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Kong AY, Herbert L, Feldman JM, Trangenstein PJ, Fakunle DO, Lee JGL. Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023; 10:2861-2871. [PMID: 36469288 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence of racialized and socioeconomic inequities in tobacco and alcohol outlet availability, few studies have investigated spatial inequities in areas experiencing both concentrated residential racialized segregation and socioeconomic disadvantage. This study examined whether segregation-racialized, economic or both-was associated with alcohol and tobacco retailer counts in North Carolina (NC). METHODS The NC Alcoholic Beverage Control Commission provided lists of 2021 off-premise alcohol retailers. We created a list of 2018 probable tobacco retailers using ReferenceUSA. We calculated three census tract-level measures of the Index of Concentrations at the Extremes (ICE), indicating racialized segregation between non-Hispanic White and Black residents and economic segregation based on household income. We used negative binomial regression to test associations between quintiles of each ICE measure and tobacco and, separately, alcohol retailer counts. RESULTS Tracts with the greatest racialized disadvantage had 38% (IRR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.15-1.66) and 65% (IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.34-2.04) more tobacco and alcohol outlets, respectively, as tracts with the lowest. Tracts with the highest racialized economic disadvantage had a predicted count of 1.51 tobacco outlets per 1000 people while those in the lowest had nearly one fewer predicted outlet. Similar inequities existed in the predicted count of alcohol outlets. DISCUSSION Tobacco and alcohol outlet availability are higher in NC places experiencing concentrated racialized and economic segregation. A centralized agency overseeing tobacco and alcohol outlet permits and strategies to reduce the retail availability of these harmful products (e.g., capping the number of permits) are needed to intervene upon these inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Y Kong
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Lily Herbert
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - David O Fakunle
- Public Health Program, Morgan State University School of Community Health & Policy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Behie AM, Miszkiewicz JJ. Enamel neonatal line thickness in deciduous teeth of Australian children from known maternal health and pregnancy conditions. Early Hum Dev 2019; 137:104821. [PMID: 31330463 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological disruptions to early human development have implications for health and disease in later life. Limited research has explored how prenatal factors influence dental development in children of mothers with known pregnancy conditions. Enamel in human deciduous teeth begins forming in utero and is highly susceptible to physiological upsets experienced perinatally. The moment of birth itself is marked in deciduous enamel by the Neonatal Line (NNL) as a baby transitions from the uterine to external environment. This study evaluates the effect of maternal health factors that include stress and alcohol consumption on NNL in teeth from Australian children. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS Mothers (n = 53) were interviewed about their health during pregnancy and experience of birth. Sixty-five deciduous teeth (incisors, molars, one canine) from their children were donated for histological examination. Neonatal line thickness was measured from thin sections and evaluated against maternal and neonatal factors using statistical analyses, controlling for tooth type and birth number. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The only maternal factor of a statistically significant effect on NNL thickness was alcohol consumption. Children of mothers who drank occasionally during pregnancy had a thicker NNL when compared to children of mothers who abstained. These results suggest that maternal lifestyle factors influence NNL formation possibly due to physiological changes that disrupt calcium homeostasis during enamel deposition. We highlight large intra-specific variation in human NNL expression. The potential of dental sampling in identifying children with prenatal exposure to alcohol is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Behie
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, 44 Linnaeus Way, Banks Building, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
| | - Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, 44 Linnaeus Way, Banks Building, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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Macchione AF, Anunziata F, Haymal BO, Abate P, Molina JC. Brief ethanol exposure and stress-related factors disorganize neonatal breathing plasticity during the brain growth spurt period in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:983-998. [PMID: 29464303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4815-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effects of early ethanol exposure upon neonatal respiratory plasticity have received progressive attention given a multifactorial perspective related with sudden infant death syndrome or hypoxia-associated syndromes. The present preclinical study was performed in 3-9-day-old pups, a stage in development characterized by a brain growth spurt that partially overlaps with the 3rd human gestational trimester. METHODS Breathing frequencies and apneas were examined in pups receiving vehicle or a relatively moderate ethanol dose (2.0 g/kg) utilizing a whole body plethysmograph. The experimental design also considered possible associations between drug administration stress and exteroceptive cues (plethysmographic context or an artificial odor). Ethanol exposure progressively exerted a detrimental effect upon breathing frequencies. A test conducted at PD9 when pups were under the state of sobriety confirmed ethanol's detrimental effects upon respiratory plasticity (breathing depression). RESULTS Pre-exposure to the drug also resulted in a highly disorganized respiratory response following a hypoxic event, i.e., heightened apneic episodes. Associative processes involving drug administration procedures and placement in the plethysmographic context also affected respiratory plasticity. Pups that experienced intragastric administrations in close temporal contiguity with such a context showed diminished hyperventilation during hypoxia. In a 2nd test conducted at PD9 while pups were intoxicated and undergoing hypoxia, an attenuated hyperventilatory response was observed. In this test, there were also indications that prior ethanol exposure depressed breathing frequencies during hypoxia and a recovery normoxia phase. CONCLUSION As a whole, the results demonstrated that brief ethanol experience and stress-related factors significantly disorganize respiratory patterns as well as arousal responses linked to hypoxia in neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Macchione
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F Anunziata
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - B O Haymal
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - P Abate
