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Salauddin M, Saha S, Hossain MG, Okuda K, Shimada M. Clinical Application of Adenovirus (AdV): A Comprehensive Review. Viruses 2024; 16:1094. [PMID: 39066256 PMCID: PMC11281619 DOI: 10.3390/v16071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped DNA viruses that cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild infections to life-threatening diseases in a broad range of hosts. Due to the unique characteristics of these viruses, they have also become a vehicle for gene-transfer and cancer therapeutic instruments. Adenovirus vectors can be used in gene therapy by modifying wild-type viruses to render them replication-defective. This makes it possible to swap out particular viral genes for segments that carry therapeutic genes and to employ the resultant vector as a means of delivering genes to specified tissues. In this review, we outline the progressive development of adenovirus vectors, exploring their characteristics, genetic modifications, and range of uses in clinical and preclinical settings. A significant emphasis is placed on their crucial role in advancing gene therapy, cancer therapy, immunotherapy, and the latest breakthroughs in vaccine development for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Salauddin
- Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9202, Bangladesh;
| | - Sukumar Saha
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Md. Golzar Hossain
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; (S.S.); (M.G.H.)
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
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2
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Shimada M, Wang H, Ichino M, Ura T, Mizuki N, Okuda K. Biodistribution and immunity of adenovirus 5/35 and modified vaccinia Ankara vector vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus 1 clade C. Gene Ther 2022; 29:636-642. [PMID: 34987192 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we developed a chimeric adenovirus type 5 with type 35 fiber (Ad5/35), which has high tropism to dendritic cells and low hepatoxicity. For further clinical use, we constructed two recombinant vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) clade C gag (Ad5/35-Cgag and MVA-Cgag). The biodistribution of the two viral vectors in a mouse model and immunity in monkeys were assessed. The mice received a single intramuscular injection with the vectors alone. The gag gene in the tissues were periodically detected using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of Ad5/35 was also detected using an in vivo imaging system, followed by luciferase-expressing Ad5/35 administration. We found that Ad5/35-Cgag DNA and luciferase activity were detectable until 8 weeks post-administration, whereas MVA-Cgag was undetectable 72 h post-administration. Furthermore, viral administration did not increase serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels in either mouse or monkey models. Moreover, intramuscular administration of Ad5/35-Cgag induced the gag-specific antibody level and IFNγ-secreting PBMCs, the boost with MVA-Cgag further increased the responses and lasted more than 20 weeks from the initial administration. These data demonstrate that Ad5/35 and MVA vectors are safe for in vivo use, and prime-boost with Ad5/35-MVA vaccines is suitable for clinical use against HIV-1 clade C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan.
| | - Haibin Wang
- BioRay Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, China
| | - Motohide Ichino
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan.,Okuda Vaccine Research Institute, Yokohama, 2350045, Japan.,Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 2360004, Japan
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3
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Araújo NM, Rubio IGS, Toneto NPA, Morale MG, Tamura RE. The use of adenoviral vectors in gene therapy and vaccine approaches. Genet Mol Biol 2022; 45:e20220079. [PMID: 36206378 PMCID: PMC9543183 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus was first identified in the 1950s and since then this pathogenic group
of viruses has been explored and transformed into a genetic transfer vehicle.
Modification or deletion of few genes are necessary to transform it into a
conditionally or non-replicative vector, creating a versatile tool capable of
transducing different tissues and inducing high levels of transgene expression.
In the early years of vector development, the application in monogenic diseases
faced several hurdles, including short-term gene expression and even a fatality.
On the other hand, an adenoviral delivery strategy for treatment of cancer was
the first approved gene therapy product. There is an increasing interest in
expressing transgenes with therapeutic potential targeting the cancer hallmarks,
inhibiting metastasis, inducing cancer cell death or modulating the immune
system to attack the tumor cells. Replicative adenovirus as vaccines may be even
older and date to a few years of its discovery, application of non-replicative
adenovirus for vaccination against different microorganisms has been
investigated, but only recently, it demonstrated its full potential being one of
the leading vaccination tools for COVID-19. This is not a new vector nor a new
technology, but the result of decades of careful and intense work in this
field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Meneses Araújo
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ileana Gabriela Sanchez Rubio
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ciências
Moleculares da Tireóide, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Mirian Galliote Morale
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Ciências
Moleculares da Tireóide, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Esaki Tamura
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular
do Câncer, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. ,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Ciências
Biológicas, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
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4
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Yi H, Wang Q, Deng J, Li H, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Ji T, Liu W, Zheng X, Ma Q, Sun X, Zhang Y, Yu X, He M, Chen L, Feng Y. Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies against adenovirus type 26 and 35 in healthy populations from Guangdong and Shandong provinces, China. Virol Sin 2022; 37:716-723. [PMID: 35764207 PMCID: PMC9583180 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses type 26 (HAdV26) and type 35 (HAdV35) have increasingly become the choice of adenovirus vectors for vaccine application. However, the population pre-existing immunity to these two adenoviruses in China, which may reduce vaccine efficacy, remains largely unknown. Here, we established micro-neutralizing (MN) assays to investigate the seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against HAdV26 and HAdV35 in the general population of Guangdong and Shandong provinces, China. A total of 1184 serum samples were collected, 47.0% and 15.8% of which showed HAdV26 and HAdV35 nAb activity, respectively. HAdV26-seropositive individuals tended to have more moderate nAbs titers (201–1000), while HAdV35-seropositive individuals appeared to have more low nAbs titers (72–200). The seropositive rates of HAdV26 and HAdV35 in individuals younger than 20 years old were very low. The seropositive rates of HAdV26 increased with age before 70 years old and decreased thereafter, while HAdV35 seropositive rates did not show similar characteristics. Notably, the seropositive rates and nAb levels of both HAdV26 and HAdV35 were higher in Guangdong Province than in Shandong Province, but did not exert significant differences between males and females. The seroprevalence between HAdV26 and HAdV35 showed little correlation, and no significant cross-neutralizing activity was detected. These results clarified the characteristics of the herd immunity against HAdV26 and HAdV35, and provided information for the rational development and application of HAdV26 and HAdV35 as vaccine vectors in China. We address the pre-existing immunity of HAdV26 and HAdV35. The overall seroprevalence of nAbs against HAdV26 and HAdV35 were 47.0% and 15.8%. The seroprevalence level of HAdV26 and HAdV35 differed in age and in district. Pre-existing immunity should be considered when adenoviral vectors are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jiankai Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hengchun Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingkun Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Pingyi Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Linyi, 273399, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Xiamen Institutes of Respiratory Health, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Tianxin Ji
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Wenming Liu
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xuehua Zheng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xinxin Sun
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xuegao Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mengzhang He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China; Guangzhou Laboratory & Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510320, China.
