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DiCriscio AS, Smith J, Troiani V. Comprehensive Assessment of Visual Perceptual Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2021; 12:662808. [PMID: 34326793 PMCID: PMC8314997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess meaningful variability in visual-perceptual skills using a standardized assessment of visual perception, the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS), across children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition to assessing overall accuracy across subtests of the TVPS, we also assessed response variability at the item-level, and the linear relationship between quantitative measures of ASD symptoms, task performance, and item-level variance. We report a significant linear relationship between ASD features and performance on the TVPS Figure Ground subtest. Additionally, results of an item-level analysis point to a significant relationship between within-task variability on the Figure Ground subtest and quantitative ASD traits, with a less variable response pattern being associated with increased ASD symptoms. Findings presented here suggest variability in perceptual processing across ASD may be influenced by individual differences in trait distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaclyn Smith
- Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute (ADMI), Lewisburg, PA, United States
| | - Vanessa Troiani
- Geisinger Health System, Autism and Developmental Medicine Institute (ADMI), Lewisburg, PA, United States.,Department of Imaging Science and Innovation, Center for Health Research, Danville, PA, United States.,Geisinger Neuroscience Institute, Danville, PA, United States.,Department of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, United States
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McConnell EL, Saunders KJ, Little J. What assessments are currently used to investigate and diagnose cerebral visual impairment (CVI) in children? A systematic review. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41:224-244. [PMID: 33368471 PMCID: PMC8048590 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is the leading cause of childhood visual impairment in the developed world. Despite this, there are no agreed clinical guidelines for the investigation and diagnosis of the condition. Before development of such guidelines can commence, it is important to recognise which approaches are currently employed. This systematic review evaluated the literature to identify which methods of assessment are currently used to investigate and diagnose childhood CVI. METHODS Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched in January 2020 using defined search terms. Articles were included if they: (i) were research papers, conference abstracts or research protocols published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, or relevant textbooks; (ii) included a clinical investigation of CVI in children; (iii) provided an explanation or criteria to diagnose CVI and (iv) were specifically investigating cerebral/cortical visual impairment. Methods used to a) assess and b) diagnose CVI were extracted from included articles. 'Assessment scores' were assigned for each method employed by researchers to investigate and diagnose CVI to quantify and compare approaches between articles. A quality grading was also applied to each article. RESULTS Of 6454 identified articles, 45 met the inclusion criteria. From these, 10 categories of assessment utilised within included articles were identified: (1) Medical history, (2) Vision assessment/ophthalmologic examination, (3) Neuroimaging, (4) Visual behaviour and direct observation, (5) Structured history-taking, (6) Visual perception tests, (7) Ocular movement and posture assessment, (8) Intelligence/IQ assessment, (9) Clinical electrophysiology and (10) Neurodevelopmental tests. In terms of diagnostic criteria, the most commonly reported approach was one of exclusion, i.e., CVI was diagnosed when visual dysfunction could not be attributed to abnormalities detected in the anterior visual pathway. CONCLUSION There is a lack of common practice in the approaches used by clinicians to investigate and diagnose CVI in children. At present, a 'diagnosis of exclusion' remains the most common means to diagnose CVI. Development of clinical guidelines for assessment and diagnosis are necessary to ensure consistency in the diagnosis of CVI and the timely implementation of support to alleviate the impact of CVI on the child's daily living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L McConnell
- Centre for Optometry and Vision ScienceSchool of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
- Northern Ireland Clinical Research FacilitySchool of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University BelfastBelfastNorthern IrelandUK
- NICRN Vision, Belfast Health and Social Care TrustBelfastNorthern IrelandUK
| | - Kathryn J Saunders
- Centre for Optometry and Vision ScienceSchool of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
| | - Julie‐Anne Little
- Centre for Optometry and Vision ScienceSchool of Biomedical SciencesUlster UniversityColeraineNorthern IrelandUK
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Schmetz E, Magis D, Detraux JJ, Barisnikov K, Rousselle L. Basic visual perceptual processes in children with typical development and cerebral palsy: The processing of surface, length, orientation, and position. Child Neuropsychol 2018; 25:232-262. [PMID: 29498326 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2018.1441820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to assess how the processing of basic visual perceptual (VP) components (length, surface, orientation, and position) develops in typically developing (TD) children (n = 215, 4-14 years old) and adults (n = 20, 20-25 years old), and in children with cerebral palsy (CP) (n = 86, 5-14 years old) using the first four subtests of the Battery for the Evaluation of Visual Perceptual and Spatial processing in children. Experiment 1 showed that these four basic VP processes follow distinct developmental trajectories in typical development. Experiment 2 revealed that children with CP present global and persistent deficits for the processing of basic VP components when compared with TD children matched on chronological age and nonverbal reasoning abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Schmetz