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - J C Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5016, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina. .,Center for Development and Behavioral Neuroscience, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Kou H, Shen L, Luo HW, Chen LB, Wu DF, Wang H. An intergenerational effect of neuroendocrine metabolic programming alteration induced by prenatal ethanol exposure in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:85-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Oh S, Reingle Gonzalez JM, Salas-Wright CP, Vaughn MG, DiNitto DM. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol and tobacco use among pregnant women in the United States: Evidence from the NSDUH 2005-2014. Prev Med 2017; 97:93-99. [PMID: 28111096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol and tobacco use during pregnancy are among the strongest and most preventable risk factors for adverse neonatal health outcomes, but few developmentally sensitive, population-based studies of this phenomenon have been conducted. To address this gap, the present study examined the prevalence and correlates of alcohol and tobacco use among pregnant adolescents (aged 12-17) and adults (aged 18-44) in the United States. Data were derived from the population-based National Survey of Drug Use and Health (80,498 adolescent and 152,043 adult women) between 2005 and 2014. Findings show disconcerting levels of past-month use among pregnant women with 11.5% of adolescent and 8.7% of adult women using alcohol, and 23.0% of adolescent and 14.9% of adult women using tobacco. Compared to their non-pregnant counterparts, pregnant adolescents were less likely to report past 30-day alcohol use (AOR=0.52, 95% CI=0.36-0.76), but more likely to report past 30-day tobacco use (AOR=2.20, 95% CI=1.53-3.18). Compared to their non-pregnant adult counterparts, pregnant adults were less likely to report using alcohol (AOR=0.06, 95% CI=0.05-0.07) and tobacco (AOR=0.47, 95% CI=0.43-0.52). Compared to pregnant abstainers, pregnant women reporting alcohol/tobacco use were more likely to have had a major depressive episode in the past 12months, report criminal justice system involvement, and endorse comorbid alcohol/tobacco use. Given alcohol and tobacco's deleterious consequences during pregnancy, increased attention to reducing use is critical. Findings suggest that tobacco use is especially problematic for both adolescents and adults and is strongly linked with depression and criminal justice involvement, especially among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehun Oh
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, United States.
| | - Jennifer M Reingle Gonzalez
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, United States
| | | | - Michael G Vaughn
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, United States
| | - Diana M DiNitto
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess whether a structured employee protection program for pregnant workers at a chemical company has an impact on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Reported pregnancies (n = 1402) between 2003 and 2010 and their outcomes were documented using questionnaires at the time of pregnancy report, end of pregnancy, and 1 year later. Potential maternal exposures were assessed using job histories, workplace inspections, and questionnaires. RESULTS Participation was 86% overall and was consistently high across subgroups.Pregnancy losses (10.9%), pregnancy complications, and preterm births (8.1%) were in agreement with rates in the general population and were independent of type of work and maternal exposure category. CONCLUSIONS Pregnancy complication rates in this chemical company are not statistically elevated than that in the general population, as suggested in a previous study. The protection program may play a role in preventing complications that may have occurred.
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Placental Fatty Acid ethyl esters are elevated with maternal alcohol use in pregnancies complicated by prematurity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126552. [PMID: 25978403 PMCID: PMC4433254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in meconium of term newborns has been described as one potential biomarker of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. FAEEs accumulate in multiple alcohol-exposed fetal tissues and in the placenta. Limited research has focused on the identification of the premature newborn exposed to alcohol in utero. We hypothesized that maternal alcohol use occurs in a significant proportion of premature deliveries and that this exposure can be detected as elevated placental FAEEs. The goals of this study were to 1) determine the prevalence of maternal alcohol use in the premature newborn and 2) investigate whether placental FAEEs could identify those newborns with fetal alcohol exposure. This prospective observational study evaluated 80 placentas from 80 women after premature delivery. Subjects were interviewed for alcohol intake and placental FAEEs were quantified via GC/MS. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curves were generated to evaluate the ability of placental FAEEs to predict maternal drinking during pregnancy. Adjusted ROC curves were generated to adjust for gestational age, maternal smoking, and illicit drug use. 30% of the subjects admitted to drinking alcohol during pregnancy and approximately 14% answered questions indicative of problem drinking (designated AUDIT+). The specific FAEEs ethyl stearate and linoleate, as well as combinations of oleate + linoleate + linolenate (OLL) and of OLL + stearate, were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in placentas from AUDIT+ pregnancies. Adjusted ROC Curves generated areas under the curve ranging from 88–93% with negative predictive values of 97% for AUDIT+ pregnancies. We conclude that nearly one third of premature pregnancies were alcohol-exposed, and that elevated placental FAEEs hold great promise to accurately determine maternal alcohol use, particularly heavy use, in pregnancies complicated by premature delivery.
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Gormack AA, Peek JC, Derraik JGB, Gluckman PD, Young NL, Cutfield WS. Many women undergoing fertility treatment make poor lifestyle choices that may affect treatment outcome. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:1617-24. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Alcohol exposure during late gestation: multiple developmental outcomes in sheep. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 3:224-36. [PMID: 25102144 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy remains common in many countries. Exposure to even low amounts of alcohol (i.e. ethanol) in pregnancy can lead to the heterogeneous fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), while heavy alcohol consumption can result in the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). FAS is characterized by cerebral dysfunction, growth restriction and craniofacial malformations. However, the effects of lower doses of alcohol during pregnancy, such as those that lead to FASD, are less well understood. In this article, we discuss the findings of recent studies performed in our laboratories on the effects of fetal alcohol exposure using sheep, in which we investigated the effects of late gestational alcohol exposure on the developing brain, arteries, kidneys, heart and lungs. Our studies indicate that alcohol exposure in late gestation can (1) affect cerebral white matter development and increase the risk of hemorrhage in the fetal brain, (2) cause left ventricular hypertrophy with evidence of altered cardiomyocyte maturation, (3) lead to a decrease in nephron number in the kidney, (4) cause altered arterial wall stiffness and endothelial and smooth muscle function and (5) result in altered surfactant protein mRNA expression, surfactant phospholipid composition and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in the lung. These findings suggest that fetal alcohol exposure in late gestation can affect multiple organs, potentially increasing the risk of disease and organ dysfunction in later life.
