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Hill RJ, Bona N, Smink J, Webb HK, Crisp A, Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP. p53 regulates diverse tissue-specific outcomes to endogenous DNA damage in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2518. [PMID: 38514641 PMCID: PMC10957910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA repair deficiency can lead to segmental phenotypes in humans and mice, in which certain tissues lose homeostasis while others remain seemingly unaffected. This may be due to different tissues facing varying levels of damage or having different reliance on specific DNA repair pathways. However, we find that the cellular response to DNA damage determines different tissue-specific outcomes. Here, we use a mouse model of the human XPF-ERCC1 progeroid syndrome (XFE) caused by loss of DNA repair. We find that p53, a central regulator of the cellular response to DNA damage, regulates tissue dysfunction in Ercc1-/- mice in different ways. We show that ablation of p53 rescues the loss of hematopoietic stem cells, and has no effect on kidney, germ cell or brain dysfunction, but exacerbates liver pathology and polyploidisation. Mechanistically, we find that p53 ablation led to the loss of cell-cycle regulation in the liver, with reduced p21 expression. Eventually, p16/Cdkn2a expression is induced, serving as a fail-safe brake to proliferation in the absence of the p53-p21 axis. Taken together, our data show that distinct and tissue-specific functions of p53, in response to DNA damage, play a crucial role in regulating tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Hill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nazareno Bona
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Job Smink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah K Webb
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alastair Crisp
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Shilovsky GA. Calculating Aging: Analysis of Survival Curves in the Norm and Pathology, Fluctuations in Mortality Dynamics, Characteristics of Lifespan Distribution, and Indicators of Lifespan Variation. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:371-376. [PMID: 38622103 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The article describes the history of studies of survival data carried out at the Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology under the leadership of Academician V. P. Skulachev from 1970s until present, with special emphasis on the last decade. The use of accelerated failure time (AFT) model and analysis of coefficient of variation of lifespan (CVLS) in addition to the Gompertz methods of analysis, allows to assess survival curves for the presence of temporal scaling (i.e., manifestation of accelerated aging), without changing the shape of survival curve with the same coefficient of variation. A modification of the AFT model that uses temporal scaling as the null hypothesis made it possible to distinguish between the quantitative and qualitative differences in the dynamics of aging. It was also shown that it is possible to compare the data on the survival of species characterized by the survival curves of the original shape (i.e., "flat" curves without a pronounced increase in the probability of death with age typical of slowly aging species), when considering the distribution of lifespan as a statistical random variable and comparing parameters of such distribution. Thus, it was demonstrated that the higher impact of mortality caused by external factors (background mortality) in addition to the age-dependent mortality, the higher the disorder of mortality values and the greater its difference from the calculated value characteristic of developed countries (15-20%). For comparison, CVLS for the Paraguayan Ache Indians is 100% (57% if we exclude prepuberty individuals as suggested by Jones et al.). According to Skulachev, the next step is considering mortality fluctuations as a measure for the disorder of survival data. Visual evaluation of survival curves can already provide important data for subsequent analysis. Thus, Sokolov and Severin [1] found that mutations have different effects on the shape of survival curves. Type I survival curves generally retains their standard convex rectangular shape, while type II curves demonstrate a sharp increase in the mortality which makes them similar to a concave exponential curve with a stably high mortality rate. It is noteworthy that despite these differences, mutations in groups I and II are of a similar nature. They are associated (i) with "DNA metabolism" (DNA repair, transcription, and replication); (ii) protection against oxidative stress, associated with the activity of the transcription factor Nrf2, and (iii) regulation of proliferation, and (or these categories may overlap). However, these different mutations appear to produce the same result at the organismal level, namely, accelerated aging according to the Gompertz's law. This might be explained by the fact that all these mutations, each in its own unique way, either reduce the lifespan of cells or accelerate their transition to the senescent state, which supports the concept of Skulachev on the existence of multiple pathways of aging (chronic phenoptosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Shilovsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 127051, Russia
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3
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Sokolov SS, Severin FF. Two Types of Survival Curves of Different Lines of Progeric Mice. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:367-370. [PMID: 38622102 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
For most of their lifespan, the probability of death for many animal species increases with age. Gompertz law states that this increase is exponential. In this work, we have compared previously published data on the survival kinetics of different lines of progeric mice. Visual analysis showed that in six lines of these rapidly aging mutants, the probability of death did not strictly depend on age. In contrast, ten lines of progeric mice have survival curves similar to those of the control animals, that is, in agreement with Gompertz law, similar to the shape of an exponential curve upside down. Interestingly, these ten mutations cause completely different cell malfunctions. We speculate that what these mutations have in common is a reduction in the lifespan of cells and/or an acceleration of the transition to the state of cell senescence. Thus, our analysis, similar to the conclusions of many previously published works, indicates that the aging of an organism is a consequence of the aging of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav S Sokolov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Fedor F Severin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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4
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Panier S, Wang S, Schumacher B. Genome Instability and DNA Repair in Somatic and Reproductive Aging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:261-290. [PMID: 37832947 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051122-093128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Genetic material is constantly subjected to genotoxic insults and is critically dependent on DNA repair. Genome maintenance mechanisms differ in somatic and germ cells as the soma only requires maintenance during an individual's lifespan, while the germline indefinitely perpetuates its genetic information. DNA lesions are recognized and repaired by mechanistically highly diverse repair machineries. The DNA damage response impinges on a vast array of homeostatic processes and can ultimately result in cell fate changes such as apoptosis or cellular senescence. DNA damage causally contributes to the aging process and aging-associated diseases, most prominently cancer. By causing mutations, DNA damage in germ cells can lead to genetic diseases and impact the evolutionary trajectory of a species. The mechanisms ensuring tight control of germline DNA repair could be highly instructive in defining strategies for improved somatic DNA repair. They may provide future interventions to maintain health and prevent disease during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Panier
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease and Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Siyao Wang
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease and Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease and Cluster of Excellence: Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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5
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Gohil D, Sarker AH, Roy R. Base Excision Repair: Mechanisms and Impact in Biology, Disease, and Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14186. [PMID: 37762489 PMCID: PMC10531636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) corrects forms of oxidative, deamination, alkylation, and abasic single-base damage that appear to have minimal effects on the helix. Since its discovery in 1974, the field has grown in several facets: mechanisms, biology and physiology, understanding deficiencies and human disease, and using BER genes as potential inhibitory targets to develop therapeutics. Within its segregation of short nucleotide (SN-) and long patch (LP-), there are currently six known global mechanisms, with emerging work in transcription- and replication-associated BER. Knockouts (KOs) of BER genes in mouse models showed that single glycosylase knockout had minimal phenotypic impact, but the effects were clearly seen in double knockouts. However, KOs of downstream enzymes showed critical impact on the health and survival of mice. BER gene deficiency contributes to cancer, inflammation, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. Medicinal targets are being developed for single or combinatorial therapies, but only PARP and APE1 have yet to reach the clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhara Gohil
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Altaf H. Sarker
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
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6
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Zaunz S, De Smedt J, Lauwereins L, Cleuren L, Laffeber C, Bajaj M, Lebbink JHG, Marteijn JA, De Keersmaecker K, Verfaillie C. APEX1 Nuclease and Redox Functions are Both Essential for Adult Mouse Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10550-0. [PMID: 37266894 PMCID: PMC10390635 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10550-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are carefully controlled by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, to ensure the lifelong process of hematopoiesis. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APEX1) is a multifunctional protein implicated in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. Although previous studies have emphasized the necessity of studying APEX1 in a lineage-specific context and its role in progenitor differentiation, no studies have assessed the role of APEX1, nor its two enzymatic domains, in supporting adult HSPC function. In this study, we demonstrated that complete loss of APEX1 from murine bone marrow HSPCs (induced by CRISPR/Cas9) caused severe hematopoietic failure following transplantation, as well as a HSPC expansion defect in culture conditions maintaining in vivo HSC functionality. Using specific inhibitors against either the nuclease or redox domains of APEX1 in combination with single cell transcriptomics (CITE-seq), we found that both APEX1 nuclease and redox domains are regulating mouse HSPCs, but through distinct underlying transcriptional changes. Inhibition of the APEX1 nuclease function resulted in loss of HSPCs accompanied by early activation of differentiation programs and enhanced lineage commitment. By contrast, inhibition of the APEX1 redox function significantly downregulated interferon-stimulated genes and regulons in expanding HSPCs and their progeny, resulting in dysfunctional megakaryocyte-biased HSPCs, as well as loss of monocytes and lymphoid progenitor cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that APEX1 is a key regulator for adult regenerative hematopoiesis, and that the APEX1 nuclease and redox domains differently impact proliferating HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Zaunz
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Jonathan De Smedt
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Lukas Lauwereins
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Lana Cleuren
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Charlie Laffeber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manmohan Bajaj
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Joyce H G Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kim De Keersmaecker
- Laboratory for Disease Mechanisms in Cancer, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Catherine Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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7
