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IJzermans T, van der Meijden W, Hoeks M, Huigen M, Rennings A, Nijenhuis T. Improving a Rare Metabolic Disorder Through Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report of a Patient With Lysinuric Protein Intolerance. Am J Kidney Dis 2023; 81:493-496. [PMID: 36223829 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare metabolic disorder with reduced renal and intestinal reabsorption of ornithine, lysine, and arginine. It is due to variants in SLC7A7, the gene encoding y+L amino acid transporter 1 (y+LAT1), which lead to urea cycle defects with protein intolerance. Chronic kidney disease in lysinuric protein intolerance is common and can progress to kidney failure and initiation of kidney replacement therapy. Kidney transplantation could in theory improve urine levels and, consequently, plasma levels of these amino acids and therefore improve clinical symptoms, as well as protein intolerance, in patients with lysinuric protein intolerance. However, data on kidney transplantation in patients with lysinuric protein intolerance are limited, and up until now no data on clinical and biochemical improvement after kidney transplantation have been reported. In this case report we describe a rare case of kidney transplantation in a lysinuric protein intolerance patient with substantial improvement in protein tolerance; in plasma and urine levels of ornithine, lysine, and arginine; and in lysinuric protein intolerance symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ties IJzermans
- Departments of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Marlijn Hoeks
- Haematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Huigen
- Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Rennings
- Haematology and Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Nijenhuis
- Departments of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Grahammer F, Huber TB, Artunc F. Role of mTOR Signaling for Tubular Function and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:350-358. [PMID: 34514872 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms two distinct intracellular multiprotein complexes that control a multitude of intracellular processes linked to metabolism, proliferation, actin cytoskeleton, and survival. Recent studies have identified the importance of these complexes for transport regulation of ions and nutrients along the entire nephron. First reports could link altered activity of these complexes to certain disease entities, i.e. diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury or hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Halalsheh OM, Al-Shehabat MA, Al-Ghazo M, Al-Ghalayini IF, Altal YA, Al-Okour R, Altal O. Analysis of SLC7A9 gene mutations among Jordanian patients with cystinuria. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 63:102182. [PMID: 33680451 PMCID: PMC7930589 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystinuria is known as a heritable disorder affecting the cysteine reabsorption by renal system as well as the reabsorption of dibasic amino acids. The main objectives of the present study were to identify genetic mutations in SLC7A9 gene associated with cystinuria. Methods A cross sectional study design was conducted. A total of 28 patients diagnosed with cystinuria were included. Molecular techniques were applied to identify genetic mutations in SLC7A9 gene. Results The mean age of study participants was 31.57 ± 2.88 years, and slightly more than two thirds of participants were males. Mutations of SLC 7A9 gene showed that the majority of cases (57.1%) were homogeneous, (7.1%) heterogeneous, and slightly more than one third of patients had no mutations. There was no statistically significant relationship between mutations for the SLC7A9 gene and gender (p = 0.249). Conclusion Mutations in the SLC7A9 gene are prevalent and can be used as molecular tools to diagnose cystinuria. Cystinuria is an inherited disorder of dibasic amino acid as cystine transport in kidney. SLC7A9 Cystinuria gene was recently isolated in many cystinuria patient from different racial populations. Mutations in the SLC7A9 gene are prevalent in Jordanian (Arab) populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M. Halalsheh
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
- Corresponding author. Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine Jordan University of Science and Technology, King Abdullah University Hospital, P. O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mustafa A. Al-Shehabat
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Moh''D.A. Al-Ghazo
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim F. Al-Ghalayini
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Yaman A. Altal
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Radwan Al-Okour
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Omar Altal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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4
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Haijes H, Prinsen HC, de Sain-van der Velden MG, Verhoeven-Duif NM, van Hasselt PM, Jans JJ. Accurate discrimination of Hartnup disorder from other aminoacidurias using a diagnostic ratio. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2020; 22:100551. [PMID: 31908951 PMCID: PMC6938934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2019.100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hartnup disorder is caused by a deficiency of the sodium dependent B0 AT1 neutral amino acid transporter in the proximal kidney tubules and jejunum. Biochemically, Hartnup disorder is diagnosed via amino acid excretion patterns. However, these patterns can closely resemble amino acid excretion patterns of generalized aminoaciduria, which may induce a risk for misdiagnosis and preclusion from treatment. Here we explore whether calculating a diagnostic ratio could facilitate correct discrimination of Hartnup disorder from other aminoacidurias. Methods 27 amino acid excretion patterns from 11 patients with genetically confirmed Hartnup disorder were compared to 68 samples of 16 patients with other aminoacidurias. Amino acid fold changes were calculated by dividing the quantified excretion values over the upper limit of the age-adjusted reference value. Results Increased excretion of amino acids is not restricted to amino acids classically related to Hartnup disorder ("Hartnup amino acids", HAA), but also includes many other amino acids, not classically related to Hartnup disorder ("other amino acids", OAA). The fold change ratio of HAA over OAA was 6.1 (range: 2.4-9.6) in the Hartnup cohort, versus 0.2 (range: 0.0-1.6) in the aminoaciduria cohort (p < .0001), without any overlap observed between the cohorts. Discussion Excretion values of amino acids not classically related to Hartnup disorder are frequently elevated in patients with Hartnup disorder, which may cause misdiagnosis as generalized aminoaciduria and preclusion from vitamin B3 treatment. Calculation of the HAA/OAA ratio improves diagnostic differentiation of Hartnup disorder from other aminoacidurias.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.A. Haijes
