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Muacevic A, Adler JR, S. S, Balakrishnan S. Solitary Dermal Cylindroma in an Uncommon Site: A Rare Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e32614. [PMID: 36654640 PMCID: PMC9841088 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindroma, a benign skin appendage tumor, mostly occurs in the head and neck region. They present as pink to purple, smooth-surfaced, solitary or multiple nodular lesions, mostly affecting middle-aged and elderly women. A clinical diagnosis of cylindroma is unusual but must be considered clinically. We report an unusual case of solitary benign dermal cylindroma that occurred in an uncommon site in a 54-year-old female. She came with complaints of painful swelling on the left side of her chest wall for six months. Histopathological examination of the mass revealed a well-defined tumor composed of nests and islands of a dual population of tumor cells surrounded by pink basement membrane-like material. These nests of cells are arranged in a "jigsaw" puzzle fashion, which is typical of cutaneous cylindroma. The thick pink material surrounding the epithelial cell islands is periodic acid Schiff stain (PAS) positive.
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Amita K, Pournami SV, Rashmi R, Kusuma KN, Priyadarshini P. Recurrent Cylindroma of the Scalp: A Cytomorphological Evaluation at Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology. Cureus 2022; 14:e25152. [PMID: 35747048 PMCID: PMC9206710 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific diagnosis of adnexal tumours at fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is challenging. In a recurrent scalp tumour, a startling array of lesions ranging from benign to malignant tumours fall into differential diagnosis. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is essential for planning management and to improve clinical outcome. Herein, we report a rare case of recurrent cylindroma of the scalp in a 62-year-old male patient. Cytology smears showed tight clusters of round to oval basaloid cells, few clusters with peripheral palisading. Basement membrane material was seen surrounding the cell clusters. FNAC diagnosis of a benign adnexal tumour, possibly cylindroma, was made. The diagnosis was confirmed at histopathology. We emphasize the decisive role of FNAC in arriving at an accurate diagnosis of a recurrent scalp tumour.
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Shanazarov N, Benberin V, Zinchenko S, Nalgieva F, Muratov N, Isahanova B, Tashpulatov T. Possibilities of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Cylindroma of the Scalp: The Clinical Case Study. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nagy N, Dubois A, Szell M, Rajan N. Genetic Testing in CYLD Cutaneous Syndrome: An Update. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:427-444. [PMID: 34744449 PMCID: PMC8566010 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s288274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CYLD cutaneous syndrome (CCS) is an inclusive label for the inherited skin adnexal tumour syndromes Brooke–Spiegler Syndrome (BSS-OMIM 605041), familial cylindromatosis (FC – OMIM 132700) and multiple familial trichoepitheliomas (MFT-OMIM 601606). All three syndromes arise due to germline pathogenic variants in CYLD, a tumour suppressor gene (OMIM 605018). CCS is transmitted in an autosomal dominant pattern, and has variable expressivity, both of the three syndromic phenotypes, and of the severity of tumour burden. Age-related penetrance figures are not precisely reported. The first tumours typically appear during puberty and progressively accumulate through adulthood. Penetrance is typically high, with equal numbers of males and females affected. Genetic testing is important for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, genetic counselling and family planning, including preimplantation diagnosis. Additionally, identified CCS patients may be eligible for future clinical trials of non-surgical pre-emptive interventions that aim to prevent tumour growth. In this update, we review the clinical presentations of germline and mosaic CCS. An overview of the germline pathogenic variant spectrum of patients with CCS reveals more than 100 single nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions in coding exons, most frequently resulting in predicted truncation. In addition, a minority of patients have large deletions involving the CYLD gene, intronic pathogenic variants that affect splicing, or inversions. We discuss germline and somatic testing approaches. Somatic testing of tumour tissue, relevant in mosaic CCS, can reveal recurrently detected pathogenic variants when two or more tumours are tested. This can influence genetic testing of children, who may inherit this as a germline variant, and inform genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis. Finally, we discuss testing technologies that are currently used, their benefits and limitations, and future directions for genetic testing in CCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Dermatological Research Group of the Eotvos Lorand Research Network, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Dubois
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Marta Szell
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Dermatological Research Group of the Eotvos Lorand Research Network, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Neil Rajan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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5
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Soysouvanh F, Giuliano S, Habel N, El-Hachem N, Pisibon C, Bertolotto C, Ballotti R. An Update on the Role of Ubiquitination in Melanoma Development and Therapies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10051133. [PMID: 33800394 PMCID: PMC7962844 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination system plays a critical role in regulation of large array of biological processes and its alteration has been involved in the pathogenesis of cancers, among them cutaneous melanoma, which is responsible for the most deaths from skin cancers. Over the last decades, targeted therapies and immunotherapies became the standard therapeutic strategies for advanced melanomas. However, despite these breakthroughs, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma patients remains unoptimistic, mainly due to intrinsic or acquired resistances. Many avenues of research have been investigated to find new therapeutic targets for improving patient outcomes. Because of the pleiotropic functions of ubiquitination, and because each step of ubiquitination is amenable to pharmacological targeting, much attention has been paid to the role of this process in melanoma development and resistance to therapies. In this review, we summarize the latest data on ubiquitination and discuss the possible impacts on melanoma treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Soysouvanh
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Serena Giuliano
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Nadia Habel
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Najla El-Hachem
- Laboratory of Cancer Signaling, University of Liège, 4020 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Céline Pisibon
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
- Equipe labellisée Fondation ARC 2019, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Robert Ballotti
- Inserm U1065, C3M, Team 1, Biology, and Pathologies of Melanocytes, University of Nice Côte d’Azur, 06200 Nice, France; (F.S.); (S.G.); (N.H.); (C.P.); (C.B.)
- Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer 2020, 06200 Nice, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-89-06-43-32
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6
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Tummidi S, Nagiredla P. On-site cytological diagnosis of cylindroma: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2020; 48:1322-1324. [PMID: 32822106 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 70-year-old female presented with a swelling in the right auricle for 6 months. Rapid onsite stain and routine cytology revealed clusters of small, round to oval cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. The background had basement membrane type material and appeared dark magenta colored pinkish globular material. Hence a cytological diagnosis of skin adnexal tumor possibly cylindroma was made. The excision of the lesion also showed features of cylindroma. Rapid onsite staining and cytology of subcutaneous location of the tumor in the absence of primary salivary gland tumors may help to diagnose such rare cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Tummidi
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, 522503, India
| | - Puneeta Nagiredla
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Maitri Dental College & Research Center, Durg, Chattisgarh, 491001, India
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7
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Brown SM, Arefi M, Stones R, Loo PS, Barnard S, Bloxham C, Stefanos N, Langtry JAA, Worthy S, Calonje E, Husain A, Rajan N. Inherited pulmonary cylindromas: extending the phenotype of CYLD mutation carriers. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:662-668. [PMID: 29569226 PMCID: PMC6175122 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CYLD are recognized to be associated with the development of multiple cutaneous cylindromas. We encountered such a patient who presented with breathlessness because of multiple pulmonary cylindromas. Objectives To search for clinical and radiological features of multiple pulmonary cylindromas in a cohort of 16 patients with CYLD mutations. Methods A retrospective case‐note review was carried out in a tertiary dermatogenetics clinic where CYLD mutation carriers are reviewed on an annual basis. In‐depth investigation was carried out for patients with pulmonary tumours. Results Four patients had radiological imaging of their lungs, of which two had multiple pulmonary cylindromas that were confirmed histologically. Serial computed tomography monitoring allowed for pre‐emptive endobronchial laser ablation, preventing major airway obstruction and pulmonary collapse. Conclusions Pulmonary cylindromas are an unrecognized, but infrequently symptomatic, aspect of the phenotype in these patients that can have implications for patient care. They should be considered in patients with a high tumour burden that present with respiratory symptoms, and where appropriate, monitored with serial imaging. What's already known about this topic? Germline mutations in the tumour suppressor gene CYLD are recognized to be associated with the development of multiple cutaneous cylindromas, spiradenomas and trichoepitheliomas. Beyond the skin, salivary gland tumours are seen in less than approximately 5% of patients, but otherwise the tropism of this disease is recognized as exclusively cutaneous.
What does this study add? We report multiple pulmonary cylindromas in two patients out of a series of 16 patients, a previously unreported aspect of this genetic disease. Deep phenotyping with radiological, histological and genetic approaches provides evidence that supports that these tumours are similar to cutaneous cylindromas and share a cytokeratin signature seen in cutaneous cylindroma.