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Kandhaya-Pillai R, Miro-Mur F, Alijotas-Reig J, Tchkonia T, Schwartz S, Kirkland JL, Oshima J. Key elements of cellular senescence involve transcriptional repression of mitotic and DNA repair genes through the p53-p16/RB-E2F-DREAM complex. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:4012-4034. [PMID: 37219418 PMCID: PMC10258023 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a dynamic stress response process that contributes to aging. From initiation to maintenance, senescent cells continuously undergo complex molecular changes and develop an altered transcriptome. Understanding how the molecular architecture of these cells evolve to sustain their non-proliferative state will open new therapeutic avenues to alleviate or delay the consequences of aging. Seeking to understand these molecular changes, we studied the transcriptomic profiles of endothelial replication-induced senescence and senescence induced by the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α. We previously reported gene expressional pattern, pathways, and the mechanisms associated with upregulated genes during TNF-α induced senescence. Here, we extend our work and find downregulated gene signatures of both replicative and TNF-α senescence were highly overlapped, involving the decreased expression of several genes associated with cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, recombination, repair, chromatin structure, cellular assembly, and organization. We identified multiple targets of p53/p16-RB-E2F-DREAM that are essential for proliferation, mitotic progression, resolving DNA damage, maintaining chromatin integrity, and DNA synthesis that were repressed in senescent cells. We show that repression of multiple target genes in the p53/p16-RB-E2F-DREAM pathway collectively contributes to the stability of the senescent arrest. Our findings show that the regulatory connection between DREAM and cellular senescence may play a potential role in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Kandhaya-Pillai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Francesc Miro-Mur
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Jaume Alijotas-Reig
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Tamar Tchkonia
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Simo Schwartz
- Drug Delivery and Targeting Group, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - James L. Kirkland
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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8
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Buoninfante OA, Pilzecker B, Spanjaard A, de Groot D, Prekovic S, Song JY, Lieftink C, Ayidah M, Pritchard CEJ, Vivié J, Mcgrath KE, Huijbers IJ, Philipsen S, von Lindern M, Zwart W, Beijersbergen R, Palis J, van den Berk PCM, Jacobs H. Mammalian life depends on two distinct pathways of DNA damage tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216055120. [PMID: 36669105 PMCID: PMC9942833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216055120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage threatens genomic integrity and instigates stem cell failure. To bypass genotoxic lesions during replication, cells employ DNA damage tolerance (DDT), which is regulated via PCNA ubiquitination and REV1. DDT is conserved in all domains of life, yet its relevance in mammals remains unclear. Here, we show that inactivation of both PCNA-ubiquitination and REV1 results in embryonic and adult lethality, and the accumulation of DNA damage in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that ultimately resulted in their depletion. Our results reveal the crucial relevance of DDT in the maintenance of stem cell compartments and mammalian life in unperturbed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bas Pilzecker
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Spanjaard
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël de Groot
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Prekovic
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, 3584 CXUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Division of Experimental Animal Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cor Lieftink
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matilda Ayidah
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin E. J. Pritchard
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Vivié
- Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 3584 CTUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kathleen E. Mcgrath
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY14642
| | - Ivo J. Huijbers
- Mouse Clinic for Cancer and Aging Research, Transgenic Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjaak Philipsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015CNRotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratories, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L. Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Netherlands Cancer Institute Robotics and Screening Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Palis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY14642
| | - Paul C. M. van den Berk
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heinz Jacobs
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CXAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fujino T, Asada S, Goyama S, Kitamura T. Mechanisms involved in hematopoietic stem cell aging. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:473. [PMID: 35941268 PMCID: PMC11072869 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) undergo progressive functional decline over time due to both internal and external stressors, leading to aging of the hematopoietic system. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HSC aging will be valuable in developing novel therapies for HSC rejuvenation and to prevent the onset of several age-associated diseases and hematological malignancies. This review considers the general causes of HSC aging that range from cell-intrinsic factors to cell-extrinsic factors. In particular, epigenetics and inflammation have been implicated in the linkage of HSC aging, clonality, and oncogenesis. The challenges in clarifying mechanisms of HSC aging have accelerated the development of therapeutic interventions to rejuvenate HSCs, the major goal of aging research; these details are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujino
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shuhei Asada
- The Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 1628666, Japan
| | - Susumu Goyama
- Division of Molecular Oncology Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 1088639, Japan
| | - Toshio Kitamura
- Division of Cellular Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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10
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Vougioukalaki M, Demmers J, Vermeij WP, Baar M, Bruens S, Magaraki A, Kuijk E, Jager M, Merzouk S, Brandt RM, Kouwenberg J, van Boxtel R, Cuppen E, Pothof J, Hoeijmakers JHJ. Different responses to DNA damage determine ageing differences between organs. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13562. [PMID: 35246937 PMCID: PMC9009128 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organs age differently, causing wide heterogeneity in multimorbidity, but underlying mechanisms are largely elusive. To investigate the basis of organ-specific ageing, we utilized progeroid repair-deficient Ercc1Δ /- mouse mutants and systematically compared at the tissue, stem cell and organoid level two organs representing ageing extremes. Ercc1Δ /- intestine shows hardly any accelerated ageing. Nevertheless, we found apoptosis and reduced numbers of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), but cell loss appears compensated by over-proliferation. ISCs retain their organoid-forming capacity, but organoids perform poorly in culture, compared with WT. Conversely, liver ages dramatically, even causing early death in Ercc1-KO mice. Apoptosis, p21, polyploidization and proliferation of various (stem) cells were prominently elevated in Ercc1Δ /- liver and stem cell populations were either largely unaffected (Sox9+), or expanding (Lgr5+), but were functionally exhausted in organoid formation and development in vitro. Paradoxically, while intestine displays less ageing, repair in WT ISCs appears inferior to liver as shown by enhanced sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, and lower lesion removal. Our findings reveal organ-specific anti-ageing strategies. Intestine, with short lifespan limiting time for damage accumulation and repair, favours apoptosis of damaged cells relying on ISC plasticity. Liver with low renewal rates depends more on repair pathways specifically protecting the transcribed compartment of the genome to promote sustained functionality and cell preservation. As shown before, the hematopoietic system with intermediate self-renewal mainly invokes replication-linked mechanisms, apoptosis and senescence. Hence, organs employ different genome maintenance strategies, explaining heterogeneity in organ ageing and the segmental nature of DNA-repair-deficient progerias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vougioukalaki
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joris Demmers
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert P. Vermeij
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Baar
- Center for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Serena Bruens
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Aristea Magaraki
- Department of Developmental Biology Oncode Institute Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ewart Kuijk
- Division Biomedical Genetics Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Jager
- Department of Genetics Center for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sarra Merzouk
- Department of Developmental Biology Oncode Institute Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Renata M.C. Brandt
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Kouwenberg
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ruben van Boxtel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Division Biomedical Genetics Center for Molecular Medicine and Cancer Genomics Netherlands University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Hartwig Medical Foundation Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Joris Pothof
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan H. J. Hoeijmakers
- Department Molecular Genetics Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology Oncode Institute Utrecht The Netherlands
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging‐Associated Diseases (CECAD) University Hospital of Cologne Cologne Germany
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11
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Henry E, Arcangeli ML. How Hematopoietic Stem Cells Respond to Irradiation: Similarities and Differences between Low and High Doses of Ionizing Radiations. Exp Hematol 2020; 94:11-19. [PMID: 33290858 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we will specifically address the newest insights on the effect of low doses of ionizing radiations on the hematopoietic stem cells, which are prone to long-term deleterious effects. Impact of high doses of irradiation on hematopoietic cells has been widely studied over the years, in line with the risk of accidental or terrorist exposure to irradiation and with a particular attention to the sensitivity of the hematopoietic system. Recently, more studies have focused on lower doses of irradiation on different tissues, due to the increasing exposure caused by medical imaging, radiotherapy or plane travelling for instance. Hence, we will delineate similarities and discrepancies in HSC response to high and low doses of irradiation from these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Henry
- Team Niche and Cancer in Hematopoiesis, U1274, INSERM, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Leukemia/Service Stem Cells and Radiation/iRCM/JACOB/DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Laure Arcangeli
- Team Niche and Cancer in Hematopoiesis, U1274, INSERM, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Leukemia/Service Stem Cells and Radiation/iRCM/JACOB/DRF, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; UMR Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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12
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SOX2 and p53 Expression Control Converges in PI3K/AKT Signaling with Versatile Implications for Stemness and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144902. [PMID: 32664542 PMCID: PMC7402325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stemness and reprogramming involve transcriptional master regulators that suppress cell differentiation while promoting self-renewal. A distinguished example thereof is SOX2, a high mobility group (HMG)-box transcription factor (TF), whose subcellular localization and turnover regulation in embryonic, induced-pluripotent, and cancer stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs, and CSCs, respectively) is mediated by the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis, a stem cell-specific branch of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Further effector functions associated with PI3K/AKT induction include cell cycle progression, cellular (mass) growth, and the suppression of apoptosis. Apoptosis, however, is a central element of DNA damage response (DDR), where it provides a default mechanism for cell clearance when DNA integrity cannot be maintained. A key player in DDR is tumor suppressor p53, which accumulates upon DNA-damage and is counter-balanced by PI3K/AKT enforced turnover. Accordingly, stemness sustaining SOX2 expression and p53-dependent DDR mechanisms show molecular–functional overlap in PI3K/AKT signaling. This constellation proves challenging for stem cells whose genomic integrity is a functional imperative for normative ontogenesis. Unresolved mutations in stem and early progenitor cells may in fact provoke transformation and cancer development. Such mechanisms are also particularly relevant for iPSCs, where genetic changes imposed through somatic cell reprogramming may promote DNA damage. The current review aims to summarize the latest advances in the understanding of PI3K/AKT/SOX2-driven stemness and its intertwined relations to p53-signaling in DDR under conditions of pluripotency, reprogramming, and transformation.