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Metabolic Disorders, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus C.M.T. Prinsen
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nanda M. Verhoeven-Duif
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. van Hasselt
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Metabolic Disorders, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith J.M. Jans
- Department of Genetics, Section Metabolic Diagnostics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author at: Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Yahyaoui R, Pérez-Frías J. Amino Acid Transport Defects in Human Inherited Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010119. [PMID: 31878022 PMCID: PMC6981491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play very important roles in nutrient uptake, neurotransmitter recycling, protein synthesis, gene expression, cell redox balance, cell signaling, and regulation of cell volume. With regard to transporters that are closely connected to metabolism, amino acid transporter-associated diseases are linked to metabolic disorders, particularly when they involve different organs, cell types, or cell compartments. To date, 65 different human solute carrier (SLC) families and more than 400 transporter genes have been identified, including 11 that are known to include amino acid transporters. This review intends to summarize and update all the conditions in which a strong association has been found between an amino acid transporter and an inherited metabolic disorder. Many of these inherited disorders have been identified in recent years. In this work, the physiological functions of amino acid transporters will be described by the inherited diseases that arise from transporter impairment. The pathogenesis, clinical phenotype, laboratory findings, diagnosis, genetics, and treatment of these disorders are also briefly described. Appropriate clinical and diagnostic characterization of the underlying molecular defect may give patients the opportunity to avail themselves of appropriate therapeutic options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Yahyaoui
- Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders and Newborn Screening Center of Eastern Andalusia, Málaga Regional University Hospital, 29011 Málaga, Spain
- Grupo Endocrinología y Nutrición, Diabetes y Obesidad, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Javier Pérez-Frías
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigación Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacología y Pediatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
The transport of materials across membranes is a vital process for all aspects of cellular function, including growth, metabolism, and communication. Protein transporters are the molecular gates that control this movement and serve as key points of regulation for these processes, thus representing an attractive class of therapeutic targets. With more than 400 members, the solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins are the largest family of transporters, yet, they are pharmacologically underexploited relative to other protein families and many of the available chemical tools possess suboptimal selectivity and efficacy. Fortuitously, there is increased interest in elucidating the physiological roles of SLCs as well as growing recognition of their therapeutic potential. This Perspective provides an overview of the SLC superfamily, including their biochemical and functional features, as well as their roles in various human diseases. In particular, we explore efforts and associated challenges toward drugging SLCs, as well as highlight opportunities for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Leandro Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Appaso Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Almontashiri NAM, Demirbas D, Berry GT, Peake RWA. Hyperammonemia in a Child Presenting with Growth Delay, Short Stature, and Diarrhea. Clin Chem 2019; 64:1260-1262. [PMID: 30054302 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2018.291146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naif A M Almontashiri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunwarah, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science Building, Boston, MA
| | - Didem Demirbas
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science Building, Boston, MA
| | - Gerard T Berry
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Center for Life Science Building, Boston, MA
| | - Roy W A Peake
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
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8
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Gopalakrishnan C, Al-Subaie AM, N N, Yeh HY, Tayubi IA, Kamaraj B. Prioritization of SNPs in y+LAT-1 culpable of Lysinuric protein intolerance and their mutational impacts using protein-protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18496-18508. [PMID: 31211457 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare, yet inimical, genetic disorder characterized by the paucity of essential dibasic amino acids in the cells. Amino acid transporter y+LAT-1 interacts with 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain to transport the required dibasic amino acids. Mutation in y+LAT-1 is rumored to cause LPI. However, the underlying pathological mechanism is unknown, and, in this analysis, we investigate the impact of point mutation in y+LAT-1's interaction with 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain in causing LPI. Using an efficient and extensive computational pipeline, we have isolated M50K and L334R single-nucleotide polymorphisms to be the most deleterious mutations in y+LAT-1s. Docking of mutant y+LAT-1 with 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain showed decreased interaction compared with native y+LAT-1. Further, molecular dynamic simulation analysis reveals that the protein molecules increase in size, become more flexible, and alter their secondary structure upon mutation. We believe that these conformational changes because of mutation could be the reason for decreased interaction with 4F2 cell-surface antigen heavy chain causing LPI. Our analysis gives pathological insights about LPI and helps researchers to better understand the disease mechanism and develop an effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abeer Mohammed Al-Subaie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nagasundaram N
- School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hui-Yuan Yeh
- School of Humanities, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Iftikhar Alam Tayubi
- Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Balu Kamaraj