| | - Ying Feng
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
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5
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Flickinger JC, Singh J, Carlson R, Leong E, Baybutt TR, Barton J, Caparosa E, Pattison A, Rappaport JA, Roh J, Zhan T, Bashir B, Waldman SA, Snook AE. Chimeric Ad5.F35 vector evades anti-adenovirus serotype 5 neutralization opposing GUCY2C-targeted antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001046. [PMID: 32819976 PMCID: PMC7443303 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) is a commonly used viral vector for transient delivery of transgenes, primarily for vaccination against pathogen and tumor antigens. However, endemic infections with Ad5 produce virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) that limit transgene delivery and constrain target-directed immunity following exposure to Ad5-based vaccines. Indeed, clinical trials have revealed the limitations that virus-specific NAbs impose on the efficacy of Ad5-based vaccines. In that context, the emerging focus on immunological approaches targeting cancer self-antigens or neoepitopes underscores the unmet therapeutic need for more efficacious vaccine vectors. METHODS Here, we evaluated the ability of a chimeric adenoviral vector (Ad5.F35) derived from the capsid of Ad5 and fiber of the rare adenovirus serotype 35 (Ad35) to induce immune responses to the tumor-associated antigen guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C). RESULTS In the absence of pre-existing immunity to Ad5, GUCY2C-specific T-cell responses and antitumor efficacy induced by Ad5.F35 were comparable to Ad5 in a mouse model of metastatic colorectal cancer. Furthermore, like Ad5, Ad5.F35 vector expressing GUCY2C was safe and produced no toxicity in tissues with, or without, GUCY2C expression. Importantly, this chimeric vector resisted neutralization in Ad5-immunized mice and by sera collected from patients with colorectal cancer naturally exposed to Ad5. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Ad5.F35-based vaccines targeting GUCY2C, or other tumor or pathogen antigens, may produce clinically relevant immune responses in more (≥90%) patients compared with Ad5-based vaccines (~50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Flickinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Carlson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elinor Leong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trevor R Baybutt
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua Barton
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellen Caparosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amanda Pattison
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamin Roh
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Babar Bashir
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Fukuda M, Nakamura J, Ito S, Kawazoe K, Miyanaga Y, Teshigawara T, Okuda K, Mizuki N, Shimada M. Vaccination inhibits the human adenoviral transduction in a mouse keratoconjunctivitis model. Vaccine 2021; 39:3498-3508. [PMID: 34016474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus infections are a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), which can lead to corneal subepithelial infiltrates and multifocal corneal opacity. In the current study, we investigated the use of an E1/E3-deleted adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector as a vaccine administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) against subsequent challenges with a luciferase-expressing Ad5 (Ad5-Luci) vector via eyedrop. We evaluated the adaptive immune response to Ad5 vector vaccination and confirmed a robust polyfunctional CD8 T cell response in splenic cells. Neutralizing Ad5 antibodies were also measured in the sera of vaccinated mice as well as Ad5 antibody in the eye wash solutions. Upon challenge with Ad5-Luci vector 8 weeks post the primary immunization, transduction was significantly reduced by > 70% in the vaccinated mice, which was slightly better in IM- vs. that in IN-vaccinated animals. Resistance to subsequent challenge was observed 10 months post primary IM vaccination, with sustained reduction up to 60% in the Ad5-Luci vector transduction. Passive immunization of naive mice with antisera from IM to vaccinated mice subsequently challenged with the Ad5-Luci vector resulted in approximately 40% loss in transduction efficiency. Furthermore, the mice that received IM immunization with or without CD8 T cell depletion showed > 40% and 70% reductions, respectively, in Ad8 genomic copies after Ad8 topical challenge. We conclude that Ad-vector vaccination successfully induced an adaptive immune response that prevented subsequent Ad transduction in the cornea and conjunctiva-associated tissues in a mouse model of adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis, and that both cellular and humoral immunity play an important role in preventing Ad transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Fukuda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Jutaro Nakamura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Saori Ito
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeshi Teshigawara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokosuka Chuoh Eye Clinic, Yokosuka 238-0008, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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Qian J, Yang M, Feng Q, Pan XY, Yang LL, Yang JL. Inhibition of glioma by adenovirus KGHV500 encoding anti-p21Ras scFv and carried by cytokine-induced killer cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1228-1238. [PMID: 33535808 PMCID: PMC8142110 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220986769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras gene mutation or overexpression can lead to tumorigenesis in multiple kinds of cancer, including glioma. However, no drugs targeting Ras or its expression products have been approved for clinical application thus far. Adenoviral gene therapy is a promising method for the treatment of glioma. In this study, the human glioma cell line U251 was co-cultured with recombinant adenovirus KGHV500, and the anti-tumor effects of KGHV500 were determined by MTT, scratch test, Transwell invasion, and apoptosis assays. Then, KGHV500 was delivered via the intravenous injection of CIK cells into glioma xenografts. Tumor volume, ki67 proliferation index, apoptosis levels, and anti-p21Ras scFv expression were tested to evaluate targeting ability, anti-tumor efficacy, and safety. We found that the KGHV500 exhibited anti-tumor activity in U251 cells and increased the intracellular expression of anti-p21Ras scFv compared with that in the control groups. CIK cells delivered KGHV500 to U251 glioma cell xenografts and enhanced anti-tumor activity against glioma xenografts compared to that produced by the control treatment. In conclusion, targeting Ras is a useful therapeutic strategy for gliomas and other Ras-driven cancers, and the delivery of anti-p21Ras scFv by recombinant adenovirus and CIK cells may play an essential role in the therapy of Ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Mo Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Xin-Yan Pan
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Li-Lin Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming 650032, PR China
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8
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Ura T, Yamashita A, Mizuki N, Okuda K, Shimada M. New vaccine production platforms used in developing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2020; 39:197-201. [PMID: 33279318 PMCID: PMC7685034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The threat of the current coronavirus disease pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is accelerating the development of potential vaccines. Candidate vaccines have been generated using existing technologies that have been applied for developing vaccines against other infectious diseases. Two new types of platforms, mRNA- and viral vector-based vaccines, have been gaining attention owing to the rapid advancement in their methodologies. In clinical trials, setting appropriate immunological endpoints plays a key role in evaluating the efficacy and safety of candidate vaccines. Updated information about immunological features from individuals who have or have not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 continues to guide effective vaccine development strategies. This review highlights key strategies for generating candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and considerations for vaccine development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akio Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenji Okuda
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masaru Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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9
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Wilmschen S, Schmitz JE, Kimpel J. Viral Vectors for the Induction of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies against HIV. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030119. [PMID: 31546894 PMCID: PMC6789710 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research on generating an efficient HIV vaccine is ongoing. A major aim of HIV vaccines is the induction of long-lasting, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that can confer sterile immunity for a prolonged period of time. Several strategies have been explored to reach this goal, i.e. protein immunization, DNA, or viral vectors, or a combination thereof. In this review, we give an overview of approaches using viral vectors for the induction of HIV-specific bnAbs. Many pre-clinical studies were performed using various replication-competent and -incompetent vectors. Amongst them, poxviral and adenoviral vectors were the most prevalent ones. In many studies, viral vectors were combined with a DNA prime or a protein boost. However, neutralizing antibodies were mainly induced against the homologous HIV-1 vaccine strain or tier 1 viruses, and in rare cases, against tier 2 viruses, indicating the need for improved antigens and vaccination strategies. Furthermore, we also review next generation Env antigens that are currently being used in protein vaccination approaches and point out how they could be utilized in viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Wilmschen
