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Upadhye A, Marshall M, Garmey JC, Bender TP, McNamara C. Retroviral Overexpression of CXCR4 on Murine B-1a Cells and Adoptive Transfer for Targeted B-1a Cell Migration to the Bone Marrow and IgM Production. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32538902 DOI: 10.3791/61003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As cell function is influenced by niche-specific factors in the cellular microenvironment, methods to dissect cell localization and migration can provide further insight on cell function. B-1a cells are a unique B cell subset in mice that produce protective natural IgM antibodies against oxidation-specific epitopes that arise during health and disease. B-1a cell IgM production differs depending on B-1a cell location, and therefore it becomes useful from a therapeutic standpoint to target B-1a localization to niches supportive of high antibody production. Here we describe a method to target B-1a cell migration to the bone marrow by retroviral-mediated overexpression of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Gene induction in primary murine B cells can be challenging and typically yields low transfection efficiencies of 10-20% depending on technique. Here we demonstrate that retroviral transduction of primary murine B-1a cells results in 30-40% transduction efficiency. This method utilizes adoptive cell transfer of transduced B-1a cells into B cell-deficient recipient mice so that donor B-1a cell migration and localization can be visualized. This protocol can be modified for other retroviral constructs and can be used in diverse functional assays post-adoptive transfer, including analysis of donor cell or host cell phenotype and function, or analysis of soluble factors secreted post B-1a cell transfer. The use of distinct donor and recipient mice differentiated by CD45.1 and CD45.2 allotype and the presence of a GFP reporter within the retroviral plasmid could also enable detection of donor cells in other, immune-sufficient mouse models containing endogenous B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Upadhye
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Cancer Biology, University of Virginia
| | | | | | - Timothy P Bender
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia
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Huang RS, Shih HA, Lai MC, Chang YJ, Lin S. Enhanced NK-92 Cytotoxicity by CRISPR Genome Engineering Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1008. [PMID: 32528479 PMCID: PMC7256201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive cell-type for adoptive immunotherapy, but challenges in preparation of therapeutic primary NK cells restrict patient accessibility to NK cell immunotherapy. NK-92 is a well-characterized human NK cell line that has demonstrated promising anti-cancer activities in clinical trials. Unlimited proliferation of NK-92 cells provides a consistent supply of cells for the administration and development of NK cell immunotherapy. However, the clinical efficacy of NK-92 cells has not reached its full potential due to reduced immune functions as compared to primary NK cells. Improvements of NK-92 functions currently rely on conventional transgene delivery by mRNA, plasmid and viral vector with limited efficiencies. To enable precise genetic modifications, we have established a robust CRISPR genome engineering platform for NK-92 based on the nucleofection of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein. To demonstrate the versatility of the platform, we have performed cell-based screening of Cas9 guide RNA, multiplex gene knockout of activating and inhibitory receptors, knock-in of a fluorescent gene, and promoter insertion to reactivate endogenous CD16 and DNAM-1. The CRISPR-engineered NK-92 demonstrated markedly enhanced cytotoxicity and could mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hard to kill cancer cell lines. Our genome editing platform is straightforward and robust for both functional studies and therapeutic engineering of NK-92 cells.
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MESH Headings
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/genetics
- CRISPR-Associated Protein 9/metabolism
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Cell Survival
- Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- GPI-Linked Proteins/genetics
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Targeting
- HEK293 Cells
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/genetics
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Rih-Sheng Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-An Shih
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Lai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Towards Physiologically and Tightly Regulated Vectored Antibody Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E962. [PMID: 32295072 PMCID: PMC7226531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent highly significant health issues and the options for their treatment are often not efficient to cure the disease. Immunotherapy strategies have been developed to modulate the patient's immune system in order to eradicate cancerous cells. For instance, passive immunization consists in the administration at high doses of exogenously produced monoclonal antibodies directed either against tumor antigen or against immune checkpoint inhibitors. Its main advantage is that it provides immediate immunity, though during a relatively short period, which consequently requires frequent injections. To circumvent this limitation, several approaches, reviewed here, have emerged to induce in vivo antibody secretion at physiological doses. Gene delivery vectors, such as adenoviral vectors or adeno-associated vectors, have been designed to induce antibody secretion in vivo after in situ cell modification, and have driven significant improvements in several cancer models. However, anti-idiotypic antibodies and escape mutants have been detected, probably because of both the continuous expression of antibodies and their expression by unspecialized cell types. To overcome these hurdles, adoptive transfer of genetically modified B cells that secrete antibodies either constitutively or in a regulated manner have been developed by ex vivo transgene insertion with viral vectors. Recently, with the emergence of gene editing technologies, the endogenous B cell receptor loci of B cells have been modified with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas-9) system to change their specificity in order to target a given antigen. The expression of the modified BCR gene hence follows the endogenous regulation mechanisms, which may prevent or at least reduce side effects. Although these approaches seem promising for cancer treatments, major questions, such as the persistence and the re-activation potential of these engineered cells, remain to be addressed in clinically relevant animal models before translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRICentre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (F.F.)
