1
|
Fehrer J, Bertrand YJK, Hartmann M, Caklová P, Josefiová J, Bräutigam S, Chrtek J. A Multigene Phylogeny of Native American Hawkweeds ( Hieracium Subgen. Chionoracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae): Origin, Speciation Patterns, and Migration Routes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2584. [PMID: 36235450 PMCID: PMC9571344 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Native American hawkweeds are mainly mountainous species that are distributed all over the New World. They are severely understudied with respect to their origin, colonization of the vast distribution area, and species relationships. Here, we attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the group by applying seven molecular markers (plastid, nuclear ribosomal and low-copy genes). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chionoracium is a subgenus of the mainly Eurasian genus Hieracium, which originated from eastern European hawkweeds about 1.58-2.24 million years ago. Plastid DNA suggested a single origin of all Chionoracium species. They colonized the New World via Beringia and formed several distinct lineages in North America. Via one Central American lineage, the group colonized South America and radiated into more than a hundred species within about 0.8 million years, long after the closure of the Isthmus of Panama and the most recent uplift of the Andes. Despite some incongruences shown by different markers, most of them revealed the same crown groups of closely related taxa, which were, however, largely in conflict with traditional sectional classifications. We provide a basic framework for further elucidation of speciation patterns. A thorough taxonomic revision of Hieracium subgen. Chionoracium is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fehrer
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Yann J. K. Bertrand
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Hartmann
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Geobotany & Botanical Garden, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Caklová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiřina Josefiová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jindřich Chrtek
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sailer C, Tiberi S, Schmid B, Stöcklin J, Grossniklaus U. Apomixis and genetic background affect distinct traits in Hieracium pilosella L. grown under competition. BMC Biol 2021; 19:177. [PMID: 34454477 PMCID: PMC8403437 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apomixis, the asexual reproduction through seeds, occurs in over 40 plant families and avoids the hidden cost of sex. Apomictic plants are thought to have an advantage in sparse populations and when colonizing new areas but may have a disadvantage in changing environments because they propagate via fixed genotypes. In this study, we separated the influences of different genetic backgrounds (potentially reflecting local adaptation) from those of the mode of reproduction, i.e., sexual vs. apomictic, on nine fitness-related traits in Hieracium pilosella L. We aimed to test whether apomixis per se may provide a fitness advantage in different competitive environments in a common garden setting. RESULTS To separate the effects of genetic background from those of reproductive mode, we generated five families of apomictic and sexual full siblings by crossing two paternal with four maternal parents. Under competition, apomictic plants showed reproductive assurance (probability of seeding, fertility), while offspring of sexual plants with the same genetic background had a higher germination rate. Sexual plants grew better (biomass) than apomictic plants in the presence of grass as a competitor but apomictic plants spread further vegetatively (maximum stolon length) when their competitors were sexual plants of the same species. Furthermore, genetic background as represented by the five full-sibling families influenced maximum stolon length, the number of seeds, and total fitness. Under competition with grass, genetic background influenced fecundity, the number of seeds, and germination rate. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that both the mode of reproduction as well as the genetic background affect the success of H. pilosella in competitive environments. Total fitness, the most relevant trait for adaptation, was only affected by the genetic background. However, we also show for the first time that apomixis per se has effects on fitness-related traits that are not confounded by-and thus independent of-the genetic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sailer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Current address: Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Graz University of Technology, Streymayergasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Tiberi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8075, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Stöcklin