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Nykjaer C, Alwan NA, Greenwood DC, Simpson NAB, Hay AWM, White KLM, Cade JE. Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes: evidence from a British cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68:542-9. [PMID: 24616351 PMCID: PMC4033207 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-202934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Evidence is conflicting regarding the relationship between low maternal alcohol consumption and birth outcomes. This paper aimed to investigate the association between alcohol intake before and during pregnancy with birth weight and gestational age and to examine the effect of timing of exposure. Methods A prospective cohort in Leeds, UK, of 1303 pregnant women aged 18–45 years. Questionnaires assessed alcohol consumption before pregnancy and for the three trimesters separately. Categories of alcohol consumption were divided into ≤2 units/week and >2 units/week with a non-drinking category as referent. This was related to size at birth and preterm delivery, adjusting for confounders including salivary cotinine as a biomarker of smoking status. Results Nearly two-thirds of women before pregnancy and over half in the first trimester reported alcohol intakes above the Department of Health (UK) guidelines of ≤2 units/week. Associations with birth outcomes were strongest for intakes >2 units/week before pregnancy and in trimesters 1 and 2 compared to non-drinkers. Even women adhering to the guidelines in the first trimester were at significantly higher risk of having babies with lower birth weight, lower birth centile and preterm birth compared to non-drinkers, after adjusting for confounders (p<0.05). Conclusions We found the first trimester to be the period most sensitive to the effect of alcohol on the developing fetus. Women adhering to guidelines in this period were still at increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. Our findings suggest that women should be advised to abstain from alcohol when planning to conceive and throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Nykjaer
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, , Leeds, UK
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Truong KD, Reifsnider OS, Mayorga ME, Spitler H. Estimated number of preterm births and low birth weight children born in the United States due to maternal binge drinking. Matern Child Health J 2013; 17:677-88. [PMID: 22711260 PMCID: PMC3664940 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-012-1048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to estimate the aggregate burden of maternal binge drinking on preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) across American sociodemographic groups in 2008. To estimate the aggregate burden of maternal binge drinking on preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) across American sociodemographic groups in 2008. A simulation model was developed to estimate the number of PTB and LBW cases due to maternal binge drinking. Data inputs for the model included number of births and rates of preterm and LBW from the National Center for Health Statistics; female population by childbearing age groups from the U.S. Census; increased relative risks of preterm and LBW deliveries due to maternal binge drinking extracted from the literature; and adjusted prevalence of binge drinking among pregnant women estimated in a multivariate logistic regression model using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. The most conservative estimates attributed maternal binge drinking to 8,701 (95% CI: 7,804-9,598) PTBs (1.75% of all PTBs) and 5,627 (95% CI 5,121-6,133) LBW deliveries in 2008, with 3,708 (95% CI: 3,375-4,041) cases of both PTB and LBW. The estimated rate of PTB due to maternal binge drinking was 1.57% among all PTBs to White women, 0.69% among Black women, 3.31% among Hispanic women, and 2.35% among other races. Compared to other age groups, women ages 40-44 had the highest adjusted binge drinking rate and highest PTB rate due to maternal binge drinking (4.33%). Maternal binge drinking contributed significantly to PTB and LBW differentially across sociodemographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khoa D Truong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Torricelli M, Conti N, Galeazzi LR, Di Renzo GC, Petraglia F. Epidemiology of early pre-term delivery: Relationship with clinical and histopathological infective parameters. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2013; 33:140-3. [DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2012.743980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Taurine protects cerebellar neurons of the external granular layer against ethanol-induced apoptosis in 7-day-old mice. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1705-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Avalos LA, Kaskutas L, Block G, Abrams B, Li DK. Does lack of multinutrient supplementation during early pregnancy increase vulnerability to alcohol-related preterm or small-for-gestational-age births? Matern Child Health J 2012; 15:1324-32. [PMID: 20949322 PMCID: PMC3195813 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-010-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess whether women who do not take multinutrient supplements during early pregnancy are more susceptible to the effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption on preterm birth and small-for-gestational-age birth (SGA) compared to women who do take multinutrients. This analysis included 800 singleton live births to mothers from a cohort of pregnant women recruited for a population-based cohort study conducted in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program in Northern California. Participants were recruited in their first trimester of pregnancy and information about their alcohol use and supplement intake during pregnancy was collected. Preterm birth (n = 53, 7%) was defined as a delivery prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation and SGA birth (n = 124, 16%) was defined as birth weight less than the 10th percentile for the infant’s gestational age and sex compared to US singleton live births. A twofold increase in the odds of SGA birth attributed to low-to-moderate alcohol intake was found among multinutrient supplement non-users (95% CI: 1.1, 5.3). Yet, among multinutrient supplement users, there was no increased risk of an SGA birth for women who drank low-to-moderately compared to women who abstained (aOR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.6, 1.6). Similar results emerged for preterm birth. Our findings provide marginal evidence that multinutrient supplementation during early pregnancy may modify the risk of SGA births and preterm birth associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy and may have important implications for pregnant women and women of child-bearing age. However, future research needs to be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Ammon Avalos