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Guerrero RB, Kloke KM, Salazar D. Inborn Errors of Metabolism and the Gastrointestinal Tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2019; 48:183-198. [PMID: 31046970 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are usually recognized by characteristic neurologic and metabolic manifestations and sometimes by dysmorphism. However, IEMs can present with a wide variety of gastrointestinal manifestations, whether as the primary or a minor clinical symptom. Regardless, gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of IEMs are important clinical features that can help identify an underlying defect; these disorders should be taken into consideration as part of a patient's clinical assessment. It is prudent to include metabolic disorders in the differential diagnosis because in some cases, gastrointestinal symptoms may be the only presenting feature in a patient with an underlying IEM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen M Kloke
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Denise Salazar
- Quest Diagnostics, 33608 Ortega Highway, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
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10
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Mallet M, Weiss N, Thabut D, Rudler M. Why and when to measure ammonemia in cirrhosis? Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2018; 42:505-511. [PMID: 29551609 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperammonemia plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and most HE treatments are ammonia-lowering drugs. However, the usefulness of measuring ammonemia in routine practice remains controversial and not recommended systematically even when neurological symptoms are present. First, ammonemia measurement should be carefully performed in order to avoid a falsely elevated result. When performed, a normal ammonemia in a cirrhotic patient with neurological symptoms should lead to reconsider the diagnosis of HE. Indeed, literature data show that most cirrhotic patients with HE have an elevated ammonemia, which is however individually poorly correlated with the severity of symptoms. Nevertheless, elevated ammonemia seems to be a factor of bad prognosis in cirrhosis. A decrease in ammonemia after treatments is well proven but it is not determined whether it is associated with clinical efficacy. Repeated measurements could be useful in this context, especially in non-responders, to help differentiating other causes of encephalopathy, such as drug induced. In acute liver failure, the prognostic value of hyperammonemia is well described and could help an early recognition the most severe forms of this disease. We will also discuss how integrating ammonemia into the diagnostic work-up of liver failure and/or encephalopathy. Ammonemia is also essential to diagnose urea cycle disorders or drug toxicity that both need specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mallet
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Weiss
- Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France; Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris 06, France & unité de réanimation neurologique, département de neurologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, pôle des maladies du système nerveux et institut de neurosciences translationnelles, IHU-A-ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Marika Rudler
- Unité de soins intensifs d'hépatologie, service d'hépato-gastro-entérologie, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, & Sorbonne universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; Brain Liver Pitié-Salpêtrière (BLIPS) study group, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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11
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Guerrero RB, Salazar D, Tanpaiboon P. Laboratory diagnostic approaches in metabolic disorders. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:470. [PMID: 30740401 PMCID: PMC6331366 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) takes many forms. Due to the implementation and advances in newborn screening (NBS), the diagnosis of many IEM has become relatively easy utilizing laboratory biomarkers. For the majority of IEM, early diagnosis prevents the onset of severe clinical symptoms, thus reducing morbidity and mortality. However, due to molecular, biochemical, and clinical variability of IEM, not all disorders included in NBS programs will be detected and diagnosed by screening alone. This article provides a general overview and simplified guidelines for the diagnosis of IEM in patients with and without an acute metabolic decompensation, with early or late onset of clinical symptoms. The proper use of routine laboratory results in the initial patient assessment is also discussed, which can help guide efficient ordering of specialized laboratory tests to confirm a potential diagnosis and initiate treatment as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Bonilla Guerrero
- Formerly Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Ruben Bonilla Guerrero, Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA
| | - Denise Salazar
- Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Denise Salazar and Pranoot Tanpaiboon, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Quest Diagnostics, Inc., Denise Salazar and Pranoot Tanpaiboon, San Juan Capistrano, CA, USA
- Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s National Rare Disease Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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12
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A novel approach for the selective analysis of l-lysine in untreated human serum by a co-crosslinked l-lysine–α-oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer based amperometric biosensor. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Sharer JD, De Biase I, Matern D, Young S, Bennett MJ, Tolun AA. Laboratory analysis of amino acids, 2018 revision: a technical
standard of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Genet Med 2018; 20:1499-1507. [DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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14
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Taslimifar M, Oparija L, Verrey F, Kurtcuoglu V, Olgac U, Makrides V. Quantifying the relative contributions of different solute carriers to aggregate substrate transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40628. [PMID: 28091567 PMCID: PMC5238446 DOI: 10.1038/srep40628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the contributions of different transporter species to overall cellular transport is fundamental for understanding the physiological regulation of solutes. We calculated the relative activities of Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters using the Michaelis-Menten equation and global fitting to estimate the normalized maximum transport rate for each transporter (Vmax). Data input were the normalized measured uptake of the essential neutral amino acid (AA) L-leucine (Leu) from concentration-dependence assays performed using Xenopus laevis oocytes. Our methodology was verified by calculating Leu and L-phenylalanine (Phe) data in the presence of competitive substrates and/or inhibitors. Among 9 potentially expressed endogenous X. laevis oocyte Leu transporter species, activities of only the uniporters SLC43A2/LAT4 (and/or SLC43A1/LAT3) and the sodium symporter SLC6A19/B0AT1 were required to account for total uptake. Furthermore, Leu and Phe uptake by heterologously expressed human SLC6A14/ATB0,+ and SLC43A2/LAT4 was accurately calculated. This versatile systems biology approach is useful for analyses where the kinetics of each active protein species can be represented by the Hill equation. Furthermore, its applicable even in the absence of protein expression data. It could potentially be applied, for example, to quantify drug transporter activities in target cells to improve specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Taslimifar