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, ETH Zurich, University of Basel, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Morgan-Richards M, Vilcot M, Trewick SA. Lack of assortative mating might explain reduced phenotypic differentiation where two grasshopper species meet. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:509-519. [PMID: 34091960 PMCID: PMC9290589 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is an evolutionary process with wide‐ranging potential outcomes, from providing populations with important genetic variation for adaptation to being a substantial fitness cost leading to extinction. Here, we focussed on putative hybridization between two morphologically distinct species of New Zealand grasshopper. We collected Phaulacridium marginale and Phaulacridium otagoense specimens from a region where mitochondrial introgression had been detected and where their habitat has been modified by introduced mammals eating the natural vegetation and by the colonization of many non‐native plant species. In contrast to observations in the 1970s, our sampling of wild pairs of grasshoppers in copula provided no evidence of assortative mating with respect to species. Geometric morphometrics on pronotum shape of individuals from areas of sympatry detected phenotypically intermediate specimens (putative hybrids), and the distribution of phenotypes in most areas of sympatry was found to be unimodal. These results suggest that hybridization associated with anthropogenic habitat changes has led to these closely related species forming a hybrid swarm, with random mating. Without evidence of hybrid disadvantage, we suggest a novel hybrid lineage might eventually result from the merging of these two species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurine Vilcot
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steven A Trewick
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sailer C, Stöcklin J, Grossniklaus U. Dynamics of apomictic and sexual reproduction during primary succession on a glacier forefield in the Swiss Alps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8269. [PMID: 32427828 PMCID: PMC7237654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apomixis, the asexual reproduction through seeds, is thought to provide reproductive assurance when ploidy is not even and/or when population density is low. Therefore, apomicts are expected to be more abundant, and the frequency of apomictic offspring higher, at early stages of primary succession when mates are rare. To test this hypothesis, we sampled facultative apomictic Hieracium pilosella L. along the successional gradient on a glacier forefield and determined their ploidy, the level of apomixis in their offspring, and the genetic diversity of the entire meta-population and within subpopulations. We found that apomixis is more common in odd- and aneuploid cytotypes, which are more frequent at early stages of primary succession. However, apomixis was uncommon at all successional stages and sexual hexaploids were dominating throughout. Reproductive assurance was reflected in the higher fertility of all odd-ploid apomictic plants (3×, 5×) by avoiding meiosis, illustrating that apomixis provides an escape from sterility, as proposed by Darlington. Odd-ploid plants are supposedly better colonizers (Baker’s law), which is supported by their higher occurrence close to the glacier snout. Independent of succession, we found gene flow between apomicts and sexuals, which allows for the continuous creation of new apomictic and sexual genotypes. We conclude that apomixis in H. pilosella does indeed provide an escape from sterility, and therefore reproductive assurance, in aneuploid cytotypes. We further propose that apomixis preserves beneficial combinations of unlinked alleles in every generation for as long as apomictic genotypes persist in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Sailer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Stöcklin
- Institute of Botany & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Behling AH, Shepherd LD, Cox MP. The importance and prevalence of allopolyploidy in Aotearoa New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2019.1676797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Behling
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lara D. Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Murray P. Cox
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Šarhanová P, Sharbel TF, Sochor M, Vašut RJ, Dančák M, Trávníček B. Hybridization drives evolution of apomicts in Rubus subgenus Rubus: evidence from microsatellite markers. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:317-328. [PMID: 28402390 PMCID: PMC5737493 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rubus subgenus Rubus is a group of mostly apomictic and polyploid species with a complicated taxonomy and history of ongoing hybridization. The only polyploid series with prevailing sexuality is the series Glandulosi , although the apomictic series Discolores and Radula also retain a high degree of sexuality, which is influenced by environmental conditions and/or pollen donors. The aim of this study is to detect sources of genetic variability, determine the origin of apomictic taxa and validate microsatellite markers by cloning and sequencing. METHODS A total of 206 individuals from two central European regions were genotyped for 11 nuclear microsatellite loci and the chloroplast trn L- trn F region. Microsatellite alleles were further sequenced in order to determine the exact repeat number and to detect size homoplasy due to insertions/deletions in flanking regions. KEY RESULTS The results confirm that apomictic microspecies of ser. Radula are derived from crosses between sexual series Glandulosi and apomictic series Discolores , whereby the apomict acts as pollen donor. Each apomictic microspecies is derived from a single distinct genotype differing from the parental taxa, suggesting stabilized clonal reproduction. Intraspecific variation within apomicts is considerably low compared with sexual series Glandulosi , and reflects somatic mutation accumulation. While facultative apomicts produce clonal offspring, sexual species are the conduits of origin for new genetically different apomictic lineages. CONCLUSIONS One of the main driving forces of evolution and speciation in the highly apomictic subgenus Rubus in central Europe is sexuality in the series Glandulosi . Palaeovegetation data suggest that initial hybridizations took place over different time periods in the two studied regions, and that the successful origin and spread of apomictic microspecies of the series Radula took place over several millennia. Additionally, the cloning and sequencing show that standard evaluations of microsatellite repeat numbers underestimate genetic variability considering homoplasy in allele size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Šarhanová