What is the translational message? Patients with this rare disease should be investigated if they present with new symptoms of respiratory disease. These data inform the clinical surveillance and management of patients with this rare condition and also inform the longstanding debate on benign metastases.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17046 available online https://goo.gl/Uqv3dl
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Brown
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - M Arefi
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - R Stones
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - P S Loo
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - S Barnard
- Department of Cardiothoracics, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - C Bloxham
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - N Stefanos
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - J A A Langtry
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - S Worthy
- Department of Radiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - E Calonje
- Dermatopathology Department, St John's Institute of Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, U.K
| | - A Husain
- Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| | - N Rajan
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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9
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Verhoeft KR, Ngan HL, Lui VWY. The cylindromatosis ( CYLD) gene and head and neck tumorigenesis. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2016; 1:10. [PMID: 31093340 PMCID: PMC6460526 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-016-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germline CYLD mutation is associated with the development of a rare inheritable syndrome, called the CYLD cutaneous syndrome. Patients with this syndrome are distinctly presented with multiple tumors in the head and neck region, which can grow in size and number over time. Some of these benign head and neck tumors can turn into malignancies in some individuals. CYLD has been identified to be the only tumor suppressor gene reported to be associated with this syndrome thus far. Here, we summarize all reported CYLD germline mutations associated with this syndrome, as well as the reported paired somatic CYLD mutations of the developed tumors. Interestingly, whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies of multiple cancer types also revealed CYLD mutations in many human malignancies, including head and neck cancers and several epithelial cancers. Currently, the role of CYLD mutations in head and neck carcinogenesis and other cancers is poorly defined. We hope that this timely review of recent findings on CYLD genetics and animal models for oncogenesis can provide important insights into the mechanism of head and neck tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Roberta Verhoeft
- 1Department of Clinical Oncology, Li-Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
| | - Hoi Lam Ngan
- 2School of Biomedical Sciences, Li-Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- 3School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hongkong, SAR Hong Kong
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10
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Pal S, Bose K, Sikder M, Chowdhury M. Fine needle aspiration cytology of cylindroma of scalp: A case report. Diagn Cytopathol 2016; 44:1082-1084. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pal
- Demonstrator; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital; Kolkata India
| | - Kingshuk Bose
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College; Bankura India
| | - Mrinal Sikder
- Post graduate trainee, Department of Pathology, Kolkata National Medical College; Kolkata India
| | - Manaj Chowdhury
- Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research; Kolkata India
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11
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Abstract
Cylindroma is a benign skin adnexal tumor of eccrine differentiation. Clinically, they are disfiguring lesions that can mimic a malignancy. Cylindromas can be single or multiple and commonly involve the scalp (turban tumor) and face. Multiple cylindromas can have a syndromic association as seen in Brooke–Spiegler syndrome and familial cylindromatosis. We present a case of non familial cylindroma of the face that clinically mimicked a basal cell carcinoma. The histopathology was confirmatory. Herein we also highlight the utility of a simple and inexpensive histochemical stain Periodic Acid Schiff in supporting the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Manicketh
- Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha Singh
- Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pathology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Rostami Mogaddam
- Department of Dermatology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Maleki
- Department of Endocrinology, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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13
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Inherited cylindromas: lessons from a rare tumour. Lancet Oncol 2015; 16:e460-e469. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Malzone MG, Campanile AC, Losito NS, Longo F, Perri F, Caponigro F, Schiavone C, Ionna F, Maiello F, Martinuzzi C, Nasti S, Botti G, Fulciniti F. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome presenting multiple concurrent cutaneous and parotid gland neoplasms: Cytologic findings on fine-needle sample and description of a novel mutation of the CYLD gene. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:654-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Malzone
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”, S.S.D. Di Citopatologia E S.C Di Anatomia Patologica; Napoli Italy
| | - Anna Cipolletta Campanile
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”, S.S.D. Di Citopatologia E S.C Di Anatomia Patologica; Napoli Italy
| | - Nunzia Simona Losito
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”, S.S.D. Di Citopatologia E S.C Di Anatomia Patologica; Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Longo
- S.C Di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale ORL, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”; Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Perri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Presidio Ospedaliero Centrale “SS Annunziata,”; Taranto Italy
| | - Francesco Caponigro
- S.C. Di Oncologia Medica Testa Collo E Sarcomi, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”; Napoli Italy
| | - Concetta Schiavone
- S.C. Di Radioterapia, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”; Napoli Italy
| | - Franco Ionna
- S.C Di Chirurgia Maxillo-Facciale ORL, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”; Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Maiello
- Servizio Di Anatomia, Istologia Patologica E Citopatologia, Presidio Ospedaliero Dei Pellegrini; Napoli Italy
| | - Claudia Martinuzzi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Interna E Specialità Mediche; Università Di Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Sabina Nasti
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Interna E Specialità Mediche; Università Di Genova; Genova Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”, S.S.D. Di Citopatologia E S.C Di Anatomia Patologica; Napoli Italy
| | - Franco Fulciniti
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale,”, S.S.D. Di Citopatologia E S.C Di Anatomia Patologica; Napoli Italy
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin represents a complex signalling system that co-ordinates essential cellular functions, including proteolysis, DNA repair, receptor signalling and cell communication. DUBs (deubiquitinases), the enzymes that disassemble ubiquitin chains and remove ubiquitin from proteins, are central to this system. Reflecting the complexity and versatility of ubiquitin signalling, DUB activity is controlled in multiple ways. Although several lines of evidence indicate that aberrant DUB function may promote human disease, the underlying molecular mechanisms are often unclear. Notwithstanding, considerable interest in DUBs as potential drug targets has emerged over the past years. The future success of DUB-based therapy development will require connecting the basic science of DUB function and enzymology with drug discovery. In the present review, we discuss new insights into DUB activity regulation and their links to disease, focusing on the role of DUBs as regulators of cell identity and differentiation, and discuss their potential as emerging drug targets.
