance of the non-canonical Wnt signaling in human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Nezari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Rezaei Larijani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran.
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14
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Hendriks WT, Warren CR, Cowan CA. Genome Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: Approaches, Pitfalls, and Solutions. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 18:53-65. [PMID: 26748756 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) with knockout or mutant alleles can be generated using custom-engineered nucleases. Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nucleases are the most commonly employed technologies for editing hPSC genomes. In this Protocol Review, we provide a brief overview of custom-engineered nucleases in the context of gene editing in hPSCs with a focus on the application of TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9. We will highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each method and discuss theoretical and technical considerations for experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hendriks
- The Collaborative Center for X-Linked Dystonia Parkinsonism, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Harvard Brain Science Initiative, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Curtis R Warren
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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15
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Yu CY, Kuo HC. The Trans-Spliced Long Noncoding RNA ts RMST Impedes Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Through WNT5A-Mediated Inhibition of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2052-2062. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The trans-spliced noncoding RNA RMST (tsRMST) is an emerging regulatory lncRNA in the human pluripotency circuit. Previously, we found that tsRMST represses lineage-specific transcription factors through the PRC2 complex and NANOG in human pluripotent stem cells (hESCs). Here, we demonstrate that tsRMST also modulates noncanonical Wnt signaling to suppress the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Our results demonstrate that disruption of tsRMST expression in hESCs results in the upregulation of WNT5A, EMT, and lineage-specific genes/markers. Furthermore, we found that the PKC inhibitors Go6983 and Go6976 inhibited the effects of WNT5A, indicating that WNT5A promotes the EMT and in vitro differentiation although conventional and novel PKC activation in hESCs. Finally, we showed that either antiserum neutralization of WNT5A or Go6983 treatment in tsRMST knockdown cells decreased the expression of mesenchymal and lineage-specific markers. Together, these findings indicate that tsRMST regulates Wnt and EMT signaling pathways in hESCs by repressing WNT5A, which is a potential EMT inducer for promoting in vitro differentiation of hESCs through PKC activation. Our findings provide further insights into the role of trans-spliced RNA and WNT5A in hESC differentiation, in which EMT plays an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ying Yu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Camarasa MV, Gálvez VM. Robust method for TALEN-edited correction of pF508del in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 26861665 PMCID: PMC4748475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most frequent inherited rare diseases, caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Apart from symptomatic treatments, therapeutic protocols for curing the disease have not yet been established. The regeneration of genetically corrected, disease-free epithelia in cystic fibrosis patients is envisioned by designing a stem cell/genetic therapy in which patient-derived pluripotent stem cells are genetically corrected, from which target tissues are derived. In this framework, we present an efficient method for seamless correction of pF508del mutation in patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells by gene edited homologous recombination. Gene edition has been performed by transcription activator-like effector nucleases and a homologous recombination donor vector which contains a PiggyBac transposon-based double selectable marker cassette. This new method has been designed to partially avoid xenobiotics from the culture system, improve cell culture efficiency and genome stability by using a robust culture system method, and optimize timings. Overall, once the pluripotent cells have been amplified for the first nucleofection, the procedure can be completed in 69 days, and can be easily adapted to edit and change any gene of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Vicenta Camarasa
- Caubet-Cimera Foundation, Hospital Joan March, Ctra Soller Km 12, 07110, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Víctor Miguel Gálvez
- Caubet-Cimera Foundation, Hospital Joan March, Ctra Soller Km 12, 07110, Bunyola, Mallorca, Spain
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17
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Dolatshad NF, Hellen N, Jabbour RJ, Harding SE, Földes G. G-protein Coupled Receptor Signaling in Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiovascular Cells: Implications for Disease Modeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:76. [PMID: 26697426 PMCID: PMC4673467 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell derivatives show promise as an in vitro platform to study a range of human cardiovascular diseases. A better understanding of the biology of stem cells and their cardiovascular derivatives will help to understand the strengths and limitations of this new model system. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulators of stem cell maintenance and differentiation and have an important role in cardiovascular cell signaling. In this review, we will therefore describe the state of knowledge concerning the regulatory role of GPCRs in both the generation and function of pluripotent stem cell derived-cardiomyocytes, -endothelial, and -vascular smooth muscle cells. We will consider how far the in vitro disease models recapitulate authentic GPCR signaling and provide a useful basis for discovery of disease mechanisms or design of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin F Dolatshad
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Nicola Hellen
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Richard J Jabbour
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Sian E Harding
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Gabor Földes
- Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London London, UK ; The Heart and Vascular Center of Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Choi HY, Saha SK, Kim K, Kim S, Yang GM, Kim B, Kim JH, Cho SG. G protein-coupled receptors in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to pluripotent or cancer stem cells. BMB Rep 2015; 48:68-80. [PMID: 25413305 PMCID: PMC4352616 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.2.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large class of transmembrane receptors categorized into five distinct families: rhodopsin, secretin, adhesion, glutamate, and frizzled. They bind and regulate 80% of all hormones and account for 20-50% of the pharmaceuticals currently on the market. Hundreds of GPCRs integrate and coordinate the functions of individual cells, mediating signaling between various organs. GPCRs are crucial players in tumor progression, adipogenesis, and inflammation. Several studies have also confirmed their central roles in embryonic development and stem cell maintenance. Recently, GPCRs have emerged as key players in the regulation of cell survival, proliferation, migration, and self-renewal in pluripotent (PSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our study and other reports have revealed that the expression of many GPCRs is modulated during the generation of induced PSCs (iPSCs) or CSCs as well as during CSC sphere formation. These GPCRs may have crucial roles in the regulation of selfrenewal and other biological properties of iPSCs and CSCs. This review addresses the current understanding of the role of GPCRs in stem cell maintenance and somatic reprogramming to PSCs or CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Subbroto Kumar Saha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Sangsu Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - BongWoo Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Jin-hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Animal Resources Research Center, and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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19
