1
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Sircar A, Singh S, Xu-Monette ZY, Coyle KM, Hilton LK, Chavdoula E, Ranganathan P, Jain N, Hanel W, Tsichlis P, Alinari L, Peterson BR, Tao J, Muthusamy N, Baiocchi R, Epperla N, Young KH, Morin R, Sehgal L. Exploiting the fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 vulnerability to therapeutically restrict the MYC-EZH2-CDKN1C axis-driven proliferation in Mantle cell lymphoma. Leukemia 2023; 37:2094-2106. [PMID: 37598282 PMCID: PMC10539170 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a lethal hematological malignancy with a median survival of 4 years. Its lethality is mainly attributed to a limited understanding of clinical tumor progression and resistance to current therapeutic regimes. Intrinsic, prolonged drug treatment and tumor-microenvironment (TME) facilitated factors impart pro-tumorigenic and drug-insensitivity properties to MCL cells. Hence, elucidating neoteric pharmacotherapeutic molecular targets involved in MCL progression utilizing a global "unified" analysis for improved disease prevention is an earnest need. Using integrated transcriptomic analyses in MCL patients, we identified a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-1 (FGFR1), and analyses of MCL patient samples showed that high FGFR1 expression was associated with shorter overall survival in MCL patient cohorts. Functional studies using pharmacological intervention and loss of function identify a novel MYC-EZH2-CDKN1C axis-driven proliferation in MCL. Further, pharmacological targeting with erdafitinib, a selective small molecule targeting FGFRs, induced cell-cycle arrest and cell death in-vitro, inhibited tumor progression, and improved overall survival in-vivo. We performed extensive pre-clinical assessments in multiple in-vivo model systems to confirm the therapeutic potential of erdafitinib in MCL and demonstrated FGFR1 as a viable therapeutic target in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuvrat Sircar
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Satishkumar Singh
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Krysta Mila Coyle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Laura K Hilton
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Evangelia Chavdoula
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parvathi Ranganathan
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neeraj Jain
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Walter Hanel
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Philip Tsichlis
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Blake R Peterson
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Division of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Narendranath Epperla
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ken H Young
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ryan Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lalit Sehgal
- Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
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2
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Freeman CL, Pararajalingam P, Jin L, Balasubramanian S, Jiang A, Xu W, Grau M, Zapukhlyak M, Boyle M, Hodkinson B, Schaffer M, Enny C, Deshpande S, Sun S, Vermeulen J, Morin RD, Scott DW, Lenz G. Molecular determinants of outcomes in relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma treated with ibrutinib or temsirolimus in the MCL3001 (RAY) trial. Leukemia 2022; 36:2479-2487. [PMID: 35963941 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, incurable lymphoma subtype characterized by heterogeneous outcomes. To better understand the clinical behavior and response to treatment, predictive biomarkers are needed. Using residual archived material from patients enrolled in the MCL3001 (RAY) study, we performed detailed analyses of gene expression and targeted genetic sequencing. This phase III clinical trial randomized patients with relapsed or refractory MCL to treatment with either ibrutinib or temsirolimus. We confirmed the prognostic capability of the gene expression proliferation assay MCL35 in this cohort treated with novel agents; it outperformed the simplified MCL International Prognostic Index in discriminating patients with different outcomes. Regardless of treatment arm, our data demonstrated that this assay captures the risk conferred by known biological factors, including increased MYC expression, blastoid morphology, aberrations of TP53, and truncated CCND1 3' untranslated region. We showed the negative impact of BIRC3 mutations/deletions on outcomes in this cohort and identified that deletion of chromosome 8p23.3 also negatively impacts survival. Restricted to patients with deletions/alterations in TP53, ibrutinib appeared to abrogate the deleterious impact on outcome. These data illustrate the potential to perform a molecular analysis of predictive biomarkers on routine patient samples that can meaningfully inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara L Freeman
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Prasath Pararajalingam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ling Jin
- Medical Department A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Aixiang Jiang
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wendan Xu
- Medical Department A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Grau
- Medical Department A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Myroslav Zapukhlyak
- Medical Department A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Merrill Boyle
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brendan Hodkinson
- Oncology Translational Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Michael Schaffer
- Oncology Translational Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Enny
- Clinical Oncology, Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Sanjay Deshpande
- Clinical Oncology, Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Sun
- Clinical Biostats, Janssen Research & Development, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Jessica Vermeulen
- Clinical Oncology, Janssen Research & Development, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan D Morin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Georg Lenz