- Alcohol Research Group, 6475 Christie Ave., Suite 400, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Lazic T, Sow FB, Van Geelen A, Meyerholz DK, Gallup JM, Ackermann MR. Exposure to ethanol during the last trimester of pregnancy alters the maturation and immunity of the fetal lung. Alcohol 2011; 45:673-80. [PMID: 21163613 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of ethanol exposure on fetal lungs remain under investigation. Previously, we demonstrated that lambs exposed to ethanol during gestation had impaired expression of pulmonary surfactant protein A, a crucial component of lung immunity. In this study, we investigated the effects of in utero exposure to ethanol on maturation and immunity of the fetal lung. Pregnant ewes were surgically implanted with an abomasal cannula and administered 1g ethanol/kg (n=8) or water (n=8) during the last trimester of pregnancy. Lambs were delivered prematurely or naturally. Neonatal lungs were assessed for maturation markers (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [HIF-1α], HIF-2α, HIF-3α, vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF-A], VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, glycogen, and lung protein levels) and immunity (cytokines and chemokines). Preterm animals exposed to ethanol had significantly reduced VEGF-A mRNA (P=.066) and protein levels, HIF-1α (P=.055), HIF-2α (P=.019), VEGFR-1 (P=.088), and VEGFR-2 (P=.067) mRNA levels but no changes in HIF-3α mRNA. No significant changes occurred in full-term animals exposed to ethanol. Glycogen levels were significantly higher in preterm animals exposed to ethanol (P=.006) but not in full-term animals. Ethanol exposure was associated with significantly lower lung protein levels in preterm (P=.03) but not full-term animals. Preterm animals exposed to ethanol had significantly reduced TNF-α (P=.05), IL-10 (P=.03), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) (P=.017), and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) (P=.0004) mRNA. In full-term animals exposed to ethanol, the immune alterations were either sustained (TNF-α, P=.009; IL-10, P=.03) or returned to near baseline levels (CCL5 and MCP-1). The ethanol-mediated alterations in fetal lung maturation and immunity may explain the increased incidence of respiratory infections in neonates exposed to ethanol in utero.
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Kenna K, De Matteo R, Hanita T, Rees S, Sozo F, Stokes V, Walker D, Bocking A, Brien J, Harding R. Daily ethanol exposure during late ovine pregnancy: physiological effects in the mother and fetus in the apparent absence of overt fetal cerebral dysmorphology. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R926-36. [PMID: 21715699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00711.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
High levels of ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy adversely affect fetal development; however, the effects of lower levels of exposure are less clear. Our objectives were to assess the effects of daily EtOH exposure (3.8 USA standard drinks) on fetal-maternal physiological variables and the fetal brain, particularly white matter. Pregnant ewes received daily intravenous infusions of EtOH (0.75 g/kg maternal body wt over 1 h, 8 fetuses) or saline (8 fetuses) from 95 to 133 days of gestational age (DGA; term ∼145 DGA). Maternal and fetal arterial blood was sampled at 131-133 DGA. At necropsy (134 DGA) fetal brains were collected for analysis. Maternal and fetal plasma EtOH concentrations reached similar maximal concentration (∼0.11 g/dl) and declined at the same rate. EtOH infusions produced mild reductions in fetal arterial oxygenation but there were no changes in maternal oxygenation, maternal and fetal Pa(CO(2)), or in fetal mean arterial pressure or heart rate. Following EtOH infusions, plasma lactate levels were elevated in ewes and fetuses, but arterial pH fell only in ewes. Fetal body and brain weights were similar between groups. In three of eight EtOH-exposed fetuses there were small subarachnoid hemorrhages in the cerebrum and cerebellum associated with focal cortical neuronal death and gliosis. Overall, there was no evidence of cystic lesions, inflammation, increased apoptosis, or white matter injury. We conclude that daily EtOH exposure during the third trimester-equivalent of ovine pregnancy has modest physiological effects on the fetus and no gross effects on fetal white matter development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kenna
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Masho SW, Keyser-Marcus L, Varner SB, Chapman D, Singleton R, Svikis D. Addressing Perinatal Disparities in Urban Setting: Using Community Based Participatory Research. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:292-302. [PMID: 23459130 PMCID: PMC3584582 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Striking racial disparities in infant mortality exist in the United States, with rates of infant death among African Americans (AA) nearly twice the national average. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches have been successful in fostering collaborative relationships between communities and researchers focused on developing effective and sustainable interventions and programs targeting needs of the community. The current paper details use of the Perinatal Period of Risk (PPOR) model as a method to engage communities by identifying factors influencing racial disparities in infant mortality and examining changes in those factors over a ten year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba W. Masho
- Associate Professor, Departments of Epidemiology and Community Health and, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Lori Keyser-Marcus
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | | | | | | | - Dace Svikis
- Professor, Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, Obstetrics and, Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Salihu HM, Kornosky JL, Lynch O, Alio AP, August EM, Marty PJ. Impact of prenatal alcohol consumption on placenta-associated syndromes. Alcohol 2011; 45:73-9. [PMID: 20598485 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biology of placental and fetal development suggests that alcohol may play a significant role in increasing the risk of feto-infant morbidity and mortality, but study results are inconsistent and the mechanism remains poorly defined. Previous studies have not examined the risk of placenta-associated syndromes (PASs: defined as the occurrence of either placental abruption, placenta previa, preeclampsia, small for gestational age, preterm, or stillbirth) as a unique entity. Therefore, we sought to examine the relationship between prenatal alcohol use and the risk of PAS among singleton births in the Missouri maternally linked data files covering the period 1989-2005. Logistic regression with adjustment for intracluster correlation was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared with nondrinkers, drinkers were more likely to be smokers, 35 years of age or older, black, and multiparous. Drinkers had an increased risk of PAS (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.22,1.31) when compared with their nondrinking counterparts. The risk of PAS was progressively amplified with increasing prenatal alcohol consumption (P for trend <.01). Women who reported consuming five or more alcoholic drinks per week had more than twofold increased risk of PASs, whereas women in the lowest drinking category (one to two drinks per week) had only a slight increased risk of PAS (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.05, 1.14). Enhanced understanding of the mechanism by which prenatal alcohol consumption leads to PAS may aid in the development of more targeted interventions designed to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Screening women for alcohol use may assist providers in protecting developing fetuses from the potential dangers of prenatal alcohol use.