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Jin Y, Cao J, Xu X, Ye X, Chen Y, Yang J, Feng Q, Zhu L, Qian X, Yang C. Effects of C-Reactive Protein on the Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:1361-7. [PMID: 26328491 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge in stem cell therapy for cardiac repair is how to obtain normally functioning stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. We aim to address the effects of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells. Immunostaining, Western blotting and electrophysiology were employed. A hundred fifty milligran/liters CRP significantly reduced the percentage of cardiomyocytes differentiated from mouse ES cells, while it may also promote sarcomere development compared to 30 mg/L CRP treatment. Further examination of the action potential (AP) in individual ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes showed that there exist three types of cardiomyocytes: artial-like (A-like), ventricular-like (V-like), and pacemaker-like (P-like). A hundred fifty milligran/liters CRP treatment decreased the P-like cardiomyocytes, whereas it increased the A-like. Such inhibitory effect and alteration were not significant at 30 mg/L CRP treatment. Moreover, 150 mg/L CRP significantly increased the APD90 (90% of duration of AP) and decreased the spontaneous firing rate of AP in P-like cells, while had little effect on other electrophysiological characteristics, including APA (AP amplitude) and MDP (maximum diastolic potential). This study revealed the effect of CRP on the cardiac differentiation of ES cells. It provides an in vitro pathological model and may be of importance to the future work of ES cell-based therapy in clinical applications and in vivo pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital
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20
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Hendriks WT, Jiang X, Daheron L, Cowan CA. TALEN- and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Lipid-Based Transfection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 34:5B.3.1-5B.3.25. [PMID: 26237572 DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc05b03s34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Using custom-engineered nuclease-mediated genome editing, such as Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines with knockout or mutant alleles can be generated and differentiated into various cell types. This strategy of genome engineering in hPSCs will prove invaluable for studying human biology and disease. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for design and construction of TALEN and CRISPR vectors, testing of their nuclease activity, and delivery of TALEN or CRISPR vectors into hPSCs. In addition, we describe the use of single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) to introduce or repair point mutations. Next, we describe the identification of edited hPSC clones without antibiotic selection, including their clonal selection, genotyping, and expansion for downstream applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Hendriks
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xin Jiang
- Harvard University, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laurence Daheron
- Harvard University, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chad A Cowan
- Harvard University, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Yu W, Niu W, Wang S, Chen X, Sun BO, Wang F, Sun Y. Co-culture with endometrial stromal cells enhances the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into endometrium-like cells. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:43-50. [PMID: 26170910 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into endometrium-like cells may provide a useful tool for clinical treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the differentiation potential of hESCs into endometrium-like cells using three methods, which included induction by feeder cells, co-culture with endometrial stromal cells and induction with embryoid bodies. Following differentiation, the majority of cells positively expressed cytokeratin and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM). Factors associated with endometrium cell function, namely the estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR), were also detected. At day 21 following the induction of differentiation, the expression levels of cytokeratin, EPCAM, ER and PR were significantly increased in the co-culture method group, as compared with the other two methods. Furthermore, these cells became decidualized in response to progesterone and prolactin. In addition, the number of cytokeratin-positive or EPCAM-positive cells significantly increased following the induction of differentiation using the co-culture method, as compared with the other two methods. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt members that are associated with endometrial development were subsequently examined, and Wnt5a was found to be significantly upregulated in the differentiated cells induced by feeder cells and co-culture with endometrial stromal cells; however, Wnt4 and Wnt7a expression levels were unaffected. Additionally, the mRNA expression levels of Wnt5a in the differentiated cells co-cultured with endometrial stromal cells were higher when compared with those induced by feeder cells. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that the co-culture system is the optimal protocol for the induction of hESC differentiation into endometrium-like cells, and Wnt5a signaling may be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yu
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuna Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - B O Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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22
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Desai N, Rambhia P, Gishto A. Human embryonic stem cell cultivation: historical perspective and evolution of xeno-free culture systems. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:9. [PMID: 25890180 PMCID: PMC4351689 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have emerged as attractive candidates for cell-based therapies that are capable of restoring lost cell and tissue function. These unique cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and have the capacity to differentiate in to all three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Harnessing the power of these pluripotent stem cells could potentially offer new therapeutic treatment options for a variety of medical conditions. Since the initial derivation of hESC lines in 1998, tremendous headway has been made in better understanding stem cell biology and culture requirements for maintenance of pluripotency. The approval of the first clinical trials of hESC cells for treatment of spinal cord injury and macular degeneration in 2010 marked the beginning of a new era in regenerative medicine. Yet it was clearly recognized that the clinical utility of hESC transplantation was still limited by several challenges. One of the most immediate issues has been the exposure of stem cells to animal pathogens, during hESC derivation and during in vitro propagation. Initial culture protocols used co-culture with inactivated mouse fibroblast feeder (MEF) or human feeder layers with fetal bovine serum or alternatively serum replacement proteins to support stem cell proliferation. Most hESC lines currently in use have been exposed to animal products, thus carrying the risk of xeno-transmitted infections and immune reaction. This mini review provides a historic perspective on human embryonic stem cell culture and the evolution of new culture models. We highlight the challenges and advances being made towards the development of xeno-free culture systems suitable for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
| | - Pooja Rambhia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
| | - Arsela Gishto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the field of adult cells reprogramming back into a stem cell-like fate revealed shared mechanisms of action with tumoural reprogramming. A hallmark of stem cells - self-renewal and differentiation potential - seems to be tightly interlaced with large proliferation capacity and cellular plasticity of cancer cells. In this review, we briefly summarise the core transcription factors critical to maintenance of ES cell signature and overexpressed in many types of cancer, as well as signalling pathways involved in both induced pluripotency and oncogenesis, with particular regard to the role of tumour suppressor p53.
