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Shegani A, Kealey S, Luzi F, Basagni F, Machado JDM, Ekici SD, Ferocino A, Gee AD, Bongarzone S. Radiosynthesis, Preclinical, and Clinical Positron Emission Tomography Studies of Carbon-11 Labeled Endogenous and Natural Exogenous Compounds. Chem Rev 2022; 123:105-229. [PMID: 36399832 PMCID: PMC9837829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of positron emission tomography (PET) centers at most major hospitals worldwide, along with the improvement of PET scanner sensitivity and the introduction of total body PET systems, has increased the interest in the PET tracer development using the short-lived radionuclides carbon-11. In the last few decades, methodological improvements and fully automated modules have allowed the development of carbon-11 tracers for clinical use. Radiolabeling natural compounds with carbon-11 by substituting one of the backbone carbons with the radionuclide has provided important information on the biochemistry of the authentic compounds and increased the understanding of their in vivo behavior in healthy and diseased states. The number of endogenous and natural compounds essential for human life is staggering, ranging from simple alcohols to vitamins and peptides. This review collates all the carbon-11 radiolabeled endogenous and natural exogenous compounds synthesised to date, including essential information on their radiochemistry methodologies and preclinical and clinical studies in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Shegani
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kealey
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Luzi
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Filippo Basagni
- Department
of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater
Studiorum−University of Bologna, via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Joana do Mar Machado
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sevban Doğan Ekici
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Ferocino
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, Italian National Research Council, via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antony D. Gee
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,A.G.: email,
| | - Salvatore Bongarzone
- School
of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, King’s Health Partners, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom,S.B.:
email,
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2
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Zlatopolskiy BD, Endepols H, Krasikova RN, Fedorova OS, Ermert J, Neumaier B. 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans as PET-tracers for imaging of altered tryptophan metabolism in age-associated disorders. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ageing of the world’s population is the result of increased life expectancy observed in almost all countries throughout the world. Consequently, a rising tide of ageing-associated disorders, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, represents one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The ability of mankind to overcome these challenges is directly dependent on the capability to develop novel methods for therapy and diagnosis of age-associated diseases. One hallmark of age-related pathologies is an altered tryptophan metabolism. Numerous pathological processes including neurodegenerative and neurological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, cancer and diabetes exhibit marked changes in tryptophan metabolism. Visualization of key processes of tryptophan metabolic pathways, especially using positron emission tomography (PET) and related hybrid methods like PET/CT and PET/MRI, can be exploited to early detect the aforementioned disorders with considerable accuracy, allowing appropriate and timely treatment of patients. Here we review the published 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans with respect to the production and also preclinical and clinical evaluation as PET-tracers for visualization of different branches of tryptophan metabolism.
The bibliography includes 159 references.
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Deen M, Christensen CE, Hougaard A, Hansen HD, Knudsen GM, Ashina M. Serotonergic mechanisms in the migraine brain - a systematic review. Cephalalgia 2016; 37:251-264. [PMID: 27013238 DOI: 10.1177/0333102416640501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Migraine is one of the most common and disabling of all medical conditions, affecting 16% of the general population, causing huge socioeconomic costs globally. Current available treatment options are inadequate. Serotonin is a key molecule in the neurobiology of migraine, but the exact role of brain serotonergic mechanisms remains a matter of controversy. Methods We systematically searched PubMed for studies investigating the serotonergic system in the migraine brain by either molecular neuroimaging or electrophysiological methods. Results The literature search resulted in 59 papers, of which 13 were eligible for review. The reviewed papers collectively support the notion that migraine patients have alterations in serotonergic neurotransmission. Most likely, migraine patients have a low cerebral serotonin level between attacks, which elevates during a migraine attack. Conclusion This review suggests that novel methods of investigating the serotonergic system in the migraine brain are warranted. Uncovering the serotonergic mechanisms in migraine pathophysiology could prove useful for the development of future migraine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Deen
- 1 Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,2 Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Experimental Medicine Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,3 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper Emil Christensen
- 1 Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Anders Hougaard
- 1 Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Hanne Demant Hansen
- 2 Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Experimental Medicine Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Gitte Moos Knudsen