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Joern E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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10
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Lee DK, Lee EY, Kim RH, Kwak HW, Kim JY, Kim H, Kang KW, Lee SM, Park JH, Chang J, Nam JH. Effect of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain on vaccine efficacy: Overcoming the effects of its deficiency with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:176-186. [PMID: 29315762 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Host factors such as nutritional status and immune cell state are important for vaccine efficacy. Inflammasome activation may be important for triggering vaccine-induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Formulations with alum as a typical adjuvant to overcome the effects of host factors have recently been shown to induce inflammasome activation, which augments vaccine efficacy. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) is one of the main components of inflammasomes, but it is not clear whether ASC affects the vaccine-induced immune response. Herein, we used two types of vaccines: inactivated influenza vaccine not formulated with alum, and HPV vaccine formulated with alum. We gave the vaccines to ASC knockout (ASC-/- ) mice to investigate the role of ASC in vaccine efficacy. Influenza vaccine-immunized ASC-/- mice did not show antibody titers in week 2 after the first vaccination. After boosting, the antibody titer in ASC-/- mice was about half that in wild type (WT) mice. Furthermore, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against influenza vaccine was not induced in ASC-/- mice. Therefore, vaccinated ASC-/- mice did not show effective protection against viral challenge. ASC-/- mice immunized with alum-formulated HPV vaccine showed similar antibody titers and T-cell proliferation compared with immunized WT mice. However, the HPV vaccine without alum induced up to threefold lower titers of HPV-specific antibody titers in ASC-/- mice compared with those in WT mice. These findings suggest that alum in vaccine can overcome the ASC-deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deuk-Ki Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Ryoon-Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Kwak
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- SK Chemical, Sampyeong-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13493, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, South Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 570-752, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, South Korea
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11
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Gu L, Icyuz M, Krendelchtchikova V, Krendelchtchikov A, Johnston AE, Matthews QL. Development of an Ad5H3 Chimera Using the "Antigen Capsid-Incorporation" Strategy for an Alternative Vaccination Approach. Open Virol J 2016; 10:10-20. [PMID: 27335626 PMCID: PMC4892130 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901610010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) achieved success as a conventional transgene vaccine vector in preclinical trials, however; achieved poor efficiency in some of the clinical trials, due to the major hurdle associated with Ad5 pre-existing immunity (PEI) in the majority of the human population. OBJECTIVE We sought to generate Ad5-based chimeras to assess their capabilities to bypass this bottleneck and to induce antigen-specific humoral immune response. METHODS A His6 tag was incorporated into the hypervariable region 2 (HVR2) of hexon3 (H3) capsid protein using the "Antigen Capsid-Incorporation" strategy. This lead to the construction of a viral chimera, Ad5H3-HVR2-His. Ad5H3 was generated previously by substituting the hexon of Ad5 (hexon5) with the hexon from adenovirus type 3 (Ad3). RESULTS His6 was presented on the viral capsid surface and recognized by a His6 antibody. An in vitro neutralization assay with Ad5 sera indicated the ability of Ad5 chimeras to partially escape Ad5 immunity. Immunization with Ad5H3-HVR2-His generated significant humoral response to the incorporated tagged peptide, when compared to the immunizations with controls. CONCLUSION Based on our in vitro studies the data suggested that Ad5H3 as a novel chimeric vaccine platform yields the possibility to escape Ad5 neutralization, and the potential to generate robust humoral immunity against incorporated antigens using the "Antigen Capsid-Incorporation" strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 street south, Birmingham, AL,35294, USA
| | - Mert Icyuz
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Valentina Krendelchtchikova
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 street south, Birmingham, AL,35294, USA
| | - Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 street south, Birmingham, AL,35294, USA
| | - Alison E Johnston
- Division of Natural Sciences and Math, Miles College, Fairfield, AL, 35064, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 street south, Birmingham, AL,35294, USA; Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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12
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Roggendorf M, Kosinska AD, Liu J, Lu M. The Woodchuck, a Nonprimate Model for Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Immunomodulation in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021451. [PMID: 26511761 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its host, the eastern woodchuck, is a very valuable model system for hepatitis B virus infection. Many aspects of WHV replication and pathogenesis resemble acute and chronic hepatitis B infection in patients. Since the establishment of immunological tools, woodchucks were used to develop new therapeutic vaccines and immunomodulatory approaches to treat chronic hepadnaviral infections. Combination therapy of nucleos(t)ide analogs, with prime-boost vaccination and triple therapy, including immunomodulatory strategies by blocking the interaction of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor with its ligand inducing a potent T-cell response in chronic WHV carrier woodchucks, suppression of viral replication, and complete elimination of the virus in 30% of the animals. Both strategies may be used for future therapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Kosinska AD, Liu J, Lu M, Roggendorf M. Therapeutic vaccination and immunomodulation in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:103-14. [PMID: 25535101 PMCID: PMC4305085 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to subclinical, acute or chronic hepatitis. In the prevaccination era, HBV infections were endemic due to frequent mother to child transmission in large regions of the world. However, there are still estimated 240 million chronic HBV carriers today and ca. 620,000 patients die per year due to HBV-related liver diseases. Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-α and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to satisfactory results. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunomodulation may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients with or without therapeutic reduction of viral load did not result in effective immune control of HBV infection, suggesting that combination of antiviral treatment with new formulations of therapeutic vaccines is needed. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) and its HBV-like woodchuck hepatitis virus are a useful preclinical animal model for developing new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments using nucleos(t)ide analogues, with prime-boost vaccination using DNA vaccines, new hepadnaviral antigens or recombinant adenoviral vectors were tested in the woodchuck model. In this review, we summarize these encouraging results obtained with these therapeutic vaccines. In addition, we present potential innovations in immunostimulatory strategies by blocking the interaction of the inhibitory programmed death receptor 1 with its ligand in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
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Developments in Viral Vector-Based Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:624-41. [PMID: 26344749 PMCID: PMC4494222 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are promising tools for gene therapy and vaccines. Viral vector-based vaccines can enhance immunogenicity without an adjuvant and induce a robust cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to eliminate virus-infected cells. During the last several decades, many types of viruses have been developed as vaccine vectors. Each has unique features and parental virus-related risks. In addition, genetically altered vectors have been developed to improve efficacy and safety, reduce administration dose, and enable large-scale manufacturing. To date, both successful and unsuccessful results have been reported in clinical trials. These trials provide important information on factors such as toxicity, administration dose tolerated, and optimized vaccination strategy. This review highlights major viral vectors that are the best candidates for clinical use.
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15
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Apoptosis of antigen-specific CTLs contributes to low immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue post vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:5198-205. [PMID: 25066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) represents a major reservoir of HIV in infected individuals. Vaccines can induce strong systemic immune responses but these have less impact on CD4 T cells activity and numbers in GALT. In this study, we vaccinated mice with an adenovirus vector that expressed the envelope gene from HIV and observed immune responses in the peripheral blood, spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. We found that (1) the number of HIV-specific CD8 T cells was dramatically lower in GALT than in other tissues; (2) the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) was expressed at high levels in HIV-specific CD8 T cells including memory T cells in GALT; and (3) high levels of HIV-specific CD8 T cell apoptosis were occurring in GALT. These results suggest that contributing to GALT becoming an HIV reservoir during infection is a combination of exhaustion and/or dysfunction of HIV-specific CTLs at that site. These results emphasize the importance of developing of an effective mucosal vaccine against HIV.