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24
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Huang G, Ye S, Zhou X, Liu D, Ying QL. Molecular basis of embryonic stem cell self-renewal: from signaling pathways to pluripotency network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1741-57. [PMID: 25595304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in culture indefinitely while retaining the capacity to generate any type of cell in the body, and therefore not only hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but also provide a powerful tool for modeling human disease and understanding biological development. In order to fulfill the full potential of ESCs, it is critical to understand how ESC fate, whether to self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells, is regulated. On the molecular level, ESC fate is controlled by the intracellular transcriptional regulatory networks that respond to various extrinsic signaling stimuli. In this review, we discuss and compare important signaling pathways in the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse, rat, and human ESCs with an emphasis on how these pathways integrate into ESC-specific transcription circuitries. This will be beneficial for understanding the common and conserved mechanisms that govern self-renewal, and for developing novel culture conditions that support ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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25
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Zandi M, Muzaffar M, Shah SM, Kaushik R, Singh MK, Palta P, Singla SK, Manik RS, Chauhan MS. WNT3A signalling pathway in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryonic stem cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:551-61. [PMID: 23656691 DOI: 10.1071/rd13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the transcriptional profile and role of WNT3A signalling in maintaining buffalo embryonic stem (ES) cells in a pluripotent state and in the induction of their differentiation. ES cells were derived from embryos produced by in vitro fertilisation (iESC), parthenogenesis (pESC) and hand-made cloning (cESC). The expression of WNT3A, its receptors and intermediate signalling pathways were found to be conserved in ES cells derived from the three different sources. WNT3A was expressed in ES cells but not in embryoid bodies derived from iESC or in buffalo fetal fibroblast cells. It was revealed by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis that following supplementation of culture medium with WNT3A (100, 200 or 400ngmL(-1)) a significant increase (P<0.05) was observed in the expression level of β-CATENIN, which indicated the activation of the canonical WNT pathway. WNT3A, in combination with exogenous fibroblast growth factor-2 and leukaemia inhibitory factor, induced proliferation of undifferentiated ES cells. Differentiation studies showed that WNT3A caused formation of scaffold-like structures and inhibition of differentiation into neuron-like cells. In conclusion, the WNT3A signalling pathway is necessary both for maintaining undifferentiated buffalo ES cells as well as for directing their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zandi
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science and Fisheries, Agricultural Institute, Iranian Research Organisation for Science and Technology, Tehran 33535111, Iran
| | - Musharifa Muzaffar
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Syed Mohmad Shah
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Ramakant Kaushik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Radhey Sham Manik
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
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Xing XS, Liu F, He ZY. Akt regulates β-catenin in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3122-8. [PMID: 25435199 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway on the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway in rats with focal cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury. A total of 96 rat focal cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion models, established according to a modified version of Longa's method, were randomly divided into four groups: Sham‑operated (S), cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury (I), cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion + basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) post‑processing and, finally, cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion + bFGF post‑processing + PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (LY). Each group consisted of 24 rats and each group was divided into four subgroups according to the indicated reperfusion times of 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. The morphological changes of the cortical tissue and the cellular apoptosis were determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling method, respectively. The expression levels of phosphorylated (p‑)Akt, glycogen synthase kinase‑3β (GSK‑3β) mRNA and β‑catenin in the cortical tissue were detected at different time‑points. The number of apoptotic cells and the expression levels of p‑Akt, GSK‑3β mRNA and β‑catenin in the I and LY groups were significantly higher compared with those in the S group (P<0.05). In the bFGF group, the number of apoptotic cells and the mRNA expression levels of GSK‑3β were significantly decreased, whereas the expression levels of p‑Akt and β‑catenin were significantly increased compared with those in the I and LY groups (P<0.05). In cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway regulated β‑catenin, the main member of the Wnt signaling pathway, via GSK‑3β, providing information to assist in further investigation of the mechanism of β‑catenin in ischemia‑reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Xing
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Medical College, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110024, P.R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shenyang Medical College, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110024, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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Atlasi Y, Looijenga L, Fodde R. Cancer stem cells, pluripotency, and cellular heterogeneity: a WNTer perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:373-404. [PMID: 24439813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to represent the "beating heart" of malignant growth as they continuously fuel tumors through their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Moreover, they are also believed to underlie malignant behavior, local invasion, and metastasis in distal organ sites upon reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). Nevertheless, the CSC concept has been the object of controversy, mainly due to the absence of robust operational definitions and to the lack of consistency in the use of the often incorrect nomenclature employed to refer to these cells. Notwithstanding the controversies, it is now generally accepted that primary cancers are organized in hierarchical fashion with neoplastic stem-like cells able to give rise to new CSCs and to more committed malignant cells. Notably, these hierarchical structures are not unidirectional, but are rather characterized by a more dynamic equilibrium where stem-like and more committed cancer cells transit from one meta-state to the other partly because of cues from the microenvironment (niche), but also because of intrinsic and yet incompletely understood characteristics in the activation/silencing of specific signal transduction pathways. Here, we will focus on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as one of the major regulator of stemness in homeostasis and cancer, and on germ cell tumors as the type of malignancy that most closely mimics normal embryonic development and as such serve as a unique model to study the role of stem cells in neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Atlasi
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Serio RN. Wnt of the Two Horizons: Putting Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Cell Fate Determination into Context. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1975-90. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan N. Serio
- Graduate School of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Modulation of β-catenin function maintains mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell self-renewal. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2403. [PMID: 23985566 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signalling has a variety of roles in regulating stem cell fates. Its specific role in mouse epiblast stem cell self-renewal, however, remains poorly understood. Here we show that Wnt/β-catenin functions in both self-renewal and differentiation in mouse epiblast stem cells. Stabilization and nuclear translocation of β-catenin and its subsequent binding to T-cell factors induces differentiation. Conversely, retention of stabilized β-catenin in the cytoplasm maintains self-renewal. Cytoplasmic retention of β-catenin is effected by stabilization of Axin2, a downstream target of β-catenin, or by genetic modifications to β-catenin that prevent its nuclear translocation. We also find that human embryonic stem cell and mouse epiblast stem cell fates are regulated by β-catenin through similar mechanisms. Our results elucidate a new role for β-catenin in stem cell self-renewal that is independent of its transcriptional activity and will have broad implications in understanding the molecular regulation of stem cell fate.