- Medical Department A for Hematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Vann KR, Pal D, Smith AL, Sahar NE, Krishnaiah M, El-Gamal D, Kutateladze TG. Combinatorial inhibition of BTK, PI3K-AKT and BRD4-MYC as a strategy for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:2. [PMID: 35031886 PMCID: PMC8760370 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by poor prognosis. The complexity of MCL pathogenesis arises from aberrant activities of diverse signaling pathways, including BTK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MYC-BRD4. Here, we report that MCL-related signaling pathways can be altered by a single small molecule inhibitor, SRX3305. Binding and kinase activities along with resonance changes in NMR experiments reveal that SRX3305 targets both bromodomains of BRD4 and is highly potent in inhibition of the PI3K isoforms α, γ and δ, as well as BTK and the drug-resistant BTK mutant. Preclinical investigations herein reveal that SRX3305 perturbs the cell cycle, promotes apoptosis in MCL cell lines and shows dose dependent anti-proliferative activity in both MCL and drug-resistant MCL cells. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of novel multi-action small molecule inhibitors for potential treatment of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra R Vann
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dhananjaya Pal
- Molecular Targeted Therapeutics Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Audrey L Smith
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Namood-E Sahar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maddeboina Krishnaiah
- Molecular Targeted Therapeutics Laboratory, Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Dalia El-Gamal
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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4
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Psaras AM, Chang KT, Hao T, Brooks TA. Targeted Downregulation of MYC through G-quadruplex Stabilization by DNAi. Molecules 2021; 26:5542. [PMID: 34577013 PMCID: PMC8464964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating the expression or function of the enigmatic MYC protein has demonstrated efficacy in an array of cancer types and a marked potential therapeutic index and safety profile. Despite its high therapeutic value, specific and selective inhibitors or downregulating therapeutics have proven difficult to develop. In the current study, we expanded our work on a MYC promoter G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizing DNA clamp to develop an oligonucleotide interfering DNA (DNAi) therapeutic. We explored six DNAi for G4-stabilization through EMSA, DMS footprinting, and thermal stability studies, focusing on the DNAi 5T as the lead therapeutic. 5T, but not its scramble control 5Tscr, was then shown to enter the nucleus, modulate cell viability, and decrease MYC expression through G4-stabilization. DNAi 5T is thus described to be our lead DNAi, targeting MYC regulation through stabilization of the higher-order DNA G4 structure in the proximal promoter, and it is poised for further preclinical development as an anticancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maria Psaras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (A.M.P.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Katarina T. Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (A.M.P.); (K.T.C.)
| | - Taisen Hao
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA;
| | - Tracy A. Brooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA; (A.M.P.); (K.T.C.)
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA;
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5
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Scapinello G, Riva M, Branca A, Pizzi M, Bonaldi L, Martines A, Manni S, Visentin A, Trentin L, Semenzato G, Gurrieri C, Piazza F. A case of "double hit" mantle cell lymphoma carrying CCND1 and MYC translocations relapsed/refractory to rituximab bendamustine cytarabine (R-BAC) and ibrutinib. Ann Hematol 2020; 99:2715-2717. [PMID: 32671454 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-020-04178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greta Scapinello
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcello Riva
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Hematology Division, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Branca
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Pizzi
- Surgical Pathology/Cytopathology Units - Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Bonaldi
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Martines
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Sabrina Manni
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Visentin
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Trentin
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gianpietro Semenzato
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carmela Gurrieri
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Piazza
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,Laboratory of Myeloma and Lymphoma Pathobiology, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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6
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Karkhanis V, Alinari L, Ozer HG, Chung J, Zhang X, Sif S, Baiocchi RA. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 represses tumor suppressor miRNAs that down-regulate CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC expression in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49877-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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7