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Abstract
This paper reviews the recent literature on cylindroma, a rare tumor originating from the cutaneous adnexal structures of the scalp and face. Benign cylindroma is more frequent in women, and there are solitary and multiple forms, which are autosomal. Malignant cylindroma can occur in the Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, and malignant transformation is more frequent in multiple variants than in solitary tumors. Its histopathological basis is controversial, and its origin is unknown, although it is known that there is a genetic basis for onset of these tumors in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Jordão
- Sectors of Dermatology, University Hospital and School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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[Tumors of the scalp: special aspects of selected examples]. Hautarzt 2014; 65:1030-6. [PMID: 25315428 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-014-3531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors of the scalp display some clinical, histological and prognostic characteristics. Early recognition of tumors is hampered by dense hair growth which can result in delayed diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Taking current literature into consideration atypical fibroxanthoma, cutaneous angiosarcoma, melanoma of the scalp, some adnexal tumors including the proliferating trichilemmal tumor as well as cutaneous metastases from visceral malignancies will be discussed. RESULTS Based on the fact that early scalp tumors are clinically difficult to recognize, they are often diagnosed at a late stage. Angiosarcomas belong to the most aggressive skin tumors and show a rapid growth with unfavorable prognosis. Malignant melanoma on the head has a more serious prognosis in comparison to other locations of the body. Cutaneous metastases are mostly a sign of an advanced tumor stage with a fatal prognosis. The various types of adnexal tumors are mostly benign. In exceptional cases rapid growth and ulceration may be an indicator for the development of an adnexal carcinoma. On the scalp tumors with sweat gland differentiation are more frequent than tumors with follicular differentiation. This shows that the general view that adnexal tumors develop from local adnexal structures is wrong. CONCLUSION Scalp lesions in which the diagnosis is unclear should be biopsied or excised early. Based on the result of the histological examination further therapy can be determined.
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Welte S, Urbanik T, Elßner C, Kautz N, Koehler BC, Waldburger N, Bermejo JL, Pinna F, Weiss KH, Schemmer P, Jaeger D, Longerich T, Breuhahn K, Schulze-Bergkamen H. Nuclear expression of the deubiquitinase CYLD is associated with improved survival in human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110591. [PMID: 25329885 PMCID: PMC4199737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The deubiquitinase CYLD removes (K-63)-linked polyubiquitin chains from proteins involved in NF-κB, Wnt/ß-catenin and Bcl-3 signaling. Reduced CYLD expression has been reported in different tumor entities, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, loss of CYLD has been shown to contribute to HCC development in knockout animal models. This study aimed to assess subcellular CYLD expression in tumor tissues and its prognostic significance in HCC patients undergoing liver resection or liver transplantation. Methods Subcellular localization of CYLD was assessed by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissues of 95 HCC patients undergoing liver resection or transplantation. Positive nuclear CYLD staining was defined as an immunhistochemical (IHC) score ≥3. Positive cytoplasmic CYLD staining was defined as an IHC score ≥6. The relationship with clinicopathological parameters was investigated. Cell culture experiments were performed to analyze subcellular CYLD expression in vitro. Results Cytoplasmic CYLD expression was observed in 57 out of 95 (60%) HCC specimens (cyt°CYLD+). Nuclear CYLD staining was positive in 52 out of 95 specimens (55%, nucCYLD+). 13 out of 52 nucCYLD+ patients (25%) showed a lack of cytoplasmic CYLD expression. nucCYLD+ was associated with prolonged overall survival in patients after resection or liver transplantation (P = 0.007). 5-year overall survival rates were 63% in nucCYLD+vs. 26% in nucCYLD- patients. Nuclear CYLD staining strongly correlated with tumor grading (P<0.001) and Ki67 positivity (P = 0.005). nucCYLD+ did not prove to be an independent prognostic parameter. In vitro, Huh7, Hep3B and HepG2 showed reduced CYLD levels compared to the non-malignant liver cell line THLE-2. Induction of CYLD expression by doxorubicin treatment led to increased cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of CYLD. Conclusions Expression of nuclear CYLD is a novel prognostic factor for improved survival in patients with HCC undergoing liver resection or transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Welte
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Toni Urbanik
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christin Elßner
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole Kautz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Christian Koehler
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Waldburger
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Justo Lorenzo Bermejo
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Federico Pinna
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Weiss
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toxicology, and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Internal Medicine IV, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai Breuhahn
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Diabetology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine II, Marien-Hospital, Wesel, Germany
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Cylindroma with Stromal Adipose Tissue Metaplasia versus Arising in a Background of Nevus Lipomatosus. Case Rep Pathol 2014; 2014:203298. [PMID: 24744937 PMCID: PMC3976770 DOI: 10.1155/2014/203298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nevus lipomatosus superficialis is a rare type of connective tissue nevus. Cylindroma is a benign skin appendage tumor with a predilection for the scalp of older females. We describe the case of a 56-year-old woman with a scalp lesion demonstrating histopathologic features consistent with benign cylindroma arising within a nevus lipomatosus superficialis. To our knowledge, this lesion has not been raised in the literature in the differential for cylindroma with what is presumed to be stromal adipose metaplasia.
