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SARZYNSKI MARKA, RICE TREVAK, DESPRÉS JEANPIERRE, PÉRUSSE LOUIS, TREMBLAY ANGELO, STANFORTH PHILIPR, TCHERNOF ANDRÉ, BARBER JACOBL, FALCIANI FRANCESCO, CLISH CLARY, ROBBINS JEREMYM, GHOSH SUJOY, GERSZTEN ROBERTE, LEON ARTHURS, SKINNER JAMESS, RAO DC, BOUCHARD CLAUDE. The HERITAGE Family Study: A Review of the Effects of Exercise Training on Cardiometabolic Health, with Insights into Molecular Transducers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:S1-S43. [PMID: 35611651 PMCID: PMC9012529 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the HERITAGE Family Study was to investigate individual differences in response to a standardized endurance exercise program, the role of familial aggregation, and the genetics of response levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk factors. Here we summarize the findings and their potential implications for cardiometabolic health and cardiorespiratory fitness. It begins with overviews of background and planning, recruitment, testing and exercise program protocol, quality control measures, and other relevant organizational issues. A summary of findings is then provided on cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise hemodynamics, insulin and glucose metabolism, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, adiposity and abdominal visceral fat, blood levels of steroids and other hormones, markers of oxidative stress, skeletal muscle morphology and metabolic indicators, and resting metabolic rate. These summaries document the extent of the individual differences in response to a standardized and fully monitored endurance exercise program and document the importance of familial aggregation and heritability level for exercise response traits. Findings from genomic markers, muscle gene expression studies, and proteomic and metabolomics explorations are reviewed, along with lessons learned from a bioinformatics-driven analysis pipeline. The new opportunities being pursued in integrative -omics and physiology have extended considerably the expected life of HERITAGE and are being discussed in relation to the original conceptual model of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARK A. SARZYNSKI
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - TREVA K. RICE
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - JEAN-PIERRE DESPRÉS
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
| | - LOUIS PÉRUSSE
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - ANGELO TREMBLAY
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - PHILIP R. STANFORTH
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - ANDRÉ TCHERNOF
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Laval University, Québec, QC, CANADA
- School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, QC, CANADA
| | - JACOB L. BARBER
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - FRANCESCO FALCIANI
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - CLARY CLISH
- Metabolomics Platform, Broad Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - JEREMY M. ROBBINS
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - SUJOY GHOSH
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program and Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, SINGAPORE
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - ROBERT E. GERSZTEN
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - ARTHUR S. LEON
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - D. C. RAO
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - CLAUDE BOUCHARD
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Duello TM, Rivedal S, Wickland C, Weller A. Race and genetics versus 'race' in genetics: A systematic review of the use of African ancestry in genetic studies. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:232-245. [PMID: 34815885 PMCID: PMC8604262 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Social scientists have long understood race to be a social category invented to justify slavery and evolutionary biologists know the socially constructed racial categories do not align with our biological understanding of genetic variation. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 confirmed humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level and there is no genetic basis for race. A systematic review of the PubMed medical literature published since 2003 was conducted to assess the use of African ancestry to denote study populations in genetic studies categorized as clinical trials, to examine the stated rationale for its use and to assess the use of evolutionary principles to explain human genetic diversity. We searched for papers that included the terms 'African', 'African American' or 'Black' in studies of behavior (20 papers), physiological responses, the pharmacokinetics of drugs and/or disease associations (62 papers), and as a genetic category in studies, including the examination of genotypes associated with life stress, pain, stuttering and drug clearance (126 papers). Of these, we identified 74 studies in which self-reported race alone or in combination with admixture mapping was used to define the study population. However, none of these studies provided a genetic explanation for the use of the self-identified race as a genetic category and only seven proffered evolutionary explanations of their data. The concept of continuous genetic variation was not clearly articulated in any of these papers, presumably due to the paucity of evolutionary science in the college and medical school curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Duello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shawna Rivedal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colton Wickland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Annika Weller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Can study of the ADRB3 gene help improve weight loss programs in obese individuals? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 68:66-73. [PMID: 32340905 DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a chronic disease of multifactorial origin characterized by excess weight and excess fat accumulation, and whose etiology includes intrinsic (genetic, physiological, and metabolic) and extrinsic (social and cultural) factors. Fat accumulation is caused by a prolonged imbalance in the energy balance influenced, among other factors, by adaptive thermogenesis, which is triggered by cold environmental conditions, or by hypercaloric intake. Thermogenesis is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system and occurs in the muscle and brown adipose tissue. There are adrenergic receptors in brown adipose tissue, including the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), the main receptor for the regulation of thermogenesis. The presence in heterozygosis of an SNP-type polymorphism in the ADRB3 gene (Trp64Arg; rs4994) is associated with a lower lipolytic activity, a predisposition to obesity, and resistance to weight loss. The objective of this study was to analyze through a systematic review the weight loss program most appropriate for carriers. METHODS A retrospective study of published papers on rs4994 polymorphism in the SNP and PubMed databases was conducted. RESULTS Most published studies suggest the presence of obesity and resistance to weight loss in carriers, and report significant improvements in anthropometric parameters when patients receive fat-rich hypocaloric diets. CONCLUSIONS Based on these conclusions, specific nutritional and physical exercise guidelines are proposed for individuals carrying the Trp64Arg allele.