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4
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Asad AS, Moreno Ayala MA, Gottardo MF, Zuccato C, Nicola Candia AJ, Zanetti FA, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Viral gene therapy for breast cancer: progress and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:945-959. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1338684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonela S. Asad
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela A. Moreno Ayala
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Florencia Gottardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Zuccato
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia A. Zanetti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Unidad Ejecutora del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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5
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Andersson SEM, Eneljung T, Tengvall S, Jirholt P, Stern A, Henningsson L, Liang B, Thorarinsdottir K, Kihlberg J, Holmdahl R, Mårtensson IL, Gustafsson K, Gjertsson I. Collagen epitope expression on B cells is sufficient to confer tolerance to collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:140. [PMID: 27301320 PMCID: PMC4908726 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying tolerance induction and maintenance in autoimmune arthritis remain elusive. In a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis, we explore the contribution of B cells to antigen-specific tolerance. METHODS To generate expression of the CII-peptide specifically on B-cell major histocompatibility complex type II, lentiviral-based gene therapy including a B-cell-specific Igk promoter was used. RESULTS Presentation of the CII-peptide on B cells significantly reduced the frequency and severity of arthritis as well as the serum levels of CII -specific IgG antibodies. Further, both frequency and suppressive function of regulatory T cells were increased in tolerized mice. Adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells from tolerized mice to naïve mice ameliorated the development of CII-induced arthritis. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that endogenous presentation of the CII-peptide on B cells is one of the key contributors to arthritis tolerance induction and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia E M Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Eneljung
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Jirholt
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stern
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Henningsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bibo Liang
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic China
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Kihlberg
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic China
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute for Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 480, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Fernández-Rubio P, Torres-Rusillo S, Molina IJ. Regulated expression of murine CD40L by a lentiviral vector transcriptionally targeted through its endogenous promoter. J Gene Med 2016. [PMID: 26223487 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeted lentiviral vectors may contribute to circumventing genotoxicity associated with uncontrolled transcription of therapeutic genes. Some vectors replacing strong viral sequences for gene promoters such as β-globin, CD4, CD19 or Igκ were able to drive tissue-specific expression of the transgene. Gene therapy, however, faces even greater hurdles when the therapeutic transgene is subject to strict regulatory mechanisms. This is the case of the CD40LG gene, which encodes for the CD154 (also known as CD40L) molecule, transiently expressed upon activation on CD4(+) T cells. Mutations in this gene cause the X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM1) in humans because the interaction of CD40L with its ligand CD40 triggers signals that are critical for the immunobiology of B lymphocytes. METHODS We developed a lentiviral vector containing the murine Cd40lg cDNA under the control of its endogenous promoter. RESULTS The CD4(+) BW5147 T cells transduced with the pCd40lg-Cd40lg lentiviral vector express CD40L only upon stimulation. The intensity of the expression correlates with the number of vector integrations per cell and detected molecules rapidly decay after removing the stimulating agent. The tissue-specific, activation-dependent and reversible expression of CD40L fully mimics the physiological induction and disappearance of the molecule from the surface of murine T lymphocytes. The functional activity of the regulated lentiviral vector is demonstrated by the ability of transduced BW5147 cells to promote the proliferation of purified B cell splenocytes. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a fine-regulated lentiviral vector that can be a model for expressing molecules subject to stringent regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Fernández-Rubio
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada. Health Sciences Technology Park, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Sara Torres-Rusillo
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada. Health Sciences Technology Park, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio J Molina
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Granada. Health Sciences Technology Park, Armilla, Granada, Spain
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7
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Leoh LS, Morizono K, Kershaw KM, Chen ISY, Penichet ML, Daniels-Wells TR. Gene delivery in malignant B cells using the combination of lentiviruses conjugated to anti-transferrin receptor antibodies and an immunoglobulin promoter. J Gene Med 2014; 16:11-27. [PMID: 24436117 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously developed an antibody-avidin fusion protein (ch128.1Av) specific for the human transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1; CD71) to be used as a delivery vector for cancer therapy and showed that ch128.1Av delivers the biotinylated plant toxin saporin-6 into malignant B cells. However, as a result of widespread expression of TfR1, delivery of the toxin to normal cells is a concern. Therefore, we explored the potential of a dual targeted lentiviral-mediated gene therapy strategy to restrict gene expression to malignant B cells. Targeting occurs through the use of ch128.1Av or its parental antibody without avidin (ch128.1) and through transcriptional regulation using an immunoglobulin promoter. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in a panel of cell lines. Cell viability after specific delivery of the therapeutic gene FCU1, a chimeric enzyme consisting of cytosine deaminase genetically fused to uracil phosphoribosyltransferse that converts the 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) prodrug into toxic metabolites, was monitored using the MTS or WST-1 viability assay. RESULTS We found that EGFP was specifically expressed in a panel of human malignant B-cell lines, but not in human malignant T-cell lines. EGFP expression was observed in all cell lines when a ubiquitous promoter was used. Furthermore, we show the decrease of cell viability in malignant plasma cells in the presence of 5-FC and the FCU1 gene. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that gene expression can be restricted to malignant B cells and suggests that this dual targeted gene therapy strategy may help to circumvent the potential side effects of certain TfR1-targeted protein delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Sum Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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A simple and rapid nonviral approach to efficiently transfect primary tissue–derived cells using polyethylenimine. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:935-45. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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9
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Hsu CYM, Uludağ H. Nucleic-acid based gene therapeutics: delivery challenges and modular design of nonviral gene carriers and expression cassettes to overcome intracellular barriers for sustained targeted expression. J Drug Target 2012; 20:301-28. [PMID: 22303844 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.655247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acid molecules into cells to alter physiological functions at the genetic level is a powerful approach to treat a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders. Biocompatible materials such as cationic polymers, lipids, and peptides are being explored as safer alternatives to viral gene carriers. However, the comparatively low efficiency of nonviral carriers currently hampers their translation into clinical settings. Controlling the size and stability of carrier/nucleic acid complexes is one of the primary hurdles as the physicochemical properties of the complexes can define the uptake pathways, which dictate intracellular routing, endosomal processing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. In addition to nuclear import, subnuclear trafficking, posttranscriptional events, and immune responses can further limit transfection efficiency. Chemical moieties, reactive linkers or signal peptide have been conjugated to carriers to prevent aggregation, induce membrane destabilization and localize to subcellular compartments. Genetic elements can be inserted into the expression cassette to facilitate nuclear targeting, delimit expression to targeted tissue, and modulate transgene expression. The modular option afforded by both gene carriers and expression cassettes provides a two-tier multicomponent delivery system that can be optimized for targeted gene delivery in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Yu Ming Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Cananda
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10
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Lee EC, Fitzgerald M, Bannerman B, Donelan J, Bano K, Terkelsen J, Bradley DP, Subakan O, Silva MD, Liu R, Pickard M, Li Z, Tayber O, Li P, Hales P, Carsillo M, Neppalli VT, Berger AJ, Kupperman E, Manfredi M, Bolen JB, Van Ness B, Janz S. Antitumor activity of the investigational proteasome inhibitor MLN9708 in mouse models of B-cell and plasma cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7313-23. [PMID: 21903769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical success of the first-in-class proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (VELCADE) has validated the proteasome as a therapeutic target for treating human cancers. MLN9708 is an investigational proteasome inhibitor that, compared with bortezomib, has improved pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity in preclinical studies. Here, we focused on evaluating the in vivo activity of MLN2238 (the biologically active form of MLN9708) in a variety of mouse models of hematologic malignancies, including tumor xenograft models derived from a human lymphoma cell line and primary human lymphoma tissue, and genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of plasma cell malignancies (PCM). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Both cell line-derived OCI-Ly10 and primary human lymphoma-derived PHTX22L xenograft models of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were used to evaluate the pharmacodynamics and antitumor effects of MLN2238 and bortezomib. The iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) GEM model was used to assess their effects on de novo PCM and overall survival. The newly developed DP54-Luc-disseminated model of iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) was used to determine antitumor activity and effects on osteolytic bone disease. RESULTS MLN2238 has an improved pharmacodynamic profile and antitumor activity compared with bortezomib in both OCI-Ly10 and PHTX22L models. Although both MLN2238 and bortezomib prolonged overall survival, reduced splenomegaly, and attenuated IgG2a levels in the iMyc(Cα)/Bcl-X(L) GEM model, only MLN2238 alleviated osteolytic bone disease in the DP54-Luc model. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly showed the antitumor activity of MLN2238 in a variety of mouse models of B-cell lymphoma and PCM, supporting its clinical development. MLN9708 is being evaluated in multiple phase I and I/II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund C Lee
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
After more than 1500 gene therapy clinical trials in the past two decades, the overall conclusion is that for gene therapy (GT) to be successful, the vector systems must still be improved in terms of delivery, expression and safety. The recent development of more efficient and stable vector systems has created great expectations for the future of GT. Impressive results were obtained in three primary immunodeficiencies and other inherited diseases such as congenital blindness, adrenoleukodystrophy or junctional epidermolysis bullosa. However, the development of leukemia in five children included in the GT clinical trials for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and the silencing of the therapeutic gene in the chronic granulomatous disease clearly showed the importance of improving safety and efficiency. In this review, we focus on the main strategies available to achieve physiological or tissue-specific expression of therapeutic transgenes and discuss the importance of controlling transgene expression to improve safety. We propose that tissue-specific and/or physiological viral vectors offer the best balance between efficiency and safety and will be the tools of choice for future clinical trials in GT of inherited diseases.