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Abstract
Cylindroma is a benign adnexal tumor, which occurs as solitary dermal nodules on the scalp and forehead. Cylindroma of the breast is a rare lesion. Fine-needle aspiration is often the first line of investigation. In this communication, we illustrate the cytomorphological feature of cylindroma in a 61-year-old female patient who presented with a breast lump. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in this case reveals the islands of tumor cells formed a “jig-saw” pattern, along with the bland, basaloid cells associated with globular, extracellular material. These features are typical of cylindroma, but differential diagnosis of adenoidcystic carcinoma should always be kept in mind as the management of both tumors are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopak Aggarwal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda Hospital, Greater Noida, India
| | - Oneal Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital and V.M.M. College, New Delhi, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Pathology, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Dogra
- Department of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital and V.M.M. College, New Delhi, India
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Dhir G, Makkar M, Suri V, Dubey V. Familial dermal eccrine cylindromatosis with emphasis on histology and genetic mapping. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2013; 3:S3-6. [PMID: 24349843 PMCID: PMC3853602 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial cylindromatosis (FC) is an autosomal dominant disorder with apparently complete penetrance, but variable expression. There is an increasing evidence that FC is clinically, genetically, and histologically heterogeneous disorder as the simultaneous occurrence of cylindromas and other tumors of skin appendages within the affected individuals and families. The presence of multiple scalp cylindromas is often associated with autosomal dominant Brooke-Spielger syndrome, a condition in which there are co-existent facial trichoepitheliomas and spiradenomas. We present here a case of multiple cylindromatosis in a family affecting many members successively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dhir
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - M Makkar
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - V Suri
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vk Dubey
- Department of Pathology, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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22
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Sicinska J, Rakowska A, Czuwara-Ladykowska J, Mroz A, Lipinski M, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Sikorska J, Sklinda K, Slowinska M, Kowalska-Oledzka E, Walecka I, Walecki J, Rudnicka L. Cylindroma transforming into basal cell carcinoma in a patient with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome. J Dermatol Case Rep 2011; 1:4-9. [PMID: 21886698 DOI: 10.3315/jdcr.2007.1.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brooke-Spiegler syndrome is a rare condition with a predisposition to develop cutaneous adnexal neoplasms, especially cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas and spiradenomas. Malignant transformation of cylindromas is rare. In such cases usually cylindrocarcinomas develop within these lesions. We present an unusual case of basal cell carcinoma developing within a preexisting cylindroma. MAIN OBSERVATIONS 58-year-old woman with a 30-year history of multiple dermal cylindromas extensively involving her scalp was referred for dermatological treatment. The patient reported that one of the long-lasting lesions, 5.5 cm in size, ulcerated within the foregoing few weeks. Histopathology confirmed cylindromas and basal cell carcinoma within the ulcerating tumor. Surgical excision of largest cylindroma tumors led to cosmetic and functional improvement. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography showed tumor infiltration into the skull lamina externa. Metastases were excluded by chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound examination. CONCLUSION Patients with Brooke-Spiegler syndrome should be followed-up for malignant transformation of skin tumors to prevent deep penetration and possible metastases.
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Abstract
The post-translational modification of different proteins via direct ubiquitin attachment is important for various cellular processes. Dysregulation of components of the ubiqutin system have been linked to many diseases including cancer. CYLD is a deubiquitination enzyme that can cleave the lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains from target proteins and regulate cell survival or cell proliferation. Since loss of CYLD expression can be observed in different types of human cancer, it is now well established that CYLD acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Besides its loss of function in human tumors by gene deletion or mutation, CYLD expression can be downregulated at the RNA level if necessary through transcriptional regulation or at the protein level through post-translational modifications. This article summarizes recent advances that link CYLD to different types of human cancer. Identification of CYLD-mediated signaling pathways during the progression of cancer will provide a solid foundation for diagnosis and lead to the development of novel tools for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Massoumi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Molecular Tumor Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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25
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Kuphal S, Shaw-Hallgren G, Eberl M, Karrer S, Aberger F, Bosserhoff AK, Massoumi R. GLI1-dependent transcriptional repression of CYLD in basal cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2011; 30:4523-30. [PMID: 21577203 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CYLD is a deubiquitination enzyme that regulates different cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and cell survival. Mutation and loss of heterozygosity of the CYLD gene causes development of cylindromatosis, a benign tumour originating from the skin. Our study shows that CYLD expression is dramatically downregulated in basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common cancer in humans. Reduced CYLD expression in basal cell carcinoma was mediated by GLI1-dependent activation of the transcriptional repressor Snail. Inhibition of GLI1 restored the CYLD expression-mediated Snail signaling pathway, and caused a significant delay in the G1 to S phase transition, as well as proliferation. Our data suggest that GLI1-mediated suppression of CYLD has a significant role in basal cell carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kuphal
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Kurokawa I, Takahashi K, Moll I, Moll R. Expression of keratins in cutaneous epithelial tumors and related disorders - distribution and clinical significance. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:217-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Runx1 directly promotes proliferation of hair follicle stem cells and epithelial tumor formation in mouse skin. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:2518-36. [PMID: 20308320 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01308-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx1/AML1 is a transcription factor implicated in tissue stem cell regulation and belongs to the small Runx family of cancer genes. In the hair follicle (HF), Runx1 epithelial deletion in morphogenesis impairs normal adult hair homeostasis (cycle) and blocks adult hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in quiescence. Here, we show that these effects are overcome later in adulthood. By deleting Runx1 after the end of morphogenesis, we demonstrate its direct role in promoting anagen onset and HFSC proliferation. Runx1 deletion resulted in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Cdkn1a (p21) upregulation. Interfering with Runx1 function in cultured HFSCs impaired their proliferation and normal G(0)/G1 and G(1)/S cell cycle progression. The proliferation defect could be rescued by Runx1 readdition or by p21 deletion. Chemically induced skin tumorigenesis in mice turned on broad Runx1 expression in regions of the skin epithelium, papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. In addition, it revealed reduced rates of tumor formation in the absence of Runx1 that were accompanied by decreased epithelial levels of phospho-Stat3. Runx1 protein expression was similar in normal human and mouse hair cycles. We propose that Runx1 may act as a skin oncogene by directly promoting proliferation of the epithelial cells.