- 2 Neurobiology Research Unit and Center for Experimental Medicine Neuropharmacology, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,3 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- 1 Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, The Neuroscience Centre, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.,3 Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Henrottin J, Zervosen A, Lemaire C, Sapunaric F, Laurent S, Van den Eynde B, Goldman S, Plenevaux A, Luxen A. N (1)-Fluoroalkyltryptophan Analogues: Synthesis and in vitro Study as Potential Substrates for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:260-5. [PMID: 25815143 DOI: 10.1021/ml500385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (hIDO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the indole ring of l-tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway, thereby exerting immunosuppressive properties in inflammatory and tumoral tissues. The syntheses of 1-(2-fluoroethyl)-tryptophan (1-FETrp) and 1-((1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-tryptophan, two N (1)-fluoroalkylated tryptophan derivatives, are described here. In vitro enzymatic assays with these two new potential substrates of hIDO show that 1-FETrp is a good and specific substrate of hIDO. Therefore, its radioactive isotopomer, 1-[(18)F]FETrp, should be a molecule of choice to visualize tumoral and inflammatory tissues and/or to validate new potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Henrottin
- Cyclotron
Research Center, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Macromolécules Biologiques, Center for Protein
Engineering, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Astrid Zervosen
- Cyclotron
Research Center, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Macromolécules Biologiques, Center for Protein
Engineering, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christian Lemaire
- Cyclotron
Research Center, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Macromolécules Biologiques, Center for Protein
Engineering, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Benoit Van den Eynde
- Ludwig
Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- PET/Biomedical
Cyclotron Unit and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alain Plenevaux
- Cyclotron
Research Center, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Macromolécules Biologiques, Center for Protein
Engineering, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- Cyclotron
Research Center, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Macromolécules Biologiques, Center for Protein
Engineering, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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5
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Cumming P. Measuring effects of MDMA (ecstasy) abuse on the rate of cerebral serotonin synthesis. J Neurochem 2014; 131:541-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; FAU; Erlangen/Nürnberg Germany
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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6
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Booij L, Soucy JP, Young SN, Regoli M, Gravel P, Diksic M, Leyton M, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C. Brain serotonin synthesis in MDMA (ecstasy) polydrug users: an alpha-[11
C]methyl-l
-tryptophan study. J Neurochem 2014; 131:634-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Booij
- Department of Psychology; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center; University of Montreal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Soucy
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Simon N. Young
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Martine Regoli
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Paul Gravel
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mirko Diksic
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Robert O. Pihl
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Psychology; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre; Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
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7
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Booij L, Turecki G, Leyton M, Gravel P, Lopez De Lara C, Diksic M, Benkelfat C. Tryptophan hydroxylase(2) gene polymorphisms predict brain serotonin synthesis in the orbitofrontal cortex in humans. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:809-17. [PMID: 21747395 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Brain regional serotonin synthesis can be estimated in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) and α-[((11))C]methyl-L-tryptophan ((11)C-AMT) trapping (K*) as a proxy. Recently, we reported evidence of lower normalized (11)C-AMT trapping in the orbitofrontal cortex (OBFC) of subjects meeting the criteria for an impulsive and/or aggressive behavioral phenotype. In this study, we examined whether part of the variance in OBFC serotonin synthesis is related to polymorphisms of the gene that encodes for the indoleamine's rate-limiting enzyme in the brain, tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH(2)). In all, 46 healthy controls had PET (11)C-AMT scans and were genotyped for 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed across the TPH(2) gene and its 5' upstream region. Several TPH(2) SNPs were associated with lower normalized blood-to-brain clearance of (11)C-AMT in the OBFC. Dose-effect relationships were found for two variants (rs6582071 and rs4641527, respectively, located in the 5' upstream region and intron 1) that have previously been associated with suicide. Associations in the OBFC remained statistically significant in a mixed larger sample of patients and controls. These results suggest that in humans, genetic factors might partly account for variations in serotonin synthesis in the OBFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Paterson LM, Kornum BR, Nutt DJ, Pike VW, Knudsen GM. 5-HT radioligands for human brain imaging with PET and SPECT. Med Res Rev 2011; 33:54-111. [PMID: 21674551 DOI: 10.1002/med.20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system plays a key modulatory role in the brain and is the target for many drug treatments for brain disorders either through reuptake blockade or via interactions at the 14 subtypes of 5-HT receptors. This review provides the history and current status of radioligands used for positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) imaging of human brain serotonin (5-HT) receptors, the 5-HT transporter (SERT), and 5-HT synthesis rate. Currently available radioligands for in vivo brain imaging of the 5-HT system in humans include antagonists for the 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B), 5-HT(2A), and 5-HT(4) receptors, and for SERT. Here we describe the evolution of these radioligands, along with the attempts made to develop radioligands for additional serotonergic targets. We describe the properties needed for a radioligand to become successful and the main caveats. The success of a PET or SPECT radioligand can ultimately be assessed by its frequency of use, its utility in humans, and the number of research sites using it relative to its invention date, and so these aspects are also covered. In conclusion, the development of PET and SPECT radioligands to image serotonergic targets is of high interest, and successful evaluation in humans is leading to invaluable insight into normal and abnormal brain function, emphasizing the need for continued development of both SPECT and PET radioligands for human brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Paterson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
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Berney A, Leyton M, Gravel P, Sibon I, Sookman D, Rosa Neto P, Diksic M, Nakai A, Pinard G, Todorov C, Okazawa H, Blier P, Nordahl TE, Benkelfat C. Brain regional α-[11C]methyl-L-tryptophan trapping in medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 68:732-41. [PMID: 21383250 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The hypothesis of a serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) stems largely from the clinical efficacy of 5-HT reuptake inhibitors. Serotonergic abnormalities in the unmedicated symptomatic state, however, remain to be fully characterized. OBJECTIVE To investigate brain regional 5-HT synthesis, as indexed by positron emission tomography and the α-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan trapping constant (K*), in treatment-free adults meeting criteria for OCD. DESIGN Between-group comparison. SETTING Department of Psychiatry and Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, and Department of Psychology, McGill University Health Centre, Quebec, Canada. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-one medication-free patients with OCD (15 men with a mean [SD] age of 33.2 [9.3] years and 6 women with a mean [SD] age of 35.8 [7.1] years) and 21 healthy controls matched for age and sex (15 men with a mean [SD] age of 32.9 [10.1] years and 6 women with a mean [SD] age of 36.5.5 [8.6] years). Main Outcome Measure The α-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan brain trapping constant K*, which was analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM8) and with proportional normalization (extent threshold of 100 voxels with a peak threshold of P ≤ .005). RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the patients with OCD exhibited significantly greater α-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan trapping in the right hippocampus and left temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 20). In the larger subsample of all men, these same differences were also evident, as well as higher K* values in the caudate nucleus. Individual differences in symptom severity correlated positively with K* values sampled from the caudate and temporal lobe of the patients with OCD, respectively. There were no regions where the patients exhibited abnormally low K* values. Volumetric analyses found no morphometric alterations that would account for the group differences. CONCLUSION The results support previous reports of greater striatal and temporal lobe activity in patients with OCD than in healthy controls and suggest that these disturbances include a serotonergic component. Previously reported glucose metabolic disturbances in OCD involving the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, in comparison, might reflect postsynaptic changes in the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Berney
- DERBH, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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Measuring serotonin synthesis: from conventional methods to PET tracers and their (pre)clinical implications. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 38:576-91. [PMID: 21113591 PMCID: PMC3034914 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1663-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system of the brain is complex, with an extensive innervation pattern covering all brain regions and endowed with at least 15 different receptors (each with their particular distribution patterns), specific reuptake mechanisms and synthetic processes. Many aspects of the functioning of the serotonergic system are still unclear, partially because of the difficulty of measuring physiological processes in the living brain. In this review we give an overview of the conventional methods of measuring serotonin synthesis and methods using positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, more specifically with respect to serotonergic function in affective disorders. Conventional methods are invasive and do not directly measure synthesis rates. Although they may give insight into turnover rates, a more direct measurement may be preferred. PET is a noninvasive technique which can trace metabolic processes, like serotonin synthesis. Tracers developed for this purpose are α-[11C]methyltryptophan ([11C]AMT) and 5-hydroxy-L-[β-11C]tryptophan ([11C]5-HTP). Both tracers have advantages and disadvantages. [11C]AMT can enter the kynurenine pathway under inflammatory conditions (and thus provide a false signal), but this tracer has been used in many studies leading to novel insights regarding antidepressant action. [11C]5-HTP is difficult to produce, but trapping of this compound may better represent serotonin synthesis. AMT and 5-HTP kinetics are differently affected by tryptophan depletion and changes of mood. This may indicate that both tracers are associated with different enzymatic processes. In conclusion, PET with radiolabelled substrates for the serotonergic pathway is the only direct way to detect changes of serotonin synthesis in the living brain.