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12
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Frecha C, Lévy C, Cosset FL, Verhoeyen E. Advances in the field of lentivector-based transduction of T and B lymphocytes for gene therapy. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1748-57. [PMID: 20736930 PMCID: PMC2951569 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient gene transfer into quiescent T and B lymphocytes for gene therapy or immunotherapy purposes may allow the treatment of several genetic dysfunctions of the hematopoietic system, such as immunodeficiencies, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancers and acquired diseases. Lentiviral vectors (LVs) can transduce many types of nonproliferating cells, with the exception of some particular quiescent cell types such as resting T and B cells. In T cells, completion of reverse transcription (RT), nuclear import, and subsequent integration of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped LV (VSVG-LV) genome does not occur efficiently unless they are activated via the T-cell receptor (TCR) or by survival-cytokines inducing them to enter into the G(1b) phase of the cell cycle. Lentiviral transduction of B cells is another matter because even B-cell receptor-stimulation inducing proliferation is not sufficient to allow efficient VSVG-LV transduction. Recently, a new LV carrying the glycoproteins of measles virus (MV) at its surface was able to overcome vector restrictions in both quiescent T and B cells. Importantly, naive as well as memory T and B cells were efficiently transduced while no apparent activation, cell-cycle entry, or phenotypic switch were detected, which opens the door to a multitude of gene therapy and immunotherapy applications as reported here.
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13
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Froelich S, Tai A, Wang P. Lentiviral vectors for immune cells targeting. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:208-18. [PMID: 20085508 DOI: 10.3109/08923970903420582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) are efficient gene delivery vehicles suitable for delivering long-term transgene expression in various cell types. Engineering LVs to have the capacity to transduce specific cell types is of great interest to advance the translation of LVs toward the clinic. Here we provide an overview of innovative approaches to target LVs to cells of the immune system. In this overview we distinguish between two types of LV targeting strategies: (i) targeting of the vectors to specific cells by LV surface modifications, and (ii) targeting at the level of transgene transcription by insertion of tissue-specific promoters to drive transgene expression. It is clear that each strategy is of enormous value but ultimately combining these approaches may help reduce the effects of off-target expression and improve the efficiency and safety of LVs for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Froelich
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Pearce L, Morgan L, Lin TT, Hewamana S, Matthews RJ, Deaglio S, Rowntree C, Fegan C, Pepper C, Brennan P. Genetic modification of primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with a lentivirus expressing CD38. Haematologica 2010; 95:514-7. [PMID: 20207849 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2009.014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the role of individual genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have been hampered by the inability to consistently transfect primary tumor cells. Here, we describe a highly efficient method of genetically modifying primary CLL cells using a VSVG pseudotyped lentiviral vector. We transduced CD38 negative CLL cells with a lentiviral vector encoding CD38 which caused increased surface CD38 expression in all the samples tested (n=17) with no evidence of plasmacytoid differentiation. The mean percentage of positive cells expressing CD38 was 87%+/-8.5% and the mean cell viability 74%+/-17%. This high level of transduction of all the CLL cell samples tested demonstrates the utility of this technique which should prove applicable for the introduction and analysis of other genes in these non-dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Pearce
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Development of an enhanced B-specific lentiviral vector expressing BTK: a tool for gene therapy of XLA. Gene Ther 2008; 15:942-52. [PMID: 18323795 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Further development of haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy will depend on enhancement of gene transfer safety: ad hoc improvement of vector design relating to each particular disease is thus a crucial issue for HSC gene therapy. We modified a previously described lentiviral vector by adding the Emumar B-specific enhancer to a human CD19 promoter-derived sequence (Mol Ther 2004;10:45-56). We thus significantly improved the level of expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene while retaining the specificity of expression in B-cell progeny of transduced human CD34+ progenitor cells obtained from cord blood or adult bone marrow. Indeed, GFP was strongly expressed from early medullary pro-B cells to splenic mature B cells whereas transgene expression remained low in transduced immature progenitors as in myeloid and T-lymphoid progeny retrieved from xenografted NOD/SCID/gammac(null) mice. Using this lentiviral vector, we further demonstrated the possibility to express a functional human BTK protein in long-term human CD34+ cell B-lymphoid progeny. This newly designed lentiviral vector fulfils one of the pre-requisites for the development of efficient and safe gene therapy for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, the most common primary humoral immunodeficiency disorder.
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