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Saleh SR, Abd-Elmegied A, Aly Madhy S, Khattab SN, Sheta E, Elnozahy FY, Mehanna RA, Ghareeb DA, Abd-Elmonem NM. Brain-targeted Tet-1 peptide-PLGA nanoparticles for berberine delivery against STZ-induced Alzheimer's disease in a rat model: Alleviation of hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, Tau pathology, and amyloidogenesis. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124218. [PMID: 38734273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that causes severe dementia and memory loss. Surface functionalized poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles have been reported for better transport through the blood-brain barrier for AD therapy. This study investigated the improved therapeutic potential of berberine-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/Tet-1 peptide nanoparticles (BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs) in a rat model of sporadic AD. BBR was loaded into the PLGA-Tet conjugate. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs were physicochemically and morphologically characterized. AD was achieved by bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Cognitively impaired rats were divided into STZ, STZ + BBR, STZ + BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs, and STZ + PLGA-Tet NPs groups. Cognitive improvement was assessed using the Morris Water Maze. Brain acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities, amyloid β42 (Aβ42), and brain glycemic markers were estimated. Further, hippocampal neuroplasticity (BDNF, pCREB, and pERK/ERK), Tau pathogenesis (pGSK3β/GSK3β, Cdk5, and pTau), inflammatory, and apoptotic markers were evaluated. Finally, histopathological changes were monitored. ICV-STZ injection produces AD-like pathologies evidenced by Aβ42 deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation, impaired insulin signaling and neuroplasticity, and neuroinflammation. BBR and BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs attenuated STZ-induced hippocampal damage, enhanced cognitive performance, and reduced Aβ42, Tau phosphorylation, and proinflammatory responses. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs restored neuroplasticity, cholinergic, and monoaminergic function, which are critical for cognition and brain function. BBR/PLGA-Tet NPs may have superior therapeutic potential in alleviating sporadic AD than free BBR due to their bioavailability, absorption, and brain uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar R Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Aml Abd-Elmegied
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Somaya Aly Madhy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sherine N Khattab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Eman Sheta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Y Elnozahy
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Bio-Screening and Preclinical Trial Lab, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nihad M Abd-Elmonem
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Wang JM, Zhang FH, Liu ZX, Tang YJ, Li JF, Xie LP. Cancer on motors: How kinesins drive prostate cancer progression? Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116229. [PMID: 38643904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer causes numerous male deaths annually. Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer during the past several decades, much about this disease remains unknown, especially its pathobiology. The kinesin superfamily is a pivotal group of motor proteins, that contains a microtubule-based motor domain and features an adenosine triphosphatase activity and motility characteristics. Large-scale sequencing analyses based on clinical samples and animal models have shown that several members of the kinesin family are dysregulated in prostate cancer. Abnormal expression of kinesins could be linked to uncontrolled cell growth, inhibited apoptosis and increased metastasis ability. Additionally, kinesins may be implicated in chemotherapy resistance and escape immunologic cytotoxicity, which creates a barrier to cancer treatment. Here we cover the recent advances in understanding how kinesins may drive prostate cancer progression and how targeting their function may be a therapeutic strategy. A better understanding of kinesins in prostate cancer tumorigenesis may be pivotal for improving disease outcomes in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ming Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Hao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xiang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jie Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Feng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Ping Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Chiba K, Niwa S. Autoinhibition and activation of kinesin-1 and their involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102301. [PMID: 38096601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Kinesin-1, composed of kinesin heavy chain and kinesin light chain, is a founding member of kinesin superfamily and transports various neuronal cargos. Kinesin-1 is one of the most abundant ATPases in the cell and thus need to be tightly regulated to avoid wastage of energy. It has been well established that kinesin-1 is regulated by the autoinhibition mechanism. This review focuses on the recent researches that have contributed to the understanding of mechanisms for the autoinhibition of kinesin-1 and its unlocking. Recent electron microscopic studies have shown an unanticipated structure of autoinhibited kinesin-1. Biochemical reconstitution have revealed detailed molecular mechanisms how the autoinhibition is unlocked. Importantly, misregulation of kinesin-1 is emerging as one of the major causes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Chiba
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences (FRIS), Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.
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4
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Yao Z, Gong Y, Chen W, Shao S, Song Y, Guo H, Li Q, Liu S, Wang X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Xu Y, Wu Y, Wan Q, Zhao X, Xuan Q, Wang D, Lin X, Xu J, Liu J, Proud CG, Wang X, Yang R, Fu L, Niu S, Kong J, Gao L, Bo T, Zhao J. Upregulation of WDR6 drives hepatic de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistance in mice. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1706-1725. [PMID: 37735236 PMCID: PMC10590755 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, insulin promotes hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL). However, during insulin resistance (IR), when insulin signalling is blunted and accompanied by hyperinsulinaemia, the promotion of hepatic DNL continues unabated and hepatic steatosis increases. Here, we show that WD40 repeat-containing protein 6 (WDR6) promotes hepatic DNL during IR. Mechanistically, WDR6 interacts with the beta-type catalytic subunit of serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 (PPP1CB) to facilitate PPP1CB dephosphorylation at Thr316, which subsequently enhances fatty acid synthases transcription through DNA-dependent protein kinase and upstream stimulatory factor 1. Using molecular dynamics simulation analysis, we find a small natural compound, XLIX, that inhibits the interaction of WDR6 with PPP1CB, thus reducing DNL in IR states. Together, these results reveal WDR6 as a promising target for the treatment of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Shao
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yongfeng Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Honglin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qihang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ximing Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital, School of Laboratory Animal & Shandong Laboratory Animal Center, Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinya Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuhui Xuan
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Lifelong Health, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Shaona Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China
| | - Junjie Kong
- Department of Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China.
| | - Tao Bo
- Central Laboratory, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jiajun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Clinical Research Center of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, China.
- Shandong Prevention and Control Engineering Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, China.
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5
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Shim SS, Berglund K, Yu SP. Lithium: An Old Drug for New Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2023; 23:1-12. [PMID: 37666228 DOI: 10.1159/000533797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, the effective treatment of AD is not available currently. Multiple trials of drugs, which were developed based on the amyloid hypothesis of AD, have not been highly successful to improve cognitive and other symptoms in AD patients, suggesting that it is necessary to explore additional and alternative approaches for the disease-modifying treatment of AD. The diverse lines of evidence have revealed that lithium reduces amyloid and tau pathology, attenuates neuronal loss, enhances synaptic plasticity, and improves cognitive function. Clinical studies have shown that lithium reduces the risk of AD and deters the progress of mild cognitive impairment and early AD. SUMMARY Our recent study has revealed that lithium stabilizes disruptive calcium homeostasis, and subsequently, attenuates the downstream neuropathogenic processes of AD. Through these therapeutic actions, lithium produces therapeutic effects on AD with potential to modify the disease process. This review critically analyzed the preclinical and clinical studies for the therapeutic effects of lithium on AD. We suggest that disruptive calcium homeostasis is likely to be the early neuropathological mechanism of AD, and the stabilization of disruptive calcium homeostasis by lithium would be associated with its therapeutic effects on neuropathology and cognitive deficits in AD. KEY MESSAGES Lithium is likely to be efficacious for AD as a disease-modifying drug by acting on multiple neuropathological targets including disruptive calcium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Sool Shim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Department of Veteran's Affair, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
| | - Ken Berglund
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Veteran's Affair, Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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6
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Cario A, Berger CL. Tau, microtubule dynamics, and axonal transport: New paradigms for neurodegenerative disease. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200138. [PMID: 37489532 PMCID: PMC10630968 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Tauopathies, a diverse class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP) Tau, is usually described by a common mechanism in which Tau dysfunction results in the loss of axonal microtubule stability. Here, we reexamine and build upon the canonical disease model to encompass other Tau functions. In addition to regulating microtubule dynamics, Tau acts as a modulator of motor proteins, a signaling hub, and a scaffolding protein. This diverse array of functions is related to the dynamic nature of Tau isoform expression, post-translational modification (PTM), and conformational flexibility. Thus, there is no single mechanism that can describe Tau dysfunction. The effects of specific pathogenic mutations or aberrant PTMs need to be examined on all of the various functions of Tau in order to understand the unique etiology of each disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Cario
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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Christensen KR, Combs B, Richards C, Grabinski T, Alhadidy MM, Kanaan NM. Phosphomimetics at Ser199/Ser202/Thr205 in Tau Impairs Axonal Transport in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3423-3438. [PMID: 36859689 PMCID: PMC10122714 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the biological functions of the tau protein now includes its role as a scaffolding protein involved in signaling regulation, which also has implications for tau-mediated dysfunction and degeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. Recently, we found that pseudophosphorylation at sites linked to the pathology-associated AT8 phosphoepitope of tau disrupts normal fast axonal transport through a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)-dependent pathway in squid axoplasm. Activation of the pathway and the resulting transport deficits required tau's N-terminal phosphatase-activating domain (PAD) and PP1 but the connection between tau and PP1 was not well defined. Here, we studied functional interactions between tau and PP1 isoforms and their effects on axonal transport in mammalian neurons. First, we found that wild-type tau interacted with PP1α and PP1γ primarily through its microtubule-binding repeat domain. Pseudophosphorylation of tau at S199/S202/T205 (psTau) increased PAD exposure, enhanced interactions with PP1γ, and increased active PP1γ levels in mammalian cells. Expression of psTau also significantly impaired axonal transport in primary rat hippocampal neurons. Deletion of PAD in psTau significantly reduced the interaction with PP1γ, eliminated increases of active PP1γ levels, and rescued axonal transport impairment in neurons. These data suggest that a functional consequence of phosphorylation within S199-T205 in tau, which occurs in AD and several other tauopathies, may be aberrant interaction with and activation of PP1γ and subsequent axonal transport disruption in a PAD-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Christensen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Collin Richards
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Tessa Grabinski
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Mohammed M Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA.
