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A Comparative Study on Fat Pattern between Tribal and Non-tribal Girls of Tripura, North-East India. Indian J Pediatr 2019; 86:508-514. [PMID: 30778953 PMCID: PMC6525124 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-019-02879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the body composition including fat patterning among 744 school going Chakma tribal and non- tribal Bengali girls (366 Chakma tribal and 378 Bengali girls), aged 6-12y from North, Unokoti, Dhalai and South District of Tripura. METHODS The subjects were selected using cluster-random sampling method. The anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps and subscapular skinfold were recorded. The body mass index (BMI) was also calculated. The measurements were used to estimate percent body fat (PBF) and fat-free mass (FFM) from skinfolds. Fat mass (FM) and FFM were each divided by height squared to produce the fat-mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI). Body composition was assessed using FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI. RESULTS Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.65-6.75 kg (tribal) and 1.92-6.45 kg (non-tribal). Age-specific mean values of FFM ranged from 17.19-29.61 kg for tribals and 15.41-28.44 kg for non-tribals respectively. PBF of tribals was significantly (p < 0.01) higher (except 10 y) than non-tribals. FFM and PBF significantly (p < 0.01) related with all anthropometric variables. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested a clear evidence of ethnic variation in fat patterning; Chakma tribal girls showing a greater subcutaneous adiposity in comparison with Bengali girls. These results are important for future investigations in clinical and epidemiological studies to identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition.
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Percent of body fat, fat-mass, fat-free mass and assessment of body composition among rural school-going children of Eastern-India. ANTHROPOLOGICAL REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/anre-2018-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Percent of body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) are useful indicators for the assessment of body composition. The present study was conducted among 1351 children (boys: 660; girls: 691) aged 5–12 years residing in West Bengal, Eastern-India. The children were selected using a stratified random sampling method. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and sub-scapular skinfold (SSF) were recorded using standard procedures. The PBF, PBF-for-age z-score (PBFZ) and body mass index (BMI) were subsequently calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM, FFM, fat mass index (FMI) and fat free mass index (FFMI). Age-specific mean values of FM ranged from 2.12–4.00 kg (boys) and 2.16–4.40 kg (girls). Age-specific mean values of FFM ranged from 14.45–23.93 kg (boys) and 14.01–23.03 kg (girls). Sex-specific mean differences between sexes were statistically significant in weight, height, TSF, SSF, PBF, PBFAZ, FM, FFM, FMI and FFMI (p<0.05), except in BMI (p>0.05). These results are important for future investigations in clinical and epidemiological settings so as to accurately identify the risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using PBF, FM and FFM.
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Delextrat A, Hayes LD, Al Ghannami SS, Min Y, Hussein I, Al Oufi H, Cohen DD, Ghebremeskel K. Physical fitness characteristics of Omani primary school children according to body mass index. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:440-448. [PMID: 29589409 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08136-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that children with high cardiorespiratory fitness and normal body mass index (BMI) have less risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), however limited research was undertaken in Omani children. Therefore the aims of the present study were to describe body composition and physical fitness of a large cohort of Omani school children of both genders, and to investigate the effects of weight status on physical fitness. METHODS Three hundred and fourteen Omani school children aged 9 to 10 years old took part in anthropometric assessments, body composition and fitness tests, including handgrip strength, the basketball chest pass, broad jump, 20-m sprint, four 10-m shuttle agility, 30-s sit-up, and multistage fitness test (MSFT). RESULTS Obese boys and girls performed worse than normal-weight children in sprint, agility and endurance. In addition, fitness measures in the overweight group and underweight groups were not significantly different from other groups, except a better handgrip strength and poorer MSFT in overweight compared to normal weight girls, and poorer agility performance in underweight girls compared to the three other groups. CONCLUSIONS Most fitness measures are lower in obese Omani children, which suggests that they will be more at risk of developing NCDs later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Delextrat
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK -
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK
| | | | - Yoeju Min
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Izzeldin Hussein
- Department of Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Hamed Al Oufi
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Wealth, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Kebreab Ghebremeskel
- Lipidomics and Nutrition Research Centre, School of Life Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
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Sen J, Mondal N. Fat mass and fat-free mass as indicators of body composition among Bengalee Muslim children. Ann Hum Biol 2013; 40:286-93. [PMID: 23398370 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2013.764014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) are now considered to be important indicators of body composition. AIM This cross-sectional study determines the body composition using FM and FFM among children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study was conducted among 1248 children (619 boys; 629 girls) aged 5-12 years and belonging to the Bengalee Muslim population of West Bengal, India. Anthropometric measurements of height, weight, triceps and sub-scapular skin-folds were recorded and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Body composition was assessed using FM and FFM. RESULTS The age-specific mean values of FM and FFM ranged from 1.93-3.07 kg (boys) and 1.91-3.62 kg (girls) and from 14.69-23.44 kg (boys) and 14.18-22.87 kg (girls), respectively. Statistically significant sex differences were observed in FM and FFM (p < 0.05). Age- and sex-specific smooth percentile curves were derived for BMI, FM and FFM using the L, M and S modelling approach for further evaluation of body composition. CONCLUSION These findings are important for future investigations in the field and in epidemiological and clinical settings so as to accurately identify risk of lower or higher adiposity and body composition using FM and FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydip Sen
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Siliguri, Darjeeling-734 013, West Bengal, India.