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Kinehara M, Kawamura S, Mimura S, Suga M, Hamada A, Wakabayashi M, Nikawa H, Furue MK. Protein kinase C-induced early growth response protein-1 binding to SNAIL promoter in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:2180-9. [PMID: 24410631 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been thought to occur during early embryogenesis, and also the differentiation process of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Spontaneous differentiation is sometimes observed at the peripheral of the hES cell colonies in conventional culture conditions, indicating that EMT occurs in hES cell culture. However, the triggering mechanism of EMT is not yet fully understood. The balance between self-renewal and differentiation of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells is controlled by various signal pathways, including the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. However, FGF-2 has a complex role for self-renewal of hES cells. FGF-2 activates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 kinase, and also protein kinase C (PKC). Here, we showed that a PKC rapidly induced an early growth response protein-1 (EGR-1) in hES cells, which was followed by upregulation of EMT-related genes. Before the induction of EMT-related genes, EGR-1 was translocated into the nucleus, and then bound directly to the promoter region of SNAIL, which is a master regulator of EMT. SNAIL expression was attenuated by knockdown of EGR-1, but upregulated by ectopic expression of EGR-1. EGR-1 as the downstream signal of PKC might play a key role in EMT initiation during early differentiation of hES cells. This study would lead to a more robust understanding of the mechanisms underlying the balance between self-renewal and initiation of differentiation in hPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kinehara
- 1 Laboratory of Stem Cell Cultures, Department of Disease Bioresources Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , Ibaraki, Japan
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Induction of pluripotency. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:5-25. [PMID: 23696349 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and phenotypic irreversibility of mammalian cell differentiation was a fundamental principle of developmental biology at least until the 1980s, despite numerous reports dating back to the 1950s of the induction of pluripotency in amphibian cells by nuclear transfer (NT). Landmark reports in the 1980s and 1990s in sheep progressively challenged this dogmatic assumption; firstly, embryonic development of reconstructed embryos comprising whole (donor) blastomeres fused to enucleated oocytes, and famously, the cloning of Dolly from a terminally differentiated cell. Thus, the intrinsic ability of oocyte-derived factors to reverse the differentiated phenotype was confirmed. The concomitant elucidation of methods for human embryonic stem cell isolation and cultivation presented opportunities for therapeutic cell replacement strategies, particularly through NT of patient nuclei to enucleated oocytes for subsequent isolation of patient-specific (autologous), pluripotent cells from the resulting blastocysts. Associated logistical limitations of working with human oocytes, in addition to ethical and moral objections prompted exploration of alternative approaches to generate autologous stem cells for therapy, utilizing the full repertoire of factors characteristic of pluripotency, primarily through cell fusion and use of pluripotent cell extracts. Stunningly, in 2006, Japanese scientists described somatic cell reprogramming through delivery of four key factors (identified through a deductive approach from 24 candidate genes). Although less efficient than previous approaches, much of current stem cell research adopts this focused approach to cell reprogramming and (autologous) cell therapy. This chapter is a quasi-historical commentary of the various aforementioned approaches for the induction of pluripotency in lineage-committed cells, and introduces transcriptional and epigenetic changes occurring during reprogramming.