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Booij L, Tremblay RE, Leyton M, Séguin JR, Vitaro F, Gravel P, Perreau-Linck E, Lévesque ML, Durand F, Diksic M, Turecki G, Benkelfat C. Brain serotonin synthesis in adult males characterized by physical aggression during childhood: a 21-year longitudinal study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11255. [PMID: 20582306 PMCID: PMC2889822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults exhibiting severe impulsive and aggressive behaviors have multiple indices of low serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. It remains unclear though whether low 5-HT mediates the behavior or instead reflects a pre-existing vulnerability trait. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study, positron emission tomography with the tracer alpha-[(11)C]methyl-L-tryptophan ((11)C-AMT) was used to compare 5-HT synthesis capacity in two groups of adult males from a 21-year longitudinal study (mean age +/- SD: 27.1+/-0.7): individuals with a history of childhood-limited high physical aggression (C-LHPA; N = 8) and individuals with normal (low) patterns of physical aggression (LPA; N = 18). The C-LHPA males had significantly lower trapping of (11)C-AMT bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex and self-reported more impulsiveness. Despite this, in adulthood there were no group differences in plasma tryptophan levels, genotyping, aggression, emotional intelligence, working memory, computerized measures of impulsivity, psychosocial functioning/adjustment, and personal and family history of mood and substance abuse disorders. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results force a re-examination of the low 5-HT hypothesis as central in the biology of violence. They suggest that low 5-HT does not mediate current behavior and should be considered a vulnerability factor for impulsive-aggressive behavior that may or may not be expressed depending on other biological factors, experience, and environmental support during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard E. Tremblay
- Departments of Psychology and Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- School of Public Health and Population Sciences, University College, Dublin, Ireland
- INSERM U669, Paris, France
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marco Leyton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean R. Séguin
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
- School of Psycho-Education, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Paul Gravel
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | - France Durand
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mirko Diksic
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Chawki Benkelfat
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Basics and principles of radiopharmaceuticals for PET/CT. Eur J Radiol 2010; 73:461-9. [PMID: 20181453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The presented review provides general background on PET radiopharmaceuticals for oncological applications. Special emphasis is put on radiopharmacological, radiochemical and regulatory aspects. This review is not meant to give details on all different PET tracers in depth but to provide insights into the general principles coming along with their preparation and use. The PET tracer plays a pivotal role because it provides the basis both for image quality and clinical interpretation. It is composed of the radionuclide (signaller) and the molecular vehicle which determines the (bio-)chemical properties (e.g. binding characteristics, metabolism, elimination rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wadsak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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13
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Frey BN, Rosa-Neto P, Lubarsky S, Diksic M. Correlation between serotonin synthesis and 5-HT1A receptor binding in the living human brain: A combined α-[11C]MT and [18F]MPPF positron emission tomography study. Neuroimage 2008; 42:850-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
A review of recent advances in brain imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) is presented in this article. Some properties of the high-resolution research tomograph are described as examples of state-of-the-art PET instrumentation. A summary of current research topics in image reconstruction and quantification is given, with emphasis on the requirements of brain dynamic imaging. A brief overview of image analysis methods is presented, together with some examples of the contributions of quantitative PET imaging to the current understanding of brain function and disease. PET findings must be evaluated in the context of clinical observations and complemented by other imaging modalities whenever possible to ensure a proper interpretation of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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