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Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Dougherty R, Vakili S, Ferraro AM, Kuo LW, Alobaidi R, Aljehane L, Gaur A, Sykora P, Glasgow E, Agarwal S, Rosenthal DS. CRISPR-Cas9 Knockdown and Induced Expression of CD133 Reveal Essential Roles in Melanoma Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101490. [PMID: 31623313 PMCID: PMC6827046 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD133, known as prominin1, is a penta-span transmembrane glycoprotein presumably a cancer stem cell marker for carcinomas, glioblastomas, and melanomas. We showed that CD133(+) ‘melanoma-initiating cells’ are associated with chemoresistance, contributing to poor patient outcome. The current study investigates the role(s) of CD133 in invasion and metastasis. Magnetic-activated cell sorting of a melanoma cell line (BAKP) followed by transwell invasion assays revealed that CD133(+) cells are significantly more invasive than CD133(−) cells. Conditional reprogramming of BAKP CD133(+) cells maintained stable CD133 overexpression (BAK-R), and induced cancer stem cell markers, melanosphere formation, and chemoresistance to kinase inhibitors. BAK-R cells showed upregulated CD133 expression, and consequently were more invasive and metastatic than BAK-P cells in transwell and zebrafish assays. CD133 knockdown by siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 (BAK-R-T3) in BAK-R cells reduced invasion and levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2/MMP9. BAK-R-SC cells, but not BAK-R-T3, were metastatic in zebrafish. While CD133 knockdown by siRNA or CRISPR-Cas9 in BAK-P cells attenuated invasion and diminished MMP2/MMP9 levels, doxycycline-induced CD133 expression in BAK-P cells enhanced invasion and MMP2/MMP9 concentrations. CD133 may therefore play an essential role in invasion and metastasis via upregulation of MMP2/MMP9, leading to tumor progression, and represents an attractive target for intervention in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Ryan Dougherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Sahar Vakili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Alexandra M Ferraro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Ryyan Alobaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Leala Aljehane
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Anirudh Gaur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | | | - Eric Glasgow
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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2
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CD133 Is Associated with Increased Melanoma Cell Survival after Multikinase Inhibition. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6486173. [PMID: 31379943 PMCID: PMC6662463 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6486173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
FDA-approved kinase inhibitors are now used for melanoma, including combinations of the MEK inhibitor trametinib, and BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib for BRAFV600 mutations. NRAS-mutated cell lines are also sensitive to MEK inhibition in vitro, and NRAS-mutated tumors have also shown partial response to MEK inhibitors. However, melanoma still has high recurrence rates due to subpopulations, sometimes described as “melanoma initiating cells,” resistant to treatment. Since CD133 is a putative cancer stem cell marker for different cancers, associated with decreased survival, we examined resistance of patient-derived CD133(+) and CD133(-) melanoma cells to MAPK inhibitors. Human melanoma cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of trametinib and/or dabrafenib, either before or after separation into CD133(+) and CD133(-) subpopulations. In parental CD133-mixed lines, the percentages of CD133(+) cells increased significantly (p<0.05) after high-dose drug treatment. Presorted CD133(+) cells also exhibited significantly greater (p<0.05) IC50s for single and combination MAPKI treatment. siRNA knockdown revealed a causal relationship between CD133 and drug resistance. Microarray and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that ten of 18 ABC transporter genes were significantly (P<0.05) upregulated in the CD133(+) subpopulation, while inhibition of ABC activity increased sensitivity, suggesting a mechanism for increased drug resistance of CD133(+) cells.
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Tsoneva D, Minev B, Frentzen A, Zhang Q, Wege AK, Szalay AA. Humanized Mice with Subcutaneous Human Solid Tumors for Immune Response Analysis of Vaccinia Virus-Mediated Oncolysis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2017; 5:41-61. [PMID: 28480327 PMCID: PMC5415323 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy is an alternative cancer treatment modality that mediates targeted tumor destruction through a tumor-selective replication and an induction of anti-tumor immunity. We developed a humanized tumor mouse model with subcutaneous human tumors to analyze the interactions of VACV with the developing tumors and human immune system. A successful systemic reconstitution with human immune cells including functional T cells as well as development of tumors infiltrated with human T and natural killer (NK) cells was observed. We also demonstrated successful in vivo colonization of such tumors with systemically administered VACVs. Further, a new recombinant GLV-1h376 VACV encoding for a secreted human CTLA4-blocking single-chain antibody (CTLA4 scAb) was tested. Surprisingly, although proving CTLA4 scAb's in vitro binding ability and functionality in cell culture, beside the significant increase of CD56bright NK cell subset, GLV-1h376 was not able to increase cytotoxic T or overall NK cell levels at the tumor site. Importantly, the virus-encoded β-glucuronidase as a measure of viral titer and CTLA4 scAb amount was demonstrated. Therefore, studies in our "patient-like" humanized tumor mouse model allow the exploration of newly designed therapy strategies considering the complex relationships between the developing tumor, the oncolytic virus, and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desislava Tsoneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Boris Minev
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Alexa Frentzen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Anja K Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.,Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA.,Rudolph Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Wuerzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin is the most aggressive human cancer given that a primary tumor a few millimeters in diameter frequently has full metastatic competence. In view of that, revealing the genetic background of this potential may also help to better understand tumor dissemination in general. Genomic analyses have established the molecular classification of melanoma based on the most frequent driver oncogenic mutations (BRAF, NRAS, KIT) and have also revealed a long list of rare events, including mutations and amplifications as well as genetic microheterogeneity. At the moment, it is unclear whether any of these rare events have role in the metastasis initiation process since the major drivers do not have such a role. During lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination, the clonal selection process is evidently reflected by differences in oncogenic drivers in the metastases versus the primary tumor. Clonal selection is also evident during lymphatic progression, though the genetic background of this immunoselection is less clear. Genomic analyses of metastases identified further genetic alterations, some of which may correspond to metastasis maintenance genes. The natural genetic progression of melanoma can be modified by targeted (BRAF or MEK inhibitor) or immunotherapies. Some of the rare events in primary tumors may result in primary resistance, while further new genetic lesions develop during the acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapies. Only a few genetic lesions of the primary tumor are constant during natural or therapy-modulated progression. EGFR4 and NMDAR2 mutations, MITF and MET amplifications and PTEN loss can be considered as metastasis drivers. Furthermore, BRAF and MITF amplifications as well as PTEN loss are also responsible for resistance to targeted therapies, whereas NRAS mutation is the only founder genetic lesion showing any association with sensitivity to immunotherapies. Unfortunately, there are hardly any data on the possible organ-specific metastatic drivers in melanoma. These observations suggest that clinical management of melanoma patients must rely on the genetic analysis of the metastatic lesions to be able to monitor progression-associated changes and to personalize therapies.