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13
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Lin Q, Wu L, Ma Z, Chowdhury FA, Mazumder HH, Du W. Persistent DNA damage-induced NLRP12 improves hematopoietic stem cell function. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133365. [PMID: 32434992 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor 12 (NLRP12) is a member of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing receptor inflammasome family that plays a central role in innate immunity. We previously showed that DNA damage upregulated NLRP12 in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of mice deficient in the DNA repair gene Fanca. However, the role of NLRP12 in HSC maintenance is not known. Here, we show that persistent DNA damage-induced NLRP12 improves HSC function in both mouse and human models of DNA repair deficiency and aging. Specifically, treatment of Fanca-/- mice with the DNA cross-linker mitomycin C or ionizing radiation induces NLRP12 upregulation in phenotypic HSCs. NLRP12 expression is specifically induced by persistent DNA damage. Functionally, knockdown of NLRP12 exacerbates the repopulation defect of Fanca-/- HSCs. Persistent DNA damage-induced NLRP12 was also observed in the HSCs from aged mice, and depletion of NLRP12 in these aged HSCs compromised their self-renewal and hematopoietic recovery. Consistently, overexpression of NLRP12 substantially improved the long-term repopulating function of Fanca-/- and aged HSCs. Finally, persistent DNA damage-induced NLRP12 maintains the function of HSCs from patients with FA or aged donors. These results reveal a potentially novel role of NLRP12 in HSC maintenance and suggest that NLRP12 targeting has therapeutic potential in DNA repair disorders and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Zhilin Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fabliha Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Habibul Hasan Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.,Alexander B. Osborn Hematopoietic Malignancy and Transplantation Program, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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14
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Mulderrig L, Garaycoechea JI. XPF-ERCC1 protects liver, kidney and blood homeostasis outside the canonical excision repair pathways. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008555. [PMID: 32271760 PMCID: PMC7144963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of the XPF-ERCC1 endonuclease causes a dramatic phenotype that results in progeroid features associated with liver, kidney and bone marrow dysfunction. As this nuclease is involved in multiple DNA repair transactions, it is plausible that this severe phenotype results from the simultaneous inactivation of both branches of nucleotide excision repair (GG- and TC-NER) and Fanconi anaemia (FA) inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Here we use genetics in human cells and mice to investigate the interaction between the canonical NER and ICL repair pathways and, subsequently, how their joint inactivation phenotypically overlaps with XPF-ERCC1 deficiency. We find that cells lacking TC-NER are sensitive to crosslinking agents and that there is a genetic interaction between NER and FA in the repair of certain endogenous crosslinking agents. However, joint inactivation of GG-NER, TC-NER and FA crosslink repair cannot account for the hypersensitivity of XPF-deficient cells to classical crosslinking agents nor is it sufficient to explain the extreme phenotype of Ercc1-/- mice. These analyses indicate that XPF-ERCC1 has important functions outside of its central role in NER and FA crosslink repair which are required to prevent endogenous DNA damage. Failure to resolve such damage leads to loss of tissue homeostasis in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Mulderrig
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juan I. Garaycoechea
- Hubrecht Institute–KNAW, University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan, CT Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Acetylation of XPF by TIP60 facilitates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:786. [PMID: 32034146 PMCID: PMC7005904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is a structure-specific endonuclease that is essential for nucleotide excision repair (NER) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair in mammalian cells. However, whether and how XPF binding to ERCC1 is regulated has not yet been established. Here, we show that TIP60, also known as KAT5, a haplo-insufficient tumor suppressor, directly acetylates XPF at Lys911 following UV irradiation or treatment with mitomycin C and that this acetylation is required for XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and subsequent activation. Mechanistically, acetylation of XPF at Lys911 disrupts the Glu907-Lys911 salt bridge, thereby leading to exposure of a previously unidentified second binding site for ERCC1. Accordingly, loss of XPF acetylation impairs the damage-induced XPF-ERCC1 interaction, resulting in defects in both NER and ICL repair. Our results not only reveal a mechanism that regulates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation, but also provide important insight into the role of TIP60 in the maintenance of genome stability. The XPF-ERCC1 heterodimer is an endonuclease involved in nucleotide excision (NER) and interstrand crosslink (ICL) repair in mammalian cells. Here, the authors provide insights into its regulation by revealing that TIP60 regulates XPF-ERCC1 complex assembly and activation.
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16
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Scheffold A, Baig AH, Chen Z, von Löhneysen SE, Becker F, Morita Y, Avila AI, Groth M, Lechel A, Schmid F, Kraus JM, Kestler HA, Stilgenbauer S, Philipp M, Burkhalter MD. Elevated Hedgehog activity contributes to attenuated DNA damage responses in aged hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2019; 34:1125-1134. [PMID: 31728056 PMCID: PMC7214262 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of DNA damage and myeloid-skewed differentiation characterize aging of the hematopoietic system, yet underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that aging hematopoietic progenitor cells particularly of the myeloid branch exhibit enhanced resistance to bulky DNA lesions—a relevant type of DNA damage induced by toxins such as cancer drugs or endogenous aldehydes. We identified aging-associated activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway to be connected to this phenotype. Inhibition of Hh signaling reverts DNA damage tolerance and DNA damage-resistant proliferation in aged hematopoietic progenitors. Vice versa, elevating Hh activity in young hematopoietic progenitors is sufficient to impair DNA damage responses. Altogether, these findings provide experimental evidence for aging-associated increases in Hh activity driving DNA damage tolerance in myeloid progenitors and myeloid-skewed differentiation. Modulation of Hh activity could thus be explored as a therapeutic strategy to prevent DNA damage tolerance, myeloid skewing, and disease development in the aging hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Scheffold
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ali H Baig
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Becker
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yohei Morita
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alush I Avila
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Schmid
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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17
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Lans H, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeulen W, Marteijn JA. The DNA damage response to transcription stress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2019; 20:766-784. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-019-0169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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DNA damage in aging, the stem cell perspective. Hum Genet 2019; 139:309-331. [PMID: 31324975 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is one of the most consistent cellular process proposed to contribute to aging. The maintenance of genomic and epigenomic integrity is critical for proper function of cells and tissues throughout life, and this homeostasis is under constant strain from both extrinsic and intrinsic insults. Considering the relationship between lifespan and genotoxic burden, it is plausible that the longest-lived cellular populations would face an accumulation of DNA damage over time. Tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent populations residing in localized niches and are responsible for maintaining all lineages of their resident tissue/system throughout life. However, many of these stem cells are impacted by genotoxic stress. Several factors may dictate the specific stem cell population response to DNA damage, including the niche location, life history, and fate decisions after damage accrual. This leads to differential handling of DNA damage in different stem cell compartments. Given the importance of adult stem cells in preserving normal tissue function during an individual's lifetime, DNA damage sensitivity and accumulation in these compartments could have crucial implications for aging. Despite this, more support for direct functional effects driven by accumulated DNA damage in adult stem cell compartments is needed. This review will present current evidence for the accumulation and potential influence of DNA damage in adult tissue-specific stem cells and propose inquiry directions that could benefit individual healthspan.