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16
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Kanagavelu S, Termini JM, Gupta S, Raffa FN, Fuller KA, Rivas Y, Philip S, Kornbluth RS, Stone GW. HIV-1 adenoviral vector vaccines expressing multi-trimeric BAFF and 4-1BBL enhance T cell mediated anti-viral immunity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90100. [PMID: 24587225 PMCID: PMC3938597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectored vaccines have shown considerable promise but could be improved by molecular adjuvants. Ligands in the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) are potential adjuvants for adenoviral vector (Ad5) vaccines based on their central role in adaptive immunity. Many TNFSF ligands require aggregation beyond the trimeric state (multi-trimerization) for optimal biological function. Here we describe Ad5 vaccines for HIV-1 Gag antigen (Ad5-Gag) adjuvanted with the TNFSF ligands 4-1BBL, BAFF, GITRL and CD27L constructed as soluble multi-trimeric proteins via fusion to Surfactant Protein D (SP-D) as a multimerization scaffold. Mice were vaccinated with Ad5-Gag combined with Ad5 expressing one of the SP-D-TNFSF constructs or single-chain IL-12p70 as adjuvant. To evaluate vaccine-induced protection, mice were challenged with vaccinia virus expressing Gag (vaccinia-Gag) which is known to target the female genital tract, a major route of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection. In this system, SP-D-4-1BBL or SP-D-BAFF led to significantly reduced vaccinia-Gag replication when compared to Ad5-Gag alone. In contrast, IL-12p70, SP-D-CD27L and SP-D-GITRL were not protective. Histological examination following vaccinia-Gag challenge showed a dramatic lymphocytic infiltration into the uterus and ovaries of SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF-treated animals. By day 5 post challenge, proinflammatory cytokines in the tissue were reduced, consistent with the enhanced control over viral replication. Splenocytes had no specific immune markers that correlated with protection induced by SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF versus other groups. IL-12p70, despite lack of anti-viral efficacy, increased the total numbers of splenic dextramer positive CD8+ T cells, effector memory T cells, and effector Gag-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these markers are poor predictors of anti-viral immunity in this model. In conclusion, soluble multi-trimeric 4-1BBL and BAFF adjuvants led to strong protection from vaccinia-Gag challenge, but the protection was independent of standard immune markers. Soluble multi-trimeric SP-D-4-1BBL and SP-D-BAFF provide a novel technology to enhance adenoviral vector vaccines against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana Kanagavelu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - James M. Termini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Francesca N. Raffa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yaelis Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sakhi Philip
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard S. Kornbluth
- Multimeric Biotherapeutics, Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Geoffrey W. Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Recent Developments in Preclinical DNA Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:89-106. [PMID: 26344468 PMCID: PMC4494203 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The advantages of genetic immunization of the new vaccine using plasmid DNAs are multifold. For example, it is easy to generate plasmid DNAs, increase their dose during the manufacturing process, and sterilize them. Furthermore, they can be stored for a long period of time upon stabilization, and their protein encoding sequences can be easily modified by employing various DNA-manipulation techniques. Although DNA vaccinations strongly increase Th1-mediated immune responses in animals, several problems persist. One is about their weak immunogenicity in humans. To overcome this problem, various genetic adjuvants, electroporation, and prime-boost methods have been developed preclinically, which are reviewed here.
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Circumventing antivector immunity by using adenovirus-infected blood cells for repeated application of adenovirus-vectored vaccines: proof of concept in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 86:11031-42. [PMID: 22855499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00783-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus has been extensively exploited as a vector platform for delivering vaccines. However, preexisting antiadenovirus immunity is the major stumbling block for application of adenovirus-vectored vaccines. In this study, we found that freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), mostly CD14(+) cells, from adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-seropositive primates (humans and rhesus macaques) can be efficiently infected with Ad5 in vitro. On the basis of this observation, a novel strategy based on adenoviral vector-infected PBMC (AVIP) immunization was explored to circumvent antivector immunity. Autologous infusion of Ad5-SIVgag-infected PBMCs elicited a strong Gag-specific cellular immune response but induced weaker Ad5-neutralizing antibody (NAb) in Ad5-seronegative macaques than in macaques intramuscularly injected with Ad5-SIVgag. Moreover, Ad5-seropositive macaques receiving multiple AVIP immunizations with Ad5-SIVenv, Ad5-SIVgag, and Ad5-SIVpol vaccines elicited escalated Env-, Gag-, and Pol-specific immune responses after each immunization that were significantly greater than those in macaques intramuscularly injected with these Ad5-SIV vaccines. After challenged intravenously with a highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus, macaques receiving AVIP immunization demonstrated a significant reduction in viral load at both the peak time and set-point period compared with macaques without Ad5-SIV vaccines. Our study warranted further research and development of the AVIP immunization as a platform for repeated applications of adenovirus-vectored vaccines.
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Shoji M, Yoshizaki S, Mizuguchi H, Okuda K, Shimada M. Immunogenic comparison of chimeric adenovirus 5/35 vector carrying optimized human immunodeficiency virus clade C genes and various promoters. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30302. [PMID: 22276174 PMCID: PMC3261887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector-based vaccine is a promising approach to protect HIV infection. However, a recent phase IIb clinical trial using the vector did not show its protective efficacy against HIV infection. To improve the vaccine, we explored the transgene protein expression and its immunogenicity using optimized codon usage, promoters and adaptors. We compared protein expression and immunogenicity of adenovirus vector vaccines carrying native or codon usage-optimized HIV-1 clade C gag and env genes expression cassettes driven by different promoters (CMV, CMVi, and CA promoters) and adapters (IRES and F2A). The adenovirus vector vaccine containing optimized gag gene produced higher Gag protein expression and induced higher immune responses than the vector containing native gag gene in mice. Furthermore, CA promoter generated higher transgene expression and elicited higher immune responses than other two popularly used promoters (CMV and CMVi). The second gene expression using F2A adaptor resulted in higher protein expression and immunity than that of using IRES and direct fusion protein. Taken together, the adenovirus vector containing the expression cassette with CA promoter, optimized HIV-1 clade C gene and an F2A adaptor produced the best protein expression and elicited the highest transgene-specific immune responses. This finding would be promising for vaccine design and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shoji
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Zhao P, Ma DX, Yu S, Xue FZ, Zhu WW, Shao N, Zhang JR, Ji CY. The development of Chinese specific human cytomegalovirus polyepitope recombinant vaccine. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:260-269. [PMID: 22197248 PMCID: PMC7114286 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is a major cause of morbidity in the recipients of organ transplants and in the congenitally infected infants. HCMV vaccine has emerged as an effective approach to prevent HCMV infection particularly for the development of multiple viral antigens vaccination and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted polyepitope technology. As the Chinese population makes up more than one fifth of the population worldwide, it is important to develop HCMV vaccines more specific for the Chinese population by targeting Chinese-restricted HLA alleles and antigens. In the present study, we designed a novel chimeric polyepitope vaccine based on the replication-deficient adenovirus Ad5F35, which encodes 83 HCMV T cell epitopes from 15 different HCMV antigens, restricted to 14 HLA I and 7 HLA II alleles that cover 92% of the Chinese population. Our results show that the recombinant adenovirus vaccine Ad5F35-CTL·Th can be efficiently transfected and expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with little cytopathic activity. Ad5F35-CTL·Th can also be endogenously processed and presented by PBMCs. Ad5F35-CTL·Th-stimulated HCMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) showed strong cytolytic activity against HCMV polyepitope-sensitized target cells. The CTL activity was accompanied by high levels of IFN-γ production after Ad5F35-CTL·Th stimulation. The specificity and vigorous response to the recombinant adenovirus vaccine in vitro makes it a potential candidate to be used for transplantation recipients or congenitally infected infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China; Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Dao-Xin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Fu-Zhong Xue