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Gharib N, Rasheed P. Energy and macronutrient intake and dietary pattern among school children in Bahrain: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2011; 10:62. [PMID: 21645325 PMCID: PMC3123629 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is increasing in Bahrain and there is lack of information on the energy and macronutrient intake of children. The objective of this research was to study the energy and macronutrient intake as well as food frequency pattern of Bahraini school children. METHODS This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted on Bahraini school boys and girls aged 6-18 years from all the 11 populated regions of the country. Data on food intake consisted of a 24-hour dietary recall and was obtained by interviewing a sub-sample of the study population. Information was also obtained through a self-administered questionnaire for the entire sample on the weekly frequency of food items that were grouped into 7 categories based on similarity of nutrient profiles. Dietary analysis was performed using the Nutritionist 5 (First Data Bank Version 1.6 1998). RESULTS While the average energy intake of students was close to the Estimated Average Requirements of the UK Reference standards, protein intake substantially exceeded the Reference Nutrient Intake values as did daily sugar consumption. Dietary fiber fell short of the Dietary Recommended Values (UK) and 36%-50% students exceeded the Energy % limits for total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. The Polyunsaturated: Saturated fat ratio remained at an unacceptable level of 0.6 for girls and boys. While sweets, snacks and regular soda drinks were popular, milk, fruits and vegetables were not commonly consumed. CONCLUSIONS High sugar consumption, low intake of dietary fiber and high energy % of saturated fat and dietary cholesterol by many Bahraini children, is likely to increase their risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases in later life. Nutrition education programs in schools should emphasize the importance of healthy balanced diets for growth and health maintenance of children as well as dietary prevention of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gharib
- Nutrition Section/Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Parveen Rasheed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Dammam University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Ghosh A, Choudhary S, Chowdhury SD, Ghosh T. Fat and fat-free mass in Nepalese children: an assessment of nutritional status. Eur J Pediatr 2009; 168:1513-7. [PMID: 19597842 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-009-1022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to determine the body composition and to assess the nutritional status on the basis of body composition parameters in Nepalese children. Body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) of 1,988 (1,016 boys and 972 girls) Nepalese children aged 6 to 10 years were calculated from triceps and subscapular skinfolds. FM and FFM were then divided by height-squared in meter to determine the fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI), respectively. Growth curves of BF% and FFM for Nepalese children remained at a low level compared to international data. BF%, FM, and FMI of Nepalese girls were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than Nepalese boys, whereas FFM and FFMI of Nepalese boys were significantly (p < 0.001) higher than Nepalese girls of all age groups. BF%, FM, and FFM were significantly correlated with almost all anthropometric parameters in both sexes. Growth curves of BF% and FFM showed that the undernutrition prevailed in Nepalese children. BF% and FFM were good indicators for measuring nutritional status in Nepalese children. Sexual dimorphism of fat patterning was present in Nepalese children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nepal Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Al Herbish AS, El Mouzan MI, Al Salloum AA, Al Qureshi MM, Al Omar AA, Foster PJ, Kecojevic T. Body mass index in Saudi Arabian children and adolescents: a national reference and comparison with international standards. Ann Saudi Med 2009; 29:342-7. [PMID: 19700890 PMCID: PMC3290051 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.55162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Because there are no reference standards for body mass index (BMI) in Saudi children, we established BMI reference percentiles for normal Saudi Arabian children and adolescents and compared them with international standards. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Data from a stratified multistage probability sample were collected from the 13 health regions in Saudi Arabia, as part of a nationwide health profile survey of Saudi Arabian children and adolescents conducted to establish normal physical growth references. Selected households were visited by a trained team. Weight and length/height were measured and recorded following the WHO recommended procedures using the same equipment, which were subjected to both calibration and intra/interobserver variations. RESULTS Survey of 11 874 eligible households yielded 35 275 full-term and healthy children and adolescents who were subjected to anthropometric measurements. Four BMI curves were produced, from birth to 36 months and 2 to 19 years for girls and boys. The 3rd , 5 th , 10th , 25th , 50th , 75th , 85th , 90th , 95th , and 97th percentiles were produced and compared with the WHO and CDC BMI charts. In the higher percentiles, the Saudi children differed from Western counterparts, indicating that Saudi children have equal or higher BMIs. CONCLUSION The BMI curves reflect statistically representative BMI values for Saudi Arabian children and adolescents.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study was conducted because of the lack of a comprehensive nationwide assessment of data on the anthropometric status and related health problems in Bahraini school children aged 6 to 18 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted on the anthropometric status of school children enrolled in the primary, intermediate and secondary government schools in all populated regions of Bahrain. The sample size included 2594 students (1326 girls and 1268 boys) representing 2.5% of the total student population. For sample selection, a multi-stage sampling design was chosen that combined multi-cluster and simple random sampling methods. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, mid-arm circumference and skin fold thickness at two sites (triceps and subscapular). Anthropometric indices derived were body mass index (BMI) and arm muscle area. The WHO reference standards (2007) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) II data were used for comparison. RESULTS Compared to WHO reference standards, the median height of Bahraini children and adolescents in the age range of 6 to 18 years was close to the 25th percentile or lower, while the median BMI during adolescent years was comparable in boys, but higher than WHO standards in girls, reaching the 75th percentile. The cutoff values of BMI for overweight/obesity status (85th and 95th percentile) were higher by 3-6 kg/m(2) compared to WHO standards. While skin fold thicknesses were also higher in Bahraini adolescents compared to their American counterparts (NHANES II), arm muscularity was substantially lower. CONCLUSIONS Current study findings for BMI as well as skin fold thicknesses suggest an increased trend toward adiposity among Bahraini adolescents, especially in girls, which puts this age group at a high risk of adult obesity and its consequences. A need for urgent intervention programs is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia M Gharib
- Nutrition Section/Public Health Directorate-Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, King Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
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Anthropometric Characteristics of Pakistani School Children Living in Bahrain. J Immigr Minor Health 2009; 11:205-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10903-008-9166-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Musaiger AO, D'Souza R. Anthropometric characteristics of Indian school children living in Bahrain. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2008; 20:293-306. [PMID: 19097568 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A cross-sectional study was carried out among Indian school children residing in Bahrain to assess their physical growth. The total sample of 1,437 Indian school children (718 males and 719 females) aged 6-18 years were selected by a systematic random sampling technique. Anthropometric measurements included measurement of height, weight, mid-arm circumference, biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thickness. RESULTS Median height of the boys was between the 10th and 25th percentile of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) standard growth charts. In girls, the height varied between the 5th and 25th percentile, dipping to nearly the 5th percentile at 14 years. Median weight of the boys fluctuated between the 25th and the 50th percentile of the standard data and in girls, weight fluctuated between the 25th and 50th percentile. Girls had a higher mean body mass index (BMI) and body fat compared with the males at all age groups. The median BMI for both groups was between the 50th and 75th percentile of the standard charts. The median triceps skinfold in males was above the 85th percentile at 17 years, whereas in females, skinfold thickness was steady between the 50th and 85th percentiles of the growth charts. CONCLUSION Compared with their Bahraini counterparts, two distinct growth patterns were evident. When compared with early data, the Indian children were taller and heavier than their Bahraini counterparts. However, comparison with later data showed a reversal, whereby the Bahraini children were taller and heavier with a corresponding higher BMI.