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Tlholoe MM, Khammissa RAG, Bouckaert M, Altini M, Lemmer J, Feller L. Oral mucosal melanoma: some pathobiological considerations and an illustrative report of a case. Head Neck Pathol 2015; 9:127-34. [PMID: 24496654 PMCID: PMC4382483 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosal melanoma is a relatively rare malignancy with an aggressive clinico-pathological behaviour. The mean 5-year survival rate is about 15 %. It arises primarily from melanocytes found in the basal cell layer of the epithelium, but may sometimes arise from melanocytes residing in the lamina propria. The pathogenesis is complex, and few of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of oral mucosal melanoma have been defined. The extraneous risk factors associated with oral mucosal melanoma, if any, are unknown. Oral mucosal melanomas account for about 25 % of all mucosal melanomas of the head and neck, and exhibit a profile of cytogenetic alterations, and a pathobiological behaviour and clinical course different from that of cutaneous melanomas. As they are usually painless and grow quickly, as a rule, they are diagnosed late in the course of the disease when the lesions are already large and have metastasized to regional lymph nodes. In this paper we discuss some aspects of the pathobiology of oral mucosal melanoma, and present an illustrative case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Tlholoe
- />Department of Maxillofacial Oral Surgery, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - R. A. G. Khammissa
- />Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. Bouckaert
- />Department of Maxillofacial Oral Surgery, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M. Altini
- />Department of Pathology, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J. Lemmer
- />Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L. Feller
- />Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, University of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus, Pretoria, South Africa
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6
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Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns-Lê T, Delvenne P, Piérard GE. Dormancy of growth-stunted malignant melanoma: sustainable and smoldering patterns. Oncol Rev 2014; 8:252. [PMID: 25992239 PMCID: PMC4419647 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2014.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The presentations of primary and metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) are very diverse. Evidence increasingly indicates that single CMM cells spread to distant sites quite early during cancer progression and are soon eliminated before they become clinically detectable. However bulky metastases which appear at a later stage might derive from some of these early neoplastic cells. It seems that local CMM single cell micro-metastases commonly predict sentinel lymph node involvement without overtly reflecting CMM progression to bulky visceral metastases. This study is intended to review the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two CMM presentations. The first is the long interval, apparently disease-free, with persistent CMM dormancy, which may precede overt metastatic growth. Immunosurveillance may induce dormancy in single CMM cells disseminated in the body by blocking their proliferation cycle. The second is the so-called CMM smoldering phenomenon, which is marked by an alternate progression and regression of CMM locally with metastases that wax and wane for long periods of time over restricted skin areas. These very diverse patterns of CMM progression are likely to be ascribable to a number of biological factors, including the activation of CMM stem cells, and the combined phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in proliferative amplification in CMM cell clusters. Furthermore an adequate stimulation of CMM immune-surveillance and the induction of a specific stromal structure and vascular response are required. In this context, most early CMM tumors are in part controlled by lymphocyte-mediated responses before they become clinically detectable. However both the role of immune-surveillance and the mechanisms underlying both persistent and smoldering CMM dormancy remain unclear.
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7
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Zbytek B, Carlson JA, Granese J, Ross J, Mihm MC, Slominski A. Current concepts of metastasis in melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:569-585. [PMID: 19649148 DOI: 10.1586/17469872.3.5.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main cause of death in melanoma patients is widespread metastases. Staging of melanoma is based on the primary tumor thickness, ulceration, lymph node and distant metastases. Metastases develop in regional lymph nodes, as satellite or in-transit lesions, or in distant organs. Lymph flow and chemotaxis is responsible for the homing of melanoma cells to different sites. Standard pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes fails to find occult melanoma in a significant proportion of cases. Detection of small numbers of malignant melanoma cells in these and other sites, such as adjacent to the primary site, bone marrow or the systemic circulation, may be enhanced by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription PCR, evaluation of lymphatic vessel invasion and proteomics. In the organs to which melanoma cells metastasize, extravasation of melanoma cells is regulated by adhesion molecules, matrix metalloproteases, chemokines and growth factors. Melanoma cells may travel along external vessel lattices. After settling in the metastatic sites, melanoma cells develop mechanisms that protect them against the attack of the immune system. It is thought that one of the reasons why melanoma cells are especially resistant to killing is the fact that melanocytes (cells from which melanoma cells derive) are resistant to such noxious factors as ultraviolet light and reactive oxygen species. Targeted melanoma therapies are, so far, largely unsuccessful, and new ones, such as adjuvant inhibition of melanogenesis, are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blazej Zbytek
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA, Tel.: +1 901 448 6300, ,
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8
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Pos Z, Spivey TL, Liu H, Sommariva M, Chen J, Wunderlich JR, Parisi G, Tomei S, Ayotte BD, Stroncek DF, Malek JA, Robbins PF, Rivoltini L, Maio M, Chouchane L, Wang E, Marincola FM. Longitudinal study of recurrent metastatic melanoma cell lines underscores the individuality of cancer biology. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:1389-1396. [PMID: 24270663 PMCID: PMC3989423 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent metastatic melanoma provides a unique opportunity to analyze disease evolution in metastatic cancer. Here, we followed up eight patients with an unusually prolonged history of metastatic melanoma, who developed a total of 26 recurrences over several years. Cell lines derived from each metastasis were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization and global transcript analysis. We observed that conserved, patient-specific characteristics remain stable in recurrent metastatic melanoma even after years and several recurrences. Differences among individual patients exceeded within-patient lesion variability, both at the DNA copy number (P<0.001) and RNA gene expression level (P<0.001). Conserved patient-specific traits included expression of several cancer/testis antigens and the c-kit proto-oncogene throughout multiple recurrences. Interestingly, subsequent recurrences of different patients did not display consistent or convergent changes toward a more aggressive disease phenotype. Finally, sequential recurrences of the same patient did not descend progressively from each other, as irreversible mutations such as homozygous deletions were frequently not inherited from previous metastases. This study suggests that the late evolution of metastatic melanoma, which markedly turns an indolent disease into a lethal phase, is prone to preserve case-specific traits over multiple recurrences and occurs through a series of random events that do not follow a consistent stepwise process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Pos
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University "Lendület" Experimental and Translational Immunomics Research Group, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Genetics, Cell, and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tara L Spivey
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of General Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele Sommariva
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John R Wunderlich
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giulia Parisi
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sara Tomei
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ben D Ayotte
- Department of Biology, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel A Malek
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul F Robbins
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Lotfi Chouchane
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar.