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lalita Oparija
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francois Verrey
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Olgac
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney CH, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Makrides
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Klootwijk E, Dufek S, Issler N, Bockenhauer D, Kleta R. Pathophysiology, current treatments and future targets in hereditary forms of renal Fanconi syndrome. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2017.1259560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Dufek
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naomi Issler
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Grahammer F, Ramakrishnan SK, Rinschen MM, Larionov AA, Syed M, Khatib H, Roerden M, Sass JO, Helmstaedter M, Osenberg D, Kühne L, Kretz O, Wanner N, Jouret F, Benzing T, Artunc F, Huber TB, Theilig F. mTOR Regulates Endocytosis and Nutrient Transport in Proximal Tubular Cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:230-241. [PMID: 27297946 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubular cells constantly recycle nutrients to ensure minimal loss of vital substrates into the urine. Although most of the transport mechanisms have been discovered at the molecular level, little is known about the factors regulating these processes. Here, we show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 specifically and synergistically regulate PTC endocytosis and transport processes. Using a conditional mouse genetic approach to disable nonredundant subunits of mTORC1, mTORC2, or both, we showed that mice lacking mTORC1 or mTORC1/mTORC2 but not mTORC2 alone develop a Fanconi-like syndrome of glucosuria, phosphaturia, aminoaciduria, low molecular weight proteinuria, and albuminuria. Interestingly, proteomics and phosphoproteomics of freshly isolated kidney cortex identified either reduced expression or loss of phosphorylation at critical residues of different classes of specific transport proteins. Functionally, this resulted in reduced nutrient transport and a profound perturbation of the endocytic machinery, despite preserved absolute expression of the main scavenger receptors, MEGALIN and CUBILIN. Our findings highlight a novel mTOR-dependent regulatory network for nutrient transport in renal proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suresh K Ramakrishnan
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Rinschen
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexey A Larionov
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Syed
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hazim Khatib
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Malte Roerden
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Oliver Sass
- Bioanalytics and Biochemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn Rhein Sieg University of Applied Sciences, Rheinbach, Germany.,Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry and Children's Research Centre, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Helmstaedter
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dorothea Osenberg
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lucas Kühne
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Wanner
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francois Jouret
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée, Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium; and
| | - Thomas Benzing
- Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Medical IV, Sektion Nieren- und Hochdruckkrankheiten, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; .,BIOSS, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies and.,FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies and ZBSA, Center for Biological System Analysis, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Theilig
- Institute of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland;
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17
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Nicolas C, Bednarek N, Vuiblet V, Boyer O, Brassier A, De Lonlay P, Galmiche L, Krug P, Baudouin V, Pichard S, Schiff M, Pietrement C. Renal Involvement in a French Paediatric Cohort of Patients with Lysinuric Protein Intolerance. JIMD Rep 2015; 29:11-17. [PMID: 26608393 PMCID: PMC5059217 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2015_509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, caused by defective transport of cationic amino acids at the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells, typically in intestines and kidneys. The SLC7A7 gene, mutated in LPI patients, encodes the light subunit (y+LAT1) of a member of the heterodimeric amino acid transporter family.The diagnosis of LPI is difficult due to unspecific clinical features: protein intolerance, failure to thrive and vomiting after weaning. Later on, patients may present delayed growth osteoporosis, hepatosplenomegaly, muscle hypotonia and life-threatening complications such as alveolar proteinosis, haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and macrophage activation syndrome. Renal involvement is also a serious complication with tubular and more rarely, glomerular lesions that may lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). We report six cases of LPI followed in three different French paediatric centres who presented LPI-related nephropathy during childhood. Four of them developed chronic kidney disease during follow-up, including one with ESKD. Five developed chronic tubulopathies and one a chronic glomerulonephritis. A histological pattern of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was first associated with a polyclonal immunoglobulin deposition, treated by immunosuppressive therapy. He then required a second kidney biopsy after a relapse of the nephrotic syndrome; the immunoglobulin deposition was then monoclonal (IgG1 kappa). This is the first observation of an evolution from a polyclonal to a monotypic immune glomerulonephritis. Immune dysfunction potentially attributable to nitric oxide overproduction secondary to arginine intracellular trapping is a debated complication in LPI. Our results suggest all LPI patients should be monitored for renal disease regularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nicolas
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology Paediatric Unit, CHU Reims, France.