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Wagner RT, Cooney AJ. Minireview: the diverse roles of nuclear receptors in the regulation of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:864-78. [PMID: 23504955 PMCID: PMC3656235 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has been devoted to the goal of understanding how a single cell of embryonic origin can give rise to every somatic cell type and the germ cell lineage, a hallmark defined as "pluripotency." The aggregate of this work supports fundamentally important roles for the gene transcription networks inherent to the pluripotent cell. Transcription networks have been identified that are both required for pluripotency, as well as sufficient to reprogram somatic cells to a naive pluripotent state. Several members of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors have been identified to play diverse roles in the regulation of pluripotency. The ligand-responsive nature of NRs coupled with the abundance of genetic models available has led to a significant advance in the understanding of NR roles in embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Furthermore, the presence of a ligand-binding domain may lead to development of small molecules for a wide range of therapeutic and research applications, even in cases of NRs that are not known to respond to physiologic ligands. Presented here is an overview of NR regulation of pluripotency with a focus on the transcriptional, proteomic, and epigenetic mechanisms by which they promote or suppress the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Wagner
- Department of Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston TX 77030-3498, USA
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Tan JY, Sriram G, Rufaihah AJ, Neoh KG, Cao T. Efficient derivation of lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm subtypes from human embryonic stem cells through GSKi-mediated differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1893-906. [PMID: 23413973 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The vertebrae mesoderm is a source of cells that forms a variety of tissues, including the heart, vasculature, and blood. Consequently, the derivation of various mesoderm-specific cell types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has attracted the interest of many investigators owing to their therapeutic potential in clinical applications. However, the need for efficient and reliable methods of differentiation into mesoderm lineage cell types remains a significant challenge. Here, we demonstrated that inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is an essential first step toward efficient generation of the mesoderm. Under chemically defined conditions without additional growth factors/cytokines, short-term GSK inhibitor (GSKi) treatment effectively drives differentiation of hESCs into the primitive streak (PS), which can potentially commit toward the mesoderm when further supplemented with bone morphogenetic protein 4. Further analysis confirmed that the PS-like cells derived from GSKi treatment are bipotential, being able to specify toward the endoderm as well. Our findings suggest that the bipotential, PS/mesendoderm-like cell population exists only at the initial stages of GSK-3 inhibition, whereas long-term inhibition results in an endodermal fate. Lastly, we demonstrated that our differentiation approach could efficiently generate lateral plate (CD34(+)KDR(+)) and paraxial (CD34(-)PDGFRα(+)) mesoderm subsets that can be further differentiated along the endothelial and smooth muscle lineages, respectively. In conclusion, our study presents a unique approach for generating early mesoderm progenitors in a chemically directed fashion through the use of small-molecule GSK-3 inhibitor, which may be useful for future applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yong Tan
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Endogenous Wnt signalling in human embryonic stem cells generates an equilibrium of distinct lineage-specified progenitors. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1070. [PMID: 22990866 PMCID: PMC3657997 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent nature of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) makes them convenient for deriving therapeutically relevant cells. Here we show using Wnt reporter hESC lines that the cells are heterogeneous with respect to endogenous Wnt signalling activity. Moreover, the level of Wnt signalling activity in individual cells correlates with differences in clonogenic potential and lineage-specific differentiation propensity. The addition of Wnt protein or, conversely, a small-molecule Wnt inhibitor (IWP2) reduces heterogeneity, allowing stable expansion of Wnthigh or Wntlow hESC populations, respectively. On differentiation, the Wnthigh hESCs predominantly form endodermal and cardiac cells, whereas the Wntlow hESCs generate primarily neuroectodermal cells. Thus, heterogeneity with respect to endogenous Wnt signalling underlies much of the inefficiency in directing hESCs towards specific cell types. The relatively uniform differentiation potential of the Wnthigh and Wntlow hESCs leads to faster and more efficient derivation of targeted cell types from these populations. Human embryonic stem cell cultures are morphologically heterogeneous. Here, differences in Wnt signalling are shown to contribute to this heterogeneity, cells containing high levels of Wnt form endodermal and cardiac cells, whereas cells with low Wnt form neuroectodermal cells, when differentiation is induced.
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Protein kinase C regulates human pluripotent stem cell self-renewal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54122. [PMID: 23349801 PMCID: PMC3549959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The self-renewal of human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells including embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells have been reported to be supported by various signal pathways. Among them, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) appears indispensable to maintain self-renewal of hPS cells. However, downstream signaling of FGF-2 has not yet been clearly understood in hPS cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we screened a kinase inhibitor library using a high-throughput alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity-based assay in a minimal growth factor-defined medium to understand FGF-2-related molecular mechanisms regulating self-renewal of hPS cells. We found that in the presence of FGF-2, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), GF109203X (GFX), increased ALP activity. GFX inhibited FGF-2-induced phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), suggesting that FGF-2 induced PKC and then PKC inhibited the activity of GSK-3β. Addition of activin A increased phosphorylation of GSK-3β and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) synergistically with FGF-2 whereas activin A alone did not. GFX negated differentiation of hPS cells induced by the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate whereas Gö6976, a selective inhibitor of PKCα, β, and γ isoforms could not counteract the effect of PMA. Intriguingly, functional gene analysis by RNA interference revealed that the phosphorylation of GSK-3β was reduced by siRNA of PKCδ, PKCε, and ζ, the phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 was reduced by siRNA of PKCε and ζ, and the phosphorylation of AKT was reduced by PKCε in hPS cells. Conclusions/Significance Our study suggested complicated cross-talk in hPS cells that FGF-2 induced the phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK-1/2 kinase (MEK), PKC/ERK-1/2 kinase, and PKC/GSK-3β. Addition of GFX with a MEK inhibitor, U0126, in the presence of FGF-2 and activin A provided a long-term stable undifferentiated state of hPS cells even though hPS cells were dissociated into single cells for passage. This study untangles the cross-talk between molecular mechanisms regulating self-renewal and differentiation of hPS cells.
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All-trans retinoic acid and basic fibroblast growth factor synergistically direct pluripotent human embryonic stem cells to extraembryonic lineages. Stem Cell Res 2012; 10:228-40. [PMID: 23314291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be used to model the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie embryonic development. Understanding the cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in extraembryonic (ExE) differentiation is of great interest because of the important role of this process in maternal health and fertility. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is widely used to maintain the self-renewal of hESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells, while all trans retinoic acid (RA) is used to facilitate the directed differentiation of hESCs. Here, we monitored the RA induced differentiation of hESCs to the ExE lineage with and without FGF-2 over a 7-day period via global transcriptional profiling. The stemness markers POU5F1, NANOG and TDGF1 were markedly downregulated, whereas an upregulation of the ExE markers KRT7, CGA, DDAH2 and IGFBP3 was observed. Many of the differentially expressed genes were involved in WNT and TGF-β signaling. RA inactivated WNT signaling even in the presence of exogenous FGF-2, which that promotes the maintenance of the pluripotent state. We also show that BMP4 was upregulated and that RA was able to modulate the TGF-β signaling pathway and direct hESCs toward the ExE lineage. In addition, an epigenetic study revealed hypermethylation of the DDAH2, TDGF1 and GATA3 gene promoters, suggesting a role for epigenetic regulation during ExE differentiation. These data reveals that the effect of RA prevails in the presence of exogenous FGF-2 thus resulting in the direction of hESCs toward the ExE lineage.