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Department of Experimental Taxonomy, Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Timothy F. Sharbel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Department of Experimental Taxonomy, Corrensstr. 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
- Present address: Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Gymnasium Place, suite 1460 Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Michal Sochor
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J. Vašut
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dančák
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Trávníček
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Harris RMB, Kriticos DJ, Remenyi T, Bindoff N. Unusual suspects in the usual places: a phylo-climatic framework to identify potential future invasive species. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
10
|
Vaux F, Trewick SA, Morgan-Richards M. Speciation through the looking-glass. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Vaux
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group; Institute of Agriculture and Environment; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sears CJ, Whitton J. A reexamination of the North American Crepis agamic complex and comparison with the findings of Babcock and Stebbins' classic biosystematic monograph. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1289-99. [PMID: 27313196 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Babcock and Stebbins coined the term agamic complex in their 1938 monograph of the North American Crepis agamic complex. Despite the historical role that this complex holds in the evolutionary literature, it has not been reexamined in over 75 years. We present a thorough reevaluation of the complex to test hypotheses proposed by Babcock and Stebbins about its origins and spread, the relationships of diploids, and the nature and origins of polyploids. METHODS We used flow cytometry to infer ploidy of roughly 600 samples spanning the morphological and taxonomic diversity of the complex and a phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA variation to infer maternal relationships among diploids and to infer maternal origins of polyploids. KEY RESULTS We identified populations of all seven recognized diploids plus one new lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of plastid DNA variation in diploids revealed a well-resolved, but moderately supported phylogeny, with evidence for monophyly of the North America Crepis agamic complex and no evidence of widespread homoploid hybridization. Polyploids showed evidence of multiple origins and a pattern of frequent local co-occurrence consistent with repeated colonization of suitable sites. CONCLUSIONS Our findings agree broadly with the distribution and variation of ploidy within and among species described by Babcock and Stebbins. One key difference is finding support for monophyly of North American species, and refuting their hypothesis of polyphyly. Our results provide an explicit phylogenetic framework for further study of this classic agamic complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sears
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jeannette Whitton
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, The University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morgan-Richards M, Hills SFK, Biggs PJ, Trewick SA. Sticky Genomes: Using NGS Evidence to Test Hybrid Speciation Hypotheses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154911. [PMID: 27187689 PMCID: PMC4871368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypotheses of hybrid origin are common. Here we use next generation sequencing to test a hybrid hypothesis for a non-model insect with a large genome. We compared a putative hybrid triploid stick insect species (Acanthoxyla geisovii) with its putative paternal diploid taxon (Clitarchus hookeri), a relationship that provides clear predictions for the relative genetic diversity within each genome. The parental taxon is expected to have comparatively low allelic diversity that is nested within the diversity of the hybrid daughter genome. The scale of genome sequencing required was conveniently achieved by extracting mRNA and sequencing cDNA to examine expressed allelic diversity. This allowed us to test hybrid-progenitor relationships among non-model organisms with large genomes and different ploidy levels. Examination of thousands of independent loci avoids potential problems produced by the silencing of parts of one or other of the parental genomes, a phenomenon sometimes associated with the process of stabilisation of a hybrid genome. Transcript assembles were assessed for evidence of paralogs and/or alternative splice variants before proceeding. Comparison of transcript assemblies was not an appropriate measure of genetic variability, but by mapping reads back to clusters derived from each species we determined levels of allelic diversity. We found greater cDNA sequence diversity among alleles in the putative hybrid species (Acanthoxyla geisovii) than the non-hybrid. The allelic diversity within the putative paternal species (Clitachus hookeri) nested within the hybrid-daughter genome, supports the current view of a hybrid-progenitor relationship for these stick insect species. Next generation sequencing technology provides opportunities for testing evolutionary hypotheses with non-model organisms, including, as here, genomes that are large due to polyploidy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Morgan-Richards