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8
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Samim Khan S, Janrao S, Srivastava S, Bala Singh S, Vora L, Kumar Khatri D. GSK-3β: An exuberating neuroinflammatory mediator in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115496. [PMID: 36907495 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a critical degradative condition affecting neurons in the brain. Progressive neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been strongly linked to neuroinflammation. The trigger point for inflammatory conditions in the cells and body is the physiological immune system. The immune response mediated by glial cells and astrocytes can rectify the physiological alterations occurring in the cell for the time being but prolonged activation leads to pathological progression. The proteins mediating such an inflammatory response, as per the available literature, are undoubtedly GSK-3β, NLRP3, TNF, PPARγ, and NF-κB, along with a few other mediatory proteins. NLRP3 inflammasome is undeniably a principal instigator of the neuroinflammatory response, but the regulatory pathways controlling its activation are still unclear, besides less clarity for the interplay between different inflammatory proteins. Recent reports have suggested the involvement of GSK-3β in regulating NLRP3 activation, but the exact mechanistic pathway remains vague. In the current review, we attempt to provide an elaborate description of crosstalk between inflammatory markers and GSK-3β mediated neuroinflammation progression, linking it to regulatory transcription factors and posttranslational modification of proteins. The recent clinical therapeutic advances targeting these proteins are also discussed in parallel to provide a comprehensive view of the progress made in PD management and lacunas still existing in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiya Samim Khan
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Sushmita Janrao
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97, Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular & Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana 500037, India.
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OMICS Analyses Unraveling Related Gene and Protein-Driven Molecular Mechanisms Underlying PACAP 38-Induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044169. [PMID: 36835581 PMCID: PMC9964364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to understand mechanism/s of neuronal outgrowth in the rat adrenal-derived pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) under pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) treatment. Neurite projection elongation was suggested to be mediated via Pac1 receptor-mediated dephosphorylation of CRMP2, where GSK-3β, CDK5, and Rho/ROCK dephosphorylated CRMP2 within 3 h after addition of PACAP, but the dephosphorylation of CRMP2 by PACAP remained unclear. Thus, we attempted to identify the early factors in PACAP-induced neurite projection elongation via omics-based transcriptomic (whole genome DNA microarray) and proteomic (TMT-labeled liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) analyses of gene and protein expression profiles from 5-120 min after PACAP addition. The results revealed a number of key regulators involved in neurite outgrowth, including known ones, called 'Initial Early Factors', e.g., genes Inhba, Fst, Nr4a1,2,3, FAT4, Axin2, and proteins Mis12, Cdk13, Bcl91, CDC42, including categories of 'serotonergic synapse, neuropeptide and neurogenesis, and axon guidance'. cAMP signaling and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways and a calcium signaling pathway might be involved in CRMP2 dephosphorylation. Cross-referencing previous research, we tried to map these molecular components onto potential pathways, and we may provide important new information on molecular mechanisms of neuronal differentiation induced by PACAP. Gene and protein expression data are publicly available at NCBI GSE223333 and ProteomeXchange, identifier PXD039992.
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c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Is Required for BDNF-Induced Dendritic Branching and Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031944. [PMID: 36768268 PMCID: PMC9916151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces activation of the TrkB receptor and several downstream pathways (MAPK, PI3K, PLC-γ), leading to neuronal survival, growth, and plasticity. It has been well established that TrkB signaling regulation is required for neurite formation and dendritic arborization, but the specific mechanism is not fully understood. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl is a possible candidate regulator of this process, as it has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptors' signaling and trafficking, as well as regulation of neuronal morphogenesis. To assess the role of c-Abl in BDNF-induced dendritic arborization, wild-type and c-Abl-KO neurons were stimulated with BDNF, and diverse strategies were employed to probe the function of c-Abl, including the use of pharmacological inhibitors, an allosteric c-Abl activator, and shRNA to downregulates c-Abl expression. Surprisingly, BDNF promoted c-Abl activation and interaction with TrkB receptors. Furthermore, pharmacological c-Abl inhibition and genetic ablation abolished BDNF-induced dendritic arborization and increased the availability of TrkB in the cell membrane. Interestingly, inhibition or genetic ablation of c-Abl had no effect on the classic TrkB downstream pathways. Together, our results suggest that BDNF/TrkB-dependent c-Abl activation is a novel and essential mechanism in TrkB signaling.
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Morfini G, Kins S. Editorial: Kinase/phosphatase signaling and axonal function in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1172836. [PMID: 37032835 PMCID: PMC10080091 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1172836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Morfini
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern - Landau (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany
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12
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Wang Y, Zhong Y, Xu X, Li X, Li H, Shen H, Wang W, Fang Q. Axin1 participates in blood-brain barrier protection during experimental ischemic stroke via phosphorylation at Thr485 in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 127:102204. [PMID: 36464067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Axin1 takes an important part in a variety of signaling pathway, such as MEKK1, GSK3β, and β-catenin, and plays a variety of physiological functions; but its effects on the brain-blood barrier (BBB) and stroke remain unclear. To explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of Axin1 on the BBB in ischemic stroke, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) were subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) to imitate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We found that Axin1 was upregulated in HBMEC after OGD without reoxygenation, and downregulated in the injured hemisphere after MCAO without reperfusion. Tight junction (TJ) proteins were upregulated both in HBMEC after OGD without reoxygenation and in ischemic penumbra of the injured hemisphere in rats after MCAO without reperfusion. TJ proteins were downregulated after MCAO/R in rats. Overexpression of Axin1 upregulated the levels of TJ proteins, which alleviated BBB permeability, reduced infarction volume, and ultimately improved neurological behavioral indicators after I/R injury. Furthermore, inhibiting phosphorylation of Axin1 at Thr485 notably increased the expression of Snail and decreased the expression of TJ proteins. Our findings demonstrate that Axin1 participates in BBB protection and improvement of neurological functions during ischemic stroke by regulating TJ proteins. Axin1 may serve as a potential novel candidate to protect BBB and relieve brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, North Haierxiang Road 6, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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Inhibition of MZF1/c-MYC Axis by Cantharidin Impairs Cell Proliferation in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314727. [PMID: 36499054 PMCID: PMC9740304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1), also known as zinc finger protein 42, is a zinc finger transcription factor, belonging to the Krüppel-like family that has been implicated in several types of malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). MZF1 is reportedly an oncogenic gene that promotes tumor progression. Moreover, higher expression of MZF1 has been associated with a worse overall survival rate among patients with GBM. Thus, MZF1 may be a promising target for therapeutic interventions. Cantharidin (CTD) has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine to induce apoptosis and inhibit cancer cell proliferation; however, the mechanism by which CTD inhibits cell proliferation remains unclear. In this study, we found that the expression of MZF1 was higher in GBM tissues than in adjacent normal tissues and low-grade gliomas. Additionally, the patient-derived GBM cells and GBM cell lines presented higher levels of MZF1 than normal human astrocytes. We demonstrated that CTD had greater anti-proliferative effects on GBM than a derivative of CTD, norcantharidin (NCTD). MZF1 expression was strongly suppressed by CTD treatment. Furthermore, MZF1 enhanced the proliferation of GBM cells and upregulated the expression of c-MYC, whereas these effects were reversed by CTD treatment. The results of our study suggest that CTD may be a promising therapeutic agent for patients with GBM and suggest a promising direction for further investigation.