| | - N Bednarek
- Department of Neonatalogy, Metabolic Unit, CHU Reims, France
| | - V Vuiblet
- Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, CHU de Reims, France
| | - O Boyer
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, APHP Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - A Brassier
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, APHP Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P De Lonlay
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, APHP Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - L Galmiche
- Department of Pathology, APHP Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - P Krug
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, APHP Necker Enfants-Malades Hospital, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - V Baudouin
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, APHP Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - S Pichard
- Reference Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, APHP Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris-Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - M Schiff
- Reference Center of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, APHP Robert Debré Hospital, INSERM U1141, Paris-Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - C Pietrement
- Department of Paediatrics, Nephrology Paediatric Unit, CHU Reims, France
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18
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Klootwijk ED, Reichold M, Unwin RJ, Kleta R, Warth R, Bockenhauer D. Renal Fanconi syndrome: taking a proximal look at the nephron. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:1456-60. [PMID: 25492894 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Fanconi syndrome (RFS) refers to the generalized dysfunction of the proximal tubule (PT) (Kleta R. Fanconi or not Fanconi? Lowe syndrome revisited. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 3: 1244-1245). In its isolated form, RFS only affects the PT, but not the other nephron segments. The study of isolated RFS can thus provide specific insights into the function of the PT. In a recent paper, Klootwijk et al. investigated one such form of isolated RFS and revealed the underlying molecular basis (Klootwijk ED, Reichold M, Helip-Wooley A et al. Mistargeting of peroxisomal EHHADH and inherited renal Fanconi's syndrome. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 129-138). The affected family had been described previously, demonstrating the typical features of RFS, such as low-molecular weight proteinuria, aminoaciduria, glycosuria and phosphaturia with consequent rickets; yet, importantly, patients had no evidence of impaired glomerular filtration (Tolaymat A, Sakarcan A, Neiberger R. Idiopathic Fanconi syndrome in a family. Part I. Clinical aspects. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2: 1310-1317). Inheritance was consistent with an autosomal dominant mode. Klootwijk et al. discovered a surprising explanation: a heterozygous missense mutation causing partial mistargeting of the peroxisomal enzyme EHHADH to the mitochondria. Notably, disease causing was not the absence of the enzyme in the peroxisome, but its interference with mitochondrial function. The discovery of this novel disease mechanism not only confirmed the importance of mitochondrial function for PT transport, but also demonstrated the critical dependence of PT on fatty acid metabolism for energy generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Reichold
- Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Unwin
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Kleta
- Centre for Nephrology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Warth
- Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, Regensburg, Germany
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19
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20
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21
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Giacopo AD, Rubio-Aliaga I, Cantone A, Artunc F, Rexhepaj R, Frey-Wagner I, Font-Llitjós M, Gehring N, Stange G, Jaenecke I, Mohebbi N, Closs EI, Palacín M, Nunes V, Daniel H, Lang F, Capasso G, Wagner CA. Differential cystine and dibasic amino acid handling after loss of function of the amino acid transporter b0,+AT (Slc7a9) in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 305:F1645-55. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00221.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinuria is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in SLC3A1 ( rBAT) and SLC7A9 ( b 0,+ AT). Gene targeting of the catalytic subunit ( Slc7a9) in mice leads to excessive excretion of cystine, lysine, arginine, and ornithine. Here, we studied this non-type I cystinuria mouse model using gene expression analysis, Western blotting, clearance, and brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) uptake experiments to further characterize the renal and intestinal consequences of losing Slc7a9 function. The electrogenic and BBMV flux studies in the intestine suggested that arginine and ornithine are transported via other routes apart from system b0,+. No remarkable gene expression changes were observed in other amino acid transporters and the peptide transporters in the intestine and kidney. Furthermore, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was reduced by 30% in knockout animals compared with wild-type animals. The fractional excretion of arginine was increased as expected (∼100%), but fractional excretions of lysine (∼35%), ornithine (∼16%), and cystine (∼11%) were less affected. Loss of function of b0,+AT reduced transport of cystine and arginine in renal BBMVs and completely abolished the exchanger activity of dibasic amino acids with neutral amino acids. In conclusion, loss of Slc7a9 function decreases the GFR and increases the excretion of several amino acids to a lesser extent than expected with no clear regulation at the mRNA and protein level of alternative transporters and no increased renal epithelial uptake. These observations indicate that transporters located in distal segments of the kidney and/or metabolic pathways may partially compensate for Slc7a9 loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Di Giacopo