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Simon F. K. Hills
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steven A. Trewick
- Ecology Group, Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thomas CD. Rapid acceleration of plant speciation during the Anthropocene. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:448-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Guo LT, Wang SL, Wu QJ, Zhou XG, Xie W, Zhang YJ. Flow cytometry and K-mer analysis estimates of the genome sizes of Bemisia tabaci B and Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Front Physiol 2015; 6:144. [PMID: 26042041 PMCID: PMC4436570 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sizes of the B- and Q-types of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennnadius) were estimated using flow cytometry (Drosophila melanogaster as the DNA reference standard and propidium iodide (PI) as the fluorochrome) and k-mer analysis. For flow cytometry, the mean nuclear DNA content was 0.686 pg for B-type males, 1.392 pg for B-type females, 0.680 pg for Q-type males, and 1.306 pg for Q-type females. Based on the relationship between DNA content and genome size (1 pg DNA = 980 Mbp), the haploid genome size of B. tabaci ranged from 640 to 682 Mbp. For k-mer analysis, genome size of B-type by two methods were consistent highly, but the k-mer depth distribution graph of Q-type was not enough perfect and the genome size was estimated about 60 M larger than its flow cytometry result. These results corroborate previous reports of genome size based on karyotype analysis and chromosome counting. However, these estimates differ from previous flow cytometry estimates, probably because of differences in the DNA reference standard and dyeing time, which were superior in the current study. For Q-type genome size difference by two method, some discussion were also stated, and all these results represent a useful foundation for B. tabaci genomics research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li T. Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shao L. Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qing J. Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xu G. Zhou
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Science Center North, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - You J. Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suda J, Meyerson LA, Leitch IJ, Pyšek P. The hidden side of plant invasions: the role of genome size. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:994-1007. [PMID: 25323486 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ecological role of genome size in plant biology, biogeography, and morphology has garnered increasing attention as the methods and technology associated with measuring cytological characteristics have become more reliable and accessible. However, how plant genome size influences plant invasions and at what stage in the invasion this influence occurs have been little explored. Several large-scale analyses of published data have yielded valuable interspecific comparisons, but experimental studies that manipulate environmental factors are needed, particularly below the species level, to fully understand the role that genome size plays in plant invasion. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge, discuss the integration of genome size data into invasion research, and suggest how it can be applied to detect and manage invasive species. We also explore how global climate change could exert selective pressures on plant populations with varying genome sizes, thereby increasing the distribution range and invasiveness of some populations while decreasing others. Finally, we outline avenues for future research, including considerations of large-scale studies of intraspecific variation in genome size of invasive populations, testing the interaction of genome size with other factors in macroecological analyses of invasions, as well as the role this trait may play in plant-enemy interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suda
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, Prague 2, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic
| | - Laura A Meyerson
- University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Petr Pyšek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, Prague, CZ-128 44, Czech Republic
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nath S, Mallick SK, Jha S. An improved method of genome size estimation by flow cytometry in five mucilaginous species of Hyacinthaceae. Cytometry A 2014; 85:833-40. [PMID: 24853918 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The family Hyacinthaceae constitutes about 900 species of bulbous geophytes usually characterized by high mucilage content. Taxonomic delimitation of Hyacinthaceae has been controversial since the time of Linnaeus due to the absence of reliable discriminating characters. Pattern of genome size variation can thus be considered as an added character to aid intergeneric and intrageneric relationship of the group. However, reports on genome size estimation by flow cytometric analysis of these plants are rare due to the presence of mucilage, which causes problem with nuclei sample preparation. To overcome this problem five reported nuclei isolation buffers were tested in Drimia indica of which Galbraith's buffer gave comparatively better results and was further modified by increasing pH, detergent concentration, and replacing sodium citrate by citric acid. The modified buffer enabled better sample preparation with increased yield, lesser debris, and improved DNA peak CV. The standardized buffer was used to estimate the 2C values of Drimia indica, Drimia nagarjunae, Drimia wightii, Drimia coromandeliana, and Ledebouria revoluta for the first time by flow cytometric analysis. This study also opens up the scope for further improvement in sample preparation for flow cytometric analysis of mucilaginous plants, which is otherwise problematic due to nuclei clumping and increased viscosity of sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Nath