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Balabanian L, Lessard DV, Swaminathan K, Yaninska P, Sébastien M, Wang S, Stevens PW, Wiseman PW, Berger CL, Hendricks AG. Tau differentially regulates the transport of early endosomes and lysosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar128. [PMID: 36129768 PMCID: PMC9634973 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) modulate the motility of kinesin and dynein along microtubules to control the transport of vesicles and organelles. The neuronal MAP tau inhibits kinesin-dependent transport. Phosphorylation of tau at Tyr-18 by fyn kinase results in weakened inhibition of kinesin-1. We examined the motility of early endosomes and lysosomes in cells expressing wild-type (WT) tau and phosphomimetic Y18E tau. We quantified the effects on motility as a function of the tau expression level. Lysosome motility is strongly inhibited by tau. Y18E tau preferentially inhibits lysosomes in the cell periphery, while centrally located lysosomes are less affected. Early endosomes are more sensitive to tau than lysosomes and are inhibited by both WT and Y18E tau. Our results show that different cargoes have disparate responses to tau, likely governed by the types of kinesin motors driving their transport. In support of this model, kinesin-1 and -3 are strongly inhibited by tau while kinesin-2 and dynein are less affected. In contrast to kinesin-1, we find that kinesin-3 is strongly inhibited by phosphorylated tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Balabanian
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Dominique V. Lessard
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | | | - Pamela Yaninska
- Chemistry and Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Muriel Sébastien
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Samuel Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Piper W. Stevens
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Paul W. Wiseman
- Chemistry and Physics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Adam G. Hendricks
- Departments of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada,*Address correspondence to: Adam G. Hendricks ()
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Gupta P, Strange K, Telange R, Guo A, Hatch H, Sobh A, Elie J, Carter AM, Totenhagen J, Tan C, Sonawane YA, Neuzil J, Natarajan A, Ovens AJ, Oakhill JS, Wiederhold T, Pacak K, Ghayee HK, Meijer L, Reddy S, Bibb JA. Genetic impairment of succinate metabolism disrupts bioenergetic sensing in adrenal neuroendocrine cancer. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111218. [PMID: 35977518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction mutations can impair energy sensing and cause cancer. Loss of function of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme subunit succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) results in various forms of cancer typified by pheochromocytoma (PC). Here we delineate a signaling cascade where the loss of SDHB induces the Warburg effect, triggers dysregulation of [Ca2+]i, and aberrantly activates calpain and protein kinase Cdk5, through conversion of its cofactor from p35 to p25. Consequently, aberrant Cdk5 initiates a phospho-signaling cascade where GSK3 inhibition inactivates energy sensing by AMP kinase through dephosphorylation of the AMP kinase γ subunit, PRKAG2. Overexpression of p25-GFP in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells also elicits this phosphorylation signaling and causes PC. A potent Cdk5 inhibitor, MRT3-007, reverses this phospho-cascade, invoking a senescence-like phenotype. This therapeutic approach halted tumor progression in vivo. Thus, we reveal an important mechanistic feature of metabolic sensing and demonstrate that its dysregulation underlies tumor progression in PC and likely other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Keehn Strange
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Ailan Guo
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | - Heather Hatch
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan Elie
- Perha Pharmaceuticals, Hôtel de Recherche, Perharidy Peninsula, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - John Totenhagen
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- UT Health Science Center at Houston, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yogesh A Sonawane
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jiri Neuzil
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague-West 252 50, Czech Republic; School of Pharmacy Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Amarnath Natarajan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hans K Ghayee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Florida College of Medicine and Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Laurent Meijer
- Perha Pharmaceuticals, Hôtel de Recherche, Perharidy Peninsula, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sushanth Reddy
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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16
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Fan X, Xia L, Zhou Z, Qiu Y, Zhao C, Yin X, Qian W. Tau Acts in Concert With Kinase/Phosphatase Underlying Synaptic Dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:908881. [PMID: 35711910 PMCID: PMC9196307 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.908881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by two pathological features: neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), formed by microtubule-associated protein tau, and abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). Multiple evidence placed synaptic tau as the vital fact of AD pathology, especially at the very early stage of AD. In the present review, we discuss tau phosphorylation, which is critical for the dendritic localization of tau and synaptic plasticity. We review the related kinases and phosphatases implicated in the synaptic function of tau. We also review the synergistic effects of these kinases and phosphatases on tau-associated synaptic deficits. We aim to open a new perspective on the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Liye Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanyan Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaomin Yin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education of China, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Qian
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Sen S, Lagas S, Roy A, Kumar H. Cytoskeleton saga: Its regulation in normal physiology and modulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 925:175001. [PMID: 35525310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cells are fundamental units of life. To ensure the maintenance of homeostasis, integrity of structural and functional counterparts is needed to be essentially balanced. The cytoskeleton plays a vital role in regulating the cellular morphology, signalling and other factors involved in pathological conditions. Microtubules, actin (microfilaments), intermediate filaments (IF) and their interactions are required for these activities. Various proteins associated with these components are primary requirements for directing their functions. Disruption of this organization due to faulty genetics, oxidative stress or impaired transport mechanisms are the major causes of dysregulated signalling cascades leading to various pathological conditions like Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's (PD), Huntington's disease (HD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) or any traumatic injury like spinal cord injury (SCI). Novel or conventional therapeutic approaches may be specific or non-specific, targeting either three basic components of the cytoskeleton or various cascades that serve as a cue to numerous pathways like ROCK signalling or the GSK-3β pathway. An enormous number of drugs have been redirected for modulating the cytoskeletal dynamics and thereby may pave the way for inhibiting the progression of these diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santimoy Sen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sheetal Lagas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Abhishek Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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18
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Gianferrara T, Cescon E, Grieco I, Spalluto G, Federico S. Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Involvement in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4631-4697. [PMID: 35170406 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220216113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND GSK-3β activity has been strictly related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most studied neurodegenerative disease, but GSK-3β seems to be involved in almost all neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease and the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to help researchers both working on this research topic or not to have a comprehensive overview on GSK-3β in the context of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. METHOD Literature has been searched using PubMed and SciFinder databases by inserting specific keywords. A total of more than 500 articles have been discussed. RESULTS First of all, the structure and regulation of the kinase were briefly discussed and then, specific GSK-3β implications in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases were illustrated also with the help of figures, to conclude with a comprehensive overview on the most important GSK-3β and multitarget inhibitors. For all discussed compounds, the structure and IC50 values at the target kinase have been reported. CONCLUSION GSK-3β is involved in several signaling pathways both in neurons as well as in glial cells and immune cells. The fine regulation and interconnection of all these pathways are at the base of the rationale use of GSK-3β inhibitors in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In fact, some compounds are now under clinical trials. Despite this, pharmacodynamic and ADME/Tox profiles of the compounds were often not fully characterized and this is deleterious in such a complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cescon
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Grieco
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Morris SL, Brady ST. Tau phosphorylation and PAD exposure in regulation of axonal growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1023418. [PMID: 36742197 PMCID: PMC9893789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1023418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tau is a microtubule associated phosphoprotein found principally in neurons. Prevailing dogma continues to define microtubule stabilization as the major function of tau in vivo, despite several lines of evidence suggesting this is not the case. Most importantly, tau null mice have deficits in axonal outgrowth and neuronal migration while still possessing an extensive microtubule network. Instead, mounting evidence suggests that tau may have a major function in the regulation of fast axonal transport (FAT) through activation of neuronal signaling pathways. Previous studies identified a phosphatase activating domain (PAD) at the tau N-terminal that is normally sequestered, but is constitutively exposed in tauopathies. When exposed, the PAD activates a signaling cascade involving PP1 and GSK3β which affects cellular functions including release of cargo from kinesin. Furthermore, we discovered that PAD exposure can be regulated by a single phosphorylation at T205. Exposure of the PAD is an early event in multiple tauopathies and a major contributing factor to neurodegeneration associated with tau hyperphosphorylation. However, effects of tau PAD exposure on anterograde FAT raised the interesting possibility that this pathway may be a mechanism for physiological regulation of cargo delivery through site-specific phosphorylation of tau and transient activation of PP1 and GSK3β. Significantly, there is already evidence of local control of PP1 and GSK3β at sites which require cargo delivery. Methods: To investigate this hypothesis, first we evaluated cellular localization of tau PAD exposure, pT205 tau phosphorylation, and active GSK3β in primary hippocampal neurons during development. Second, we analyzed the axonal outgrowth of tau knockout neurons following transfection with full length hTau40-WT, hTau40-ΔPAD, or hTau40-T205A. Results and Discussion: The results presented here suggest that transient activation of a PP1-GSK3β signaling pathway through locally regulated PAD exposure is a mechanism for cargo delivery, and thereby important for neurite outgrowth of developing neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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20