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Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GLG, Graham K, Irving H, Kehoe T, Parry CD, Patra J, Popova S, Poznyak V, Roerecke M, Room R, Samokhvalov AV, Taylor B. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction 2010; 105:817-43. [PMID: 20331573 PMCID: PMC3306013 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 718] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS As part of a larger study to estimate the global burden of disease and injury attributable to alcohol: to evaluate the evidence for a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption and pattern of drinking on diseases and injuries; to quantify relationships identified as causal based on published meta-analyses; to separate the impact on mortality versus morbidity where possible; and to assess the impact of the quality of alcohol on burden of disease. METHODS Systematic literature reviews were used to identify alcohol-related diseases, birth complications and injuries using standard epidemiological criteria to determine causality. The extent of the risk relations was taken from meta-analyses. RESULTS Evidence of a causal impact of average volume of alcohol consumption was found for the following major diseases: tuberculosis, mouth, nasopharynx, other pharynx and oropharynx cancer, oesophageal cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, female breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, alcohol use disorders, unipolar depressive disorders, epilepsy, hypertensive heart disease, ischaemic heart disease (IHD), ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke, conduction disorders and other dysrhythmias, lower respiratory infections (pneumonia), cirrhosis of the liver, preterm birth complications and fetal alcohol syndrome. Dose-response relationships could be quantified for all disease categories except for depressive disorders, with the relative risk increasing with increased level of alcohol consumption for most diseases. Both average volume and drinking pattern were linked causally to IHD, fetal alcohol syndrome and unintentional and intentional injuries. For IHD, ischaemic stroke and diabetes mellitus beneficial effects were observed for patterns of light to moderate drinking without heavy drinking occasions (as defined by 60+ g pure alcohol per day). For several disease and injury categories, the effects were stronger on mortality compared to morbidity. There was insufficient evidence to establish whether quality of alcohol had a major impact on disease burden. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that alcohol impacts many disease outcomes causally, both chronic and acute, and injuries. In addition, a pattern of heavy episodic drinking increases risk for some disease and all injury outcomes. Future studies need to address a number of methodological issues, especially the differential role of average volume versus drinking pattern, in order to obtain more accurate risk estimates and to understand more clearly the nature of alcohol-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
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Namagembe I, Jackson LW, Zullo MD, Frank SH, Byamugisha JK, Sethi AK. Consumption of alcoholic beverages among pregnant urban Ugandan women. Matern Child Health J 2009; 14:492-500. [PMID: 19629663 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-009-0500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimated alcohol consumption in Uganda to be one of the highest in the world. We examined alcohol consumption among Ugandan women prior to and after learning of pregnancy. We developed a screening algorithm using factors that predicted alcohol consumption in this study. In 2006, we surveyed 610 women attending antenatal care at the national referral hospital in Kampala, Uganda about consumption of traditional and commercial alcoholic beverages before and after learning of pregnancy. Predictors of alcohol consumption during pregnancy were examined and a practical screening algorithm was developed for use in antenatal clinics. One hundred eighty women (30%) drank alcohol at least monthly before learning of their pregnancy. Among these women, almost one-third reported usual consumption of at least one beverage type at quantities that equal binging levels for women. Overall, 151 women (25%) consumed alcohol after learning of pregnancy. Commercial beverages, particularly beer, were consumed more often than traditional drinks. A two-stage screening algorithm asking women about their religion, male partner or friends' drinking, and any lifetime drinking predicted self-reported consumption of alcohol during pregnancy with 97% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Alcohol consumption among pregnant Ugandan women attending antenatal care is high. A feasible screening algorithm can help providers target education and counseling to women who are likely drinking during pregnancy. Given the preference for commercial alcoholic beverages, it is recommended that labels be placed prominently on bottled alcoholic beverages warning of the adverse effects of consuming alcohol during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imelda Namagembe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4945, USA
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Odendaal HJ, Steyn DW, Elliott A, Burd L. Combined effects of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on perinatal outcome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2008; 67:1-8. [PMID: 18685256 DOI: 10.1159/000150597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increase in various congenital abnormalities associated with cigarette smoking and the use of alcohol during pregnancy has been reported in many studies. These exposures also increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as abruptio placentae, unexplained stillbirth, preterm labor and intrauterine growth restriction. However, very few studies have addressed the combined effect of smoking and drinking on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In this review, the adverse effects of smoking or drinking on pregnancy were obtained from publications in which both substances were addressed in the same study population. A special effort was made to find studies in which the combined effect of these substances was investigated. RESULTS Preterm labor occurred more frequently in women who drank and smoked during pregnancy. This increased odds ratio was more than the sum of the effects of either smoking or drinking, indicating that the use of both substances by the same woman has a synergistic effect that increases the risk of preterm labor. This synergistic effect was also found for low birth weight and growth restriction. CONCLUSIONS As most of the women who drink during pregnancy also smoke cigarettes, attention should be given to the prevention or reduced use of both substances during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein J Odendaal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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Yamamoto Y, Kaneita Y, Yokoyama E, Sone T, Takemura S, Suzuki K, Kaneko A, Ohida T. Alcohol consumption and abstention among pregnant Japanese women. J Epidemiol 2008; 18:173-82. [PMID: 18603827 PMCID: PMC4771587 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je2007419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to clarify the alcohol consumption status of pregnant women in Japan and the characteristics of pregnant women who abstained from alcohol after their pregnancy had been confirmed, a nationwide questionnaire-based study of alcohol consumption behavior was performed. We also examined the factors associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy and abstention after the confirmation of pregnancy. METHODS After random sampling, 260 institutions participated in the survey; these were selected from a list of survey points fixed by the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The study was conducted on pregnant women with confirmed pregnancies by using self-administered anonymous questionnaires during the period from February 1 through 14, 2002. RESULTS Alcohol consumption during pregnancy was reported in 11.1% of the study participants, and abstention after the confirmation of pregnancy, in 76.9%. Significant associations were recognized between higher education and both alcohol consumption during pregnancy and abstention after pregnancy confirmation. Furthermore, alcohol consumption was significantly associated with parity, smoking, and shorter sleep duration, whereas abstention was significantly associated with less frequent alcohol consumption and knowledge regarding the risk of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION The results clarified the factors associated with alcohol consumption during pregnancy and abstention after the confirmation of pregnancy in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Division of Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Kamimachi, Tokyo, Japan