- Department of Botany, Center of Advanced study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Krahulec F, Krahulcova A. Ploidy levels and reproductive behaviour in invasive Hieracium pilosella in Patagonia. NEOBIOTA 2011. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.11.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
19
|
Beaumont LJ, Gallagher RV, Thuiller W, Downey PO, Leishman MR, Hughes L. Different climatic envelopes among invasive populations may lead to underestimations of current and future biological invasions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
20
|
Morgan‐Richards M, Smissen RD, Shepherd LD, Wallis GP, Hayward JJ, Chan C, Chambers GK, Chapman HM. A review of genetic analyses of hybridisation in New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03014220909510561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
21
|
Kron P, Suda J, Husband BC. Applications of Flow Cytometry to Evolutionary and Population Biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2007. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kron
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1; ,
| | - Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, CZ-128 01, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43, Czech Republic;
| | - Brian C. Husband
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1; ,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Suda J, Krahulcová A, Trávnícek P, Rosenbaumová R, Peckert T, Krahulec F. Genome size variation and species relationships in Hieracium sub-genus Pilosella (Asteraceae) as inferred by flow cytometry. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2007; 100:1323-35. [PMID: 17921526 PMCID: PMC2759259 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hieracium sub-genus Pilosella (hawkweeds) is a taxonomically complicated group of vascular plants, the structure of which is substantially influenced by frequent interspecific hybridization and polyploidization. Two kinds of species, 'basic' and 'intermediate' (i.e. hybridogenous), are usually recognized. In this study, genome size variation was investigated in a representative set of Central European hawkweeds in order to assess the value of such a data set for species delineation and inference of evolutionary relationships. METHODS Holoploid and monoploid genome sizes (C- and Cx-values) were determined using propidium iodide flow cytometry for 376 homogeneously cultivated individuals of Hieracium sub-genus Pilosella, including 24 species (271 individuals), five recent natural hybrids (seven individuals) and experimental F(1) hybrids from four parental combinations (98 individuals). Chromosome counts were available for more than half of the plant accessions. Base composition (proportion of AT/GC bases) was cytometrically estimated in 73 individuals. KEY RESULTS Seven different ploidy levels (2x-8x) were detected, with intraspecific ploidy polymorphism (up to four different cytotypes) occurring in 11 wild species. Mean 2C-values varied approx. 4.3-fold from 3.53 pg in diploid H. hoppeanum to 15.30 pg in octoploid H. brachiatum. 1Cx-values ranged from 1.72 pg in H. pilosella to 2.16 pg in H. echioides (1.26-fold). The DNA content of (high) polyploids was usually proportional to the DNA values of their diploid/low polyploid counterparts, indicating lack of processes altering genome size (i.e. genome down-sizing). Most species showed constant nuclear DNA amounts, exceptions being three hybridogenous taxa, in which introgressive hybridization was suggested as a presumable trigger for genome size variation. Monoploid genome sizes of hybridogenous species were always between the corresponding values of their putative parents. In addition, there was a good congruency between actual DNA estimates and theoretical values inferred from putative parental combinations and between DNA values of experimental F(1) hybrids and corresponding established hybridogenous taxa. CONCLUSIONS Significant differences in genome size between hawkweed species from hybridogenous lineages involving the small-genome H. pilosella document the usefulness of nuclear DNA content as a supportive marker for reliable delineation of several of the most problematic taxa in Hieracium sub-genus Pilosella (including classification of borderline morphotypes). In addition, genome size data were shown to have a good predictive value for inferring evolutionary relationships and genome constitution (i.e. putative parental combinations) in hybridogenous species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Suda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fehrer J, Gemeinholzer B, Chrtek J, Bräutigam S. Incongruent plastid and nuclear DNA phylogenies reveal ancient intergeneric hybridization in Pilosella hawkweeds (Hieracium, Cichorieae, Asteraceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2007; 42:347-61. [PMID: 16949310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships for Hieracium subgen. Pilosella were inferred from chloroplast (trnT-trnL, matK) and nuclear (ITS) sequence data. Chloroplast markers revealed the existence of two divergent haplotype groups within the subgenus that did not correspond to presumed relationships. Furthermore, chloroplast