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Manglani K, Dey CS. CDK5 inhibition improves glucose uptake in insulin-resistant neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Cell Biol Int 2021; 46:488-497. [PMID: 34865281 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Role of CDK5 and its inhibition in various neuronal processes and functions are well established. However, role of CDK5 and its inhibition in neuronal insulin-signaling and-resistance is not yet explored. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CDK5 inhibition in neuronal insulin signaling, specifically insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. CDK5 expression in neuro-2a cells was increased under insulin-resistant state, developed by chronic treatment of insulin, confirming the crucial role of CDK5 in insulin resistance in neuronal cells. However, whether increased expression of CDK5 in hyperinsulinemia-mediated insulin-resistant conditions is a cause or a consequence, is still an unanswered question. We showed that CDK5 inhibition did not affect basal insulin signaling; however, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake enhanced in insulin-resistant cells. Moreover, CDK5 inhibition could improve glucose uptake, the ultimate outcome of insulin signaling, in insulin-resistant neuro-2a cells. We first time showed that CDK5 inhibition by roscovitine could ameliorate insulin resistance and increase glucose uptake in neuronal cells via ERK1/2 pathway. Our study provides intriguing insights about the effect of CDK5 inhibition on neuronal insulin resistance and opens up a new paradigm to develop new therapeutic strategies for neuronal insulin resistance and associated pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Manglani
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Chinmoy S Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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21
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Fan R, Lai KO. Understanding how kinesin motor proteins regulate postsynaptic function in neuron. FEBS J 2021; 289:2128-2144. [PMID: 34796656 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are major molecular motors that transport diverse set of cargoes along microtubules to both the axon and dendrite of a neuron. Much of our knowledge about kinesin function is obtained from studies on axonal transport. Emerging evidence reveals how specific kinesin motor proteins carry cargoes to dendrites, including proteins, mRNAs and organelles that are crucial for synapse development and plasticity. In this review, we will summarize the major kinesin motors and their associated cargoes that have been characterized to regulate postsynaptic function in neuron. We will also discuss how specific kinesins are selectively involved in the development of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic compartments, their regulation by post-translational modifications (PTM), as well as their roles beyond conventional transport carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Fan
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Frontotemporal Lobar Dementia Mutant Tau Impairs Axonal Transport through a Protein Phosphatase 1γ-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9431-9451. [PMID: 34607969 PMCID: PMC8580143 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1914-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic tau modifications are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, but mechanisms of tau toxicity continue to be debated. Inherited mutations in tau cause early onset frontotemporal lobar dementias (FTLD-tau) and are commonly used to model mechanisms of tau toxicity in tauopathies. Previous work in the isolated squid axoplasm model demonstrated that several pathogenic forms of tau inhibit axonal transport through a mechanism involving activation of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Here, we determined that P301L and R5L FTLD mutant tau proteins elicit a toxic effect on axonal transport as monomeric proteins. We evaluated interactions of wild-type or mutant tau with specific PP1 isoforms (α, β, and γ) to examine how the interaction contributes to this toxic effect using primary rat hippocampal neurons from both sexes. Pull-down and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments revealed selective interactions of wild-type tau with PP1α and PP1γ isoforms, but not PP1β, which were significantly increased by the P301L tau mutation. The results from proximity ligation assays confirmed the interaction in primary hippocampal neurons. Moreover, expression of FTLD-linked mutant tau in these neurons enhanced levels of active PP1, also increasing the pausing frequency of fluorescently labeled vesicles in both anterograde and retrograde directions. Knockdown of PP1γ, but not PP1α, rescued the cargo-pausing effects of P301L and R5L tau, a result replicated by deleting a phosphatase-activating domain in the amino terminus of P301L tau. These findings support a model of tau toxicity involving aberrant activation of a specific PP1γ-dependent pathway that disrupts axonal transport in neurons. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tau pathology is closely associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies, but the toxic mechanisms remain a debated topic. We previously proposed that pathologic tau forms induce dysfunction and degeneration through aberrant activation of a PP1-dependent pathway that disrupts axonal transport. Here, we show that tau directly interacts with specific PP1 isoforms, increasing levels of active PP1. Pathogenic tau mutations enhance this interaction, further increasing active PP1 levels and impairing axonal transport in isolated squid axoplasm and primary hippocampal neurons. Mutant-tau-mediated impairment of axonal transport was mediated by PP1γ and a phosphatase-activating domain located at the amino terminus of tau. This work has important implications for understanding and potentially mitigating tau-mediated neurotoxicity in tauopathies.
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23
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Pfänder P, Eiers AK, Burret U, Vettorazzi S. Deletion of Cdk5 in Macrophages Ameliorates Anti-Inflammatory Response during Endotoxemia through Induction of C-Maf and Il-10. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9648. [PMID: 34502552 PMCID: PMC8431799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response control is critical as excessive cytokine production can be detrimental and damage the host. Interleukin-10 (Il-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine produced primarily by macrophages, is a key regulator that counteracts and controls excessive inflammatory response. Il-10 expression is regulated through the transcription factor c-Maf. Another regulator of Il-10 production is p35, an activator of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which decreases Il-10 production in macrophages, thus increasing inflammation. However, Cdk5 regulation of c-Maf and the involvement of Il-10 production in macrophages has not yet been investigated. We used in vitro primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) lacking Cdk5, stimulated them with lipopolysaccharid (LPS) and observed increased levels of c-Maf and Il-10. In an in vivo mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxemia, mice lacking Cdk5 in macrophages showed increased levels of c-Maf and elevated levels of Il-10 in lungs as well as in plasma, resulting in ameliorated survival. Taken together, we identified Cdk5 as a potential novel regulator of Il-10 production through c-Maf in macrophages under inflammatory conditions. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cdk5 enhances the c-Maf-Il-10 axis and thus potentiates improvement of anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pfänder
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.P.); (A.-K.E.); (U.B.)
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Faculty of Bioscience, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Eiers
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.P.); (A.-K.E.); (U.B.)
| | - Ute Burret
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.P.); (A.-K.E.); (U.B.)
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany; (P.P.); (A.-K.E.); (U.B.)
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24
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Tsamou M, Pistollato F, Roggen EL. A Tau-Driven Adverse Outcome Pathway Blueprint Toward Memory Loss in Sporadic (Late-Onset) Alzheimer's Disease with Plausible Molecular Initiating Event Plug-Ins for Environmental Neurotoxicants. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:459-485. [PMID: 33843671 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of sporadic (late-onset) Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is dramatically increasing. Aging and genetics are important risk factors, but systemic and environmental factors contribute to this risk in a still poorly understood way. Within the frame of BioMed21, the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept for toxicology was recommended as a tool for enhancing human disease research and accelerating translation of data into human applications. Its potential to capture biological knowledge and to increase mechanistic understanding about human diseases has been substantiated since. In pursuit of the tau-cascade hypothesis, a tau-driven AOP blueprint toward the adverse outcome of memory loss is proposed. Sequences of key events and plausible key event relationships, triggered by the bidirectional relationship between brain cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism, and contributing to memory loss are captured. To portray how environmental factors may contribute to sAD progression, information on chemicals and drugs, that experimentally or epidemiologically associate with the risk of AD and mechanistically link to sAD progression, are mapped on this AOP. The evidence suggests that chemicals may accelerate disease progression by plugging into sAD relevant processes. The proposed AOP is a simplified framework of key events and plausible key event relationships representing one specific aspect of sAD pathology, and an attempt to portray chemical interference. Other sAD-related AOPs (e.g., Aβ-driven AOP) and a better understanding of the impact of aging and genetic polymorphism are needed to further expand our mechanistic understanding of early AD pathology and the potential impact of environmental and systemic risk factors.