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19
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Lian X, Dong Y, Zhao M, Liang Y, Jiang W, Li W, Zhang L. RNA-Seq analysis of differentially expressed genes relevant to mismatch repair in aging hematopoietic stem-progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:11401-11408. [PMID: 30805972 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology and an old hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) model in vitro to analyze differential expressions of mismatch repair (MMR)-related genes in aged HSPCs, so as to explore the mechanism of DNA MMR injury in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) aging. In this study, by combining RNA-seq data and National Center for Biotechnology Information database, we focus on six widely reported MMR genes MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, MLH1, PMS1, PMS2, and five MMR genes with closer ties to HSC aging Pcna, Exo1, Rpa1, Rpa2, and Rpa3 according to the genes functional classification and the related signaling pathway. It is concluded that MMR is closely related to HSC aging. This study provides experimental evidence for future researching MMR in HSC aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongpin Dong
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Yajie Liang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfang Li
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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Datta A, Brosh RM. Holding All the Cards-How Fanconi Anemia Proteins Deal with Replication Stress and Preserve Genomic Stability. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020170. [PMID: 30813363 PMCID: PMC6409899 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a hereditary chromosomal instability disorder often displaying congenital abnormalities and characterized by a predisposition to progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) and cancer. Over the last 25 years since the discovery of the first linkage of genetic mutations to FA, its molecular genetic landscape has expanded tremendously as it became apparent that FA is a disease characterized by a defect in a specific DNA repair pathway responsible for the correction of covalent cross-links between the two complementary strands of the DNA double helix. This pathway has become increasingly complex, with the discovery of now over 20 FA-linked genes implicated in interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. Moreover, gene products known to be involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair, mismatch repair (MMR), and nucleotide excision repair (NER) play roles in the ICL response and repair of associated DNA damage. While ICL repair is predominantly coupled with DNA replication, it also can occur in non-replicating cells. DNA damage accumulation and hematopoietic stem cell failure are thought to contribute to the increased inflammation and oxidative stress prevalent in FA. Adding to its confounding nature, certain FA gene products are also engaged in the response to replication stress, caused endogenously or by agents other than ICL-inducing drugs. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic aspects of the FA pathway and the molecular defects leading to elevated replication stress believed to underlie the cellular phenotypes and clinical features of FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Datta
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Robert M Brosh
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Functional decline of hematopoiesis that occurs in the elderly, or in patients who receive therapies that trigger cellular senescence effects, results in a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy. Intracellular signals in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) mediate systemic, microenvironment, and cell-intrinsic effector aging signals that induce their decline. This review intends to summarize and critically review our advances in the understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for HSC decline during aging and opportunities for intervention. Recent Findings For a long time, aging of HSC has been thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the cell intrinsic nature of aging. However, recent murine models and human correlative studies provide evidence that aging is associated with molecular signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, loss of polarity and an altered epigenome. These signaling pathways provide potential targets for prevention or reversal of age-related changes. Summary Here we review our current understanding of the signalling pathways that are differentially activated or repressed during HSC/P aging, focusing on the oxidative, metabolic, biochemical and structural consequences downstream, and cell-intrinsic, systemic, and environmental influences.
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22
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Tecza K, Pamula-Pilat J, Lanuszewska J, Butkiewicz D, Grzybowska E. Pharmacogenetics of toxicity of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9114-9136. [PMID: 29507678 PMCID: PMC5823653 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The differences in patients' response to the same medication, toxicity included, are one of the major problems in breast cancer treatment. Chemotherapy toxicity makes a significant clinical problem due to decreased quality of life, prolongation of treatment and reinforcement of negative emotions associated with therapy. In this study we evaluated the genetic and clinical risk factors of FAC chemotherapy-related toxicities in the group of 324 breast cancer patients. Selected genes and their polymorphisms were involved in FAC drugs transport (ABCB1, ABCC2, ABCG2,SLC22A16), metabolism (ALDH3A1, CBR1, CYP1B1, CYP2C19, DPYD, GSTM1, GSTP1, GSTT1, MTHFR,TYMS), DNA damage recognition, repair and cell cycle control (ATM, ERCC1, ERCC2, TP53, XRCC1). The multifactorial risk models that combine genetic risk modifiers and clinical characteristics were constructed for 12 toxic symptoms. The majority of toxicities was dependent on the modifications in components of more than one pathway of FAC drugs, while the impact level of clinical factors was comparable to the genetic ones. For the carriers of multiple high risk factors the chance of developing given symptom was significantly elevated which proved the factor-dosage effect. We found the strongest associations between concurrent presence of clinical factors - overall and recurrent anemia, nephrotoxicity and early nausea and genetic polymorphisms in genes responsible for DNA repair, drugs metabolism and transport pathways. These results indicate the possibility of selection of the patients with expected high tolerance to FAC treatment and consequently with high chance of chemotherapy completion without the dose reduction, treatment delays and decline in the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Tecza
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jolanta Pamula-Pilat
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Joanna Lanuszewska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Butkiewicz
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ewa Grzybowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice, Poland
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23
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DNA damage tolerance in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6875-E6883. [PMID: 28761001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706508114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance (DDT) enables bypassing of DNA lesions during replication, thereby preventing fork stalling, replication stress, and secondary DNA damage related to fork stalling. Three modes of DDT have been documented: translesion synthesis (TLS), template switching (TS), and repriming. TLS and TS depend on site-specific PCNA K164 monoubiquitination and polyubiquitination, respectively. To investigate the role of DDT in maintaining hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitors, we used PcnaK164R/K164R mice as a unique DDT-defective mouse model. Analysis of the composition of HSCs and HSC-derived multipotent progenitors (MPPs) revealed a significantly reduced number of HSCs, likely owing to increased differentiation of HSCs toward myeloid/erythroid-associated MPP2s. This skewing came at the expense of the number of lymphoid-primed MPP4s, which appeared to be compensated for by increased MPP4 proliferation. Furthermore, defective DDT decreased the numbers of MPP-derived common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), common myeloid progenitor (CMP), megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor (MEP), and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) cells, accompanied by increased cell cycle arrest in CMPs. The HSC and MPP phenotypes are reminiscent of premature aging and stressed hematopoiesis, and indeed progressed with age and were exacerbated on cisplatin exposure. Bone marrow transplantations revealed a strong cell intrinsic defect of DDT-deficient HSCs in reconstituting lethally irradiated mice and a strong competitive disadvantage when cotransplanted with wild-type HSCs. These findings indicate a critical role of DDT in maintaining HSCs and progenitor cells, and in preventing premature aging.
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24
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Polymorphism in ERCC1 confers susceptibility of coronary artery disease and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis in a Chinese Han population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6407. [PMID: 28743890 PMCID: PMC5526898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Excision repair cross-complementing 1 (ERCC1) gene encodes ERCC1 protein, which is mainly responsible for the repair of DNA damage in different diseases including coronary artery atherosclerosis by acting as a rate-limiting element in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Using a three-stage case-control study with 3037 coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and 3002 controls, we investigated associations of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with CAD risk and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis in Chinese Han population. In the discovery set, the variant allele T of rs11615 was significantly associated with higher CAD risk (adjusted OR = 1.27, P = 0.006) and severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis (adjusted OR = 1.54, P = 0.003). These associations were more remarkable in the merged set (adjusted OR = 1.23, P = 8 × 10-6 for CAD risk; adjusted OR = 1.36, P = 4.3 × 10-5 for severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis). And the expression level of ERCC1 was significantly higher in CAD cases than controls. Multiplicative interactions among SNP rs11615, alcohol drinking, history of T2DM, and history of hyperlipidemia could increase 5.06-fold risk of CAD (P = 1.59 × 10-9). No significant association of rs2298881 and rs3212986 with CAD risk was identified. Taken together, SNP rs11615 in ERCC1 gene might confer susceptibility to CAD and severity of coronary atherosclerosis in a Chinese Han population.