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Rajan N, Langtry JAA, Ashworth A, Roberts C, Chapman P, Burn J, Trainer AH. Tumor mapping in 2 large multigenerational families with CYLD mutations: implications for disease management and tumor induction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 145:1277-84. [PMID: 19917957 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To comprehensively ascertain the extent and severity of clinical features in affected individuals from 2 large families with proven heterozygous mutations in the CYLD locus and to correlate these findings with the 3 appendageal tumor predisposition syndromes (familial cylindromatosis, Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, and multiple familial trichoepitheliomas) known to be associated with such germline mutations. DESIGN Interfamilial and intrafamilial observational study. SETTING Tertiary genetic and dermatology referral center. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-four individuals recruited from 2 large multigenerational families with CYLD mutations. Clinical details, history, and tumor maps were obtained from all participants; in 18, the information was corroborated by detailed clinical examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tumor density, distribution and histologic findings, associated medical conditions, patient symptoms, and impact of disease on quality of life. RESULTS The severity of penetrance and phenotype varied within families. Although an approximately equal female to male predisposition was noted, 5 women and 1 man (of 26 patients surveyed [23%]) had undergone total scalp removal. The average age at onset was 16 years (range, 8-30 years). Symptoms reported by affected patients included painful tumors (in 12 of 23 patients [52%] who answered the question), conductive deafness, and sexual dysfunction. Of the 26 surveyed patients, tumors were noted on the scalp in 21 (81%), on the trunk in 18 (69%), and in the pubic area in 11 (42%). Tumor mapping provided clinical evidence that correlated with hormonally stimulated hair follicles being particularly vulnerable to loss of heterozygosity and tumor induction. CONCLUSIONS The burden of disease at sites other than the head and neck appears to be underreported in the literature and greatly affects quality of life. Differentiation between the clinical diagnoses has little prognostic or clinical utility in genetic counseling, even within individuals from the same family. Thus, we suggest an encompassing diagnosis of "CYLD cutaneous syndrome." Finally, the clinical distribution of tumors suggests that hormonal factors may play an important role in tumor induction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Rajan
- MRCP, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE13BZ, England.
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29
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Blake PW, Toro JR. Update of cylindromatosis gene (CYLD) mutations in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome: novel insights into the role of deubiquitination in cell signaling. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:1025-36. [PMID: 19462465 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the cylindromatosis (CYLD) gene have been described in families with cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome (BSS) is the autosomal dominant predisposition to skin appendageal neoplasms including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, and/or spiradenomas. We review the clinical features, molecular genetics, and the animal models of BSS. To date, a total of 51 germline CYLD mutations have been reported, occurring in exons 9-20, in 73 families with diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. Of 51 mutations, 86% are expected to lead to truncated proteins. The seven missense mutations reported to date occur only within the ubiquitin (Ub)-specific protease (USP) domain of the CYLD protein and most are associated exclusively with multiple familial trichoepithelioma (MFT). CYLD functions as a tumor suppressor gene. CYLD encodes a deubiquitinating (DUB) enzyme that negatively regulates the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. CYLD DUB activity is highly specific for lysine 63 (K63)-linked Ub chains but has been shown to act on K48-linked Ub chains as well. In 2008, the CYLD USP domain was crystallized, revealing that the truncated Fingers subdomain confers CYLD's unique specificity for K63-linked Ub chains. Recent work using animal models revealed new roles for CYLD in immunity, lipid metabolism, spermatogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, antimicrobial defense, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Blake
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland 20892-4562, USA
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30
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Kuklani RM, Glavin FL, Bhattacharyya I. Malignant cylindroma of the scalp arising in a setting of multiple cylindromatosis: a case report. Head Neck Pathol 2009; 3:315-9. [PMID: 20596852 PMCID: PMC2811564 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-009-0138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unusual case of malignant cylindroma of the scalp arising in a 79-year-old white female with multiple cylindromatosis is presented. The tumor apparently arose from a cylindroma and had features of spiradenoma. Multiple cylindromatosis is an uncommon hereditary autosomal dominant disease, which is characterized by multiple skin adnexal tumors like cylindromas and trichoepitheliomas and occasional spiradenomas. Cylindroma is an uncommon benign tumor, which originates from skin appendages and is most commonly found on the scalp and face with a strong predilection for middle-aged and elderly females. Although cylindromas are usually benign neoplasms, carcinoma arising in such neoplasms is rare with only sporadic reports in literature. Her family history was negative for a similar disease. The patient's main concern was painful lesions over her right ear that interfered with wearing of her glasses. The clinical, histological immunohistochemical features, and treatment are presented along with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riya M. Kuklani
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Frederick L. Glavin