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25
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Molecular Mechanism for PACAP 38-Induced Neurite Outgrowth in PC12 Cells. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:2522454. [PMID: 34422037 PMCID: PMC8371652 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2522454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research investigates the molecular mechanism of neurite outgrowth (protrusion elongation) under pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) 38 treatments using a rat adrenal-derived pheochromocytoma cell line-PC12. This study specifically looks into the regulation of PACAP38-induced collapsing response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) previously identified in a mouse brain ischemia model and which could be recovered by PACAP38 treatment. Previously, DNA microarray analysis revealed that PACAP 38-mediated neuroprotection involved not only CRMP2 but also pathways related to glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and other signaling components. Thus, to clarify whether CRMP2 acts directly on PACAP38 or through GSK-3β as part of the mechanism of PACAP38-induced neurite outgrowth, we observed neurite outgrowth in the presence of GSK-3β inhibitors and activators. PC12 cells were treated with PACAP38 being added to the cell culture medium at concentrations of 10-7 M, 10-8 M, and 10-9 M. Post PACAP38 treatment, immunostaining was used to confirm protrusion elongation of the PC12 cells, while RT-PCR, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in conjunction with Western blotting, and inhibition experiments were performed to confirm the expression of the PACAP gene, its receptors, and downstream signaling components. Our data show that neurite protrusion elongation by PACAP38 (10-7 M) in PC12 cells is mediated through the PAC1-R receptor as demonstrated by its suppression by a specific inhibitor PA-8. Inhibitor experiments suggested that PACAP38-triggered neurite protrusion follows a GSK-3β-regulated pathway, where the AKT and cAMP/ERK pathways are involved and where the inhibition of Rho/Roc could enhance neurite protrusion under PACAP38 stimulation. Although we could not yet confirm the exact role and position of CRMP2 in PACAP38-mediated PC12 cell elongation, it appears that its phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have a correlation with the neurite protrusion elongation through the interplay of CDK5, which needs to be investigated further.
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Ghosh A, Singh S. Regulation Of Microtubule: Current Concepts And Relevance To Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:656-679. [PMID: 34323203 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210728144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are abnormalities linked to neuronal structure and irregularities associated with the proliferation of cells, transportation, and differentiation. NDD also involves synaptic circuitry and neural network alterations known as synaptopathies. Microtubules (MTs) and MTs-associated proteins help to maintain neuronal health as well as their development. The microtubular dynamic structure plays a crucial role in the division of cells and forms mitotic spindles, thus take part in initiating stages of differentiation and polarization for various types of cells. The MTs also take part in the cellular death but MT-based cellular degenerations are not yet well excavated. In the last few years, studies have provided the protagonist activity of MTs in neuronal degeneration. In this review, we largely engrossed our discussion on the change of MT cytoskeleton structure, describing their organization, dynamics, transportation, and their failure causing NDDs. At end of this review, we are targeting the therapeutic neuroprotective strategies on clinical priority and also try to discuss the clues for the development of new MT-based therapy as a new pharmacological intervention. This will be a new potential site to block not only neurodegeneration but also promotes the regeneration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
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27
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Richards A, Berth SH, Brady S, Morfini G. Engagement of Neurotropic Viruses in Fast Axonal Transport: Mechanisms, Potential Role of Host Kinases and Implications for Neuronal Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:684762. [PMID: 34234649 PMCID: PMC8255969 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.684762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about mechanisms sustaining the various stages in the life cycle of neurotropic viruses. An understanding of those mechanisms operating before their replication and propagation could advance the development of effective anti-viral strategies. Here, we review our current knowledge of strategies used by neurotropic viruses to undergo bidirectional movement along axons. We discuss how the invasion strategies used by specific viruses might influence their mode of interaction with selected components of the host’s fast axonal transport (FAT) machinery, including specialized membrane-bounded organelles and microtubule-based motor proteins. As part of this discussion, we provide a critical evaluation of various reported interactions among viral and motor proteins and highlight limitations of some in vitro approaches that led to their identification. Based on a large body of evidence documenting activation of host kinases by neurotropic viruses, and on recent work revealing regulation of FAT through phosphorylation-based mechanisms, we posit a potential role of host kinases on the engagement of viruses in retrograde FAT. Finally, we briefly describe recent evidence linking aberrant activation of kinase pathways to deficits in FAT and neuronal degeneration in the context of human neurodegenerative diseases. Based on these findings, we speculate that neurotoxicity elicited by viral infection may involve deregulation of host kinases involved in the regulation of FAT and other cellular processes sustaining neuronal function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexsia Richards
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah H Berth
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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28
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Mueller RL, Combs B, Alhadidy MM, Brady ST, Morfini GA, Kanaan NM. Tau: A Signaling Hub Protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:647054. [PMID: 33815057 PMCID: PMC8017207 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.647054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over four decades ago, in vitro experiments showed that tau protein interacts with and stabilizes microtubules in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. This observation fueled the widespread hypotheses that these properties extend to living neurons and that reduced stability of microtubules represents a major disease-driving event induced by pathological forms of tau in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Accordingly, most research efforts to date have addressed this protein as a substrate, focusing on evaluating how specific mutations, phosphorylation, and other post-translational modifications impact its microtubule-binding and stabilizing properties. In contrast, fewer efforts were made to illuminate potential mechanisms linking physiological and disease-related forms of tau to the normal and pathological regulation of kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss published work indicating that, through interactions with various kinases and phosphatases, tau may normally act as a scaffolding protein to regulate phosphorylation-based signaling pathways. Expanding on this concept, we also review experimental evidence linking disease-related tau species to the misregulation of these pathways. Collectively, the available evidence supports the participation of tau in multiple cellular processes sustaining neuronal and glial function through various mechanisms involving the scaffolding and regulation of selected kinases and phosphatases at discrete subcellular compartments. The notion that the repertoire of tau functions includes a role as a signaling hub should widen our interpretation of experimental results and increase our understanding of tau biology in normal and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Mueller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Mohammed M Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Gerardo A Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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29
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Morris SL, Tsai MY, Aloe S, Bechberger K, König S, Morfini G, Brady ST. Defined Tau Phosphospecies Differentially Inhibit Fast Axonal Transport Through Activation of Two Independent Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:610037. [PMID: 33568975 PMCID: PMC7868336 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.610037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau protein is subject to phosphorylation by multiple kinases at more than 80 different sites. Some of these sites are associated with tau pathology and neurodegeneration, but other sites are modified in normal tau as well as in pathological tau. Although phosphorylation of tau at residues in the microtubule-binding repeats is thought to reduce tau association with microtubules, the functional consequences of other sites are poorly understood. The AT8 antibody recognizes a complex phosphoepitope site on tau that is detectable in a healthy brain but significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Previous studies showed that phosphorylation of tau at the AT8 site leads to exposure of an N-terminal sequence that promotes activation of a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)/glycogen synthase 3 (GSK3) signaling pathway, which inhibits kinesin-1-based anterograde fast axonal transport (FAT). This finding suggests that phosphorylation may control tau conformation and function. However, the AT8 includes three distinct phosphorylated amino acids that may be differentially phosphorylated in normal and disease conditions. To evaluate the effects of specific phosphorylation sites in the AT8 epitope, recombinant, pseudophosphorylated tau proteins were perfused into the isolated squid axoplasm preparation to determine their effects on axonal signaling pathways and FAT. Results from these studies suggest a mechanism where specific phosphorylation events differentially impact tau conformation, promoting activation of independent signaling pathways that differentially affect FAT. Implications of findings here to our understanding of tau function in health and disease conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Ming-Ying Tsai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Aloe
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | | | - Svenja König
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Scott T. Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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30
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Li C, Wang Y, Yan XL, Guo ZN, Yang Y. Pathological changes in neurovascular units: Lessons from cases of vascular dementia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2021; 27:17-25. [PMID: 33423390 PMCID: PMC7804924 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VD) is the second leading cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to different degrees is one of the main causes of VD. Neurovascular unit (NVU) is a vessel‐centered concept, emphasizing all the cellular components play an integrated role in maintaining the normal physiological functions of the brain. More and more evidence shows that reduced CBF causes a series of changes in NVU, such as impaired neuronal function, abnormal activation of glial cells, and changes in vascular permeability, all of which collectively play a role in the pathogenesis of VD. In this paper, we review NVU changes as CBF decreases, focusing on each cellular component of NVU. We also highlight remote ischemic preconditioning as a promising approach for VD prevention and treatment from the NVU perspective of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Xiu-Li Yan
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stroke Center & Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,China National Comprehensive Stroke Center, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China
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31