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25
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García-Prat L, Muñoz-Cánoves P. Aging, metabolism and stem cells: Spotlight on muscle stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:109-117. [PMID: 27531569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
All tissues and organs undergo a progressive regenerative decline as they age. This decline has been mainly attributed to loss of stem cell number and/or function, and both stem cell-intrinsic changes and alterations in local niches and/or systemic environment over time are known to contribute to the stem cell aging phenotype. Advancing in the molecular understanding of the deterioration of stem cell cells with aging is key for targeting the specific causes of tissue regenerative dysfunction at advanced stages of life. Here, we revise exciting recent findings on why stem cells age and the consequences on tissue regeneration, with a special focus on regeneration of skeletal muscle. We also highlight newly identified common molecular pathways affecting diverse types of aging stem cells, such as altered proteostasis, metabolism, or senescence entry, and discuss the questions raised by these findings. Finally, we comment on emerging stem cell rejuvenation strategies, principally emanating from studies on muscle stem cells, which will surely burst tissue regeneration research for future benefit of the increasing human aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Prat
- Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra; University (UPF) y CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Tissue Regeneration Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra; University (UPF) y CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Ahmed ASI, Sheng MHC, Wasnik S, Baylink DJ, Lau KHW. Effect of aging on stem cells. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:1-10. [PMID: 28261550 PMCID: PMC5316899 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have the remarkable self-renewal ability and are capable of differentiating into multiple diverse cells. There is increasing evidence that the aging process can have adverse effects on stem cells. As stem cells age, their renewal ability deteriorates and their ability to differentiate into the various cell types is altered. Accordingly, it is suggested aging-induced deterioration of stem cell functions may play a key role in the pathophysiology of the various aging-associated disorders. Understanding the role of the aging process in deterioration of stem cell function is crucial, not only in understanding the pathophysiology of aging-associated disorders, but also in future development of novel effective stem cell-based therapies to treat aging-associated diseases. This review article first focuses on the basis of the various aging disease-related stem cell dysfunction. It then addresses the several concepts on the potential mechanism that causes aging-related stem cell dysfunction. It also briefly discusses the current potential therapies under development for aging-associated stem cell defects.
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Abstract
Until recently, there was broad consensus in the stem cell aging field that the phenotype of aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is fixed-dominated by cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms that cannot be altered by pharmacological or genetic means. The conventional thinking was that HSC aging could not be reverted by therapeutic intervention. This paradigm has started to shift dramatically, primarily because hallmarks of aged HSCs have been successfully reverted by distinct experimental approaches by multiple laboratories. We will discuss in this review these hallmarks of HSCs aging and the novel approaches that successfully ameliorated or even reverted aging-associated hallmarks of aged HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novella Guidi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Aging Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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28
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Brosh RM, Bellani M, Liu Y, Seidman MM. Fanconi Anemia: A DNA repair disorder characterized by accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment and other features of aging. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 33:67-75. [PMID: 27223997 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal genetic disorder characterized by progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), endocrine dysfunction, cancer, and other clinical features commonly associated with normal aging. The anemia stems directly from an accelerated decline of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Although FA is a complex heterogeneous disease linked to mutations in 19 currently identified genes, there has been much progress in understanding the molecular pathology involved. FA is broadly considered a DNA repair disorder and the FA gene products, together with other DNA repair factors, have been implicated in interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair. However, in addition to the defective DNA damage response, altered epigenetic regulation, and telomere defects, FA is also marked by elevated levels of inflammatory mediators in circulation, a hallmark of faster decline in not only other hereditary aging disorders but also normal aging. In this review, we offer a perspective of FA as a monogenic accelerated aging disorder, citing the latest evidence for its multi-factorial deficiencies underlying its unique clinical and cellular features.
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29
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Moehrle BM, Geiger H. Aging of hematopoietic stem cells: DNA damage and mutations? Exp Hematol 2016; 44:895-901. [PMID: 27402537 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the hematopoietic system and the stem cell niche contributes to aging-associated phenotypes of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), including leukemia and aging-associated immune remodeling. Among others, the DNA damage theory of aging of HSCs is well established, based on the detection of a significantly larger amount of γH2AX foci and a higher tail moment in the comet assay, both initially thought to be associated with DNA damage in aged HSCs compared with young cells, and bone marrow failure in animals devoid of DNA repair factors. Novel data on the increase in and nature of DNA mutations in the hematopoietic system with age, the quality of the DNA damage response in aged HSCs, and the nature of γH2AX foci question a direct link between DNA damage and the DNA damage response and aging of HSCs, and rather favor changes in epigenetics, splicing-factors or three-dimensional architecture of the cell as major cell intrinsic factors of HSCs aging. Aging of HSCs is also driven by a strong contribution of aging of the niche. This review discusses the DNA damage theory of HSC aging in the light of these novel mechanisms of aging of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Aging Research Center, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH.
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Bautista-Niño PK, Portilla-Fernandez E, Vaughan DE, Danser AHJ, Roks AJM. DNA Damage: A Main Determinant of Vascular Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E748. [PMID: 27213333 PMCID: PMC4881569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging plays a central role in health problems and mortality in older people. Apart from the impact of several classical cardiovascular risk factors on the vasculature, chronological aging remains the single most important determinant of cardiovascular problems. The causative mechanisms by which chronological aging mediates its impact, independently from classical risk factors, remain to be elucidated. In recent years evidence has accumulated that unrepaired DNA damage may play an important role. Observations in animal models and in humans indicate that under conditions during which DNA damage accumulates in an accelerated rate, functional decline of the vasculature takes place in a similar but more rapid or more exaggerated way than occurs in the absence of such conditions. Also epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between DNA maintenance and age-related cardiovascular disease. Accordingly, mouse models of defective DNA repair are means to study the mechanisms involved in biological aging of the vasculature. We here review the evidence of the role of DNA damage in vascular aging, and present mechanisms by which genomic instability interferes with regulation of the vascular tone. In addition, we present potential remedies against vascular aging induced by genomic instability. Central to this review is the role of diverse types of DNA damage (telomeric, non-telomeric and mitochondrial), of cellular changes (apoptosis, senescence, autophagy), mediators of senescence and cell growth (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)/senescence-messaging secretome (SMS), insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling), the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) axis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) vs. endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling, phosphodiesterase (PDE) 1 and 5, transcription factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), and diet restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K Bautista-Niño
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - Eliana Portilla-Fernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - Douglas E Vaughan
- Department of Medicine & Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton J M Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
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Avila AI, Illing A, Becker F, Maerz LD, Morita Y, Philipp M, Burkhalter MD. Xpg limits the expansion of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells after ionising radiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6252-61. [PMID: 27137888 PMCID: PMC5291257 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced capacity of genome maintenance represents a problem for any organism, potentially causing premature death, carcinogenesis, or accelerated ageing. Strikingly though, loss of certain genome stability factors can be beneficial, especially for the maintenance of tissue stem cells of the intestine and the haematopoietic system. We therefore screened for genome stability factors negatively impacting maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in the context of ionising radiation (IR). We found that in vivo knock down of Xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G (Xpg) causes elevation of HSC numbers after IR treatment, while numbers of haematopoietic progenitors are elevated to a lesser extent. IR rapidly induces Xpg both on mRNA and on protein level. Prevention of this induction does not influence activation of the checkpoint cascade, yet attenuates late checkpoint steps such as induction of p21 and Noxa. This causes a leaky cell cycle arrest and lower levels of apoptosis, both contributing to increased colony formation and transformation rates. Xpg thus helps to adequately induce DNA damage responses after IR, thereby keeping the expansion of damaged cells under control. This represents a new function of Xpg in the response to IR, in addition to its well-characterized role in nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alush I Avila
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Anett Illing
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Friedrich Becker