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Karkhanis V, Alinari L, Ozer HG, Chung J, Zhang X, Sif S, Baiocchi RA. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 represses tumor suppressor miRNAs that down-regulate CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC expression in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1165-1180. [PMID: 31822509 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase-5 (PRMT5) is overexpressed in aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and supports constitutive expression of CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC. Here, we combined ChIP analysis with next-generation sequencing to identify microRNA (miRNA) genes that are targeted by PRMT5 in aggressive lymphoma cell lines. We identified enrichment of histone 3 dimethylation at Arg-8 (H3(Me2)R8) in the promoter regions of miR33b, miR96, and miR503. PRMT5 knockdown de-repressed transcription of all three miRNAs, accompanied by loss of recruitment of epigenetic repressor complexes containing PRMT5 and either histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) or HDAC3, enhanced binding of co-activator complexes containing p300 or CREB-binding protein (CBP), and increased acetylation of specific histones, including H2BK12, H3K9, H3K14, and H4K8 at the miRNA promoters. Re-expression of individual miRNAs in B-cell lymphoma cells down-regulated expression of PRMT5, CYCLIN D1, and c-MYC, which are all predicted targets of these miRNAs, and reduced lymphoma cell survival. Luciferase reporter assays with WT and mutant 3'UTRs of CYCLIN D1 and c-MYC mRNAs revealed that binding sites for miR33b, miR96, and miR503 are critical for translational regulation of the transcripts of these two genes. Our findings link altered PRMT5 expression to transcriptional silencing of tumor-suppressing miRNAs in lymphoma cells and reinforce PRMT5's relevance for promoting lymphoma cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrajesh Karkhanis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lapo Alinari
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jihyun Chung
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Saïd Sif
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, P. O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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8
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Wang JD, Katz SG, Morgan EA, Yang DT, Pan X, Xu ML. Proapoptotic protein BIM as a novel prognostic marker in mantle cell lymphoma. Hum Pathol 2019; 93:54-64. [PMID: 31425695 PMCID: PMC7038910 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma. Numerous studies have demonstrated many genetic aberrations in MCL in addition to the characteristic t(11:14), including frequent biallelic deletions of Bim, a proapoptotic member of the BCL-2 family. In mice, Bim deletion coupled with cyclin D1 overexpression generates pathologic and molecular features of human MCL. Since the regulation of apoptosis is crucial in MCL pathogenesis, we hypothesize that BIM expression may be associated with tumor cell survival. Clinical data and tissue from 100 nodal MCL cases between 1988 and 2009 were collected from three large academic medical centers. The average patient age of our MCL cohort was 65.5 years old (range, 42-97) with a 2:1 male to female ratio. Immunohistochemistry was performed with a validated anti-BIM antibody. Patients were separated into low and high BIM-expressing categories with a cutoff of 80%. As expected for a proapoptotic tumor suppressor, patients with high BIM expression were less likely to have progressive disease and more likely to have a complete response (P = .022). In addition, high BIM-expressing MCL tumors revealed a trend toward increased overall survival with this trend persisting in sub-analysis of Ann Arbor stages III and IV. No correlation between BIM expression, Ki-67 index, and MIPI score was observed, suggesting a role for BIM as a novel independent prognostic factor. While BIM is only one member of a complex family of apoptosis-regulating proteins, these findings may yield clinically relevant information for the prognosis and therapeutic susceptibility of MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
| | - Samuel G Katz
- Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
| | - Elizabeth A Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - David T Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin Medical Center, Madison, WI 53705-2281.
| | - Xueliang Pan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
| | - Mina L Xu
- Department of Pathology, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.
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9
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Issa DE, van de Schans SAM, Chamuleau MED, Karim-Kos HE, Wondergem M, Huijgens PC, Coebergh JWW, Zweegman S, Visser O. Trends in incidence, treatment and survival of aggressive B-cell lymphoma in the Netherlands 1989-2010. Haematologica 2014; 100:525-33. [PMID: 25512643 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a small number of patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma take part in clinical trials, and elderly patients in particular are under-represented. Therefore, we studied data of the population-based nationwide Netherlands Cancer Registry to determine trends in incidence, treatment and survival in an unselected patient population. We included all patients aged 15 years and older with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma or Burkitt lymphoma in the period 1989-2010 and mantle cell lymphoma in the period 2001-2010, with follow up until February 2013. We examined incidence, first-line treatment and survival. We calculated annual percentage of change in incidence and carried out relative survival analyses. Incidence remained stable for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=23,527), while for mantle cell lymphoma (n=1,634) and Burkitt lymphoma (n=724) incidence increased for men and remained stable for women. No increase in survival for patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma was observed during the period 1989-1993 and the period 1994-1998 [5-year relative survival 42% (95%CI: 39%-45%) and 41% (38%-44%), respectively], but increased to 46% (43%-48%) in the period 1999-2004 and to 58% (56%-61%) in the period 2005-2010. The increase in survival was most prominent in patients under 65 years of age, while there was a smaller increase in patients over 75 years of age. However, when untreated patients were excluded, patients over 75 years of age had a similar increase in survival to younger patients. In the Netherlands, survival for patients with aggressive B-cell lymphoma increased over time, particularly in younger patients, but also in elderly patients when treatment had been initiated. The improvement in survival coincided with the introduction of rituximab therapy and stem cell transplantation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamila E Issa
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam
| | | | | | - Henrike E Karim-Kos
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter C Huijgens
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Comprehensive Cancer Centre the Netherlands, Utrecht
| | - Jan Willem W Coebergh