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Ozturk A, Budak N, Cicek B, Mazicioglu MM, Bayram F, Kurtoglu S. Cross-sectional reference values for mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness and arm fat area of Turkish children and adolescents. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2008; 60:267-81. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480701663854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mukuddem-Petersen J, Kruger HS. Association between stunting and overweight among 10-15-y-old children in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA BANA Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:842-51. [PMID: 14758345 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between stunting and overweight among 10-15-y-old children of the North West Province in South Africa. DESIGN A single cross-sectional study design was used. The study formed part of the THUSA BANA project. SUBJECTS The total study population of the THUSA BANA project comprised of 1257 randomly selected subjects, aged 10-15 y. MEASUREMENTS Stunting was described as the height below the 5th percentile for age using the CDC standard percentiles. Furthermore, the definitions of overweight and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used, where the cutoff points for body mass index (BMI) corresponds with the adult BMI of 25 and 30, respectively. Anthropometrical variables namely triceps (TSF) and subscapular skinfolds (SSF), waist circumference, weight, height and BMI of the 10-15-y-old subjects were analysed. RESULTS Stunting was most prevalent in the rural areas (girls 23.7% and boys 26.7%) compared with urban areas (girls 11.6%, boys 17.1%). The odds ratio and the 95% CI for the association between stunting and overweight in boys and girls were 0.45 (CI 0.16, 1.30) and 0.50 (CI 0.21, 1.19) respectively. Stunted children, 10-14-y-old and living in rural areas and informal settlements, had significantly lower mean BMI and skinfold thicknesses than nonstunted children. The mean BMI and sum of TSF and SSF (TSF+SSF) were similar in stunted and nonstunted children living in urban areas. CONCLUSION There is no significant association between stunting and overweight in 10-15-y-old children in the North West Province. However, there is a tendency for girls older than 14 y to start to gain subcutaneous fat, even though at these ages they were still stunted and underweight. Stunted girls in established urban areas had a higher mean TSF+SSF than stunted girls in informal townships. This tendency in urban stunted girls is evident at the onset of menarche and could predict possible problems of overweight as they get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mukuddem-Petersen
- School of Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Science, Potchefstroom University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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Reifen R, Haftel L, Manor G, Sklan D, Edris M, Khoshoo V, Ghebremeskel K. Ethiopian-born and native Israeli school children have different growth patterns. Nutrition 2003; 19:427-31. [PMID: 12714095 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00943-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nutrition status of preschool children in Azezo, North West Ethiopia, and Ethiopian-born and native Israeli children aged 7 to 11 y and 12 to 15 y was studied. The aim of the study was to determine the growth patterns of immigrant children after changes in their nutritional habits. METHODS The Ethiopian-born and native school children were recruited from a caravan-dwelling site and a boarding school and from a town adjacent to the caravan site and a boarding school, respectively. RESULTS Weight for age was lower than -2 standard deviations of the Z score in 40.5%, 55.6%, 31.9%, and 61% of children aged 1 to 24, 25 to 36, 37 to 48, and 49 to 60 mo, respectively. Similarly, 18.9%, 59.3%, 39.1%, and 19.5% of children aged 1 to 24, 25 to 36, 37 to 48, and 49 to 60 mo had a height for age lower than -2 standard deviations of the Z score. The Ethiopian-born boys aged 7 to 11 y had lower body weight (P < 0.03), mean arm muscle circumference, plasma transthyretin and magnesium (P < 0.0001), and higher triceps skinfold thickness (P < 0.01) compared with the controls. Similarly, the Ethiopian-born girls had lower body weight (P < 0.006), weight-to-height ratio (P < 0.02), mean arm muscle circumference and plasma transthyretin, calcium, and magnesium (P < 0.0001), and higher triceps skinfold thickness (P < 0.0001) than their Israeli counterparts. Weight, weight-to-height ratio, mean arm muscle circumference, plasma calcium and magnesium (P < 0.0001), and transthyretin (P < 0.01) were lower and triceps skinfold thickness (P < 0.0001) was higher in the Ethiopian-born boarding school children than in the native Israelis of the same age range. CONCLUSIONS The Azezo study confirmed that malnutrition-induced developmental impairment in preschool children is a major problem in Ethiopia. It is a manifestation of a rural economic and educational poverty and cannot be eradicated by palliative short-term nutritional programs. Although ethnicity and prenatal and postnatal malnutrition may have contributed, an insufficiency or imbalance of vital nutrients appeared to be the determinant factor for the lower relative growth of the Ethiopian-born children. The children from Ethiopia may have a propensity to avoid certain foods because of digestive intolerance or early childhood dietary habituation. Parental financial constraint may have been a factor in the younger group. These findings have implications for nutrition and welfare policies for children emigrating from developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Reifen
- School of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Animal Sciences, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
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