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Hillemeier MM, Weisman CS, Chase GA, Dyer AM, Shaffer ML. Women's preconceptional health and use of health services: implications for preconception care. Health Serv Res 2008; 43:54-75. [PMID: 18211518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To improve understanding of women's use of health care before pregnancy, by analyzing how the health status and health risks of pre- and interconceptional women are associated with health services use. DATA SOURCE Data are from a cross-sectional random-digit dial telephone survey of a representative sample of 2002 women ages 18-45 years from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study (CePAWHS). A subsample of 1,325 respondents with current reproductive capacity, classified by reproductive life stage (preconceptional or interconceptional), was analyzed. STUDY DESIGN Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine how health needs (including indices of health status and health risks related to adverse pregnancy outcomes) are associated with five indicators of health services use (receipt of a regular physical exam, obstetrician-gynecologist [ob/gyn] visit, receipt of a set of recommended screening services, receipt of health counseling services on general health topics, and receipt of pregnancy-related counseling), controlling for predisposing and enabling variables. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Only half of women at risk of pregnancy report receiving counseling about pregnancy planning in the past year. One-third of women surveyed did not receive routine physical examinations and screening services, and over half received little or no health counseling. Multivariate analyses showed that all the measures of health needs except for negative health behavior were related to some type of health services use. Psychosocial stress was associated with having a recent ob/gyn visit, with receiving general health counseling, and with receiving pregnancy planning counseling. Cardiovascular risk was positively associated with receiving general health counseling and a regular physical exam, but negatively associated with seeing an ob/gyn. Positive health behaviors were associated with receiving screening services and with receiving general health counseling. Preconceptional reproductive life stage was positively associated with receiving a regular physical exam and negatively associated with having an ob/gyn visit. CONCLUSIONS Pre- and interconceptional women with specific health care needs may not receive appropriate health care before pregnancy. Improving pregnancy experiences and outcomes requires more comprehensive preconception health care and more preventive care before the first pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne M Hillemeier
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, Pennsylvania State University, 116 Henderson, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
An epidemiological and environmental approach is the appropriate starting point to understanding preterm labour. Although there are multiple aetiologies it seems likely that anthropometric and environmental risk factors in combination with inherent genetic susceptibilities contribute to an increased risk of preterm labour for certain women. Poct 2pulation-based studies identifying risk factors and quantifying outcomes facilitate informed counselling and provide a framework for developing prediction tools. Carefully conducted case-control and cohort studies identify associations that may contribute to an understanding of causation. A combined approach encompassing epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical research is required to understand the aetiologies, prevention and optimal management of preterm labour. This review focuses on the epidemiology of preterm labour and the role of environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre J Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Lazic T, Wyatt TA, Matic M, Meyerholz DK, Grubor B, Gallup JM, Kersting KW, Imerman PM, Almeida-De-Macedo M, Ackermann MR. Maternal alcohol ingestion reduces surfactant protein A expression by preterm fetal lung epithelia. Alcohol 2007; 41:347-55. [PMID: 17889311 PMCID: PMC2083706 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to neurodevelopmental effects, alcohol consumption at high levels during pregnancy is associated with immunomodulation and premature birth. Premature birth, in turn, is associated with increased susceptibility to various infectious agents such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The initial line of pulmonary innate defense includes the mucociliary apparatus, which expels microorganisms trapped within the airway secretions. Surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D, respectively) are additional components of pulmonary innate immunity and have an important role in pulmonary defense against inhaled pathogens. The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic alcohol consumption during the third trimester of pregnancy alters the function of the mucociliary apparatus and expression of SP-A and SP-D of fetal lung epithelia. Sixteen, date-mated ewes were assigned to two different groups; an ethanol-exposed group in which ewes received ethanol through surgically implanted intra-abomasal cannula during the third trimester of pregnancy, and a control group in which ewes received the equivalent amount of water instead of ethanol. Within these two groups, ewes were further randomly assigned to a full-term group in which the lambs were naturally delivered, and a preterm group in which the lambs were delivered prematurely via an abdominal incision and uterotomy. Ethanol was administered five times a week as a 40% solution at 1g/kg of body weight. The mean maternal serum alcohol concentration measured 6h postadministration was 16.3+/-4.36 mg/dl. Tracheas from six full-term lambs were collected to assess ciliary beat frequency (CBF). The lung tissue from all (24) lambs was collected for immunohistochemistry analysis of SP-A and SP-D protein production and fluorogenic real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of SP-A and SP-D mRNA levels. Exposure to ethanol during pregnancy significantly blocked stimulated increase in CBF through ethanol-mediated desensitization of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. In addition, preterm born/ethanol-exposed lambs showed significantly decreased SP-A mRNA expression when compared with the preterm born/control group (P=.004); no significant changes were seen with SP-D. The full-term/ethanol-exposed lambs had no significant alterations in mRNA levels, but had significantly less detectable SP-A protein when compared with the full-term/control lambs (P=.02). These findings suggest that chronic maternal ethanol consumption during the third trimester of pregnancy alters innate immune gene expression in fetal lung. These alterations may underlie increased susceptibility of preterm infants, exposed to ethanol in utero, to RSV and other microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Lazic
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, 2740 College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA.