- Division of Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, P.O. Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, P.O. Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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Truncation of the catalytic domain of the cylindromatosis tumor suppressor impairs lung maturation. Neoplasia 2009; 11:469-76. [PMID: 19412431 DOI: 10.1593/neo.81424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyld encodes a 956-amino acid deubiquitinating enzyme (CYLD), which is a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mutations that truncate and inactivate the carboxyl-terminal deubiquitinating domain of CYLD underlie the development of skin appendage tumors in humans, whereas down-regulation of Cyld expression has been associated with the development of various types of human malignancies including lung cancer. To establish an animal model of human CYLD inactivation and characterize the biological role of CYLD in vivo, we generated mice carrying a homozygous deletion of Cyld exon 9 (Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) mice) using a conditional approach. Deletion of exon 9 would cause a carboxyl-terminal truncation of CYLD and inactivation of its deubiquitinating activity. In accordance with previous studies, fibroblasts from Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) embryos had hyperactive nuclear factor kappaB and c-Jun kinase pathways compared with control fibroblasts. Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) newborn mice were smaller than wild-type littermates with a short and kinky tail and no major developmental defects. However, Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) mice died shortly after birth from apparent respiratory dysfunction. Histological examination of E18.5 Cyld(Delta 9/Delta 9) lungs demonstrated an immature phenotype characterized by hyperplasic mesenchyme but apparently normal epithelial, smooth muscle. and endothelial structures. Our study identifies an important role of CYLD in lung maturation, which may underlie the development of many cases of lung cancer.
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Rajan N, Trainer AH, Burn J, Langtry JAA. Familial Cylindromatosis and Brooke-Spiegler Syndrome. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35:845-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the body and protects the organism against external physical, chemical and biological insults, such as wounding, ultraviolet radiation and micro-organisms. The epidermis is the upper part of the skin that is continuously renewed. The keratinocytes are the major cell type in the epidermis and undergo a specialized form of programmed cell death, called cornification, which is different from classical apoptosis. In keep with this view, several lines of evidence indicate that NF-kB is an important factor providing protection against keratinocyte apoptosis in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. In contrast, the hair follicle is an epidermal appendage that shows cyclic apoptosis-driven involution, as part of the normal hair cycle. The different cell death programs need to be well orchestrated to maintain skin homeostasis. One of the major environmental insults to the skin is UVB radiation, causing the occurrence of apoptotic sunburn cells. Deregulation of cell death mechanisms in the skin can lead to diseases such as cancer, necrolysis and graft-versus-host disease. Here we review the apoptotic and the anti-apoptotic mechanisms in skin homeostasis and disease.
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34
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van Steensel MAM, van Geel M, Badeloe S, Poblete-Gutiérrez P, Frank J. Molecular pathways involved in hair follicle tumor formation: all about mammalian target of rapamycin? Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:185-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Massoumi R, Kuphal S, Hellerbrand C, Haas B, Wild P, Spruss T, Pfeifer A, Fässler R, Bosserhoff AK. Down-regulation of CYLD expression by Snail promotes tumor progression in malignant melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:221-32. [PMID: 19124656 PMCID: PMC2626666 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High malignancy and early metastasis are hallmarks of melanoma. Here, we report that the transcription factor Snail1 inhibits expression of the tumor suppressor CYLD in melanoma. As a direct consequence of CYLD repression, the protooncogene BCL-3 translocates into the nucleus and activates Cyclin D1 and N-cadherin promoters, resulting in proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells. Rescue of CYLD expression in melanoma cells reduced proliferation and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Analysis of a tissue microarray with primary melanomas from patients revealed an inverse correlation of Snail1 induction and loss of CYLD expression. Importantly, tumor thickness and progression-free and overall survival inversely correlated with CYLD expression. Our data suggest that Snail1-mediated suppression of CYLD plays a key role in melanoma malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Massoumi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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36
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Almeida S, Maillard C, Itin P, Hohl D, Huber M. Five new CYLD mutations in skin appendage tumors and evidence that aspartic acid 681 in CYLD is essential for deubiquitinase activity. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:587-93. [PMID: 17851586 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome, familial cylindromatosis, and familial trichoepithelioma are autosomal-dominant genetic predispositions for benign tumors of skin appendages caused by mutations in the CYLD gene localized on chromosome 16q12-q13. The encoded protein functions as ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP), which negatively regulates NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. We investigated five families affected with these skin neoplasms and identified four premature stop codons and the novel missense mutation D681G in a family in which 11 of 12 investigated tumors were trichoepitheliomas. CYLD protein harboring this missense mutation had a significant reduced ability to inhibit TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)2- and TRAF6-mediated NF-kappaB activation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha)-induced JNK signaling, and to deubiquitinate TRAF2. CYLD-D681G was coimmunoprecipitated by TRAF2, but was unable to cleave K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. Aspartic acid 681 is highly conserved in CYLD homologues and other members of the UBP family, but does not belong to the Cys and His boxes providing the CYLD catalytic triad (Cys601, His871, and Asp889). As reported previously, the homologous residue D295 of HAUSP/USP-7 forms a hydrogen bond with the C-terminal end of ubiquitin and is important for the enzymatic activity. These results underline that D681 in CYLD is required for cleavage of K63-linked polyubiquitin chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Almeida