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Fico A, De Chevigny A, Egea J, Bösl MR, Cremer H, Maina F, Dono R. Modulating Glypican4 Suppresses Tumorigenicity of Embryonic Stem Cells While Preserving Self-Renewal and Pluripotency. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1863-74. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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HU JIABO, HU SANQIANG, MA QUANHUI, WANG XIAOHUI, ZHOU ZHONGWEI, ZHANG WEI, SUN XIAOCHUN, ZHU WEI, QIAN HUI, XU WENRONG. Immortalized mouse fetal liver stromal cells support growth and maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1385-91. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling in embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 7:836-46. [PMID: 21603945 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are characterized by their ability to self-renew and to generate differentiated cells of all three germ layers. This potential makes them an attractive source to address question of developmental and also for use in clinical regenerative medicine. Although the culture conditions to maintain pluripotency and reprogramming technologies have been established, the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of pluripotency as well as in the process of somatic cell reprogramming. Reciprocally, Wnt/β-catenin signaling also plays a critical role in the lineage decision/commitment process. These dramatically different outcomes upon activation of the Wnt signaling cascade has fueled enormous controversy concerning the role of Wnt signaling in the maintenance of potency and induction of differentiation in stem cells. Here, we discuss and explore the divergent roles of the Wnt signaling pathways based on findings from our lab. Accumulated results from our lab indicate the usage of a critical switching mechanism that regulates the divergent Wnt/catenin transcriptional programs associated with either maintenance of potency or initiation of differentiation.
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Davidson KC, Adams AM, Goodson JM, McDonald CE, Potter JC, Berndt JD, Biechele TL, Taylor RJ, Moon RT. Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes differentiation, not self-renewal, of human embryonic stem cells and is repressed by Oct4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 22392999 DOI: 1073/pnas.1118777109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play diverse, context-dependent roles in vertebrate development. In studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), conflicting reports claim Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes either self-renewal or differentiation. We use a sensitive reporter to establish that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not active during hESC self-renewal. Inhibiting this pathway over multiple passages has no detrimental effect on hESC maintenance, whereas activating signaling results in loss of self-renewal and induction of mesoderm lineage genes. Following exposure to pathway agonists, hESCs exhibit a delay in activation of β-catenin signaling, which led us to postulate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is actively repressed during self-renewal. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that OCT4 represses β-catenin signaling during self-renewal and that targeted knockdown of OCT4 activates β-catenin signaling in hESCs. Using a fluorescent reporter of β-catenin signaling in live hESCs, we observe that the reporter is activated in a very heterogeneous manner in response to stimulation with Wnt ligand. Sorting cells on the basis of their fluorescence reveals that hESCs with elevated β-catenin signaling express higher levels of differentiation markers. Together these data support a dominant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the differentiation rather than self-renewal of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Davidson
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes differentiation, not self-renewal, of human embryonic stem cells and is repressed by Oct4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4485-90. [PMID: 22392999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118777109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction pathways play diverse, context-dependent roles in vertebrate development. In studies of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), conflicting reports claim Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes either self-renewal or differentiation. We use a sensitive reporter to establish that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not active during hESC self-renewal. Inhibiting this pathway over multiple passages has no detrimental effect on hESC maintenance, whereas activating signaling results in loss of self-renewal and induction of mesoderm lineage genes. Following exposure to pathway agonists, hESCs exhibit a delay in activation of β-catenin signaling, which led us to postulate that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is actively repressed during self-renewal. In support of this hypothesis, we demonstrate that OCT4 represses β-catenin signaling during self-renewal and that targeted knockdown of OCT4 activates β-catenin signaling in hESCs. Using a fluorescent reporter of β-catenin signaling in live hESCs, we observe that the reporter is activated in a very heterogeneous manner in response to stimulation with Wnt ligand. Sorting cells on the basis of their fluorescence reveals that hESCs with elevated β-catenin signaling express higher levels of differentiation markers. Together these data support a dominant role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the differentiation rather than self-renewal of hESCs.