- a Research Unit on Childhood, Faculty of Psychology , Speech Therapy and Education - University of Liège , Liège , Belgique.,b Reference Center for Cerebral Palsy- University of Liège, CHR Citadelle , Liège , Belgique
| | - David Magis
- a Research Unit on Childhood, Faculty of Psychology , Speech Therapy and Education - University of Liège , Liège , Belgique
| | - Jean-Jacques Detraux
- c Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology , Speech Therapy and Education - University of Liège , Liège , Belgique
| | - Koviljka Barisnikov
- d Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, Psychology Department , FPSE - University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Laurence Rousselle
- a Research Unit on Childhood, Faculty of Psychology , Speech Therapy and Education - University of Liège , Liège , Belgique
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van der Zee YJ, Stiers P, Evenhuis HM. Should we add visual acuity ratios to referral criteria for potential cerebral visual impairment? JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2017; 10:95-103. [PMID: 26896051 PMCID: PMC5383453 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the assessment of visual acuity ratios might improve the referral of children with (sub)normal visual acuity but at risk of cerebral visual impairment. METHODS In an exploratory study, we assessed visual acuity, crowding ratio and the ratios between grating acuity (Teller Acuity Cards-II) and optotype acuity (Cambridge Crowding Cards) in 60 typically developing school children (mean age 5y8m±1y1m), 21 children with ocular abnormalities only (5y7m±1y9m) and 26 children with (suspected) brain damage (5y7m±1y11m). Sensitivities and specificities were calculated for targets and controls from the perspective of different groups of diagnosticians: youth health care professionals (target: children with any visual abnormalities), ophthalmologists and low vision experts (target: children at risk of cerebral visual impairment). RESULTS For youth health care professionals subnormal visual acuity had the best sensitivity (76%) and specificity (70%). For ophthalmologists and low vision experts the crowding ratio had the best sensitivity (67%) and specificity (79 and 86%). CONCLUSION Youth health care professionals best continue applying subnormal visual acuity for screening, whereas ophthalmologists and low vision experts best add the crowding ratio to their routine diagnostics, to distinguish children at risk of visual impairment in the context of brain damage from children with ocular pathology only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ymie J van der Zee
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Royal Dutch Visio, Dutch Centre of Excellence for Visually Impaired and Blind People, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Stiers
- Department of Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Heleen M Evenhuis
- Intellectual Disability Medicine, Department of General Practice, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ego A, Lidzba K, Brovedani P, Belmonti V, Gonzalez-Monge S, Boudia B, Ritz A, Cans C. Visual-perceptual impairment in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57 Suppl 2:46-51. [PMID: 25690117 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Visual perception is one of the cognitive functions often impaired in children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this systematic literature review was to assess the frequency of visual-perceptual impairment (VPI) and its relationship with patient characteristics. METHOD Eligible studies were relevant papers assessing visual perception with five common standardized assessment instruments in children with CP published from January 1990 to August 2011. RESULTS Of the 84 studies selected, 15 were retained. In children with CP, the proportion of VPI ranged from 40% to 50% and the mean visual perception quotient from 70 to 90. None of the studies reported a significant influence of CP subtype, IQ level, side of motor impairment, neuro-ophthalmological outcomes, or seizures. The severity of neuroradiological lesions seemed associated with VPI. The influence of prematurity was controversial, but a lower gestational age was more often associated with lower visual motor skills than with decreased visual-perceptual abilities. INTERPRETATION The impairment of visual perception in children with CP should be considered a core disorder within the CP syndrome. Further research, including a more systematic approach to neuropsychological testing, is needed to explore the specific impact of CP subgroups and of neuroradiological features on visual-perceptual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ego
- RHEOP (Registre des Handicaps de l'Enfant et Observatoire Périnatal Isère, Savoie et Haute-Savoie), Grenoble, F-38000, France; Pôle santé Publique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, F-38043, France; Université Grenoble Alpes/CNRS/TIMC-IMAG UMR 5525 (Equipe ThEMAS), Grenoble, F-38041, France
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Hellgren K, Halberda J, Forsman L, Adén U, Libertus M. Compromised approximate number system acuity in extremely preterm school-aged children. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55:1109-14. [PMID: 23841870 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to compare the approximate number system acuity in children born extremely preterm aged 6 years 6 months and typically developing, age-matched peers. METHOD This population-based follow-up study included 65 children born before 27 gestational weeks (35 males, 30 females; mean gestational age 25.4 wks [SD 1.1 wk]; mean birthweight 789 g [SD 158 g]) and 47 typically developing children (24 females, 23 males) at the age of 6 years 6 months. A battery of cognitive tests was administered, including a computerized test for measuring approximate number system acuity and tests for general cognition, working memory, processing speed, and visual attention. Approximate number system outcome measures were means of Weber fraction (w) values and response time in milliseconds. RESULTS The 43 extremely preterm children in whom usable data were obtained performed significantly worse than the typically developing children on the approximate number system task (w=0.30 [SD 0.23] vs. 0.17 [SD 0.13]; p=0.003) and were significantly slower (response time=2934 ms [SD 1102 ms] vs 2376 ms [SD 310 ms]; p=0.002). The differences remained when adjusting for differences in other cognitive functions (p=0.03). INTERPRETATION Preterm birth has a negative impact on an individual's ability to rapidly approximate and compare numbers of visually presented items. This deficiency is thought to be a consequence of dorsal stream dysfunction. Future studies will investigate whether this deficiency is correlated with lower mathematical proficiency in this group of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hök-Wikstrand M, Hård AL, Niklasson A, Hellström A. Early postnatal growth variables are related to morphologic and functional ophthalmologic outcome in children born preterm. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:658-664. [PMID: 20105141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01689.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between gestational age (GA), early and late postnatal growth variables and ophthalmologic outcome in ex-preterm children. methods: Children (GA < 32 weeks, n = 66), previously examined regarding insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) serum concentrations in relation to ROP, underwent ophthalmologic examination at median 5.6 years. Weight, height, and head circumference (HC) were measured and expressed as SDS. Growth variables were analysed in relation to ophthalmologic outcome. RESULTS At follow-up 74% had some ophthalmologic abnormality and 17% had visual impairment. Poor visual acuity was correlated with low GA (r(s) = 0.29, p = 0.019), low weight at 32 weeks (r(s) = 0.30, p = 0.013), and low weight (r(s) = 0.37, p = 0.0025), height (r(s) = 0.41, p = 0.0007) and HC (r(s) = 0.55, p < 0.0001) at follow-up. Hyperopic children (25%) had low neonatal IGF-1 (p = 0.0096) and HC at follow-up (p = 0.022). Poor visual perception was correlated with low early weight (r(s) = 0.38, p = 0.0036) and HC at follow-up (r(s) = 0.39, p = 0.0024). Head circumference at follow-up was correlated with GA (r(s) = 0.40, p = 0.0012), neonatal IGF-1 (r(s) = 0.37, p = 0.0031), and early weight (r(s) = 0.27, p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS In very preterm children, early and later postnatal growth is closely related to visual acuity and perception at follow-up. In addition, IGF-1 concentrations and early growth are correlated with head circumference and refraction at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hök-Wikstrand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A-L Hård
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Niklasson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Hellström
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, SwedenDepartment of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hellgren K, Hellström A, Jacobson L, Flodmark O, Wadsby M, Martin L. Visual and cerebral sequelae of very low birth weight in adolescents. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007; 92:F259-64. [PMID: 17314116 PMCID: PMC2675422 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the visual functions and relate them to MRI findings and the intellectual level in adolescents born with very low birth weight (VLBW). DESIGN Population-based case-control study. PATIENTS 59 15-year-old VLBW adolescents and 55 sex and age-matched controls with normal birth weight. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Objective clinical findings (visual acuity, stereo acuity and cycloplegic refraction) were recorded. Structured history taking was used to identify visual difficulties. The intellectual level was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). All VLBW adolescents underwent MRI of the brain. RESULTS Significant differences were found between the VLBW adolescents and controls regarding visual acuity (median -0.11 and -0.2, respectively; p=0.004), stereo acuity (median 60'' and 30'', respectively; p<0.001), prevalence of astigmatism (11/58 and 0/55, respectively; p<0.001) and in full-scale IQ (mean IQ 85 and 97, respectively; p<0.001) and performance IQ (mean 87 and 99, respectively; p=0.002). The structured history also revealed a borderline significant difference between the groups (mean problems 0.46 and 0.15 respectively; p=0.051). 30% (17/57) of the VLBW adolescents had abnormal MRI findings and performed worse in all tests, compared with both the VLBW adolescents without MRI pathology and the normal controls. CONCLUSION This study confirms previous observations that VLBW adolescents are at a disadvantage regarding visual outcome compared with those with normal birth weight. In 47%, visual dysfunction was associated with abnormal MRI findings and in 33% with learning disabilities. The adolescents with abnormal MRI findings had more pronounced visual and cognitive dysfunction. The findings indicate a cerebral causative component for the visual dysfunction seen in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hellgren
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St Erik Eye Hospital, S-112 82 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Grönlund MA, Andersson S, Aring E, Hård AL, Hellström A. Ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 84:169-76. [PMID: 16637831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize ophthalmological findings in a sample of Swedish children aged 4-15 years. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional comprehensive ophthalmological investigation was performed on a sample of 143 children (67 girls, 76 boys) aged 4-15 years. RESULTS Visual acuity (VA) in the better eye >or=1.0 (<or=0.0 logMAR) was found in 79% of subjects. None of the children had VA in the better eye <0.5 (>0.3 logMAR). Amblyopia was found in 0.7% of subjects. A total of 68% of the children had no refractive errors. Hyperopia (>or=2.0 dioptres [D] in spherical equivalent [SE]) was found in 9% and myopia (>or=0.5 D SE) in 6% of children. Astigmatism (>or=0.75 D) was recorded in 22% and anisometropia (>or=1.0 D SE) in 3%. A total of 8% were optically corrected. Strabismus was recorded in 3.5%. Signs of visuoperceptual problems were reported in 3% of the children. CONCLUSION This sample of Swedish children may serve as a comparison group regarding ophthalmological findings in children aged 4-15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Andersson Grönlund
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Ophthalmology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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