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Rubio-Aliaga
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandra Cantone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chair of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rexhep Rexhepaj
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Mariona Font-Llitjós
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- U730 CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gerti Stange
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Jaenecke
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nilufar Mohebbi
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ellen I. Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuel Palacín
- IRB Barcelona, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona and U731 CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virginia Nunes
- Medical and Molecular Genetics Center, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain; and
- U730 CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Molecular Nutrition Unit, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giovambattista Capasso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chair of Nephrology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Carsten A. Wagner
- Institute of Physiology-Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Claes DJ, Jackson E. Cystinuria: mechanisms and management. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:2031-2038. [PMID: 22281707 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cystinuria is a relatively uncommon cause of pediatric stone disease, but has significant morbidity if not properly controlled because of its significant stone recurrence rate. Cystinuria is caused by the inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb filtered cystine, which is poorly soluble at a typical urine pH <7. Although many advances have been made in the understanding of the genetic and physiological basis of cystinuria, the cornerstones of treatment still involve stone prevention with dietary measures and pharmacological therapy, coupled with surgical interventions for stone removal. Pharmacological treatments can carry significant side effects that must be monitored and can limit therapy as well as impede compliance. Most patients will require surgical intervention for stone removal, although compliance with prevention strategies reduces the need for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna J Claes
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Jackson
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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23
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Verzola D, Famà A, Villaggio B, Di Rocco M, Simonato A, D'Amato E, Gianiorio F, Garibotto G. Lysine triggers apoptosis through a NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism in human renal tubular cells. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:1011-9. [PMID: 22403019 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9468-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI), a primary inherited aminoaciduria characterized by massive Lysine excretion in urine. However, by which mechanisms Lysine may cause kidney damage to tubule cells is still not understood. This study determined whether Lysine overloading of human proximal tubular cells (HK-2) in culture enhances apoptotic cell loss and its associated mechanisms. Overloading HK-2 with Lysine levels reproducing those observed in urine of patients affected by LPI (10 mM) increased apoptosis (+30%; p < 0.01 vs.C), as well as Bax and Apaf-1 expressions (+30-50% p < 0.05), while downregulated Bcl-2 (-40% p < 0.05). Apoptosis induced by high Lysine was no longer observed after addition of caspase-9 and caspase-3 inhibitors while caspase-8 inhibitor had no protective effect. High Lysine induced elevations in ROS generation and NADPH oxidase subunits mRNAs (p22 (phox) +106 ± 23%, p67 (phox) +108 ± 22% and gp91 (phox) +75 ± 4% p < 0.05-0.01). In addition, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor DPI prevented both ROS production and apoptosis. Treating HK-2 with antioxidants, such as Cysteine and its analog, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), rescued the HK-2 from apoptosis induced by Lysine. In summary, our data show that high Lysine in vitro increases the permissiveness of proximal tubule kidney cells to apoptosis by triggering a pathway involving NADPH oxidase signaling. This event may represent a key cellular effect in the increasing the susceptibility of human tubular cells to apoptosis when the tubules cope with a high Lysine load. This effect is instrumental to renal damage and disease progression in patients with LPI.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/complications
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/etiology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/metabolism
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Caspase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cell Line
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/drug effects
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/metabolism
- Kidney Tubules, Proximal/pathology
- Lysine/metabolism
- Lysine/toxicity
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- NADPH Oxidases/chemistry
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Protein Subunits
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/etiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verzola
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Division, Genoa University, IRCSS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST, Viale Benedetto XV,6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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24