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Szendrei B, González-Lamuño D, Amigo T, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y, Benito PJ, Gomez-Candela C, Calderón FJ, Cupeiro R. Influence of ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms on body weight and body composition changes after a controlled weight-loss intervention. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:307-14. [PMID: 26888112 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The β-2 and β-3 adrenergic receptors (ADRB2 and ADRB3) are thought to play a role in energy expenditure and lipolysis. However, the effects of the ADRB2 glutamine (Gln) 27 glutamic acid (glutamate) (Glu) and ADRB3 tryptophan (Trp) 64 arginine (Arg) polymorphisms on weight loss remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of these polymorphisms on changes in weight and body composition during a controlled weight-loss program. One hundred seventy-three healthy overweight and obese participants (91 women, 82 men) aged 18-50 years participated in a 22-week-long intervention based on a hypocaloric diet and exercise. They were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: strength, endurance, strength and endurance combined, and physical activity recommendations only. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), and body composition variables were assessed before and after the intervention. Genetic analysis was carried out according to standard protocols. No effect of the ADRB2 gene was shown on final weight, BMI, or body composition, although in the supervised male group, Glu27 carriers tended to have greater weight (p = 0.019, 2.5 kg) and BMI (p = 0.019, 0.88 kg/m(2)) reductions than did noncarriers. There seems to be an individual effect of the ADRB3 polymorphism on fat mass (p = 0.004) and fat percentage (p = 0.036), in addition to an interaction with exercise for fat mass (p = 0.038). After the intervention, carriers of the Arg64 allele had a greater fat mass and fat percentage than did noncarriers (p = 0.004, 2.8 kg). In conclusion, the ADRB2 Gln27Glu and ADRB3 Trp64Arg polymorphisms may influence weight loss and body composition, although the current evidence is weak; however, further studies are necessary to clarify their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szendrei
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- b Laboratory of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain.,c Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cantabria -IDIVAL, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Teresa Amigo
- b Laboratory of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Guan Wang
- d FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Welkin Science Laboratories, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SN, UK
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- d FIMS Reference Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine for Anti-Doping Research, University of Brighton, Welkin Science Laboratories, 30 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne BN20 7SN, UK
| | - Pedro J Benito
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gomez-Candela
- e Nutrition Department, Hospital La Paz Health Research Institute, University Autonoma of Madrid, Paseo de la Castellana, 261.28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Calderón
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- a Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid, Calle Martín Fierro 7. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Danielewicz H. What the Genetic Background of Individuals with Asthma and Obesity Can Reveal: Is β2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphism Important? PEDIATRIC ALLERGY IMMUNOLOGY AND PULMONOLOGY 2014; 27:104-110. [PMID: 25276484 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2014.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this review was to evaluate the association of β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene polymorphisms with asthma and obesity. Asthma is the most common pediatric inflammatory disorder. The prevalence, severity, and hospitalization index for asthma have increased markedly in the last several decades. Interestingly, asthma is often diagnosed along with obesity. Genetic factors are essential for both conditions, and some of the candidate pleiotropic genes thought to be involved in the development of these diseases are ADRB2, vitamin D receptor (VDR), leptin (LEP), protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). The ADRB2 has been studied in multiple populations and more than 80 polymorphisms, mainly single-nucleotide polymorphisms, have been identified. For nonsynonymous Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu, and Thr164Ile, functional effects have been shown. In vivo, these polymorphisms have been evaluated to determine their association with both obesity and asthma, but the results are inconsistent and depend on the population studied or how the disease was defined. Currently, there are only few reports describing the genetic background for the comorbidity of asthma and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Danielewicz
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Allergy and Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University , Wrocław, Poland
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Phares DA, Halverstadt AA, Shuldiner AR, Ferrell RE, Douglass LW, Ryan AS, Goldberg AP, Hagberg JM. Association Between Body Fat Response to Exercise Training and MultilocusADRGenotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:807-15. [PMID: 15166301 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of adrenergic receptor (ADR) gene polymorphisms and their gene-gene interactions to the variability of exercise training-induced body fat response. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES This was an intervention study that used a volunteer sample of 70 healthy, sedentary men (n = 29) and postmenopausal women (n = 41) 50 to 75 years of age, with a BMI < or = 37 kg/m2, from the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. Participants completed 6 weeks of dietary stabilization (American Heart Association diet) before 24 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise training. Diet was maintained throughout the intervention. Change in percent total body fat, percent trunk fat, and fat mass by DXA in ADR genotype groups (Glu12/Glu9 alpha2b-ADR, Trp64Arg beta3-ADR, and Gln27Glu beta2-ADR) at baseline and after 24 weeks of aerobic exercise training was measured. RESULTS In multivariate analysis (covariates: age, gender, and baseline value of phenotype), best fit models for percent total body and trunk fat response to exercise training retained main effects of all three ADR gene loci and the effects of each gene-gene interaction (p = 0.009 and 0.003, respectively). Similarly, there was a trend for the fat mass response model (p = 0.03). The combined genetic factors explained 17.5% of the overall model variability for percent total body fat, 22% for percent trunk fat, and 10% for fat mass. DISCUSSION The body fat response to exercise training in older adults is associated with the combined effects of the Glu12/Glu9 alpha2b-, Trp64Arg beta3-, and Gln27Glu beta2-ADR gene variants and their gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Phares
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2611, USA.