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Discovery of potent glycogen synthase kinase 3/cholinesterase inhibitors with neuroprotection as potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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32
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Patt M, Gysi J, Faresse N, Cidlowski JA, Odermatt A. Protein phosphatase 1 alpha enhances glucocorticoid receptor activity by a mechanism involving phosphorylation of serine-211. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110873. [PMID: 32585168 PMCID: PMC7606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the actions of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. An impaired regulation of glucocorticoid action has been associated with numerous disorders. Thus, the elucidation of underlying signaling pathways is essential to understand mechanisms of disrupted glucocorticoid function and contribution to diseases. This study found increased GR transcriptional activity upon overexpression of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and decreased expression levels of GR-responsive genes following PP1α knockdown in the endogenous A549 cell model. Mechanistic investigations revealed reduced phosphorylation of GR-Ser211 following PP1α silencing and provided a first indication for an involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Thus, the present study identified PP1α as a novel post-translational activator of GR signaling, suggesting that disruption of PP1α function could lead to impaired glucocorticoid action and thereby contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Patt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joël Gysi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Barr JL, Unterwald EM. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in cellular and behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118746. [PMID: 32454064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase implicated in numerous physiological processes and cellular functions through its ability to regulate the function of many proteins, including transcription factors and structural proteins. GSK-3β has been demonstrated to function as a regulator of multiple behavioral processes induced by drugs of abuse, particularly psychostimulant drugs. In this review, we provide an overview of the regulation of GSK-3β activity produced by psychostimulants, and the role of GSK-3β signaling in psychostimulant-induced behaviors including drug reward, associative learning and memory which play a role in the maintenance of drug-seeking. Evidence supports the conclusion that GSK-3β is an important component of the actions of psychostimulant drugs and that GSK-3β is a valid target for developing novel therapeutics. Additional studies are required to examine the role of GSK-3β in distinct cell types within the mesolimbic and memory circuits to further elucidate the mechanisms related to the acquisition, consolidation, and recall of drug-related memories, and potentially countering neuroadaptations that reinforce drug-seeking behaviors that maintain drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Barr
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ellen M Unterwald
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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34
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Fellows AD, Rhymes ER, Gibbs KL, Greensmith L, Schiavo G. IGF1R regulates retrograde axonal transport of signalling endosomes in motor neurons. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49129. [PMID: 32030864 PMCID: PMC7054680 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling endosomes are essential for trafficking of activated ligand-receptor complexes and their distal signalling, ultimately leading to neuronal survival. Although deficits in signalling endosome transport have been linked to neurodegeneration, our understanding of the mechanisms controlling this process remains incomplete. Here, we describe a new modulator of signalling endosome trafficking, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). We show that IGF1R inhibition increases the velocity of signalling endosomes in motor neuron axons, both in vitro and in vivo. This effect is specific, since IGF1R inhibition does not alter the axonal transport of mitochondria or lysosomes. Our results suggest that this change in trafficking is linked to the dynein adaptor bicaudal D1 (BICD1), as IGF1R inhibition results in an increase in the de novo synthesis of BICD1 in the axon of motor neurons. Finally, we found that IGF1R inhibition can improve the deficits in signalling endosome transport observed in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Taken together, these findings suggest that IGF1R inhibition may be a new therapeutic target for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Fellows
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Elena R Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Katherine L Gibbs
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Linda Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, University College London Campus, London, UK
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35
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Dynamic Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Cyclase-Associated Protein 1 by Antagonistic Signaling through Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 and cAMP Are Critical for the Protein Functions in Actin Filament Disassembly and Cell Adhesion. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00282-19. [PMID: 31791978 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00282-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is a conserved actin-regulating protein that enhances actin filament dynamics and also regulates adhesion in mammalian cells. We previously found that phosphorylation at the Ser307/Ser309 tandem site controls its association with cofilin and actin and is important for CAP1 to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we report that transient Ser307/Ser309 phosphorylation is required for CAP1 function in both actin filament disassembly and cell adhesion. Both the phosphomimetic and the nonphosphorylatable CAP1 mutant, which resist transition between phosphorylated and dephosphorylated forms, had defects in rescuing the reduced rate of actin filament disassembly in the CAP1 knockdown HeLa cells. The phosphorylation mutants also had defects in alleviating the elevated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity and the enhanced focal adhesions in the knockdown cells. In dissecting further phosphoregulatory cell signals for CAP1, we found that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) phosphorylates both Ser307 and Ser309 residues, whereas cAMP signaling induces dephosphorylation at the tandem site, through its effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac). No evidence supports an involvement of activated protein phosphatase in executing the dephosphorylation downstream from cAMP, whereas preventing CAP1 from accessing its kinase CDK5 appears to underlie CAP1 dephosphorylation induced by cAMP. Therefore, this study provides direct cellular evidence that transient phosphorylation is required for CAP1 functions in both actin filament turnover and adhesion, and the novel mechanistic insights substantially extend our knowledge of the cell signals that function in concert to regulate CAP1 by facilitating its transient phosphorylation.
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Targeting Aggrephagy for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020311. [PMID: 32012902 PMCID: PMC7072705 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in older individuals with specific neuropsychiatric symptoms. It is a proteinopathy, pathologically characterized by the presence of misfolded protein (Aβ and Tau) aggregates in the brain, causing progressive dementia. Increasing studies have provided evidence that the defect in protein-degrading systems, especially the autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP), plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Recent studies have demonstrated that AD-associated protein aggregates can be selectively recognized by some receptors and then be degraded by ALP, a process termed aggrephagy. In this study, we reviewed the role of aggrephagy in AD development and discussed the strategy of promoting aggrephagy using small molecules for the treatment of AD.
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Bencze J, Szarka M, Bencs V, Szabó RN, Módis LV, Aarsland D, Hortobágyi T. Lemur Tyrosine Kinase 2 (LMTK2) Level Inversely Correlates with Phospho-Tau in Neuropathological Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E68. [PMID: 32012723 PMCID: PMC7071479 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative dementia. Mapping the pathomechanism and providing novel therapeutic options have paramount significance. Recent studies have proposed the role of LMTK2 in AD. However, its expression pattern and association with the pathognomonic neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in different brain regions and neuropathological stages of AD is not clear. We performed chromogenic (CHR) LMTK2 and fluorescent phospho-tau/LMTK2 double-labelling (FDL) immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 10-10 postmortem middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and anterior hippocampus (aHPC) samples with early and late neuropathological Braak tau stages of AD. MFG in early stage was our 'endogenous control' region as it is not affected by NFTs. Semiquantitative CHR-IHC intensity scoring revealed significantly higher (p < 0.001) LMTK2 values in this group compared to NFT-affected regions. FDL-IHC demonstrated LMTK2 predominance in the endogenous control region, while phospho-tau overburden and decreased LMTK2 immunolabelling were detected in NFT-affected groups (aHPC in early and both regions in late stage). Spearman's correlation coefficient showed strong negative correlation between phospho-tau/LMTK2 signals within each group. According to our results, LMTK2 expression is inversely proportionate to the extent of NFT pathology, and decreased LMTK2 level is not a general feature in AD brain, rather it is characteristic of the NFT-affected regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Bencze
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté Szarka
- Horvath Csaba Memorial Institute of Bioanalytical Research, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Vitrolink Ltd., 4033 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute for Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), 4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Bencs
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renáta Nóra Szabó
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László V. Módis
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, 4011 Stavanger, Norway
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Bencze J, Szarka M, Bencs V, Szabó RN, Smajda M, Aarsland D, Hortobágyi T. Neuropathological characterization of Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) in Alzheimer's disease and neocortical Lewy body disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17222. [PMID: 31748522 PMCID: PMC6868282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and neocortical Lewy body disease (LBD) are the most common neurodegenerative dementias, with no available curative treatment. Elucidating pathomechanism and identifying novel therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) is involved in several physiological and pathological cellular processes. Herewith a neuropathological characterization is presented in AD and neocortical LBD samples using chromogenic and fluorescent LMTK2 immunohistochemistry on post-mortem brain tissues and compared them to age-matched controls (CNTs). LMTK2 immunopositivity was limited to the neuronal cytoplasm. Neurons, including tau-positive tangle-bearing ones, showed decreased chromogenic and immunofluorescent labelling in AD in every cortical layer compared to CNT and neocortical LBD. Digital image analysis was performed to measure the average immunopositivity of groups. Mean grey values were calculated for each group after measuring the grey scale LMTK2 signal intensity of each individual neuron. There was significant difference between the mean grey values of CNT vs. AD and neocortical LBD vs. AD. The moderate decrease in neocortical LBD suggests the effect of coexisting AD pathology. We provide neuropathological evidence on decreased neuronal LMTK2 immunolabelling in AD, with implications for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Bencze