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Jaddoe VWV, Bakker R, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Moll HA, Steegers EAP, Witteman JCM. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight and preterm birth. The generation R study. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:834-40. [PMID: 17604646 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations of alcohol consumption in different periods of pregnancy with the risks of low birth weight and preterm birth. METHODS This study was based on 7141 subjects participating in a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy. Alcohol consumption was assessed in early, mid, and late pregnancy. Birth outcomes were birth weight in grams, low birth weight (<2500 g), small size for gestational age at birth (< -2 standard deviation scores) and preterm birth (gestational age <37 weeks). RESULTS Overall, alcohol consumption during pregnancy was not associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, dose-response analyses showed tendencies toward adverse effects of average consumption of 1 or more alcoholic drinks per day in early pregnancy on birth weight (difference -129 g [95% confidence interval (CI): -271, 12]), low birth weight (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.81 [95% CI: 1.10, 21.08]), small size for gestational age at birth (aOR 1.45 [95% CI: 0.33, 6.44]) and preterm birth (aOR 2.51 [95% CI: 0.92, 6.81]). Similar effects were found in late pregnancy. CONCLUSION Average consumption of one or more but not less than one alcoholic drink per day in early or late pregnancy seems to be associated with adverse birth outcomes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mumghamba EGS, Manji KP. Maternal oral health status and preterm low birth weight at Muhimbili National Hospital, Tanzania: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2007; 7:8. [PMID: 17594498 PMCID: PMC1924845 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study examined the relationship between oral health status (periodontal disease and carious pulpal exposure (CPE)) and preterm low-birth-weight (PTLBW) infant deliveries among Tanzanian-African mothers at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Tanzania. Methods A retrospective case-control study was conducted, involving 373 postpartum mothers aged 14–44 years (PTLBW – 150 cases) and at term normal-birth-weight (TNBW) – 223 controls), using structured questionnaire and full-mouth examination for periodontal and dentition status. Results The mean number of sites with gingival bleeding was higher in PTLBW than in TNBW (P = 0.026). No significant differences were observed for sites with plaque, calculus, teeth with decay, missing, filling (DMFT) between PTLBW and TNBW. Controlling for known risk factors in all post-partum (n = 373), and primiparaous (n = 206) mothers, no significant differences were found regarding periodontal disease diagnosis threshold (PDT) (four sites or more that had probing periodontal pocket depth 4+mm and gingival bleeding ≥ 30% sites), and CPE between cases and controls. Significant risk factors for PTLBW among primi- and multiparous mothers together were age ≤ 19 years (adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.09, 95% Confidence interval (95% CI): 1.18 – 3.67, P = 0.011), hypertension (aOR = 2.44, (95% CI): 1.20 – 4.93, P = 0.013) and being un-married (aOR = 1.59, (95% CI): 1.00 – 2.53, P = 0.049). For primiparous mothers significant risk factors for PTLBW were age ≤ 19 years (aOR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.13 – 3.81, P = 0.019), and being un-married (aOR = 2.58, 95% CI: 1.42 – 4.67, P = 0.002). Conclusions These clinical findings show no evidence for periodontal disease or carious pulpal exposure being significant risk factors in PTLBW infant delivery among Tanzanian-Africans mothers at MNH, except for young age, hypertension, and being unmarried. Further research incorporating periodontal pathogens is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elifuraha GS Mumghamba
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65014, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Karim P Manji
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 65001, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
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Frey GM, Ott MG, Messerer P, Nasterlack M, Queisser-Luft A, Zober A. Pregnancy protection program in a large chemical company: design and initial survey results. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:507-18. [PMID: 17495693 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31805c7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the BASF pregnancy protection program and provide initial results regarding selected pregnancy outcomes. METHODS Pregnancies (n=1148) occurring between 1997 and 2002 were identified and outcomes were documented by questionnaires administered after the pregnancy announcement, end of pregnancy, and one year later. Potential maternal exposures were assessed via job histories, workplace inspections, and questionnaire. RESULTS Participation was 90% overall and was consistently high across employee subgroups. Pregnancy losses (11.5%) did not differ significantly by type of work. Among pregnancy symptoms vaginal bleeding was weakly associated with two exposure measures. Preterm births (8.7%) were in agreement with general population norms and did not vary by maternal exposure category. CONCLUSIONS High participation rates and a structured approach to employee education and documentation of reproductive outcomes may be of value in addressing reproductive health issues in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunild M Frey