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Bailey CG, Ryan RM, Thoeng AD, Ng C, King K, Vanslambrouck JM, Auray-Blais C, Vandenberg RJ, Bröer S, Rasko JEJ. Loss-of-function mutations in the glutamate transporter SLC1A1 cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:446-53. [PMID: 21123949 DOI: 10.1172/jci44474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier family 1, member 1 (SLC1A1; also known as EAAT3 and EAAC1) is the major epithelial transporter of glutamate and aspartate in the kidneys and intestines of rodents. Within the brain, SLC1A1 serves as the predominant neuronal glutamate transporter and buffers the synaptic release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate within the interneuronal synaptic cleft. Recent studies have also revealed that polymorphisms in SLC1A1 are associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in early-onset patient cohorts. Here we report that SLC1A1 mutations leading to substitution of arginine to tryptophan at position 445 (R445W) and deletion of isoleucine at position 395 (I395del) cause human dicarboxylic aminoaciduria, an autosomal recessive disorder of urinary glutamate and aspartate transport that can be associated with mental retardation. These mutations of conserved residues impeded or abrogated glutamate and cysteine transport by SLC1A1 and led to near-absent surface expression in a canine kidney cell line. These findings provide evidence that SLC1A1 is the major renal transporter of glutamate and aspartate in humans and implicate SLC1A1 in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles G Bailey
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Wilmer MJ, Emma F, Levtchenko EN. The pathogenesis of cystinosis: mechanisms beyond cystine accumulation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299:F905-16. [PMID: 20826575 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00318.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubules are highly sensitive to ischemic and toxic insults and are affected in diverse genetic disorders, of which nephropathic cystinosis is the most common. The disease is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, encoding the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, and is characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes throughout the body. In the majority of the patients, this leads to generalized proximal tubular dysfunction (also called DeToni-Debré-Fanconi syndrome) in the first year and progressive renal failure during the first decade. Extrarenal organs are affected by cystinosis as well, with clinical symptoms manifesting mostly after 10 yr of age. The cystine-depleting agent cysteamine significantly improves life expectancy of patients with cystinosis, but offers no cure, pointing to the complexity of the disease mechanism. In this review, current knowledge on the pathogenesis of cystinosis is described and placed in perspective of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J Wilmer
- Dept. of Pediatric Nephrology, Univ. Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Cheon CK, Lee BH, Ko JM, Kim HJ, Yoo HW. Novel mutation in SLC6A19 causing late-onset seizures in Hartnup disorder. Pediatr Neurol 2010; 42:369-71. [PMID: 20399395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2010.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hartnup disorder is caused by an inborn error of neutral amino acid transport in the kidneys and intestines. It is characterized by pellagra-like rash, ataxia, and psychotic behavior. Elevated urinary neutral amino acids are the first indicator of the disorder. SLC6A19 was identified as the causative gene in autosomal-recessive Hartnup disorder, which encodes the amino acid transporter B(0)AT1, mediating neutral amino acid transport from the luminal compartment to the intracellular space. Here, we report on a Korean boy aged 8 years and 5 months with Hartnup disorder, as confirmed by SLC6A19 gene analysis. He manifested seizures, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and mental retardation without pellagra or ataxia. Multiple neutral amino acids were increased in his urine, and genetic analysis of SLC6A19 revealed compound heterozygous mutations, c.908C>T (p.Ser303Leu) and c.1787_1788insG (p.Thr596fsX73), both of which are novel. A novel SLC6A19 gene mutation was associated with late-onset seizures in a Korean patient with Hartnup disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Kun Cheon
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetic and Metabolic Clinic, Children's Hospital, Pusan National University, Gyeongnam, South Korea
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27
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Tzovaras VT, Psychogios NG, Kostara CE, Bairaktari ET, Elisaf MS. Evaluation of the proximal tubular function in individuals with primary renal hypouricemia: an NMR-based metabonomic study. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2009; 22:1072-1083. [PMID: 19593759 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary renal hypouricemia (PRH) refers to a rare condition of increased renal urate clearance, caused by an isolated inborn error of membrane transport of urate in the renal proximal tubule. Several cases of exercise-induced acute renal failure and urolithiasis have been reported. This is the first study that assessed tubular function in PRH using NMR-based metabonomic urine analysis. The study groups consisted of 36 unrelated asymptomatic subjects with PRH, defined as serum uric acid levels (sUA) <2.5 mg/dL and fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) >10%, after exclusion of diseases and drugs that may affect urate homeostasis, and 39 sex and age-matched healthy individuals with normal sUA levels (>4.0 mmol/L) and FEUA<10%. Individuals with primary hypouricemia presented similar biochemical profiles to the controls without significant differences with regard to FE of electrolytes and renal threshold for phosphate excretion. Individuals with primary hypouricemia were differentiated from healthy individuals in the orthogonal signal correction/partial least-squares-discriminant analysis models of the NMR data with a statistically significant separation. The components that contributed to this separation were the lower levels of hippurate, creatinine, and trimethylaminoxide, and the higher levels of phenylalanine, alanine, glycine, glutamate, acetate, and of an unidentified metabolite (3.3 ppm) observed in hypouricemic subjects compared with controls. Primary hypouricemia, though considered an isolated renal tubular defect, is often associated with a more generalized proximal tubular disorder that mimics a partial Fanconi syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios T Tzovaras
- Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece
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28
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Bröer S, Bailey CG, Kowalczuk S, Ng C, Vanslambrouck JM, Rodgers H, Auray-Blais C, Cavanaugh JA, Bröer A, Rasko JEJ. Iminoglycinuria and hyperglycinuria are discrete human phenotypes resulting from complex mutations in proline and glycine transporters. J Clin Invest 2008. [PMID: 19033659 DOI: 10.1172/jci3662536625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminoglycinuria (IG) is an autosomal recessive abnormality of renal transport of glycine and the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline, but the specific genetic defect(s) have not been determined. Similarly, although the related disorder hyperglycinuria (HG) without iminoaciduria has been attributed to heterozygosity of a putative defective glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline transporter, confirming the underlying genetic defect(s) has been difficult. Here we applied a candidate gene sequencing approach in 7 families first identified through newborn IG screening programs. Both inheritance and functional studies identified the gene encoding the proton amino acid transporter SLC36A2 (PAT2) as the major gene responsible for IG in these families, and its inheritance was consistent with a classical semidominant pattern in which 2 inherited nonfunctional alleles conferred the IG phenotype, while 1 nonfunctional allele was sufficient to confer the HG phenotype. Mutations in SLC36A2 that retained residual transport activity resulted in the IG phenotype when combined with mutations in the gene encoding the imino acid transporter SLC6A20 (IMINO). Additional mutations were identified in the genes encoding the putative glycine transporter SLC6A18 (XT2) and the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (B0AT1) in families with either IG or HG, suggesting that mutations in the genes encoding these transporters may also contribute to these phenotypes. In summary, although recognized as apparently simple Mendelian disorders, IG and HG exhibit complex molecular explanations depending on a major gene and accompanying modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Bröer S, Bailey CG, Kowalczuk S, Ng C, Vanslambrouck JM, Rodgers H, Auray-Blais C, Cavanaugh JA, Bröer A, Rasko JEJ. Iminoglycinuria and hyperglycinuria are discrete human phenotypes resulting from complex mutations in proline and glycine transporters. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3881-92. [PMID: 19033659 DOI: 10.1172/jci36625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iminoglycinuria (IG) is an autosomal recessive abnormality of renal transport of glycine and the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline, but the specific genetic defect(s) have not been determined. Similarly, although the related disorder hyperglycinuria (HG) without iminoaciduria has been attributed to heterozygosity of a putative defective glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline transporter, confirming the underlying genetic defect(s) has been difficult. Here we applied a candidate gene sequencing approach in 7 families first identified through newborn IG screening programs. Both inheritance and functional studies identified the gene encoding the proton amino acid transporter SLC36A2 (PAT2) as the major gene responsible for IG in these families, and its inheritance was consistent with a classical semidominant pattern in which 2 inherited nonfunctional alleles conferred the IG phenotype, while 1 nonfunctional allele was sufficient to confer the HG phenotype. Mutations in SLC36A2 that retained residual transport activity resulted in the IG phenotype when combined with mutations in the gene encoding the imino acid transporter SLC6A20 (IMINO). Additional mutations were identified in the genes encoding the putative glycine transporter SLC6A18 (XT2) and the neutral amino acid transporter SLC6A19 (B0AT1) in families with either IG or HG, suggesting that mutations in the genes encoding these transporters may also contribute to these phenotypes. In summary, although recognized as apparently simple Mendelian disorders, IG and HG exhibit complex molecular explanations depending on a major gene and accompanying modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Scriver CR. Garrod's Croonian Lectures (1908) and the charter 'Inborn Errors of Metabolism': albinism, alkaptonuria, cystinuria, and pentosuria at age 100 in 2008. J Inherit Metab Dis 2008; 31:580-98. [PMID: 18850300 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0984-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 07/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Garrod presented his concept of 'the inborn error of metabolism' in the 1908 Croonian Lectures to the Royal College of Physicians (London); he used albinism, alkaptonuria, cystinuria and pentosuria to illustrate. His lectures are perceived today as landmarks in the history of biochemistry, genetics and medicine. Garrod gave evidence for the dynamic nature of metabolism by showing involvement of normal metabolites in normal pathways made variant by Mendelian inheritance. His concepts and evidence were salient primarily among biochemists, controversial among geneticists because biometricians were dominant over Mendelists, and least salient among physicians who were not attracted to rare hereditary 'traits'. In 2008, at the centennial of Garrod's Croonian Lectures, each charter inborn error of metabolism has acquired its own genomic locus, a cloned gene, a repertoire of annotated phenotype-modifying alleles, a gene product with known structure and function, and altered function in the Mendelian variant.
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