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté Szarka
- Horvath Csaba Memorial Institute of Bioanalytical Research, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Vitrolink Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktor Bencs
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Renáta Nóra Szabó
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Centre for Age-Related Medicine, SESAM, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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Migita K, Matsumoto T, Terada K, Ono K, Hara S. Effects of geldanamycin on neurite outgrowth-related proteins and kinases in nerve growth factor-differentiated pheochromocytoma 12 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 140:255-262. [PMID: 31402210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) antagonists are currently being evaluated as potential anticancer drugs. However, adverse effects related to these drugs, such as fatigue and pain, suggest that they affect neurons. Therefore, to understand the influence of HSP90 inhibitors on neurons, we investigated the effects of geldanamycin, an HSP90 antagonist, on nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, particularly, on the expression and phosphorylation of proteins and kinases in the NGF pathway. Geldanamycin significantly inhibited NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, geldanamycin inhibited the phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 2 and the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in the presence of NGF, but did not significantly affect the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. These results suggest that geldanamycin influences microtubule-binding proteins and kinases relating to neurite outgrowth, thereby inducing neuronal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Migita
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Terada
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Drug Delivery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ono
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shuji Hara
- Department of Drug Informatics and Translational Research, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Taira J, Yoshida K, Takemoto M, Hanada K, Sakamoto H. Dephosphorylation of clustered phosphoserine residues in human Grb14 by protein phosphatase 1 and its effect on insulin receptor complex formation. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3207. [PMID: 31347216 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The physical interaction of the human growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 (hGrb14) and the insulin receptor (IR) represses insulin signaling. With respect to the recruiting mechanism of hGrb14 to IR respond to insulin stimulus, our previous reports have suggested that phosphorylation of Ser358 , Ser362 , and Ser366 in hGrb14 by glycogen synthase kinase-3 repressed hGrb14-IR complex formation. In this study, we investigated phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation of the hGrb14 phosphoserine residues. An in vitro phosphatase assay with hGrb14-derived synthetic phosphopeptides suggested that protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is involved in the dephosphorylation of Ser358 and Ser362 . Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested that insulin-induced hGrb14-IR complex formation was repressed by the substitution of Ser358 or Ser362 with glutamic acid. These findings suggested that phosphate groups on Ser358 and Ser362 in hGrb14 are dephosphorylated by PP1, and the dephosphorylation facilitates hGrb14-IR complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Misaki Takemoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Japan
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41
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Mórotz GM, Glennon EB, Gomez-Suaga P, Lau DHW, Robinson ED, Sedlák É, Vagnoni A, Noble W, Miller CCJ. LMTK2 binds to kinesin light chains to mediate anterograde axonal transport of cdk5/p35 and LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31068217 PMCID: PMC6505310 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase-5 (cdk5)/p35 is a neuronal kinase that regulates key axonal and synaptic functions but the mechanisms by which it is transported to these locations are unknown. Lemur tyrosine kinase-2 (LMTK2) is a binding partner for p35 and here we show that LMTK2 also interacts with kinesin-1 light chains (KLC1/2). Binding to KLC1/2 involves a C-terminal tryptophan/aspartate (WD) motif in LMTK2 and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains in KLC1/2, and this interaction facilitates axonal transport of LMTK2. Thus, siRNA loss of KLC1 or mutation of the WD motif disrupts axonal transport of LMTK2. We also show that LMTK2 facilitates the formation of a complex containing KLC1 and p35 and that siRNA loss of LMTK2 disrupts axonal transport of both p35 and cdk5. Finally, we show that LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Damage to axonal transport and altered cdk5/p35 are pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, LMTK2 binds to KLC1 to direct axonal transport of p35 and its loss may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor M Mórotz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Glennon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Patricia Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Dawn H W Lau
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Eleanor D Robinson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Éva Sedlák
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Christopher C J Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
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42
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Zhang R, Li X, Wei L, Qin Y, Fang J. Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 acts as a positive regulator of NF-κB activation and colon cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:70-77. [PMID: 30980866 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) belongs to both protein kinase and tyrosine kinase families. LMTK2 is less studied and little is known about its function. Here we demonstrate that LMTK2 modulates NF-κB activity and functions to promote colonic tumorigenesis. We found that LMTK2 protein was abundant in colon cancer cells and LMTK2 knockdown (LMTK2-KD) inhibited proliferation of colon cancer cells through inactivating NF-κB. In unstimulated condition, LMTK2 modulated NF-κB through inhibiting phosphorylation of p65 at Ser468. Mechanistically, LMTK2 phosphorylated protein phosphatase 1A (PP1A) to prevent PP1A from dephosphorylating p-GSK3β(Ser9). The p-GSK3β(Ser9) could not phosphorylate p65 at Ser468, which maintained the basal NF-κB activity. LMTK2 also modulated TNFα-activated NF-κB. LMTK2-KD repressed TNFα-induced IKKβ phosphorylation, IκBα degradation and NF-κB activation, implying that LMTK2 modulates TNFα-activated NF-κB via IKK. These results suggest that LMTK2 modulates basal and TNFα-induced NF-κB activities in different mechanisms. Animal studies show that LMTK2-KD suppressed colon cancer cell xenograft growth, decreased PP1A phosphorylation and increased p-p65(Ser468). Our results reveal the role and underlying mechanism of LMTK2 in colonic tumorigenesis and suggest that LMTK2 may serve as a potential target for chemotherapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiuxiu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lumin Wei
- Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yanqing Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China; Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, 26601, Qingdao, 266061, China.
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43
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Ishii T, Warabi E, Mann GE. Circadian control of BDNF-mediated Nrf2 activation in astrocytes protects dopaminergic neurons from ferroptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:169-178. [PMID: 30189266 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte-neuron interactions protect neurons from iron-mediated toxicity. As dopamine can be metabolized to reactive quinones, dopaminergic neurons are susceptible to oxidative damage and ferroptosis-like induced cell death. Detoxification enzymes are required to protect neurons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in the regulation of redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 in astrocytes and metabolic cooperation between astrocytes and neurons. This article reviews the importance of BDNF and astrocyte-neuron interactions in the protection of neurons against oxidative damages in rodent brains. We previously proposed that BDNF activates Nrf2 via the truncated TrkB.T1 and p75NTR receptor complex in astrocytes. Stimulation by BDNF generates the signaling molecule ceramide, which activates PKCζ leading to induction of the CK2-Nrf2 signaling axis. As a cell clock regulates p75NTR expression, we suggested that BDNF effectively activates Nrf2 in astrocytes during the rest phase. In contrast, neurons express both TrkB.FL and TrkB.T1, and TrkB.FL tyrosine kinase activity inhibits p75NTR-dependent ceramide generation and internalizes p75NTR. Therefore, BDNF may not effectively activate Nrf2 in neurons. Notably, neurons only weakly activate detoxification and antioxidant enzymes/proteins via the Nrf2-ARE signaling axis. Thus, astrocytes may provide relevant transcripts and/or proteins to neurons via microparticles/exosomes increasing neuronal resistance to oxidative stress. Circadian increases in the levels of circulating glucocorticoids may further facilitate material transfer from astrocytes to neurons via the stimulation of pannexin 1 channels-P2X7R signaling pathway in astrocytes at the beginning of the active phase. Dysregulation of astrocyte-neuron interactions could therefore contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ishii
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
| | - Eiji Warabi
- School of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK
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44
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Christensen KR, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Kanaan NM. Pathogenic tau modifications occur in axons before the somatodendritic compartment in mossy fiber and Schaffer collateral pathways. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:29. [PMID: 30819250 PMCID: PMC6394076 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) may occur first in axons of neurons and then progress back into the cell bodies to form neurofibrillary tangles, however, studies have not directly analyzed this relationship in relatively discrete circuits within the human hippocampus. In the early phases of tau deposition, both AT8 phosphorylation and exposure of the amino terminus of tau occurs in tauopathies, and these modifications are linked to mechanisms of synaptic and axonal dysfunction. Here, we examined the localization of these tau pathologies in well-characterized post-mortem human tissue samples from the hippocampus of 44 cases ranging between non-demented and mild cognitively impaired to capture a time at which intrahippocampal pathways show a range in the extent of tau deposition. The tissue sections were analyzed for AT8 (AT8 antibody), amino terminus exposure (TNT2 antibody), and amyloid-β (MOAB2 antibody) pathology in hippocampal strata containing the axons and neuronal cell bodies of the CA3-Schaffer collateral and dentate granule-mossy fiber pathways. We show that tau pathology first appears in the axonal compartment of affected neurons in the absence of observable tau pathology in the corresponding cell bodies in several cases. Additionally, deposition of tau in these intrahippocampal pathways was independent of the presence of Aβ plaques. We confirmed that the majority of tau pathology positive neuropil threads were axonal in origin and not dendritic using an axonal marker (i.e. SMI312 antibody) and somatodendritic marker (i.e. MAP2 antibody). Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that AT8 phosphorylation and amino terminus exposure are early pathological events and that the deposition of tau pathology, at least in the studied pathways, occurs first in the axonal compartment prior to observable pathology in the somata. These findings highlight the importance on targeting tau deposition, ideally in the initial phases of its deposition in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Christensen