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250013, PR China
| | - Na Shao
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jing-Ru Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Chun-Yan Ji
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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Makarova N, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Bhosle S, Suppiah S, Rhea JM, Kozyr N, Arnold RS, Ly H, Molinaro RJ, Parslow TG, Hunter E, Liotta D, Petros J, Blackwell JL. Antibody responses against xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus envelope in a murine model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18272. [PMID: 21494670 PMCID: PMC3071813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was recently discovered to be the first human gammaretrovirus that is associated with chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer (PC). Although a mechanism for XMRV carcinogenesis is yet to be established, this virus belongs to the family of gammaretroviruses well known for their ability to induce cancer in the infected hosts. Since its original identification XMRV has been detected in several independent investigations; however, at this time significant controversy remains regarding reports of XMRV detection/prevalence in other cohorts and cell type/tissue distribution. The potential risk of human infection, coupled with the lack of knowledge about the basic biology of XMRV, warrants further research, including investigation of adaptive immune responses. To study immunogenicity in vivo, we vaccinated mice with a combination of recombinant vectors expressing codon-optimized sequences of XMRV gag and env genes and virus-like particles (VLP) that had the size and morphology of live infectious XMRV. RESULTS Immunization elicited Env-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against XMRV in mice. The peak titers for ELISA-binding antibodies and NAb were 1:1024 and 1:464, respectively; however, high ELISA-binding and NAb titers were not sustained and persisted for less than three weeks after immunizations. CONCLUSIONS Vaccine-induced XMRV Env antibody titers were transiently high, but their duration was short. The relatively rapid diminution in antibody levels may in part explain the differing prevalences reported for XMRV in various prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome cohorts. The low level of immunogenicity observed in the present study may be characteristic of a natural XMRV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Makarova
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sushma Bhosle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suganthi Suppiah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M. Rhea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natalia Kozyr
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca S. Arnold
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ross J. Molinaro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Core Laboratories Emory University Hospital Midtown, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tristram G. Parslow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Hunter
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dennis Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Petros
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jerry L. Blackwell
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Wang Z, Yang S, Zhou L, Du H, Mo W, Zeng Y. Specific cellular immune responses in mice immunized with DNA, adeno-associated virus and adenoviral vaccines of Epstein-Barr virus-LMP2 alone or in combination. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:263-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Powell TJ, Palath N, DeRome ME, Tang J, Jacobs A, Boyd JG. Synthetic nanoparticle vaccines produced by layer-by-layer assembly of artificial biofilms induce potent protective T-cell and antibody responses in vivo. Vaccine 2011; 29:558-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lanzi A, Ben Youssef G, Perricaudet M, Benihoud K. Anti-adenovirus humoral responses influence on the efficacy of vaccines based on epitope display on adenovirus capsid. Vaccine 2010; 29:1463-71. [PMID: 21184856 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of recombinant adenoviruses (Ads) vaccine vectors is diminished by the high prevalence of anti-Ad antibodies (Abs) that hampers gene transfer. Epitope display on Ad capsid constitutes an alternative approach to bypass anti-Ad Ab capacity from blocking antigen expression. To understand the role of the epitope insertion site, an ovalbumin-derived epitope was genetically inserted into either Ad hexon or fiber proteins. Hexon-modified Ads triggered higher anti-ovalbumin Ab responses after one injection but surprisingly fiber-modified Ads were by far more potent after two or several administrations. Our data unravel a role for anti-Ad humoral immunity in controlling anti-epitope humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lanzi
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorologie et thérapeutiques anticancéreuses, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex, France
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25
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Kosinska AD, Zhang E, Lu M, Roggendorf M. Therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B: preclinical studies in the woodchuck. HEPATITIS RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2010; 2010:817580. [PMID: 21188201 PMCID: PMC3003998 DOI: 10.1155/2010/817580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recommended treatment of chronic hepatitis B with interferon-α and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues does not lead to a satisfactory result. Induction of HBV-specific T cells by therapeutic vaccination or immunotherapies may be an innovative strategy to overcome virus persistence. Vaccination with commercially available HBV vaccines in patients did not result in effective control of HBV infection, suggesting that new formulations of therapeutic vaccines are needed. The woodchuck (Marmota monax) is a useful preclinical model for developing the new therapeutic approaches in chronic hepadnaviral infections. Several innovative approaches combining antiviral treatments with nucleos(t)ide analogues, DNA vaccines, and protein vaccines were tested in the woodchuck model. In this paper we summarize the available data concerning therapeutic immunization and gene therapy using recombinant viral vectors approaches in woodchucks, which show encouraging results. In addition, we present potential innovations in immunomodulatory strategies to be evaluated in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstraβe 179, 45122, Essen, Germany
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26
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Cafaro A, Macchia I, Maggiorella MT, Titti F, Ensoli B. Innovative approaches to develop prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against HIV/AIDS. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 655:189-242. [PMID: 20047043 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1132-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) emerged in the human population in the summer of 1981. According to the latest United Nations estimates, worldwide over 33 million people are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the prevalence rates continue to rise globally. To control the alarming spread of HIV, an urgent need exists for developing a safe and effective vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or progressing to disease. To be effective, an HIV/AIDS vaccine should induce broad and long-lasting humoral and cellular immune responses, at both mucosal and systemic level. However, the nature of protective immune responses remains largely elusive and this represents one of the major roadblocks preventing the development of an effective vaccine. Here we summarize our present understanding of the factors responsible for resistance to infection or control of progression to disease in human and monkey that may be relevant to vaccine development and briefly review recent approaches which are currently being tested in clinical trials. Finally, the rationale and the current status of novel strategies based on nonstructural HIV-1 proteins, such as Tat, Nef and Rev, used alone or in combination with modified structural HIV-1 Env proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Cafaro
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, V.le Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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27
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DNA vaccine expressing HIV-1 gp120/immunoglobulin fusion protein enhances cellular immunity. Vaccine 2010; 28:4920-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Yashima S, Yoshizaki S, Shinoda K, Yoshida A, Kondo A, Mizuguchi H, Ryo A, Okuda K, Shimada M. Co-administration of viral vector-based vaccines suppresses antigen-specific effector CD8 T cells. Vaccine 2010; 28:3257-64. [PMID: 20188679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored immune responses after intramuscular co-administration of the HIV-1 gp160 Env gene-expressing adenovirus (Ad) vector and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector in a mouse model. Surprisingly, the simultaneous vaccination of the two vaccines, either as a mixture or separately, suppressed responses, when compared with the administration of each vaccine separately. Ad vaccine or MVA vaccine, co-administered with a mock MVA or mock Ad vector, also resulted in suppressing HIV-specific effector T-cell responses, and a part of antigen-specific memory T-cell responses. In an in vitro experiment, the two vectors infected individual cells and MVA suppressed the transgene expression produced by the adenovirus vector. This viral interference may involve soluble factor(s), secreted by virus-infected cells. Our study may help in designing a vaccination regimen and in investigating viral interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Yashima