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9
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El-Khattouti A, Selimovic D, Haïkel Y, Megahed M, Gomez CR, Hassan M. Identification and analysis of CD133(+) melanoma stem-like cells conferring resistance to taxol: An insight into the mechanisms of their resistance and response. Cancer Lett 2013; 343:123-33. [PMID: 24080340 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence and the involvement of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in tumor initiation and progression, and chemo-resistance are documented. Herein, we functionally analyzed melanoma stem-like cells (MSC)/CD133(+) cells on their resistance and response to taxol-induced apoptosis. Besides being taxol resistant, the CD133(+) cells demonstrated a growth advantage over the CD133(-) subpopulation. Taxol induced apoptosis on CD133(-) cells, but not on CD133(+) cells. In the CD133(-) subpopulation, the exposure to taxol induced the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase1 (ASK1)/c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and Bax expression, while in CD133(+) cells taxol was able only to enhance the activity of the ERK pathway. In CD133(+) cells, the direct gene transfer of Bax overcame the acquired resistance to taxol. Taken together, our data provide an insight into the mechanistic cascade of melanoma resistance to taxol and suggest Bax gene transfer as a complementary approach to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haïkel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian R Gomez
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 977, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
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Metastatic Lesions with and without Interleukin-18–Dependent Genes in Advanced-Stage Melanoma Patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:69-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Reinboth J, Ascierto ML, Chen NG, Zhang Q, Yu YA, Aguilar RJ, Carretero R, Worschech A, Zhao Y, Wang E, Marincola FM, Szalay AA. Correlates between host and viral transcriptional program associated with different oncolytic vaccinia virus isolates. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012; 23:285-96. [PMID: 23131031 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2012.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has emerged as an attractive tool in oncolytic virotherapy. VACV replication efficiency plays a crucial role in the therapeutic outcome. However, little is known about the influence of host factors on viral replication efficiency and permissiveness of a host cell line to infection and oncolysis. In this study, replication of the attenuated VACV GLV-1h68 strain and three wild-type VACV isolates was determined in two autologous human melanoma cell lines (888-MEL and 1936-MEL). Host gene expression and viral gene expression in infected cells were evaluated via respective expression array platforms. Microarray analyses followed by sequential statistical approaches characterized human genes that change specifically due to virus infection. Viral gene transcription correlated with viral replication in a time-dependent manner. A set of human genes revealed strong correlations with the respective viral gene expression. Finally we identified a set of human genes with possible predictive value for viral replication in an independent dataset. The results demonstrate a probable correlation between viral replication, early gene expression, and the respective host response, and thus a possible involvement of human host factors in viral early replication. The characterization of human target genes that influence viral replication could help answer the question of host cell permissiveness to oncolytic virotherapy and provide important information for the development of novel recombinant vaccinia viruses with improved features to enhance replication rate and hence trigger therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Reinboth
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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12
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Diagnostic role of chromosomal instability in melanoma. J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012:914267. [PMID: 23125934 PMCID: PMC3483783 DOI: 10.1155/2012/914267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis gives melanoma patients the best chance for long term survival. However discrimination of an early melanoma from an unusual/atypical benign nevus can represent a significant challenge. There are no current pathological markers to definitively define malignant potential in these indeterminate lesions. Thus, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of cancer and is markedly prevalent in melanoma. Advances in genomics have opened the door for the development of molecular tools to better segregate benign and malignant lesions. This paper focuses on CIN in melanoma and the role of current diagnostic approaches.