- Occupational Medical and Health Protection Department, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Henderson J, Gray R, Brocklehurst P. Systematic review of effects of low-moderate prenatal alcohol exposure on pregnancy outcome. BJOG 2007; 114:243-52. [PMID: 17233797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2006.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review systematically the available evidence on studies in humans on the effects of low-moderate levels of prenatal alcohol consumption (up to 10.4 UK units or 83 g/week) compared with consumption of no alcohol on pregnancy outcome. DESIGN Systematic review. POPULATION Pregnant women or women who are trying to become pregnant. METHODS The search strategy included Medline, Embase, Cinahl and PsychInfo for the years 1970-2005. Titles and abstracts were read by two researchers and inclusion/exclusion being decided according to prespecified criteria. All the included articles were then obtained and read in full by the two researchers to decide on inclusion. The articles were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scales. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes considered were miscarriage, stillbirth, intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity, birthweight, small for gestational age at birth and birth defects including fetal alcohol syndrome. RESULTS The search resulted in 3630 titles and abstracts, which were narrowed down to 46 relevant articles. At low-moderate levels of consumption, there were no consistently significant effects of alcohol on any of the outcomes considered. Many of the reported studies had methodological weaknesses. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review found no convincing evidence of adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at low-moderate levels of exposure. However, weaknesses in the evidence preclude the conclusion that drinking at these levels during pregnancy is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Henderson
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK
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Dew PC, Guillory VJ, Okah FA, Cai J, Hoff GL. The effect of health compromising behaviors on preterm births. Matern Child Health J 2006; 11:227-33. [PMID: 17136459 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-006-0164-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to determine whether there were combined effects of smoking, alcohol, and illicit drug use during pregnancy on the frequency of preterm births, and if so, the magnitude of the association after adjusting for confounding factors. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton live births in Kansas City, Missouri from 1990-2002. We defined health compromising behaviors as the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs. The effect of these behaviors on preterm births was considered for each substance individually, and in combination. The rates of preterm births for these groups were calculated. Using logistic regression, adjusted odds ratios were used to estimate the relative risk of preterm births among these groups. RESULTS Over 13% of infants born to women who smoked were preterm, compared to 9.6% for non-smokers. Of infants born to women who reported alcohol use, 17.3% were preterm compared to 10.1% for non-drinkers. Smoking and alcohol use in combination was associated with 18.0% preterm births, while alcohol and drug use in combination was associated with 20.8% preterm births. The use of all three substances was associated with 31.4% preterm births. CONCLUSION Women who engaged in health compromising behaviors during pregnancy showed an increased proportion of preterm births compared to those who did not. There is significant interaction between these behaviors leading to higher rates of preterm births than predicted by their additive effects. To decrease preterm births, we must deal with the effects of smoking, drinking, and drug use simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Ave., Kansas City, Missouri 64106, USA.
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Chiaffarino F, Parazzini F, Chatenoud L, Ricci E, Tozzi L, Chiantera V, Maffioletti C, Fedele L. Coffee drinking and risk of preterm birth. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:610-3. [PMID: 16391589 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We analysed the association between coffee drinking before and during the three trimesters of pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth of babies normal for gestational age (NGA) or small for gestational age (SGA). METHODS Case-control study conducted in University clinics of North Italy. Cases were 502 women who delivered at <37 weeks of gestation. The controls included 1966 women who gave birth at term (>or=37 weeks of gestation) to healthy infants on randomly selected days at the hospitals where cases had been identified. RESULTS There was inverse association for coffee consumption in the third trimester of pregnancy in SGA cases compared to NGA (heterogeneity test between OR: chi1(2)=5.6811 P<0.05). In comparison with not drinkers, all the ORs of overall intake of caffeine were closed near the unity for both SGA and NGA preterm birth. CONCLUSION Compared with no consumption, a low consumption of coffee during pregnancy may not have significant effects on preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiaffarino
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Mariscal M, Palma S, Llorca J, Pérez-Iglesias R, Pardo-Crespo R, Delgado-Rodríguez M. Pattern of alcohol consumption during pregnancy and risk for low birth weight. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 16:432-8. [PMID: 16257229 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of moderate alcohol drinking on low birth weight are not clear, and conflicting results have been reported. We assessed the influence of different patterns of alcohol drinking during pregnancy on low birth weight. METHODS A case-control study was carried out at the University of Cantabria Hospital, Spain, from 1998 to 2002. Cases (n = 552) were mothers delivering a single newborn weighing less than 2500 g. Controls (n = 1451) were selected from a random sample of all delivering women. Information was obtained from personal interview, clinical charts, and prenatal care records. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated. Adjustment for potential confounders was made by means of logistic regression. RESULTS Alcohol consumption of less than 6 g/day decreased the risk for low birth weight (adjusted OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46-0.88). A similar result was obtained for moderate drinkers (<12 g/day) on weekends only. The opposite relationship was observed between alcohol consumption on weekdays of 12 g/day or greater (adjusted OR = 2.67; 95% CI, 1.39-5.12), not observed in those drinking on weekends only. The interaction between alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking was analyzed. Weekday drinkers of 12 g/day or greater showed an increased risk in smokers. Alcohol consumption on weekends only in nonsmokers was inversely related. The influence of alcohol was greater for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) than non-SGA babies. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol consumption of 12 g/day or greater increased the risk for low birth weight, whereas lower consumption during weekends showed the opposite effect (mainly in nonsmokers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcial Mariscal
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Jaén, Spain
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