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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29
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Abstract
Traditional vaccine technologies have resulted in an impressive array of efficacious vaccines against a variety of infectious agents. However, several potentially deadly pathogens, including retroviruses and parasites, have proven less amenable to the application of traditional vaccine platforms, indicating the need for new approaches. Viral vectors represent an attractive way to deliver and present vaccine antigens that may offer advantages over traditional platforms. Due to their ability to induce strong cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in addition to antibodies, viral vectors may be suitable for infectious agents, such as malaria parasites, where potent CMI is required for protection. Poxvirus-vectored malaria vaccines have been the most extensively studied in the clinic, achieving significant reductions in liver-stage parasite burden. More recently, adenovirus-vectored malaria vaccines have entered clinical testing. The most promising approach - heterologous prime-boost regimens, in which different viral vectors are sequentially paired with each other or with DNA or recombinant protein vaccines - is now being explored, and could provide high-grade protection, if findings in animal models are translatable to humans. Significant barriers remain, however, such as pre-existing immunity to the vector particle and an unexplained safety signal observed in one trial suggesting an increased risk of HIV acquisition in volunteers with pre-existing immunity to the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Limbach
- U.S. Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
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Wang HB, Kondo A, Yoshida A, Yoshizaki S, Abe S, Bao LL, Mizuki N, Ichino M, Klinman D, Okuda K, Shimada M. Partial protection against SIV challenge by vaccination of adenovirus and MVA vectors in rhesus monkeys. Gene Ther 2009; 17:4-13. [PMID: 19759567 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of priming rhesus monkeys with an Ad5/35 vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag and gp120, and then boosting the animals with an modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector encoding the same antigens after a 2-month interval. The animals were intravenously challenged with 100 TCID50 of highly pathogenic SIVmac239 virus 2 months after the booster vaccination. The priming vaccination induced robust SIV-specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, and boosting further enhanced the cellular immunity. Vaccination reduced peak and long-term viral loads by 1-2 logs for a period of >6 months, as reflected by a reduction in both the SIV RNA and DNA levels. Of considerable interest, the immunized monkeys did not suffer from loss of CD4 T cells, particularly central memory CD4 T cells. These results demonstrate that prophylactic vaccination with Ad5/35 followed by MVA reduces viral replication and prevents CD4 T-cell loss, and that these effects may decrease the likelihood of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Wang
- Hisun Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhejiang, China
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31
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Comparison of human and rhesus macaque T-cell responses elicited by boosting with NYVAC encoding human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade C immunogens. J Virol 2009; 83:5881-9. [PMID: 19321612 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02345-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have played a valuable role in the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates prior to human clinical trials. However, changes and/or improvements in immunogen quality in the good manufacturing practice (GMP) process or changes in adjuvants, schedule, route, dose, or readouts have compromised the direct comparison of T-cell responses between species. Here we report a comparative study in which T-cell responses from humans and macaques to HIV type 1 antigens (Gag, Pol, Nef, and Env) were induced by the same vaccine batches prepared under GMP and administered according to the same schedules in the absence and presence of priming. Priming with DNA (humans and macaques) or alphavirus (macaques) and boosting with NYVAC induced robust and broad antigen-specific responses, with highly similar Env-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses in rhesus monkeys and human volunteers. Persistent cytokine responses of antigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells of the central memory as well as the effector memory phenotype, capable of simultaneously eliciting multiple cytokines (IFN-gamma, interleukin 2, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), were induced. Responses were highly similar in humans and primates, confirming earlier data indicating that priming is essential for inducing robust NYVAC-boosted IFN-gamma T-cell responses. While significant similarities were observed in Env-specific responses in both species, differences were also observed with respect to responses to other HIV antigens. Future studies with other vaccines using identical lots, immunization schedules, and readouts will establish a broader data set of species similarities and differences with which increased confidence in predicting human responses may be achieved.
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Shimada M, Wang HB, Kondo A, Xu XP, Yoshida A, Shinoda K, Ura T, Mizuguchi H, Klinman D, Luo JL, Bai H, Okuda K. Effect of therapeutic immunization using Ad5/35 and MVA vectors on SIV infection of rhesus monkeys undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Gene Ther 2008; 16:218-28. [PMID: 18923453 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively slows the progression of AIDS. However, drug resistance and/or toxicity can limit the utility of ART in many patients. In this study, we assessed whether a viral vector-based vaccine can be used as a therapeutic vaccine in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected monkeys. The effect of vaccinating SIVmac239-infected rhesus monkeys with an SIV gag and gp120-expressing adenovirus (Ad) vector vaccine and a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine was explored while being treated with ART. Rhesus monkeys were intravenously infected with 10 and 1000 TCID(50) (50% tissue culture infectious dose) of SIVmac239. Two months after SIV infection, the monkeys received a 4-month treatment with ART. Some of the monkeys were immunized with adenovirus-based vaccine and MVA-based vaccine with 2 months interval during ART. Viral load, CD4 count and SIV-specific immune responses were observed for 7 months after interruption of ART. The vaccinated animals had higher (i) CD4 counts, (ii) SIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses and (iii) anti-SIV-neutralizing antibody (Ab) titers than monkeys treated with ART alone. More importantly, the vaccination significantly reduced the SIV RNA load from animals infected with a low dose of SIV (10 TCID(50)). The anti-SIV cell-mediated and humoral responses induced by the vaccination was inversely correlated with a reduction in SIV viral load and positively correlated with an increase in CD4(+) T cell counts. These results suggest that vaccination can improve antiviral cell-mediated and humoral immunity, which may contribute to controlling viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shimada
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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33
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Derivation of a triple mosaic adenovirus based on modification of the minor capsid protein IX. Virology 2008; 377:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Protective immunity to pseudomonas aeruginosa induced with a capsid-modified adenovirus expressing P. aeruginosa OprF. J Virol 2007; 81:13801-8. [PMID: 17942539 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01246-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of a new clinical vaccine candidate (AdOprF.RGD.Epi8) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa using an E1(-) E3(-) adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing OprF (AdOprF.RGD.Epi8) and modifications of the Ad genome providing two capsid changes: (i) modification of the Ad hexon gene to incorporate an immune-dominant OprF epitope (Epi8) into loop 1 of the hexon, enabling repeat administration to boost the anti-OprF immune response, and (ii) modification of the fiber gene to incorporate an integrin-binding RGD sequence to enhance gene delivery to antigen-presenting cells. Western analysis confirmed that AdOprF.RGD.Epi8 expresses OprF, contains Epi8 in the hexon protein, and enhances gene transfer to dendritic cells compared to AdOprF, a comparable Ad vector expressing OprF with an unmodified capsid. Intramuscular immunization of C57BL/6 mice with AdOprF.RGD.Epi8 resulted in the generation of anti-OprF antibodies at comparable levels to those induced following immunization with AdOprF, but immunization with AdOprF.RGD.Epi8 was associated with increased CD4 and CD8 gamma interferon T-cell responses against OprF as well as increased survival against lethal pulmonary challenge with agar-encapsulated P. aeruginosa. Importantly, repeat administration of AdOprF.RGD.Epi8 resulted in boosting of the humoral anti-OprF response as well as increased protection, whereas no boosting could be achieved with repeat administration of AdOprF. This suggests that the capsid-modified AdOprF.RGD.Epi8 vector is a more effective immunogen compared to a comparable wild-type Ad capsid, making it a good candidate for an anti-P. aeruginosa vaccine.