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13
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Reinboth J, Ascierto ML, Chen NG, Zhang Q, Yu YA, Aguilar RJ, Carretero R, Worschech A, Zhao Y, Wang E, Marincola FM, Szalay AA. Correlates between host and viral transcriptional program associated with different oncolytic vaccinia virus isolates. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2012.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Bell RE, Levy C. The three M's: melanoma, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and microRNA. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 24:1088-106. [PMID: 22004179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies examining intratumor heterogeneity have indicated that several cancer types, including melanoma, can display phenotypic plasticity, corresponding to their capacity to undergo transient reversible cellular changes. Conceptual models constructed to explain the process of cancer propagation differ in their treatment of intratumor heterogeneity. Recent observations of reversible phenotypic heterogeneity in melanoma have led to the proposal of a novel 'phenotypic plasticity' model of cancer propagation. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), the melanocyte 'lineage-specific' transcription factor, has emerged as one of the central players in melanoma phenotypic plasticity. Here we discuss the conceptual models suggested to explain the relations between MITF and melanoma plasticity, in addition to the complex regulatory roles that MITF plays in melanocytes and melanoma development. Finally, we provide an in-depth literature survey of microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in MITF activity, melanoma propagation and metastasis, in addition to their potential use as agents of personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Bell
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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15
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Wang E, Tomei S, Marincola FM. Reflections upon human cancer immune responsiveness to T cell-based therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:761-70. [PMID: 22576055 PMCID: PMC3362724 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated rejection of human cancer is a relatively rare but well-documented phenomenon. Its rate of occurrence progressively increases from the occasional observation of spontaneous regressions to the high rate of complete remissions observed in response to effective treatments. For two decades, our group has focused its interest in understanding this phenomenon by studying humans following an inductive approach. Sticking to a sequential logic, we dissected the phenomenon by studying to the best of our capability both peripheral and tumor samples and reached the conclusion that immune-mediated cancer rejection is a facet of autoimmunity where the target tissue is the cancer itself. As we are currently defining the strategy to effectively identify the mechanisms leading in individual patients to rejection of their own tumors, we considered useful to summarize the thought process that guided us to our own interpretation of the mechanisms of immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Room 1C711, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Sara Tomei
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Room 1C711, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Room 1C711, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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16
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Extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells and melanoma. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:407079. [PMID: 22666269 PMCID: PMC3359770 DOI: 10.1155/2012/407079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) persist after birth in the superficial nerve sheath of peripheral nerves and give rise to migratory melanocyte precursors when replacements for epidermal melanocytes are needed on the basal epidermal layer of the skin. If a damaged MSC or melanocyte precursor can be shown to be the primary origin of melanoma, targeted identification and eradication of it by antibody-based therapies will be the best method to treat melanoma and a very effective way to prevent its recurrence. Transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in MSC self-renewal, expansion and differentiation are reviewed. A model is presented to show how the detrimental effects of long-term UVA/UVB radiation on DNA and repair mechanisms in MSCs convert them to melanoma stem cells. Zebrafish have many advantages for investigating the role of MSCs in the development of melanoma. The signaling pathways regulating the development of MSCs in zebrafish are very similar to those found in humans and mice. The ability to easily manipulate the MSC population makes zebrafish an excellent model for studying how damage to MSCs may lead to melanoma.
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17
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Duesberg P, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Brosnan JA, McCormack A, Mandrioli D, Chen L. Origin of metastases: subspecies of cancers generated by intrinsic karyotypic variations. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:1151-66. [PMID: 22377695 DOI: 10.4161/cc.11.6.19580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional mutation theories do not explain (1) why the karyotypes of metastases are related to those of parental cancers but not to those of metastases of other cancers and (2) why cancers metastasize at rates that often far exceed those of conventional mutations. To answer these questions, we advance here the theory that metastases are autonomous subspecies of cancers, rather than mutations. Since cancers are species with intrinsically flexible karyotypes, they can generate new subspecies by spontaneous karyotypic rearrangements. This phylogenetic theory predicts that metastases are karyotypically related to parental cancers but not to others. Testing these predictions on metastases from two pancreatic cancers, we found: (1) Metastases had individual karyotypes and phenotypes. The karyotypes of metastases were related to, but different from, those of parental cancers in 11 out of 37 and 26 out of 49 parental chromosomal units. Chromosomal units are defined as intact chromosomes with cancer-specific copy numbers and marker chromosomes that are > 50% clonal. (2) Metastases from the two different cancers did not share chromosomal units. Testing the view that multi-chromosomal rearrangements occur simultaneously in cancers, as opposed to sequentially, we found spontaneous non-clonal rearrangements with as many new chromosomal units as in authentic metastases. We conclude that metastases are individual autonomous species differing from each other and parental cancers in species-specific karyotypes and phenotypes. They are generated from parental cancers by multiple simultaneous karyotypic rearrangements, much like new species. The species-specific individualities of metastases explain why so many searches for commonalities have been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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18
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Piérard GE. Cell proliferation in cutaneous malignant melanoma: relationship with neoplastic progression. ISRN DERMATOLOGY 2012; 2012:828146. [PMID: 22363864 PMCID: PMC3265211 DOI: 10.5402/2012/828146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of the diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) always calls for histopathological confirmation. Further to the recognition of the CMM aspects, immunohistochemistry is helpful, in particular, in determining the size of the replicative compartment and the activity in each of the cell cycle phases (G(1), S, G(2), M). The involvement of cancer stem cells and transient amplifier cells in CMM genesis is beyond doubt. The proliferation activity is indicative of the neoplastic progression and is often related to the clinical growth rate of the neoplasm. It allows to distinguish high-risk CMM commonly showing a high growth rate, from those CMMs of lower malignancy associated with a more limited growth rate. The recruitment and progression of CMM cells in the cell cycle of proliferation depend on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and result from a loss of control normally involving a series of key regulatory cyclins. In addition, the apoptotic pathways potentially counteracting any excess in proliferative activity are out of the dependency of specific regulatory molecular mechanisms. Key molecular components involved in the deregulation of the growth fraction, the cell cycle phases of proliferation, and apoptosis are presently described in CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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19
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Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Reginster MA, Quatresooz P. Smouldering malignant melanoma and metastatic dormancy: an update and review. Dermatol Res Pract 2011; 2012:461278. [PMID: 22110487 PMCID: PMC3216350 DOI: 10.1155/2012/461278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fund of knowledge regarding the versatility of presentation of MM metastases is still quite incomplete. The recent literature pertaining to the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying two special features of MM metastasis is reviewed. On the one hand, a long disease-free interval (MM dormancy) may occur before the surge of overt metastases. On the other hand, the so-called MM smouldering phenomenon refers to the condition where regional metastases wax and wane for long periods of time on restricted skin regions. It is important to emphasize that local micrometastases often predict sentinel lymph node involvement but may not reflect progression of the primary MM to full-blown visceral metastatic competence. It is likely that a combination of factors impacts the versatile MM metastasic progression. Among the main factors, one has to mention the phenotypic heterogeneity and variability in the phenotype of MM cells, the presence of MM stem cells and MM cells engaged in an amplification proliferation pool, as well as the host immune response, and possibly the induction of a particular stromal structure and vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald E. Piérard