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Zou C, Chou BK, Dowey SN, Tsang K, Huang X, Liu CF, Smith C, Yen J, Mali P, Zhang YA, Cheng L, Ye Z. Efficient derivation and genetic modifications of human pluripotent stem cells on engineered human feeder cell lines. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2298-311. [PMID: 22225458 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) induced from somatic cell types and the subsequent genetic modifications of disease-specific or patient-specific iPSCs are crucial steps in their applications for disease modeling as well as future cell and gene therapies. Conventional procedures of these processes require co-culture with primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to support self-renewal and clonal growth of human iPSCs as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, the variability of MEF quality affects the efficiencies of all these steps. Furthermore, animal sourced feeders may hinder the clinical applications of human stem cells. In order to overcome these hurdles, we established immortalized human feeder cell lines by stably expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase, Wnt3a, and drug resistance genes in adult mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we show that these immortalized human feeders support efficient derivation of virus-free, integration-free human iPSCs and long-term expansion of human iPSCs and ESCs. Moreover, the drug-resistance feature of these feeders also supports nonviral gene transfer and expression at a high efficiency, mediated by piggyBac DNA transposition. Importantly, these human feeders exhibit superior ability over MEFs in supporting homologous recombination-mediated gene targeting in human iPSCs, allowing us to efficiently target a transgene into the AAVS1 safe harbor locus in recently derived integration-free iPSCs. Our results have great implications in disease modeling and translational applications of human iPSCs, as these engineered human cell lines provide a more efficient tool for genetic modifications and a safer alternative for supporting self-renewal of human iPSCs and ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Zou
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Hasegawa K, Yasuda SY, Teo JL, Nguyen C, McMillan M, Hsieh CL, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Yamamoto M, Miyabayashi T, Lutzko C, Pera MF, Kahn M. Wnt signaling orchestration with a small molecule DYRK inhibitor provides long-term xeno-free human pluripotent cell expansion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:18-28. [PMID: 23197636 PMCID: PMC3727690 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal culture system for human pluripotent stem cells should be fully defined and free of animal components. To date, most xeno-free culture systems require human feeder cells and/or highly complicated culture media that contain activators of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathways, and none provide for replacement of FGF/TGFβ ligands with chemical compounds. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in mouse embryonic stem cells in leukemia inhibitory factor-independent culture; however, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human pluripotent stem cell is still poorly understood and controversial because of the dual role of Wnts in proliferation and differentiation. Building on our previous investigations of small molecules modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified a compound, ID-8, that could support Wnt-induced human embryonic stem cell proliferation and survival without differentiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) is the target of the small molecule ID-8. Its role in human pluripotent cell renewal was confirmed by DYRK knockdown in human embryonic stem cells. Using Wnt and the DYRK inhibitor ID-8, we have developed a novel and simple chemically defined xeno-free culture system that allows for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells without FGF or TGFβ activation. These culture conditions do not include xenobiotic supplements, serum, serum replacement, or albumin. Using this culture system, we have shown that several human pluripotent cell lines maintained pluripotency (>20 passages) and a normal karyotype and still retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. This Wnt-dependent culture system should provide a platform for complete replacement of growth factors with chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
| | - Shin-ya Yasuda
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Michael McMillan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Center
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- Functional Additives Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Carolyn Lutzko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
| | - Michael Kahn
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, and
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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44
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Wray J, Hartmann C. WNTing embryonic stem cells. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 22:159-68. [PMID: 22196214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) - undifferentiated cells originating from preimplantation stage embryos - have prolonged self-renewal capacity and are pluripotent. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway is implicated in maintenance of and exit from the pluripotent state. Recent findings demonstrate that the essential mediator of canonical Wnt signaling, β-catenin, is dispensable for ESC maintenance; however, its activation inhibits differentiation through derepression of T cell factor 3 (Tcf3)-bound genes. Wnt agonists are useful in deriving ESCs from recalcitrant mouse strains and the rat and in nuclear reprogramming of somatic stem cells. We discuss recent advances in our understanding of the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the regulation of ESC self-renewal and how its manipulation can improve pluripotent ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wray
- University College London, Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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45
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Azarin SM, Lian X, Larson EA, Popelka HM, de Pablo JJ, Palecek SP. Modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human embryonic stem cells using a 3-D microwell array. Biomaterials 2011; 33:2041-9. [PMID: 22177620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular interactions in the cell microenvironment play a critical role in determining cell fate, but the effects of these interactions on pathways governing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) behavior have not been fully elucidated. We and others have previously reported that 3-D culture of hESCs affects cell fates, including self-renewal and differentiation to a variety of lineages. Here we have used a microwell culture system that produces 3-D colonies of uniform size and shape to provide insight into the effect of modulating cell-cell contact on canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hESCs. Canonical Wnt signaling has been implicated in both self-renewal and differentiation of hESCs, and competition for β-catenin between the Wnt pathway and cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions impacts various developmental processes, including the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Our results showed that hESCs cultured in 3-D microwells exhibited higher E-cadherin expression than cells on 2-D substrates. The increase in E-cadherin expression in microwells was accompanied by a downregulation of Wnt signaling, as evidenced by the lack of nuclear β-catenin and downregulation of Wnt target genes. Despite this reduction in Wnt signaling in microwell cultures, embryoid bodies (EBs) formed from hESCs cultured in microwells exhibited higher levels of Wnt signaling than EBs from hESCs cultured on 2-D substrates. Furthermore, the Wnt-positive cells within EBs showed upregulation of genes associated with cardiogenesis. These results demonstrate that modulation of intercellular interactions impacts Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira M Azarin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Zoumaro-Djayoon AD, Ding V, Foong LY, Choo A, Heck AJR, Muñoz J. Investigating the role of FGF-2 in stem cell maintenance by global phosphoproteomics profiling. Proteomics 2011; 11:3962-71. [PMID: 21761559 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are of immense interest for regenerative medicine as a source of tissue replacement. Expansion of hESCs as a pluripotent population requires a balance between survival, proliferation and self-renewal signals. One of the key growth factors that maintains this balance is fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We recently profiled specifically tyrosine phosphorylation events that occur during FGF-2 stimulation of hESCs (Ding et al., J. Cell. Physiol. 