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars D Maerz
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yohei Morita
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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32
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Tsai RYL. Balancing self-renewal against genome preservation in stem cells: How do they manage to have the cake and eat it too? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1803-23. [PMID: 26886024 PMCID: PMC5040593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the awesome power of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation that allows them to be major contributors to tissue homeostasis. Owing to their longevity and self-renewal capacity, they are also faced with a higher risk of genomic damage compared to differentiated cells. Damage on the genome, if not prevented or repaired properly, will threaten the survival of stem cells and culminate in organ failure, premature aging, or cancer formation. It is therefore of paramount importance that stem cells remain genomically stable throughout life. Given their unique biological and functional requirement, stem cells are thought to manage genotoxic stress somewhat differently from non-stem cells. The focus of this article is to review the current knowledge on how stem cells escape the barrage of oxidative and replicative DNA damage to stay in self-renewal. A clear statement on this subject should help us better understand tissue regeneration, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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33
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Braun J, Meixner A, Brachner A, Foisner R. The GIY-YIG Type Endonuclease Ankyrin Repeat and LEM Domain-Containing Protein 1 (ANKLE1) Is Dispensable for Mouse Hematopoiesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152278. [PMID: 27010503 PMCID: PMC4807109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin repeat and LEM-domain containing protein 1 (ANKLE1) is a GIY-YIG endonuclease with unknown functions, mainly expressed in mouse hematopoietic tissues. To test its potential role in hematopoiesis we generated Ankle1-deficient mice. Ankle1Δ/Δ mice are viable without any detectable phenotype in hematopoiesis. Neither hematopoietic progenitor cells, myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, nor B and T cell development in bone marrow, spleen and thymus, are affected in Ankle1Δ/Δ-mice. Similarly embryonic stress erythropoiesis in liver and adult erythropoiesis in bone marrow and spleen appear normal. To test whether ANKLE1, like the only other known GIY-YIG endonuclease in mammals, SLX1, may contribute to Holliday junction resolution during DNA repair, Ankle1-deficient cells were exposed to various DNA-damage inducing agents. However, lack of Ankle1 did not affect cell viability and, unlike depletion of Slx1, Ankle1-deficiency did not increase sister chromatid exchange in Bloom helicase-depleted cells. Altogether, we show that lack of Ankle1 does neither affect mouse hematopoiesis nor DNA damage repair in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, indicating a redundant or non-essential function of ANKLE1 in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Braun
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Arabella Meixner
- IMBA-Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Brachner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Foisner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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34
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Du W, Amarachintha S, Erden O, Wilson A, Meetei AR, Andreassen PR, Namekawa SH, Pang Q. Fancb deficiency impairs hematopoietic stem cell function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18127. [PMID: 26658157 PMCID: PMC4676042 DOI: 10.1038/srep18127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, variable congenital malformations and a predisposition to malignancies. FANCB (also known as FAAP95), is the only X-linked FA gene discovered thus far. In the present study, we investigated hematopoiesis in adult Fancb deficient (Fancb−/y) mice and found that Fancb−/y mice have decreased hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence accompanied by reduced progenitor activity in vitro and reduced repopulating capacity in vivo. Like other FA mouse models previously reported, the hematopoietic system of Fancb−/y mice is hypersensitive to DNA cross-linking agent mitomycin C (MMC), which induces bone marrow failure in Fancb−/y mice. Furthermore, Fancb−/y BM exhibits slower recovery kinetics and less tolerance to myelotoxic stress induced by 5-fluorouracil than wild-type littermates. RNA-seq analysis reveals altered expression of genes involved in HSC function and cell cycle regulation in Fancb−/y HSC and progenitor cells. Thus, this Fancb−/y mouse model provides a novel approach for studying the critical role of the FA pathway not only in germ cell development but also in the maintenance of HSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Divisions of Radiation Health, College of Pharmacy, UAMS
| | - Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Ozlem Erden
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Amom Ruhikanta Meetei
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Satoshi H Namekawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Division of Reproductive Sciences, Division of Developmental Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Qishen Pang
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
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35
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Moehrle BM, Nattamai K, Brown A, Florian MC, Ryan M, Vogel M, Bliederhaeuser C, Soller K, Prows DR, Abdollahi A, Schleimer D, Walter D, Milsom MD, Stambrook P, Porteus M, Geiger H. Stem Cell-Specific Mechanisms Ensure Genomic Fidelity within HSCs and upon Aging of HSCs. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2412-2424. [PMID: 26686632 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether aged hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) have impaired DNA damage repair is controversial. Using a combination of DNA mutation indicator assays, we observe a 2- to 3-fold increase in the number of DNA mutations in the hematopoietic system upon aging. Young and aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) do not show an increase in mutation upon irradiation-induced DNA damage repair, and young and aged HSPCs respond very similarly to DNA damage with respect to cell-cycle checkpoint activation and apoptosis. Both young and aged HSPCs show impaired activation of the DNA-damage-induced G1-S checkpoint. Induction of chronic DNA double-strand breaks by zinc-finger nucleases suggests that HSPCs undergo apoptosis rather than faulty repair. These data reveal a protective mechanism in both the young and aged hematopoietic system against accumulation of mutations in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Moehrle
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Kalpana Nattamai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Andreas Brown
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria C Florian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marnie Ryan
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Mona Vogel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Karin Soller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel R Prows
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Amir Abdollahi
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular and Translational Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Schleimer
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dagmar Walter
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine gGmbH (HI-STEM), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Milsom
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine gGmbH (HI-STEM), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Experimental Hematology Group, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Stambrook
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Matthew Porteus
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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36
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Vermeij WP, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Pothof J. Genome Integrity in Aging: Human Syndromes, Mouse Models, and Therapeutic Options. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 56:427-45. [PMID: 26514200 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human syndromes and mouse mutants that exhibit accelerated but bona fide aging in multiple organs and tissues have been invaluable for the identification of nine denominators of aging: telomere attrition, genome instability, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated nutrient sensing, altered intercellular communication, loss of proteostasis, cellular senescence and adult stem cell exhaustion. However, whether and how these instigators of aging interrelate or whether they have one root cause is currently largely unknown. Rare human progeroid syndromes and corresponding mouse mutants with resolved genetic defects highlight the dominant importance of genome maintenance for aging. A second class of aging-related disorders reveals a cross connection with metabolism. As genome maintenance and metabolism are closely interconnected, they may constitute the main underlying biology of aging. This review focuses on the role of genome stability in aging, its crosstalk with metabolism, and options for nutritional and/or pharmaceutical interventions that delay age-related pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P Vermeij
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; , ,
| | - Joris Pothof
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Postbus 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; , ,
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ICL-induced miR139-3p and miR199a-3p have opposite roles in hematopoietic cell expansion and leukemic transformation. Blood 2015; 125:3937-48. [PMID: 25778535 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are toxic DNA lesions that cause severe genomic damage during replication, especially in Fanconi anemia pathway-deficient cells. This results in progressive bone marrow failure and predisposes to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The molecular mechanisms responsible for these defects are largely unknown. Using Ercc1-deficient mice, we show that Trp53 is responsible for ICL-induced bone marrow failure and that loss of Trp53 is leukemogenic in this model. In addition, Ercc1-deficient myeloid progenitors gain elevated levels of miR-139-3p and miR-199a-3p with age. These microRNAs exert opposite effects on hematopoiesis. Ectopic expression of miR-139-3p strongly inhibited proliferation of myeloid progenitors, whereas inhibition of miR-139-3p activity restored defective proliferation of Ercc1-deficient progenitors. Conversely, the inhibition of miR-199a-3p functions aggravated the myeloid proliferation defect in the Ercc1-deficient model, whereas its enforced expression enhanced proliferation of progenitors. Importantly, miR-199a-3p caused AML in a pre-leukemic mouse model, supporting its role as an onco-microRNA. Target genes include HuR for miR-139-3p and Prdx6, Runx1, and Suz12 for miR-199a-3p. The latter genes have previously been implicated as tumor suppressors in de novo and secondary AML. These findings show that, in addition to TRP53-controlled mechanisms, miR-139-3p and miR-199a-3p are involved in the defective hematopoietic function of ICL-repair deficient myeloid progenitors.