haplotypes of the genera Hispidella and Andryala nested each within one of these groups. In contrast, ITS data were generally in accord with morphology and other evidence and were therefore assumed to reflect the true phylogeny. They revealed a sister relationship between Pilosella and Hispidella and a joint clade of Hieracium subgenera Hieracium and Chionoracium (Stenotheca) while genus Andryala represented a third major lineage of the final ingroup cluster. Detailed analysis of trnT-trnL character state evolution along the ITS tree suggested two intergeneric hybridization events between ancestral lineages that resulted in cytoplasmic transfer (from Hieracium/Chionoracium to Pilosella, and from the introgressed Pilosella lineage to Andryala). These chloroplast capture events, the first of which involved a now extinct haplotype, are the most likely explanation for the observed incongruencies between plastid and nuclear DNA markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Fehrer
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pecinka A, Suchánková P, Lysak MA, Trávnícek B, Dolezel J. Nuclear DNA content variation among Central European Koeleria taxa. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 98:117-22. [PMID: 16698888 PMCID: PMC2803546 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polyploidization plays an important role in the evolution of many plant genera, including Koeleria. The knowledge of ploidy, chromosome number and genome size may enable correct taxonomic treatment when other features are insufficient as in Koeleria. Therefore, these characteristics and their variability were determined for populations of six central European Koeleria taxa. METHODS Chromosome number analysis was performed by squashing root meristems, and ploidy and 2C nuclear DNA content were estimated by flow cytometry. KEY RESULTS Three diploids (K. glauca, K. macrantha var. macrantha and var. pseudoglauca), one tetraploid (K. macrantha var. majoriflora), one decaploid (K. pyramidata) and one dodecaploid (K. tristis) were found. The 2C nuclear DNA content of the diploids ranged from 4.85 to 5.20 pg. The 2C DNA contents of tetraploid, decaploid and dodecaploid taxa were 9.31 pg, 22.89 pg and 29.23 pg, respectively. The DNA content of polyploids within the K. macrantha aggregate (i.e. within K. macrantha and K. pyramidata) was smaller than the expected multiple of the diploid genome (K. macrantha var. macrantha). Geography-correlated variation of DNA content was found for some taxa. Czech populations of K. macrantha var. majoriflora had a 5.06% smaller genome than the Slovak ones. An isolated eastern Slovakian population of K. tristis revealed 8.04% less DNA than populations from central Slovakia. In central and north-west Bohemia, diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of K. macrantha were sympatric; east from this region diploid populations, and towards the west tetraploid populations were dominant. CONCLUSIONS Remarkable intra-specific inter-population differences in nuclear DNA content were found between Bohemian and Pannonian populations of Koeleria macrantha var. majoriflora and between geographically isolated central and eastern Slovakian populations of K. tristis. These differences occur over a relatively small geographical scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ales Pecinka
- Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wilson LM, Fehrer J, Bräutigam S, Grosskopf G. A new invasive hawkweed, Hieracium glomeratum (Lactuceae, Asteraceae), in the Pacific Northwest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/b05-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the summer of 2001, a newly recorded species of exotic hawkweed ( Hieracium glomeratum Froel.) for North America was identified from specimens collected in southeastern British Columbia, Canada, and eastern Washington state, United States. The specimens had previously been identified as the closely related Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. DNA fingerprints of plants from different localities proved to be identical. Their clonality, along with a spot-like distribution, indicates that this apomictic species probably originated from a single introduction from Europe, which subsequently spread. This species adds to the complex of 14 other exotic Hieracium species belonging to the Eurasian subgenus Pilosella that are adventive in the United States and Canada. A distribution map of the native and adventive range of H. glomeratum, and a key to distinguish it from related species in subgenus Pilosella that occur in North America are provided. The evolutionary and invasive potential of H. glomeratum is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda M. Wilson
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- State Museum of Natural History, PF 300154, D-02806 Görlitz, Germany
- CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Judith Fehrer
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- State Museum of Natural History, PF 300154, D-02806 Görlitz, Germany
- CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Siegfried Bräutigam
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- State Museum of Natural History, PF 300154, D-02806 Görlitz, Germany
- CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| | - Gitta Grosskopf
- Department of Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences, P.O. Box 442339, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2339
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zámek 1, CZ-25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic
- State Museum of Natural History, PF 300154, D-02806 Görlitz, Germany
- CABI Bioscience Switzerland Centre, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|