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49053, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, 400 Monroe Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI, 49053, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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45
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Combs B, Mueller RL, Morfini G, Brady ST, Kanaan NM. Tau and Axonal Transport Misregulation in Tauopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1184:81-95. [PMID: 32096030 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that is involved in both normal and pathological processes in neurons. Since the discovery and characterization of tau over 40 years ago, our understanding of tau's normal functions and toxic roles in neurodegenerative tauopathies has continued to expand. Fast axonal transport is a critical process for maintaining axons and functioning synapses, critical subcellular compartments underlying neuronal connectivity. Signs of fast axonal transport disruption are pervasive in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies and various mechanisms have been proposed for regulation of fast axonal transport by tau. Post-translational modifications of tau including phosphorylation at specific sites, FTDP-17 point mutations, and oligomerization, confer upon tau a toxic effect on fast axonal transport. Consistent with the well-established dependence of axons on fast axonal transport, these disease-related modifications are closely associated temporally and spatially with axonal degeneration in the early disease stages. These factors position tau as a potentially critical factor mediating the disruption of fast axonal transport that precedes synaptic dysfunction and axonal degeneration at later disease stages. In this chapter, we review the evidence that tau affects fast axonal transport and examine several potential mechanisms proposed to underlie this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca L Mueller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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46
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Roach BL, Ngo JM, Limso C, Oloja KB, Bhandari D. Identification and characterization of a novel phosphoregulatory site on cyclin-dependent kinase 5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 504:753-758. [PMID: 30217452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is a serine/threonine kinase essential for embryonic development whose overactivation has been implicated in several pathologies including neurodegeneration, cancer cell metastasis and type II diabetes. Therefore, it is important to investigate molecular mechanism(s) that mediate regulation of CDK5 activity. Here we identify and characterize a novel phosphoregulatory site on CDK5. Our mass spectrometry analysis identified seven putative phosphorylation sites on CDK5. Using phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable mutants, we determined that phosphorylation of S47, one of the identified sites, renders the kinase catalytically inactive. The inactivation of the kinase due to the phosphomimetic change at S47 results from inhibition of its interaction with its cognate activator, p35. We connect the effect of this regulatory event to a cellular phenotype by showing that the S47D CDK5 mutant inhibits cell migration and promotes cell proliferation. Together, these results have uncovered a potential physiological mechanism to regulate CDK5 activity. The evolutionary placement of a phosphorylatable residue (S/T) at this position not only in CDK5 but also in the majority of other CDK family members suggests that this phosphosite may represent a shared regulatory mechanism across the CDK family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Lee Roach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, 90840, United States
| | - Jordan Matthew Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, 90840, United States
| | - Clariss Limso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, 90840, United States
| | - Koyinsola Bolutife Oloja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, 90840, United States
| | - Deepali Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, 90840, United States.
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Klinman E, Tokito M, Holzbaur ELF. CDK5-dependent activation of dynein in the axon initial segment regulates polarized cargo transport in neurons. Traffic 2018; 18:808-824. [PMID: 28941293 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The unique polarization of neurons depends on selective sorting of axonal and somatodendritic cargos to their correct compartments. Axodendritic sorting and filtering occurs within the axon initial segment (AIS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this filter are not well understood. Here, we show that local activation of the neuronal-specific kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) is required to maintain AIS integrity, as depletion or inhibition of CDK5 induces disordered microtubule polarity and loss of AIS cytoskeletal structure. Furthermore, CDK5-dependent phosphorylation of the dynein regulator Ndel1 is required for proper re-routing of mislocalized somatodendritic cargo out of the AIS; inhibition of this pathway induces profound mis-sorting defects. While inhibition of the CDK5-Ndel1-Lis1-dynein pathway alters both axonal microtubule polarity and axodendritic sorting, we found that these defects occur on distinct timescales; brief inhibition of dynein disrupts axonal cargo sorting before loss of microtubule polarity becomes evident. Together, these studies identify CDK5 as a master upstream regulator of trafficking in vertebrate neurons, required for both AIS microtubule organization and polarized dynein-dependent sorting of axodendritic cargos, and support an ongoing and essential role for dynein at the AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Klinman
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mariko Tokito
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Bencze J, Mórotz GM, Seo W, Bencs V, Kálmán J, Miller CCJ, Hortobágyi T. Biological function of Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2): implications in neurodegeneration. Mol Brain 2018; 11:20. [PMID: 29631601 PMCID: PMC5891947 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are frequent, incurable diseases characterised by abnormal protein accumulation and progressive neuronal loss. Despite their growing prevalence, the underlying pathomechanism remains unclear. Lemur tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) is a member of a transmembrane serine/threonine-protein kinase family. Although it was described more than a decade ago, our knowledge on LMTK2’s biological functions is still insufficient. Recent evidence has suggested that LMTK2 is implicated in neurodegeneration. After reviewing the literature, we identified three LMTK2-mediated mechanisms which may contribute to neurodegenerative processes: disrupted axonal transport, tau hyperphosphorylation and enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, LMTK2 gene expression is decreased in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. According to these features, LMTK2 might be a promising therapeutic target in near future. However, further investigations are required to clarify the exact biological functions of this unique protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Bencze
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gábor Miklós Mórotz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Woosung Seo
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Viktor Bencs
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - János Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Christopher Charles John Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Division of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98., Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary. .,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Spurrier J, Shukla AK, McLinden K, Johnson K, Giniger E. Altered expression of the Cdk5 activator-like protein, Cdk5α, causes neurodegeneration, in part by accelerating the rate of aging. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm031161. [PMID: 29469033 PMCID: PMC5897722 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegeneration, but the connection between the two processes remains opaque. This is in part for want of a rigorous way to define physiological age, as opposed to chronological age. Here, we develop a comprehensive metric for physiological age in Drosophila, based on genome-wide expression profiling. We applied this metric to a model of adult-onset neurodegeneration, increased or decreased expression of the activating subunit of the Cdk5 protein kinase, encoded by the gene Cdk5α, the ortholog of mammalian p35. Cdk5α-mediated degeneration was associated with a 27-150% acceleration of the intrinsic rate of aging, depending on the tissue and genetic manipulation. Gene ontology analysis and direct experimental tests revealed that affected age-associated processes included numerous core phenotypes of neurodegeneration, including enhanced oxidative stress and impaired proteostasis. Taken together, our results suggest that Cdk5α-mediated neurodegeneration results from accelerated aging, in combination with cell-autonomous neuronal insults. These data fundamentally recast our picture of the relationship between neurodegeneration and its most prominent risk factor, natural aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Spurrier
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University/National Institutes of Health Graduate Partnership Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Arvind Kumar Shukla
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kristina McLinden
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Kory Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
| | - Edward Giniger
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 02892, USA
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Naert G, Ferré V, Keller E, Slender A, Gibbins D, Fisher EMC, Tybulewicz VLJ, Maurice T. In vivo and ex vivo analyses of amyloid toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:174-190. [PMID: 29215943 PMCID: PMC5815426 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117743484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is increased in people with Down syndrome. The pathology appears much earlier than in the general population, suggesting a predisposition to develop Alzheimer's disease. Down syndrome results from trisomy of human chromosome 21, leading to overexpression of possible Alzheimer's disease candidate genes, such as amyloid precursor protein gene. To better understand how the Down syndrome context results in increased vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease, we analysed amyloid-β [25-35] peptide toxicity in the Tc1 mouse model of Down syndrome, in which ~75% of protein coding genes are functionally trisomic but, importantly, not amyloid precursor protein. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular injection of oligomeric amyloid-β [25-35] peptide in three-month-old wildtype mice induced learning deficits, oxidative stress, synaptic marker alterations, activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, inhibition of protein kinase B (AKT), and apoptotic pathways as compared to scrambled peptide-treated wildtype mice. Scrambled peptide-treated Tc1 mice presented high levels of toxicity markers as compared to wildtype mice. Amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice induced significant learning deficits and enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the cortex and expression of apoptotic markers in the hippocampus and cortex. Interestingly, several markers, including oxidative stress, synaptic markers, glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity in the hippocampus and AKT activity in the hippocampus and cortex, were unaffected by amyloid-β [25-35] peptide injection in Tc1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Tc1 mice present several toxicity markers similar to those observed in amyloid-β [25-35] peptide-treated wildtype mice, suggesting that developmental modifications in these mice modify their response to amyloid peptide. However, amyloid toxicity led to severe memory deficits in this Down syndrome mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Naert
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
- Tangui Maurice, INSERM U1198, University of Montpellier, CC105, Place Eugene Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 5, 34095, France.
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