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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20
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) micrometastases are basically seen in three locations inside the peritumoral dermis. They are localized (i) inside the interstitial sector of the dermal stroma; (ii) abutted to the external surface of the microvasculature; and (iii) more rarely present inside vascular channels. Single-cell and paucicellular micrometastases may be disclosed using immunohistochemistry even in the absence of larger microsatellites, which represent micronodular nests of metastatic cells. The presence of microsatellites is frequently tied to markers of MM aggressiveness including thickness and the Ki-67 index. Micrometastases may be present in the same conditions, but even as early as thin MM showing a small growth fraction. Microsatellites as well as micrometastases appear to predict locoregional extension and decreased relapse-free interval, but not distant metastasis and overall survival. These considerations have implications for patient care since patients with microsatellites and micrometastases are now included in the clinical stage III category of the disease. Their implication as a prognostic factor is not fully dependent on or linked to other markers of MM aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Quatresooz
- Department of Dermatopathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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21
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Yaguchi T, Sumimoto H, Kudo-Saito C, Tsukamoto N, Ueda R, Iwata-Kajihara T, Nishio H, Kawamura N, Kawakami Y. The mechanisms of cancer immunoescape and development of overcoming strategies. Int J Hematol 2011; 93:294-300. [PMID: 21374075 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-induced immunosuppression is a major problem as it reduces the anti-tumor effects of immunotherapies. In cancer tissues, cancer cells, immune cells, and other stromal cells interact and create an immunosuppressive microenvironment through a variety of immunosuppressive factors. Some cancer subpopulations such as cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem-like cells have immunosuppressive and immunoresistant properties. The production of immunosuppressive factors by cancer cells is mechanistically attributed to oncogenic signals frequently activated in cancer cells, including the STAT3, MAPK, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin signals, which are upstream events leading to immunosuppressive cascades. Moreover, some of these signals are also activated in immunosuppressive immune cells stimulated by cancer-derived factors and contribute to their immunosuppressive activities. Therefore, targeting these signals both in cancer cells and immunosuppressive immune cells may result in the restoration of immunocompetence in cancer patients and improve current immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Sumimoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Kudo-Saito
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Tsukamoto
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ueda
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iwata-Kajihara
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishio
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoshi Kawamura
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Augustine CK, Jung SH, Sohn I, Yoo JS, Yoshimoto Y, Olson JA, Friedman HS, Ali-Osman F, Tyler DS. Gene expression signatures as a guide to treatment strategies for in-transit metastatic melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:779-90. [PMID: 20371714 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In-transit metastatic melanoma, which typically presents as multifocal lesions, provides a unique setting to evaluate the utility of gene signatures for defining optimal regional therapeutic strategies and assessing the efficacy of treatment. The goal of this study was to determine whether a single multifocal lesion is representative of residual tumor burden in terms of gene expression signatures predictive of response to therapy. Using microarray-based gene expression profiling, we examined 55 in-transit melanoma lesions across 29 patients with multifocal disease. Principal component analysis, unsupervised hierarchical clustering, one-way ANOVA, binary regression analysis, and gene signatures predictive of oncogenic pathway activation were used to compare patterns of gene expression across all multifocal lesions from a patient. Patterns of gene expression were highly similar (P < 0.006; average r = 0.979) across pretreatment lesions from a single patient compared with the significantly different patterns observed across patients (P < 0.05). The findings presented in this study show that individual melanoma tumor nodules in patients with multifocal disease harbor similar patterns of gene expression and a single lesion can be used to predict response to chemotherapy, evaluate the activation status of oncogenic signaling pathways, and characterize other aspects of the biology of an individual patient's disease. These results will facilitate the use of gene expression profiling in melanoma regional therapy clinical trials to not only select optimal regional chemotherapeutic agents but to also allow for a more rational identification of candidates for specific targeted therapies and evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(4); 779-90. (c)2010 AACR.
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23
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Wang Y, Tan XH, DiGiovanna JJ, Lee CCR, Stern JB, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES, Kraemer KH. Genetic diversity in melanoma metastases from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1188-91. [PMID: 19956187 PMCID: PMC3471362 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Hui Tan
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - John J. DiGiovanna
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Dermatopharmacology, Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chyi-Chia Richard Lee
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jere B. Stern
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elaine S. Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth H. Kraemer
- Dermatology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Parlakian A, Gomaa I, Solly S, Arandel L, Mahale A, Born G, Marazzi G, Sassoon D. Skeletal muscle phenotypically converts and selectively inhibits metastatic cells in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9299. [PMID: 20174581 PMCID: PMC2823787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is rarely a site of malignant metastasis; the molecular and cellular basis for this rarity is not understood. We report that myogenic cells exert pronounced effects upon co-culture with metastatic melanoma (B16-F10) or carcinoma (LLC1) cells including conversion to the myogenic lineage in vitro and in vivo, as well as inhibition of melanin production in melanoma cells coupled with cytotoxic and cytostatic effects. No effect is seen with non-tumorigenic cells. Tumor suppression assays reveal that the muscle-mediated tumor suppressor effects do not generate resistant clones but function through the down-regulation of the transcription factor MiTF, a master regulator of melanocyte development and a melanoma oncogene. Our findings point to skeletal muscle as a source of therapeutic agents in the treatment of metastatic cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Lineage
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Desmin/genetics
- Desmin/metabolism
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Melanins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Myoblasts/immunology
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Parlakian
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Iman Gomaa
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Sounkary Solly
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Arandel
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alka Mahale
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gustav Born
- William Harvey Research Institute, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Marazzi
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - David Sassoon
- Myology Group, UMR S 787 Inserm, Université Paris VI/Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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25
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Saldana-Caboverde A, Kos L. Roles of endothelin signaling in melanocyte development and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:160-70. [PMID: 20128875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin (Edn) signaling via the G-coupled, Edn receptor type B (Ednrb) is essential for the development of melanocytes from the neural crest (NC) and has been associated with melanoma progression. Edn3 plays varying roles during melanocyte development, promoting the proliferation and self-renewal of NC-derived multi- and bi-potential precursors as well as the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of committed melanocyte precursors. Melanocyte differentiation is achieved via the interaction of Ednrb and Kit signaling, with Ednrb being specifically required in the final differentiation step, rather than in the initial specification of melanocytic fate. Ednrb has also been implicated in the de-differentiation of mature melanocytes, a process that takes place during the malignant transformation of these cells. Ednrb was found to be upregulated in melanoma metastases and was shown to alter tumor-host interactions leading to melanoma progression. Antagonists to this receptor were shown to inhibit melanoma cell growth and increase the apoptotic rate of these cells, and to lead to disease stabilization in melanoma patients. Thus, Edn signaling inhibition may prove useful in the treatment of certain types of melanoma.