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38
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Gurkar AU, Niedernhofer LJ. Comparison of mice with accelerated aging caused by distinct mechanisms. Exp Gerontol 2015; 68:43-50. [PMID: 25617508 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the primary risk factor for numerous chronic, debilitating diseases. These diseases impact quality of life of the elderly and consume a large portion of health care costs. The cost of age-related diseases will only increase as the world's population continues to live longer. Thus it would be advantageous to consider aging itself as a therapeutic target, potentially stemming multiple age-related diseases simultaneously. While logical, this is extremely challenging as the molecular mechanisms that drive aging are still unknown. Furthermore, clinical trials to treat aging are impractical. Even in preclinical models, testing interventions to extend healthspan in old age are lengthy and therefore costly. One approach to expedite aging studies is to take advantage of mouse strains that are engineered to age rapidly. These strains are genetically and phenotypically quite diverse. This review aims to offer a comparison of several of these strains to highlight their relative strengths and weaknesses as models of mammalian and more specifically human aging. Additionally, careful identification of commonalities among the strains may lead to the identification of fundamental pathways of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi U Gurkar
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #3B3, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Laura J Niedernhofer
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #3B3, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Vermeij WP, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Pothof J. Aging: not all DNA damage is equal. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 26:124-30. [PMID: 25222498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have identified accumulation of DNA damage as a major driver of aging. However, there are numerous kinds of DNA lesions each with their own characteristics and cellular outcome, which highly depends on cellular context: proliferation (cell cycle), differentiation, propensity for survival/death, cell condition and systemic hormonal and immunological parameters. In addition, DNA damage is strongly influenced by cellular metabolism, anti-oxidant status and exogenous factors, consistent with the multi-factorial nature of aging. Notably, DNA lesions interfering with replication have very different outcomes compared to transcription. These considerations provide a conceptual framework in which different types of DNA damage and their setting contribute to the aging process in differential manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilbert P Vermeij
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Pothof
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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40
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Wang J, Zhou XQ, Li JY, Cheng JF, Zeng XN, Li X, Liu P. Prognostic significance of ERCC1 expression in postoperative patients with gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2014; 26:323-30. [PMID: 25035660 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2014.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study explored the correlation between the expression of excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1) and the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. METHODS From January 2005 to December 2008, 605 patients who underwent radical surgery in The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled. We conducted the follow-up every 6 months and its contents included a comprehensive medical history, tumor markers and abdominal ultrasound or CT and other imaging findings. Deadline was April 30, 2013 and follow-up time between 51 to 91 months. Survival time is calculated from the date of diagnosis to death or last follow-up date. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to assess the expression of ERCC1 in resected samples. The relationship between ERCC1 expression and survival of patients was investigated. The comparison of count data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Median survival time (MST) and the 5-year survival rate were calculated by life table analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. RESULTS ERCC1 expression was positive in 412 patients (68.1%). There is no significant difference between ERCC1-positive group and ERCC1-negative group in terms of the MST and 5-year survival rate (P=0.455). The MST and 5-year survival rate have no significant difference (P=0.162) between group with chemotherapy and group with no chemotherapy in patients with ERCC1-positive expression. However, the MST and 5-year survival rate in patients with ERCC1-negative expression benefited more from with chemotherapy (P=0.019). The ERCC1-positive patients survived longer than those ERCC1-negative patients (P=0.183) in subgroup with no adjuvant chemotherapy. In the subgroup analysis, ERCC1 expression had no significant relationship with overall survival in patients with stage II or III gastric cancer (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS ERCC1 might be a good prognostic factor for the patients of gastric cancer after radical resection. Patients with ERCC1-negative expression could benefit more from adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Zhou
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing-Ying Li
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jian-Feng Cheng
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zeng
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiao Li
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ping Liu
- 1 Department of Oncology, 2 Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang 330000, China ; 4 Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, University of North Carolina Charlotte Campus, 1000 Blythe Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28203, USA ; 5 Department of Respiratory Medicine, 6 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, China
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41
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Abstract
A critical step in DNA interstrand cross-link repair is the programmed collapse of replication forks that have stalled at an ICL. This event is regulated by the Fanconi anemia pathway, which suppresses bone marrow failure and cancer. In this perspective, we focus on the structure of forks that have stalled at ICLs, how these structures might be incised by endonucleases, and how incision is regulated by the Fanconi anemia pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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42
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Beerman I, Seita J, Inlay MA, Weissman IL, Rossi DJ. Quiescent hematopoietic stem cells accumulate DNA damage during aging that is repaired upon entry into cell cycle. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:37-50. [PMID: 24813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain homeostasis and regenerate the blood system throughout life. It has been postulated that HSCs may be uniquely capable of preserving their genomic integrity in order to ensure lifelong function. To directly test this, we quantified DNA damage in HSCs and downstream progenitors from young and old mice, revealing that strand breaks significantly accrue in HSCs during aging. DNA damage accumulation in HSCs was associated with broad attenuation of DNA repair and response pathways that was dependent upon HSC quiescence. Accordingly, cycling fetal HSCs and adult HSCs driven into cycle upregulated these pathways leading to repair of strand breaks. Our results demonstrate that HSCs are not comprehensively geno-protected during aging. Rather, HSC quiescence and concomitant attenuation of DNA repair and response pathways underlies DNA damage accumulation in HSCs during aging. These results provide a potential mechanism through which premalignant mutations accrue in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Beerman
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116, USA
| | - Jun Seita
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew A Inlay
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305, USA
| | - Derrick J Rossi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02116, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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43
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Hodskinson MRG, Silhan J, Crossan GP, Garaycoechea JI, Mukherjee S, Johnson CM, Schärer OD, Patel KJ. Mouse SLX4 is a tumor suppressor that stimulates the activity of the nuclease XPF-ERCC1 in DNA crosslink repair. Mol Cell 2014; 54:472-84. [PMID: 24726326 PMCID: PMC4017094 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
SLX4 binds to three nucleases (XPF-ERCC1, MUS81-EME1, and SLX1), and its deficiency leads to genomic instability, sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents, and Fanconi anemia. However, it is not understood how SLX4 and its associated nucleases act in DNA crosslink repair. Here, we uncover consequences of mouse Slx4 deficiency and reveal its function in DNA crosslink repair. Slx4-deficient mice develop epithelial cancers and have a contracted hematopoietic stem cell pool. The N-terminal domain of SLX4 (mini-SLX4) that only binds to XPF-ERCC1 is sufficient to confer resistance to DNA crosslinking agents. Recombinant mini-SLX4 enhances XPF-ERCC1 nuclease activity up to 100-fold, directing specificity toward DNA forks. Mini-SLX4-XPF-ERCC1 also vigorously stimulates dual incisions around a DNA crosslink embedded in a synthetic replication fork, an essential step in the repair of this lesion. These observations define vertebrate SLX4 as a tumor suppressor, which activates XPF-ERCC1 nuclease specificity in DNA crosslink repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Silhan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gerry P Crossan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Juan I Garaycoechea
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Shivam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Orlando D Schärer
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-3400, USA; Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Ketan J Patel
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK; Department of Medicine, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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44
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Cheng Z, Zhou T, Merchant A, Prihoda TJ, Wickes BL, Xu G, Walter CA, Rebel VI. Identifying DNA mutations in purified hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. J Vis Exp 2014:e50752. [PMID: 24637843 DOI: 10.3791/50752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become apparent that genomic instability is tightly related to many developmental disorders, cancers, and aging. Given that stem cells are responsible for ensuring tissue homeostasis and repair throughout life, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the stem cell population is critical for preserving genomic integrity of tissues. Therefore, significant interest has arisen in assessing the impact of endogenous and environmental factors on genomic integrity in stem cells and their progeny, aiming to understand the etiology of stem-cell based diseases. LacI transgenic mice carry a recoverable λ phage vector encoding the LacI reporter system, in which the LacI gene serves as the mutation reporter. The result of a mutated LacI gene is the production of β-galactosidase that cleaves a chromogenic substrate, turning it blue. The LacI reporter system is carried in all cells, including stem/progenitor cells and can easily be recovered and used to subsequently infect E. coli. After incubating infected E. coli on agarose that contains the correct substrate, plaques can be scored; blue plaques indicate a mutant LacI gene, while clear plaques harbor wild-type. The frequency of blue (among clear) plaques indicates the mutant frequency in the original cell population the DNA was extracted from. Sequencing the mutant LacI gene will show the location of the mutations in the gene and the type of mutation. The LacI transgenic mouse model is well-established as an in vivo mutagenesis assay. Moreover, the mice and the reagents for the assay are commercially available. Here we describe in detail how this model can be adapted to measure the frequency of spontaneously occurring DNA mutants in stem cell-enriched Lin(-)IL7R(-)Sca-1(+)cKit(++)(LSK) cells and other subpopulations of the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Cheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Azhar Merchant
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Thomas J Prihoda
- Department of Pathology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Brian L Wickes
- Department of Microbiology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Guogang Xu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Christi A Walter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio
| | - Vivienne I Rebel
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio; Cancer Therapy and Research Center, UT Health Science Center at San Antonio;
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45
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Abstract
This review discusses the processes of DNA-damage-response and DNA-damage repair in stem and progenitor cells of several tissues. The long life-span of stem cells suggests that they may respond differently to DNA damage than their downstream progeny and, indeed, studies have begun to elucidate the unique stem cell response mechanisms to DNA damage. Because the DNA damage responses in stem cells and progenitor cells are distinctly different, stem and progenitor cells should be considered as two different entities from this point of view. Hematopoietic and mammary stem cells display a unique DNA-damage response, which involves active inhibition of apoptosis, entry into the cell-cycle, symmetric division, partial DNA repair and maintenance of self-renewal. Each of these biological events depends on the up-regulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Moreover, inhibition of apoptosis and symmetric stem cell division are the consequence of the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor p53, as a direct result of p21 up-regulation. A deeper understanding of these processes is required before these findings can be translated into human anti-aging and anti-cancer therapies. One needs to clarify and dissect the pathways that control p21 regulation in normal and cancer stem cells and define (a) how p21 blocks p53 functions in stem cells and (b) how p21 promotes DNA repair in stem cells. Is this effect dependent on p21s ability to inhibit p53? Such molecular knowledge may pave the way to methods for maintaining short-term tissue reconstitution while retaining long-term cellular and genomic integrity.