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35
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Bins AD, Wolkers MC, van den Boom MD, Haanen JBAG, Schumacher TNM. In vivo antigen stability affects DNA vaccine immunogenicity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2126-33. [PMID: 17675471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The factors that determine the immunogenicity of Ags encoded by viral vaccines or DNA vaccines in vivo are largely unknown. Depending on whether T cell induction occurs via direct presentation of vaccine-encoded epitopes or via one of the different proposed pathways for Ag cross-presentation, the effect of intracellular Ag stability on immunogenicity may possibly vary. However, the influence of Ag stability on CD8(+) T cell induction has not been addressed in clinically relevant vaccine models, nor has the accumulation of vaccine-encoded Ags been monitored in vivo. In this study, we describe the relationship between in vivo Ag stability and immunogenicity of DNA vaccine-encoded Ags. We show that in vivo accumulation of DNA vaccine-encoded Ags is required for the efficient induction of CD8(+) T cell responses. These data suggest that many of the currently used transgene designs in DNA vaccination trials may be suboptimal, and that one should either use pathogen-derived or tumor-associated Ags that are intrinsically stable, or should increase the stability of vaccine-encoded Ags by genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan D Bins
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Kim HD, Jin JJ, Maxwell JA, Fukuchi KI. Enhancing Th2 immune responses against amyloid protein by a DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen for Alzheimer's disease. Immunol Lett 2007; 112:30-8. [PMID: 17686533 PMCID: PMC2001313 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in the brain is thought to be the initiating event leading to neurodegeneration and dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, therapeutic strategies that clear accumulated Abeta and/or prevent Abeta production and its aggregation are predicted to be effective against AD. Immunization of AD mouse models with synthetic Abeta prevented or reduced Abeta load in the brain and ameliorated their memory and learning deficits. The clinical trials of Abeta immunization elicited immune responses in only 20% of AD patients and caused T-lymphocyte meningoencephalitis in 6% of AD patients. In attempting to develop safer vaccines, we previously demonstrated that an adenovirus vector, AdPEDI-(Abeta1-6)11, which encodes 11 tandem repeats of Abeta1-6 can induce anti-inflammatory Th2 immune responses in mice. Here, we investigated whether a DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen could elicit a more robust Th2 response using AdPEDI-(Abeta1-6)11 and a DNA plasmid encoding the same antigen. All mice (n=7) subjected to the DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen were positive for anti-Abeta antibody, while, out of 7 mice immunized with only AdPEDI-(Abeta1-6)11, four mice developed anti-Abeta antibody. Anti-Abeta titers were indiscernible in mice (n=7) vaccinated with only DNA plasmid. The mean anti-Abeta titer induced by the DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen was approximately 7-fold greater than that by AdPEDI-(Abeta1-6)11 alone. Furthermore, anti-Abeta antibodies induced by the DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen were predominantly of the IgG1 isotype. These results indicate that the DNA prime-adenovirus boost regimen can enhance Th2-biased responses with AdPEDI-(Abeta1-6)11 in mice and suggest that heterologous prime-boost strategies may make AD immunotherapy more effective in reducing accumulated Abeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Duck Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, P.O. Box 1649, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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37
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Someya K, Xin KQ, Ami Y, Izumi Y, Mizuguchi H, Ohta S, Yamamoto N, Honda M, Okuda K. Chimeric adenovirus type 5/35 vector encoding SIV gag and HIV env genes affords protective immunity against the simian/human immunodeficiency virus in monkeys. Virology 2007; 367:390-7. [PMID: 17628628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Replication-defective adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector-based vaccines are widely known to induce strong immunity against immunodeficiency viruses. To exploit this immunogenicity while overcoming the potential problem of preexisting immunity against human adenoviruses type 5, we developed a recombinant chimeric adenovirus type 5 with type 35 fiber vector (rAd5/35). We initially produced a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gag DNA plasmid (rDNA-Gag), a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 89.6 env DNA plasmid (rDNA-Env) and a recombinant Ad5/35 vector encoding the SIV gag and HIV env gene (rAd5/35-Gag and rAd5/35-Env). Prime-boost vaccination with rDNA-Gag and -Env followed by high doses of rAd5/35-Gag and -Env elicited higher levels of cellular immune responses than did rDNAs or rAd5/35s alone. When challenged with a pathogenic simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), animals receiving a prime-boost regimen or rAd5/35s alone maintained a higher number of CD4(+) T cells and remarkably suppressed plasma viral RNA loads. These findings suggest the clinical promise of an rAd5/35 vector-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Someya
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan.