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26
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Xu XL, Xing BC, Han HB, Zhao W, Hu MH, Xu ZL, Li JY, Xie Y, Gu J, Wang Y, Zhang ZQ. The properties of tumor-initiating cells from a hepatocellular carcinoma patient's primary and recurrent tumor. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:167-74. [PMID: 19897602 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality due to its high rate of recurrence. However, little is known about the biological characteristics of recurrent HCC cells. A single patient's primary and recurrent HCC-derived cell lines, Hep-11 and Hep-12, respectively, were established by primary culture. These two cell lines have the same hepatitis B virus integration site and share many common amplifications and deletions, which suggest that they have the same clonal origin. While Hep-11 cells were non-tumorigenic at 16 weeks following injection of up to 10 000 cells, injection of only 100 Hep-12 cells was sufficient to initiate tumor growth, and all single Hep-12 clones were tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. Compared with Hep-11, Hep-12 cells expressed the oval cell markers AFP, NCAM/CD56, c-kit/CD117, as well as multiple stem cell markers such as Nanog, OCT4 and SOX2. In addition, >90% of Hep-12 cells were aldehyde dehydrogenase positive. They were also less resistant to paclitaxel, but more resistant to doxorubicin, cisplatin and hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), which had been administrated to the patient. Furthermore, Hep-12 cells expressed higher levels of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) than Hep-11, and PARP-1 inhibition potentiated the sensitivity to HCPT in Hep-12 cells but not in Hep-11 cells. These results indicate that a large population of the recurrent HCC-derived Hep-12 cells were tumor-initiating cells and that elevated expression of PARP-1 was related to their resistance to HCPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Gene Engineering, Institute of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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27
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Sabatino M, Stroncek DF, Klein H, Marincola FM, Wang E. Stem cells in melanoma development. Cancer Lett 2009; 279:119-25. [PMID: 19095348 PMCID: PMC3405359 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a significant health problem worldwide. Available treatments can induce objective tumor regression in a small percent of patients, but these responses are not always associated with improved long-term survival. The resistance of melanoma to therapy and its predestined recurrence are related to the genetic heterogeneity and genomic instability of the tumor. For many years these genetic alterations were thought to be linked to the accumulation of random mutations in functionally differentiated cells which transform them into malignant cells that have lost their ability to differentiate and have acquired drug resistance. In the last few years it has been largely demonstrated that melanoma as other solid tumors contains a subpopulation of cells (CSCs) considered the source of the primary tumor mass, of new tumor nodules and responsible for drug resistance and cancer recurrence. In this review, we provide an overview of findings and advances in CSCs research that are relevant to the initiation, natural history, and the response to treatment of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sabatino
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10 Room 1C711, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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28
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Worschech A, Chen N, Yu YA, Zhang Q, Pos Z, Weibel S, Raab V, Sabatino M, Monaco A, Liu H, Monsurró V, Buller RM, Stroncek DF, Wang E, Szalay AA, Marincola FM. Systemic treatment of xenografts with vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 reveals the immunologic facet of oncolytic therapy. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:301. [PMID: 19583830 PMCID: PMC2713268 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GLV-1h68 is an attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV) that selectively colonizes established human xenografts inducing their complete regression. RESULTS Here, we explored xenograft/VACV/host interactions in vivo adopting organism-specific expression arrays and tumor cell/VACV in vitro comparing VACV replication patterns. There were no clear-cut differences in vitro among responding and non-responding tumors, however, tumor rejection was associated in vivo with activation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and innate immune host's effector functions (IEFs) correlating with VACV colonization of the xenografts. These signatures precisely reproduce those observed in humans during immune-mediated tissue-specific destruction (TSD) that causes tumor or allograft rejection, autoimmunity or clearance of pathogens. We recently defined these common pathways in the "immunologic constant of rejection" hypothesis (ICR). CONCLUSION This study provides the first prospective validation of a universal mechanism associated with TSD. Thus, xenograft infection by oncolytic VACV, beyond offering a promising therapy of established cancers, may represent a reliable pre-clinical model to test therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the central pathways leading to TSD; this information may lead to the identification of principles that could refine the treatment of cancer and chronic infection by immune stimulation or autoimmunity and allograft rejection through immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Worschech
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
- Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nanhai Chen
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yong A Yu
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Zoltan Pos
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
- Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Raab
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
- Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marianna Sabatino
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alessandro Monaco
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vladia Monsurró
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Section, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
| | - R Mark Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cellular Processing Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
- Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Tahara H, Sato M, Thurin M, Wang E, Butterfield LH, Disis ML, Fox BA, Lee PP, Khleif SN, Wigginton JM, Ambs S, Akutsu Y, Chaussabel D, Doki Y, Eremin O, Fridman WH, Hirohashi Y, Imai K, Jacobson J, Jinushi M, Kanamoto A, Kashani-Sabet M, Kato K, Kawakami Y, Kirkwood JM, Kleen TO, Lehmann PV, Liotta L, Lotze MT, Maio M, Malyguine A, Masucci G, Matsubara H, Mayrand-Chung S, Nakamura K, Nishikawa H, Palucka AK, Petricoin EF, Pos Z, Ribas A, Rivoltini L, Sato N, Shiku H, Slingluff CL, Streicher H, Stroncek DF, Takeuchi H, Toyota M, Wada H, Wu X, Wulfkuhle J, Yaguchi T, Zeskind B, Zhao Y, Zocca MB, Marincola FM. Emerging concepts in biomarker discovery; the US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Molecular Markers in Oncology. J Transl Med 2009; 7:45. [PMID: 19534815 PMCID: PMC2724494 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by the Office of International Affairs, National Cancer Institute (NCI), the "US-Japan Workshop on Immunological Biomarkers in Oncology" was held in March 2009. The workshop was related to a task force launched by the International Society for the Biological Therapy of Cancer (iSBTc) and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify strategies for biomarker discovery and validation in the field of biotherapy. The effort will culminate on October 28th 2009 in the "iSBTc-FDA-NCI Workshop on Prognostic and Predictive Immunologic Biomarkers in Cancer", which will be held in Washington DC in association with the Annual Meeting. The purposes of the US-Japan workshop were a) to discuss novel approaches to enhance the discovery of predictive and/or prognostic markers in cancer immunotherapy; b) to define the state of the science in biomarker discovery and validation. The participation of Japanese and US scientists provided the opportunity to identify shared or discordant themes across the distinct immune genetic background and the diverse prevalence of disease between the two Nations. Converging concepts were identified: enhanced knowledge of interferon-related pathways was found to be central to the understanding of immune-mediated tissue-specific destruction (TSD) of which tumor rejection is a representative facet. Although the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) likely mediates the inflammatory process leading to tumor rejection, it is insufficient by itself and the associated mechanisms need to be identified. It is likely that adaptive immune responses play a broader role in tumor rejection than those strictly related to their antigen-specificity; likely, their primary role is to trigger an acute and tissue-specific inflammatory response at the tumor site that leads to rejection upon recruitment of additional innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Other candidate systemic and/or tissue-specific biomarkers were recognized that might be added to the list of known entities applicable in immunotherapy trials. The need for a systematic approach to biomarker discovery that takes advantage of powerful high-throughput technologies was recognized; it was clear from the current state of the science that immunotherapy is still in a discovery phase and only a few of the current biomarkers warrant extensive validation. It was, finally, clear that, while current technologies have almost limitless potential, inadequate study design, limited standardization and cross-validation among laboratories and suboptimal comparability of data remain major road blocks. The institution of an interactive consortium for high throughput molecular monitoring of clinical trials with voluntary participation might provide cost-effective solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Tahara