- Service of Dermatology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Zuo YG, Xu Y, Wang B, Liu YH, Qu T, Fang K, Ho MG. A novel mutation of CYLD in a Chinese family with multiple familial trichoepithelioma and no CYLD protein expression in the tumour tissue. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:818-21. [PMID: 17662085 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Tiede S, Kloepper JE, Bodò E, Tiwari S, Kruse C, Paus R. Hair follicle stem cells: walking the maze. Eur J Cell Biol 2007; 86:355-76. [PMID: 17576022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of epithelial stem cells (eSCs) in the bulge region of the outer root sheath of hair follicles in mice and man has encouraged research into utilizing the hair follicle as a therapeutic source of stem cells (SCs) for regenerative medicine, and has called attention to the hair follicle as a highly instructive model system for SC biology. Under physiological circumstances, bulge eSCs serve as cell pool for the cyclic regeneration of the anagen hair bulb, while they can also regenerate the sebaceous gland and the epidermis after injury. More recently, melanocyte SCs, nestin+, mesenchymal and additional, as yet ill-defined "stem cell" populations, have also been identified in or immediately adjacent to the hair follicle epithelium, including in the specialized hair follicle mesenchyme (connective tissue sheath), which is crucial to wound healing. Thus the hair follicle and its adjacent tissue environment contain unipotent, multipotent, and possibly even pluripotent SC populations of different developmental origin. It provides an ideal model system for the study of central issues in SC biology such as plasticity and SC niches, and for the identification of reliable, specific SC markers, which distinguish them from their immediate progeny (e.g. transient amplifying cells). The current review attempts to provide some guidance in this growing maze of hair follicle-associated SCs and their progeny, critically reviews potential or claimed hair follicle SC markers, highlights related differences between murine and human hair follicles, and defines major unanswered questions in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Tiede
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Tiede S, Paus R. Lhx2--decisive role in epithelial stem cell maintenance, or just the "tip of the iceberg"? Bioessays 2007; 28:1157-60. [PMID: 17117482 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell self renewal, maintenance and differentiation are influenced by the convergence of intrinsic cellular signals and extrinsic microenvironmental cues from the surrounding stem cell niche. However, the specific signals involved are often still poorly understood. This is also true for skin epithelial stem cells. Recently, by transcriptionally profiling of embryonic hair progenitors in mice, Rhee et al. have managed to define how murine hair follicle epithelial stem cells are specified and maintained in an undifferentiated state. These authors have identified Lhx2 as a transcription factor functionally positioned downstream of signals necessary to specify hair follicle stem cells such as p63 or NFkappaB, but upstream of signals like Wnt/beta-catenin, Bmp or Shh that are required to drive activated stem cells via the production of transient amplifying cells into terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Tiede
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Germany.
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40
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Massoumi R, Paus R. Cylindromatosis and theCYLD gene: new lessons on the molecular principles of epithelial growth control. Bioessays 2007; 29:1203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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41
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Dutta J, Fan Y, Gupta N, Fan G, Gélinas C. Current insights into the regulation of programmed cell death by NF-kappaB. Oncogene 2006; 25:6800-16. [PMID: 17072329 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) transcription factors have emerged as major regulators of programmed cell death (PCD) whether via apoptosis or necrosis. In this context, NF-kappaB's activity has important ramifications for normal tissue development, homoeostasis and the physiological functions of various cell systems including the immune, hepatic, epidermal and nervous systems. However, improper regulation of PCD by NF-kappaB can have severe pathologic consequences, ranging from neurodegeneration to cancer, where its activity often precludes effective therapy. Although NF-kappaB generally protects cells by inducing the expression genes encoding antiapoptotic and antioxidizing proteins, its role in apoptosis and necrosis can vary markedly in different cell contexts, and NF-kappaB can sensitize cells to death-inducing stimuli in some instances. This article describes our current knowledge of the role of NF-kappaB in apoptosis and necrosis, and focuses on the many advances since we last reviewed this rapidly evolving topic in Oncogene 3 years ago. There has been substantial progress in understanding NF-kappaB's mode of action in apoptosis and necrosis and the mechanisms that regulate its anti- vs proapoptotic activities. These recent developments shed new light on the role of NF-kappaB in many disease conditions including tumor development, tumor progression and anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dutta
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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