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38
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Abstract
In the last years, different non-biological and biological carrier systems have been developed for anti-HIV1 therapy. Liposomes are excellent potential anti-HIV1 carriers that have been tested with drugs, antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and therapeutic genes. Nanoparticles and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are cell-specific transporters of drugs against macrophage-specific infections such as HIV1. Through a process of protein transduction, cell-permeable peptides of natural origin or designed artificially allow the delivery of drugs and genetic material inside the cell. Erythrocyte ghosts and bacterial ghosts are a promising delivery system for therapeutic peptides and HIV vaccines. Of interest are the advances made in the field of HIV gene therapy by the use of autologous haematopoietic stem cells and viral vectors for HIV vaccines. Although important milestones have been reached in the development of carrier systems for the treatment of HIV, especially in the field of gene therapy, further clinical trials are required so that the efficiency and safety of these new systems can be guaranteed in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Lanao
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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39
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Xin KQ, Sekimoto Y, Takahashi T, Mizuguchi H, Ichino M, Yoshida A, Okuda K. Chimeric adenovirus 5/35 vector containing the clade C HIV gag gene induces a cross-reactive immune response against HIV. Vaccine 2007; 25:3809-15. [PMID: 17386962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most of the recent HIV studies have focused on the clade B virus subtype. However, it is estimated that half the HIV patients in developing countries are infected with virus belonging to clade C. Therefore, a vaccine against HIV clade C is urgently required. In this study, we evaluate the immunogenicity and protective immunity of an adenovirus vector (Ad) in BALB/c mice and cynomolgus monkeys. We developed an HIV vaccine containing the HIV clade C gag gene using a replication-defective chimeric adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector incorporating Ad35 fiber (Ad5/35); this vector has exhibited low hepatotoxicity in animal models. We observed that immunization with the Ad5/35 vaccine generated heightened HIV-specific immune responses in both mice and monkeys. Furthermore, the Ad5/35 vector vaccine produced a cross-immunity against challenge with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing HIV clade B gag. These results demonstrate that Ad5/35 vaccines expressing HIV clade C gag may be promising candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Xin
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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40
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Strauss R, Hüser A, Ni S, Tuve S, Kiviat N, Sow PS, Hofmann C, Lieber A. Baculovirus-based Vaccination Vectors Allow for Efficient Induction of Immune Responses Against Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein. Mol Ther 2007; 15:193-202. [PMID: 17164791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus vectors are able to transduce a large variety of mammalian cell types and express transgenes placed under the control of heterologous promoters. In this study, we evaluated the potential of baculovirus vectors for malaria vaccination. To induce efficient CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, we produced a series of vectors that display the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein in the virion envelope and/or allow for CS expression upon transduction of mammalian cells. We found that baculovirus vectors can transduce professional antigen-presenting cells and trigger their maturation, which is a prerequisite for efficient antigen presentation. Upon intramuscular injection into mice, the vector that both displayed and expressed CS induced higher anti-CS antibody titers (of the immunoglobulin (IgG)1 and IgG2a type) and a higher frequency of interferon-gamma-producing T cells specific to CS, than the vectors which either only displayed or only expressed CS. The baculovirus CS display/expression vector was also superior in inducing CS-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses in vitro using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naive donors. This, together with the absence of pre-existing immunity to baculoviruses in humans, the absence of viral gene expression in mammalian cells, and the relative low immunogenicity of baculovirus virions, makes these vectors promising tools for vaccination. Furthermore, the ability to produce large amounts in serum-free medium at a low cost adds a further advantage to this vector system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Strauss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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41
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Kojima Y, Jounai N, Takeshita F, Nakazawa M, Okuda K, Watabe S, Xin KQ, Okuda K. The degree of apoptosis as an immunostimulant for a DNA vaccine against HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2007; 25:438-45. [PMID: 17079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To regulate the expression of the apoptotic gene, we constructed bicistronic DNA vaccines that encode for HIV env and caspase-3 mutant (casp 3m) that are expressed via the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-dependent translations. While IRES-casp 3m induced weak apoptosis and caused little reduction in antigen expression, CMV-casp 3m elicited strong apoptosis and led to a marked decrease in the antigen expression. Therefore, IRES-casp 3m augmented HIV-specific immune responses, and IRES-casp 3m induced significant protection against the vaccinia-HIV chimeric virus. These results suggest that the appropriate level of apoptosis is important for DNA vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kojima
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Haller AA, Lauer GM, King TH, Kemmler C, Fiolkoski V, Lu Y, Bellgrau D, Rodell TC, Apelian D, Franzusoff A, Duke RC. Whole recombinant yeast-based immunotherapy induces potent T cell responses targeting HCV NS3 and Core proteins. Vaccine 2006; 25:1452-63. [PMID: 17098335 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Control of primary infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with robust and broad T cell immunity. In contrast, chronic infection is characterized by weak T cell responses suggesting that an approach that boosts these responses could be a therapeutic advance. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an effective inducer of innate and adaptive cellular immunity and we have generated recombinant yeast cells (GI-5005) that produce an HCV NS3-Core fusion protein. Pre-clinical studies in mice showed that GI-5005 induced potent antigen-specific proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses that were associated with Th1-type cytokine secretion. In studies in which GI-5005 was administered up to 13 times, no detectable vector neutralization or induction of tolerance was observed. Prophylactic as well as therapeutic administration of GI-5005 in mice led to eradication of tumor cells expressing HCV NS3 protein. Immunotherapy with GI-5005 is being evaluated in chronic HCV infected individuals in a Phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia A Haller
- GlobeImmune, Inc., 1450 Infinite Drive, Louisville, CO 80027, USA
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Xin KQ, Mizukami H, Urabe M, Toda Y, Shinoda K, Yoshida A, Oomura K, Kojima Y, Ichino M, Klinman D, Ozawa K, Okuda K. Induction of robust immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus is supported by the inherent tropism of adeno-associated virus type 5 for dendritic cells. J Virol 2006; 80:11899-910. [PMID: 17005662 PMCID: PMC1676308 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00890-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of adeno-associated virus serotype 1 to 8 (AAV1 to AAV8) vectors expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env gp160 (AAV-HIV) to induce an immune response was evaluated in BALB/c mice. The AAV5 vector showed a higher tropism for both mouse and human dendritic cells (DCs) than did the AAV2 vector, whereas other AAV serotype vectors transduced DCs only poorly. AAV1, AAV5, AAV7, and AAV8 were more highly expressed in muscle cells than AAV2. An immunogenicity study of AAV serotypes indicates that AAV1, AAV5, AAV7, and AAV8 vectors expressing the Env gp160 gene induced higher HIV-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses than the AAV2 vector did, with the AAV5 vector producing the best responses. Furthermore, mice injected with DCs that had been transduced ex vivo with an AAV5 vector expressing the gp160 gene elicited higher HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses than did DCs transduced with AAV1 and AAV2 vectors. We also found that AAV vectors produced by HEK293 cells and insect cells elicit similar levels of antigen-specific immune responses. These results demonstrate that the immunogenicity of AAV vectors depends on their tropism for both antigen-presenting cells (such as DCs) and non-antigen-presenting cells (such as muscular cells) and that AAV5 is a better vector than other AAV serotypes. These results may aid in the development of AAV-based vaccine and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Qin Xin
- Department of Molecular Biodefense Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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DiPaolo N, Ni S, Gaggar A, Strauss R, Tuve S, Li Z, Stone D, Shayakhmetov D, Kiviat N, Touré P, Sow S, Horvat B, Lieber A. Evaluation of adenovirus vectors containing serotype 35 fibers for vaccination. Mol Ther 2006; 13:756-65. [PMID: 16461009 PMCID: PMC1424671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to commonly used serotype 5-based adenovirus (Ad) vectors, Ad's containing fibers derived from B-group serotype 35 (Ad5/35) efficiently transduce human DCs ex vivo and appear to target antigen-presenting cells after intravenous injection into baboons. Based on this, Ad5/35 vectors could be valuable tools for immunotherapy and vaccination. On the other hand, a number of studies indicate that signaling through the B-group Ad receptor, CD46, can cause tolerance or immunosuppression. Since mice do not express CD46 in a human-like pattern, we studied the in vivo properties of Ad5/35 in transgenic mice that express CD46 in a pattern and at a level similar to those of humans. Hypersensitivity assays and analyses of frequencies of regulatory T cells and T cell responses did not indicate that Ad5/35 injection exerts detrimental effects on the host's immune system. An Ad5/35 vector expressing a model antigen was able to trigger a strong T cell response against the test antigen after intramuscular injection. Overall, compared to Ad5 vectors, Ad5/35 vectors had a better safety profile, reflected by lower serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson DiPaolo
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaoheng Ni
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Robert Strauss
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Sebastian Tuve
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - ZongYi Li
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Daniel Stone
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Dmitry Shayakhmetov
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Nancy Kiviat
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Pap Touré
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Salif Sow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - André Lieber
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195
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