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Thurin
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Robert W Franz Research Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, 97213, USA
| | - Peter P Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Samir N Khleif
- Cancer Vaccine Section, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Jon M Wigginton
- Discovery Medicine-Oncology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Yasunori Akutsu
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Oleg Eremin
- Section of Surgery, Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Wolf Hervé Fridman
- Centre de la Reserche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Paris Descarte University, 75270 Paris, France
| | | | - Kohzoh Imai
- Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James Jacobson
- Cancer Diagnosis Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA
| | - Masahisa Jinushi
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kanamoto
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Kato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John M Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Immunology, Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Thomas O Kleen
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Ltd, Shaker Heights, Ohio, 44122, USA
| | - Lance Liotta
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Illman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Michele Maio
- Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department. of Oncology, University, Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, IRCCS, Aviano, 53100, Italy
| | - Anatoli Malyguine
- Laboratory of Cell Mediated Immunity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc. NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
| | - Giuseppe Masucci
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Hisahiro Matsubara
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shawmarie Mayrand-Chung
- The Biomarkers Consortium (BC), Public-Private Partnership Program, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Kiminori Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, 75204, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Zoltan Pos
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Licia Rivoltini
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Human Tumors, IRCCS Foundation, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, 20100, Italy
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Cancer Vaccine, Department of Immuno-gene Therapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Howard Streicher
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, DCTD, NCI, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - David F Stroncek
- Cell Therapy Section (CTS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Wada
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Microbiology, Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 10900, USA
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Branch, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | | | - Francesco M Marincola
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and Center for Human Immunology (CHI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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30
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Wang E, Albini A, Stroncek DF, Marincola FM. New take on comparative immunology: relevance to immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2009; 1:355-66. [PMID: 20635956 PMCID: PMC3407973 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly recognized that experimental animal models, while useful to address monothematic biological questions, bear unpredictable relevance to human disease. Several reasons have been proposed. However, the uncontrollable nature of human genetics and the heterogeneity of disease that can only be replicated with difficulty experimentally play a leading role. Comparative immunology is a term that generally refers to the analysis of shared or diverging facets of immunology among species; these comparisons are carried out according to the principle that evolutionarily conserved themes outline biologic functions universally relevant for survival. We propose that a similar strategy could be applied to searching for themes shared by distinct immune pathologies within our own species. Identification of common patterns may outline pathways necessary for a particular determinism to occur, such as tissue-specific rejection or tolerance. This approach is founded on the unproven but sensible presumption that nature does not require an infinite plethora of redundant mechanisms to reach its purposes. Thus, immune pathologies must follow, at least in part, common means that determine their onset and maintenance. Commonalities among diseases can, in turn, be segregated from disease-specific patterns uncovering essential mechanisms that may represent universal targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease & Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center & Center for Human Immunology/NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Li L, McCormack AA, Nicholson JM, Fabarius A, Hehlmann R, Sachs RK, Duesberg PH. Cancer-causing karyotypes: chromosomal equilibria between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for oncogenic function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 188:1-25. [PMID: 19061776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomes of cancer cells are unstable, because of aneuploidy. Despite chromosomal instability, however, cancer karyotypes are individual and quasi-stable, as is evident especially from clonal chromosome copy numbers and marker chromosomes. This paradox would be resolved if the karyotypes in cancers represent chromosomal equilibria between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for oncogenic function. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the initial and long-term karyotypes of seven clones of newly transformed human epithelial, mammary, and muscle cells. Approximately 1 in 100,000 such cells generates transformed clones at 2-3 months after introduction of retrovirus-activated cellular genes or the tumor virus SV40. These frequencies are too low for direct transformation, so we postulated that virus-activated genes initiate transformation indirectly, via specific karyotypes. Using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-specific DNA probes, we found individual clonal karyotypes that were stable for at least 34 cell generations-within limits, as follows. Depending on the karyotype, average clonal chromosome numbers were stable within +/- 3%, and chromosome-specific copy numbers were stable in 70-100% cells. At any one time, however, relative to clonal means, per-cell chromosome numbers varied +/-18% and chromosome-specific copy numbers varied +/-1 in 0-30% of cells; unstable nonclonal markers were found within karyotype-specific quotas of <1% to 20% of the total chromosome number. For two clones, karyotypic ploidies also varied. With these rates of variation, the karyotypes of transformed clones would randomize in a few generations unless selection occurs. We conclude that individual aneuploid karyotypes initiate and maintain cancers, much like new species. These cancer-causing karyotypes are in flexible equilibrium between destabilizing aneuploidy and stabilizing selection for transforming function. Karyotypes as a whole, rather than specific mutations, explain the individuality, fluidity, and phenotypic complexity of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Donner Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Abstract
It is now well established that a subpopulation of tumor stem cells (TSCs) are present within cancer tissues. This suggests that tumors evolve from stem cells; however, the exact cell of tumor origin, the potential role of dedifferentiation, and the role of plasticity in tumor development are largely unknown. A model cancer for the study of the oncologic process is melanoma. The developmental biology of melanocytes is relatively well understood, the cells pigment as they differentiate making them easy to identify, and benign and malignant tumors develop on the skin surface allowing direct observation of growth features, early detection, and removal. This ready access to early-stage tumors will facilitate study of the early oncologic processes and the role of tissue stem cells. Melanomas, like other cancers, include a subpopulation of TSCs. These TSCs have access to embryologic developmental programs, including the capacity to differentiate along multiple cell lineages. For example, melanomas can activate germ-cell pathways with major implications for TSC self-renewal through the activation of telomerase and genomic instability through the collision of meiotic and mitotic pathways (meiomitosis). The TSC model is still evolving, but the existence of TSCs has significant ramifications for tumor development, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of melanoma and other cancers.