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Tsunekawa K, Yanagawa Y, Aoki T, Morimura T, Araki O, Ogiwara T, Kawai Y, Mitani Y, Lezhava A, Yanagawa M, Hayashizaki Y, Murakami M. Association between accumulation of visceral fat and the combination of β3 adrenergic receptor Trp64Arg, β2 adrenergic receptor Arg16Gly and uncoupling protein 1 -3826A>G polymorphisms detected by Smart Amplification Process 2. Endocr J 2011; 58:1079-86. [PMID: 21959333 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej11-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
β2 and β3 adrenergic receptors (β2AR, β3AR) and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) have been considered as candidate genes for obesity. Although each polymorphism of β3AR Trp64Arg, β2AR Arg16Gly and UCP1 -3826A>G is known to be associated with obesity, the interaction among these polymorphisms is not fully understood. We analyzed β3AR Trp64Arg, β2AR Arg16Gly and UCP1 -3826A>G polymorphisms by the Smart Amplification Process 2 in 222 Japanese subjects without the medication of hypertension, dyslipidemia or diabetes, and investigated the association between the physical and metabolic characteristics and the combination of these polymorphisms. In analysis of the genotypes combination, only the carriers of both β2AR Arg/Arg and UCP1 G/G genotypes had significantly higher waist to hip ratio (p=0.014). In analysis of the alleles combination, a significant difference was observed in waist to hip ratio among the groups stratified by the carrying number of the alleles of β3AR Arg, β2AR Arg and UCP1 G (p=0.026), and the waist to hip ratio was significantly higher in the carriers of four and five risk alleles than in the carriers from zero to three risk alleles (p=0.005). The present study demonstrated the interaction among β3AR Trp64Arg, β2AR Arg16Gly and UCP1 -3826A>G for the accumulation of visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan.
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Lange LA, Norris JM, Langefeld CD, Nicklas BJ, Wagenknecht LE, Saad MF, Bowden DW. Association of adipose tissue deposition and beta-2 adrenergic receptor variants: the IRAS family study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:449-57. [PMID: 15672110 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose tissue distribution (visceral vs subcutaneous) has been shown to be an important predictor of insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, independent of body mass index. The beta-2 adrenergic receptor is a major lipolytic receptor in human fat cells and the gene that codes for this protein is an important candidate gene for measures of adiposity and fat deposition. We examined whether two common polymorphisms in codons 16 (Arg16Gly) and 27 (Gln27Glu) are associated with measures of fat distribution in participants of the IRAS Family Study. METHODS We recruited African-American (AA) and Hispanic-American (HA) families from Los Angeles, CA, USA (18 pedigrees, 272 AA individuals), San Antonio, TX, USA (33 pedigrees, 448 HA individuals) and San Luis Valley, CO, USA (12 pedigrees, 272 HA individuals). We estimated adipose tissue distribution via computed tomography. To test for an association between adiposity measures and these polymorphisms, we used generalized estimating equations, adjusting for age, gender, clinical site (ethnicity), body mass index, and familial correlation. RESULTS Of the 992 individuals genotyped for these polymorphisms, 57% were female and 15% had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The mean age was 42.7+/-14.6 y. The Glu27 allele of the Gln27Glu polymorphism was positively associated with (P-value for recessive model): body mass index (0.025), visceral adipose tissue (<0.0001) and visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose ratio (0.009), but not with subcutaneous adipose tissue (0.952). The Arg16Gly polymorphism was not associated with any of the adiposity measures. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that genetic variation in the beta-2 adrenergic receptor gene influences fat deposition and body size in AAs and HAs. In particular, these results support a role for the gene in the distribution of visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lange
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most pressing problems in the industrialized world. Twin, adoption and family studies have shown that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Rare mutations in humans and model organisms have provided insights into the pathways involved in body weight regulation. Studies of candidate genes indicate that some of the genes involved in pathways regulating energy expenditure and food intake may play a role in the predisposition to obesity. Amongst these genes, sequence variations in the adrenergic receptors, uncoupling proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and the leptin receptor genes are of particular relevance. Results that have been replicated in at least three genome-wide scans suggest that key genes are located on chromosomes 2p, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 10p, 11q, 17p and 20q. We conclude that the currently available evidence suggests four levels of genetic determination of obesity: genetic obesity, strong genetic predisposition, slight genetic predisposition, and genetically resistant. This growing body of research may help in the development of anti-obesity agents and perhaps genetic tests to predict the risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J F Loos
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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