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46
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Resilient and resourceful: genome maintenance strategies in hematopoietic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2013; 41:915-23. [PMID: 24067363 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood homeostasis is maintained by a rare population of quiescent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that self-renew and differentiate to give rise to all lineages of mature blood cells. In contrast to most other blood cells, HSCs are preserved throughout life, and the maintenance of their genomic integrity is therefore paramount to ensure normal blood production and to prevent leukemic transformation. HSCs are also one of the few blood cells that truly age and exhibit severe functional decline in old organisms, resulting in impaired blood homeostasis and increased risk for hematologic malignancies. In this review, we present the strategies used by HSCs to cope with the many genotoxic insults that they commonly encounter. We briefly describe the DNA-damaging insults that can affect HSC function and the mechanisms that are used by HSCs to prevent, survive, and repair DNA lesions. We also discuss an apparent paradox in HSC biology, in which the genome maintenance strategies used by HSCs to protect their function in fact render them vulnerable to the acquisition of damaging genetic aberrations.
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47
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Chen Q, Liu K, Robinson AR, Clauson CL, Blair HC, Robbins PD, Niedernhofer LJ, Ouyang H. DNA damage drives accelerated bone aging via an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1214-28. [PMID: 23281008 PMCID: PMC3662975 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age is one of the most important risk factors for osteoporosis. Accumulation of oxidative DNA damage has been proposed to contribute to age-related deregulation of osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells. Excision repair cross complementary group 1-xeroderma pigmentosum group F (ERCC1-XPF) is an evolutionarily conserved structure-specific endonuclease that is required for multiple DNA repair pathways. Inherited mutations affecting expression of ERCC1-XPF cause a severe progeroid syndrome in humans, including early onset of osteopenia and osteoporosis, or anomalies in skeletal development. Herein, we used progeroid ERCC1-XPF-deficient mice, including Ercc1-null (Ercc1(-/-)) and hypomorphic (Ercc1(-/Δ)) mice, to investigate the mechanism by which DNA damage leads to accelerated bone aging. Compared to their wild-type littermates, both Ercc1(-/-) and Ercc1(-/Δ) mice display severe, progressive osteoporosis caused by reduced bone formation and enhanced osteoclastogenesis. ERCC1 deficiency leads to atrophy of osteoblastic progenitors in the bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) population. There is increased cellular senescence of BMSCs and osteoblastic cells, as characterized by reduced proliferation, accumulation of DNA damage, and a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). This leads to enhanced secretion of inflammatory cytokines known to drive osteoclastogenesis, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and thereby induces an inflammatory bone microenvironment favoring osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, we found that the transcription factor NF-κB is activated in osteoblastic and osteoclastic cells of the Ercc1 mutant mice. Importantly, we demonstrated that haploinsufficiency of the p65 NF-κB subunit partially rescued the osteoporosis phenotype of Ercc1(-/Δ) mice. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of the NF-κB signaling via an I-κB kinase (IKK) inhibitor reversed cellular senescence and SASP in Ercc1(-/Δ) BMSCs. These results demonstrate that DNA damage drives osteoporosis through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway represents a novel therapeutic target to treat aging-related bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1218 Scaife Hall 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Comprehensive Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3023 Salk Annex, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Andria R. Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, 130 DeSoto Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Cheryl L. Clauson
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 427 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Harry C. Blair
- Pittsburgh Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Laboratory Service-646, 7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Scaife Hall S705, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Paul D. Robbins
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 427 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Laura J. Niedernhofer
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5117 Centre Ave, Hillman Cancer Center, 2.6, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 427 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
| | - Hongjiao Ouyang
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Comprehensive Care, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 3023 Salk Annex, 3501 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 427 Bridgeside Point II, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 450 Technology Drive Suite 300 Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA
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48
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Zhou T, Hasty P, Walter CA, Bishop AJR, Scott LM, Rebel VI. Myelodysplastic syndrome: an inability to appropriately respond to damaged DNA? Exp Hematol 2013; 41:665-74. [PMID: 23643835 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is considered a hematopoietic stem cell disease that is characterized by abnormal hematopoietic differentiation and a high propensity to develop acute myeloid leukemia. It is mostly associated with advanced age, but also with prior cancer therapy and inherited syndromes related to abnormalities in DNA repair. Recent technologic advances have led to the identification of a myriad of frequently occurring genomic perturbations associated with MDS. These observations suggest that MDS and its progression to acute myeloid leukemia is a genomic instability disorder, resulting from a stepwise accumulation of genetic abnormalities. The notion is now emerging that the underlying mechanism of this disease could be a defect in one or more pathways that are involved in responding to or repairing damaged DNA. In this review, we discuss these pathways in relationship to a large number of studies performed with MDS patient samples and MDS mouse models. Moreover, in view of our current understanding of how DNA damage response and repair pathways are affected by age in hematopoietic stem cells, we also explore how this might relate to MDS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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49
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Zhang P, Herbig U, Coffman F, Lambert MW. Non-erythroid alpha spectrin prevents telomere dysfunction after DNA interstrand cross-link damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:5321-40. [PMID: 23571757 PMCID: PMC3664817 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere integrity is critical for telomere function and genomic stability. We previously demonstrated that non-erythroid α-spectrin (αIISp) is present in mammalian cell nuclei where it is important in repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) and chromosome stability. We now demonstrate that αIISp is also important for telomere maintenance after ICL damage. It localizes to telomeres in S phase after ICL damage where it has enhanced association with TRF1 and TRF2 and is required for recruitment of the ICL repair protein, XPF, to damage-induced foci at telomeres. In telomerase-positive normal cells depleted of αIISp by siRNA or in Fanconi anemia, complementation group A (FA-A) cells, where αIISp levels are 35–40% of normal, ICL damage results in failure of XPF to localize to telomeres, markedly increased telomere dysfunction-induced foci, followed by catastrophic loss of telomeres. Restoration of αIISp levels to normal in FA-A cells corrects these deficiencies. Our studies demonstrate that αIISp is critical for repair of DNA ICLs at telomeres, likely by facilitating the recruitment of repair proteins similar, but not identical, to its proposed role in repair of DNA ICLs in genomic DNA and that this function in turn is critical for telomere maintenance after DNA ICL damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, NJ 07042, USA
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50
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Fortini P, Ferretti C, Dogliotti E. The response to DNA damage during differentiation: pathways and consequences. Mutat Res 2013; 743-744:160-168. [PMID: 23562804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Damage to genomic DNA triggers a prompt set of signaling events known as the DNA damage response (DDR) which coordinates DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and ultimately cell death or senescence. Although activation of adequate DNA damage signaling and repair systems depends on the type of lesion and the cell-cycle phase in which it occurs, emerging evidence indicates that DNA repair and DDR function differently in different cellular contexts. Depending on the time maintenance and function of a specific cell type the risk of accumulating DNA damage may vary. For instance, damage to stem cells if not repaired can lead to mutation amplification or propagation through the processes of self-renewal and differentiation, respectively, whereas damage to post-mitotic cells can affect mostly tissue homeostasis. Stem cells are therefore expected to address DNA damage differently from their somatic counterparts. In this review the information available on the common and distinct mechanisms of control of genome integrity utilized by different cell types along the self-renewal/differentiation program will be reviewed, with special emphasis on their roles in the prevention of aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fortini
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Ferretti
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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