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33
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Margolin KA. Clinical trials report. Curr Oncol Rep 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-008-0065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) have been identified in hematological malignancies and several solid cancers. Similar to physiological stem cells, CSC are capable of self-renewal and differentiation and have the potential for indefinite proliferation, a function through which they may cause tumor growth. Although conventional anti-cancer treatments might eradicate most malignant cells in a tumor, they are potentially ineffective against chemoresistant CSC, which may ultimately be responsible for recurrence and progression. Human malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and drug-resistant cancer. Detection of tumor heterogeneity, undifferentiated molecular signatures, and increased tumorigenicity of melanoma subsets with embryonic-like differentiation plasticity strongly suggest the presence and involvement of malignant melanoma stem cells (MMSC) in the initiation and propagation of this malignancy. Here, we review these findings in the context of functional properties ascribed to melanocyte stem cells and CSC in other cancers. We discuss the association of deregulated signaling pathways, genomic instability, and vasculogenic mimicry phenomena observed in melanoma subpopulations in light of the CSC concept. We propose that a subset of MMSC may be responsible for melanoma therapy-resistance, tumor invasiveness, and neoplastic progression and that targeted abrogation of a MMSC compartment could therefore ultimately lead to stable remissions and perhaps cures of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schatton
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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35
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Solé RV, Rodríguez-Caso C, Deisboeck TS, Saldaña J. Cancer stem cells as the engine of unstable tumor progression. J Theor Biol 2008; 253:629-37. [PMID: 18534628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability is considered by many authors the key engine of tumorigenesis. However, mounting evidence indicates that a small population of drug resistant cancer cells can also be a key component of tumor progression. Such cancer stem cells would define a compartment effectively acting as the source of most tumor cells. Here we study the interplay between these two conflicting components of cancer dynamics using two types of tissue architecture. Both mean field and multicompartment models are studied. It is shown that tissue architecture affects the pattern of cancer dynamics and that unstable cancers spontaneously organize into a heterogeneous population of highly unstable cells. This dominant population is in fact separated from the low-mutation compartment by an instability gap, where almost no cancer cells are observed. The possible implications of this prediction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricard V Solé
- Complex Systems Lab (ICREA-UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB-GRIB), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Sabatino M, Zhao Y, Voiculescu S, Monaco A, Robbins P, Karai L, Nickoloff BJ, Maio M, Selleri S, Marincola FM, Wang E. Conservation of genetic alterations in recurrent melanoma supports the melanoma stem cell hypothesis. Cancer Res 2008; 68:122-31. [PMID: 18172304 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that human cancers derive from a mutated single cell. However, the genetic steps characterizing various stages of progression remain unclear. Studying a unique case of metastatic melanoma, we observed that cell lines derived from metachronous metastases arising over a decade retained a central core of genetic stability in spite of divergent phenotypes. In the present study, we expanded our previous observations comparing these autologous cell lines of clonal derivation with allogeneic ones and correlated array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with gene expression profiling to determine their relative contribution to the dynamics of disease progression. aCGH and gene expression profiling were performed on autologous cell lines and allogeneic melanoma cell lines originating from other patients. A striking correlation existed between total extent of genetic imbalances, global transcriptional patterns, and cellular phenotypes. They did not follow a strict temporal progression but stemmed independently at various time points from a central core of genetic stability best explained according to the cancer stem cell hypothesis. Although their contribution was intertwined, genomic imbalances detectable by aCGH contributed only 25% of the transcriptional traits determining autologous tumor distinctiveness. Our study provides important insights about the dynamics of cancer progression and supports the development of targeted anticancer therapies aimed against stable genetic factors that are maintained throughout the end stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Sabatino
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, Biometrics Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1184, USA
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37
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Tumor Stem Cells: How to Define Them and How to Find Them? Stem Cells 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8274-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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39
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Selleri S, Rumio C, Sabatino M, Marincola FM, Wang E. Tumor Microenvironment and the Immune Response. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2007; 16:737-53, vii-viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Recent experimental data offer convincing evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells in leukaemia, brain tumors and breast cancer. These cells are responsible for the maintenance of tumor growth and relapses after cytoreductive treatments. This paper provides a brief overview of current data supporting the idea of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of cutaneous malignancies, including skin carcinoma, malignant melanoma and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The characterization of putative cancer stem cells is important to develop new therapies selectively targeting these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Kamstrup
- Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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42
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Abstract
Wang et al. point to the existance of a common progenitor tumor stem cell that gives rise to genomically unstable progeny in malignant melanoma. Although it is not known what creates this genomic instability, given the presence of testis antigens in melanoma, it is tempting to speculate that it is caused by a collision of meiotic and mitotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Grichnik
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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