2010, 225, 417-428). Here, we complement this phosphoproteome profiling by analyzing temporal dynamics of mostly serine and threonine protein phosphorylation events. Our multi-dimensional strategy combines strong cation exchange chromatography to reduce the sample complexity followed by titanium dioxide off-line for the enrichment of phosphopeptides and dimethylation-based stable isotope labeling for quantification. This approach allowed us to identify and quantify 3261 unique proteins from which 1064 proteins were found to be phosphorylated in one or more residues (representing 1653 unique phosphopeptides). Approximately 40% of the proteins (553 unique phosphopeptides) showed differential phosphorylation upon FGF-2 treatment. Among those are several members of the canonical pathways involved in pluripotency and self-renewal (e.g. Wnt and PI3K/AKT), hESC-associated proteins such as SOX2, RIF1, SALL4, DPPA4, DNMT3B and 53 proteins that are target genes of the pluripotency transcription factors SOX2, OCT4 and NANOG. These findings complement existing pluripotency analyses and provide new insights into how FGF-2 assists in maintaining the undifferentiated state of hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adja D Zoumaro-Djayoon
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nakatsu MN, Ding Z, Ng MY, Truong TT, Yu F, Deng SX. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates proliferation of human cornea epithelial stem/progenitor cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:4734-41. [PMID: 21357396 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression and role of the Wnt signaling pathway in human limbal stem cells (LSCs). METHODS Total RNA was isolated from the human limbus and central cornea. Limbal or cornea-specific transcripts were identified through quantitative real-time PCR. Protein expression of Wnt molecules was confirmed by immunohistochemistry on human ocular tissue. Activation of Wnt signaling using lithium chloride was achieved in vitro and its effects on LSC differentiation and proliferation were evaluated. RESULTS Expression of Wnt2, Wnt6, Wnt11, Wnt16b, and four Wnt inhibitors were specific to the limbal region, whereas Wnt3, Wnt7a, Wnt7b, and Wnt10a were upregulated in the central cornea. Nuclear localization of β-catenin was observed in a very small subset of basal epithelial cells only at the limbus. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling increased the proliferation and colony-forming efficiency of primary human LSCs. The stem cell phenotype was maintained, as shown by higher expression levels of putative corneal epithelial stem cell markers, ATP-binding cassette family G2 and ΔNp63α, and low expression levels of mature cornea epithelial cell marker, cytokeratin 12. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate for the first time that Wnt signaling is present in the ocular surface epithelium and plays an important role in the regulation of LSC proliferation. Modulation of Wnt signaling could be of clinical application to increase the efficiency of ex vivo expansion of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin N Nakatsu
- Cornea and Uveitis Division, Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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48
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Sarkar D, Shields B, Davies ML, Müller J, Wakeman JA. BRACHYURY confers cancer stem cell characteristics on colorectal cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:328-37. [PMID: 21365650 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are initiating cells in colorectal cancer (CRC). Colorectal tumours undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like processes at the invasive front, enabling invasion and metastasis, and recent studies have linked this process to the acquisition of stem cell-like properties. It is of fundamental importance to understand the molecular events leading to the establishment of cancer initiating cells and how these mechanisms relate to cellular transitions during tumourigenesis. We use an in vitro system to recapitulate changes in CRC cells at the invasive front (mesenchymal-like cells) and central mass (epithelial-like cells) of tumours. We show that the mesoderm inducer BRACHYURY is expressed in a subpopulation of CRC cells that resemble invasive front mesenchymal-like cells, where it acts to impose characteristics of CSCs in a fully reversible manner, suggesting reversible formation and modulation of such cells. BRACHYURY, itself regulated by the oncogene β-catenin, influences NANOG and other 'stemness' markers including a panel of markers defining CRC-CSC whose presence has been linked to poor patient prognosis. Similar regulation of NANOG through BRACHYURY was observed in other cells lines, suggesting this might be a pathway common to cancer cells undergoing mesenchymal transition. We suggest that BRACHYURY may regulate NANOG in mesenchymal-like CRC cells to impose a 'plastic-state', allowing competence of cells to respond to signals prompting invasion or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Sarkar
- North West Cancer Research Fund Institute, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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49
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The function of e-cadherin in stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:229-59. [PMID: 24710147 PMCID: PMC3924836 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be grown indefinitely under appropriate conditions whilst retaining the ability to differentiate to cells representative of the three primary germ layers. Such cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine by offering treatment options for a wide range of diseases and disorders as well as providing a model system for elucidating mechanisms involved in development and disease. In recent years, evidence for the function of E-cadherin in regulating pluripotent and self-renewal signaling pathways in ES and iPS cells has emerged. In this review, we discuss the function of E-cadherin and its interacting partners in the context of development and disease. We then describe relevant literature highlighting the function of E-cadherin in establishing and maintaining pluripotent and self-renewal properties of ES and iPS cells. In addition, we present experimental data demonstrating that exposure of human ES cells to the E-cadherin neutralizing antibody SHE78.7 allows culture of these cells in the absence of FGF2-supplemented medium.
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50
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Wagner RT, Xu X, Yi F, Merrill BJ, Cooney AJ. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin regulation of liver receptor homolog-1 mediates pluripotency gene expression. Stem Cells 2011; 28:1794-804. [PMID: 20734354 PMCID: PMC2996860 DOI: 10.1002/stem.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Delineating the signaling pathways that underlie ESC pluripotency is paramount for development of ESC applications in both the research and clinical settings. In culture pluripotency is maintained by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) stimulation of two separate signaling axes: Stat3/Klf4/Sox2 and PI3K/Tbx3/Nanog, which converge in the regulation of Oct4 expression. However, LIF signaling is not required in vivo for self-renewal, thus alternate signaling axes likely mediate these pathways. Additional factors that promote pluripotency gene expression have been identified, including the direct regulation of Oct4 by liver receptor homolog-1 (Lrh-1) and β-catenin regulation of Nanog. Here, we present genetic, molecular, and pharmacological studies identifying a signaling axis in which β-catenin promotes pluripotency gene expression in an Lrh-1-dependent manner. Furthermore, Lrh-1 was identified as a novel β-catenin target gene, and Lrh-1 regulation is required for maintaining proper levels of Oct4, Nanog, and Tbx3. Elucidation of this pathway provides an alternate mechanism by which the primary pluripotency axis may be regulated in vivo and may pave the way for small molecule applications to manipulate pluripotency or improve the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T Wagner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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