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Haematology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam
| | - Otto Visser
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre the Netherlands, Utrecht
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10
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Tao J, Zhao X, Tao J. c-MYC-miRNA circuitry: a central regulator of aggressive B-cell malignancies. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:191-8. [PMID: 24394940 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC (c-Myc) deregulation has been frequently associated with aggressive lymphomas and adverse clinical outcome in B-cell malignancies. MYC has been implicated in controlling the expression of miRNAs, and MYC-regulated miRNAs affect virtually all aspects of the hallmarks of MYC-driven lymphomas. Increasing evidence has indicated that there is significant cross-talk between MYC and miRNAs, with MYC regulating expression of a number of miRNAs, resulting in widespread repression of miRNA and, at the same time, MYC being subjected to regulation by miRNAs, leading to sustained MYC activity and the corresponding MYC downstream pathways. Thus, these combined effects of MYC overexpression and downregulation of miRNAs play a central regulatory role in the MYC oncogenic pathways and MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. Here, we provide biological insight on the function of MYC-regulated miRNAs, the mechanisms of MYC-induced miRNA repression, and the complicated feedback circuitry underlying lymphoma progression, as well as potential therapeutic targets in aggressive B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangchuan Tao
- Departments of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute at the University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Departments of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute at the University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Jianguo Tao
- Departments of Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine; H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute at the University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA
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11
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Oberley MJ, Rajguru SA, Zhang C, Kim K, Shaw GR, Grindle KM, Kahl BS, Kanugh C, Laffin J, Yang DT. Immunohistochemical evaluation of MYC expression in mantle cell lymphoma. Histopathology 2013; 63:499-508. [PMID: 23926923 DOI: 10.1111/his.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the validity and potential clinical utility of evaluating MYC expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). METHODS AND RESULTS MYC IHC was scored on a tissue microarray containing 62 MCLs and 29 controls by two pathologists. Inter-observer correlation was high (intra-class correlation of 0.98). MYC IHC scores correlated with MYC expression (Spearman's rank correlation 0.69, P < 0.0001) and weakly with Ki67 proliferation index (Spearman's rank correlation 0.30, P = 0.03). Six blastic MCLs did not have higher mean MYC IHC scores or MYC mRNA expression than non-blastic MCLs. None of 57 cases assessed, including all of the blastic cases, showed MYC rearrangement by fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Multivariate analysis with backward selection from potential predictors including age, lactate dehydrogenase, leukocyte count, MIPI score, ECOG performance status, blastic morphology and Ki67 index showed that MYC IHC score is an independent predictor of progression-free survival (hazard ratio 2.34, 95% CI 1.42-3.88, P = 0.0009) and overall survival (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% CI 1.05-3.43, P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS We show that a new monoclonal anti-MYC antibody can enable accurate and reproducible visual assessment of MYC expression that is independently predictive of clinical outcomes in MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Oberley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Abstract
Genomic profiling of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells has enabled a better understanding of the complex mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of disease. Besides the t(11;14)(q13;q32) leading to cyclin D1 overexpression, MCL exhibits a characteristic pattern of DNA copy number aberrations that differs from those detected in other B-cell lymphomas. These genomic changes disrupt selected oncogenes and suppressor genes that are required for lymphoma development and progression, many of which are components of cell cycle, DNA damage response and repair, apoptosis, and cell-signaling pathways. Additionally, some of them may represent effective therapeutic targets. A number of genomic and molecular abnormalities have been correlated with the clinical outcome of patients with MCL and are considered prognostic factors. However, only a few genomic markers have been shown to predict the response to current or novel targeted therapies. One representative example is the high-level amplification of the BCL2 gene, which predicts a good response to pro-apoptotic BH3 mimetic drugs. In summary, genomic analyses have contributed to the substantial advances made in the comprehension of the pathogenesis of MCL, providing a solid basis for the identification of optimal therapeutic targets and for the design of new molecular therapies aiming to cure this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Rieger Menanteau
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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13
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A defect of the INK4-Cdk4 checkpoint and Myc collaborate in blastoid mantle cell lymphoma-like lymphoma formation in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 180:1688-701. [PMID: 22326754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by a monoclonal proliferation of lymphocytes with the co-expression of CD5 and CD43, but not of CD23. Typical MCL is associated with overexpression of cyclin D1, and blastoid MCL variants are associated with Myc (alias c-myc) translocations. In this study, we developed a murine model of MCL-like lymphoma by crossing Cdk4(R24C) mice with Myc-3'RR transgenic mice. The Cdk4(R24C) mouse is a knockin strain that expresses a Cdk4 protein that is resistant to inhibition by p16(INK4a) as well as other INK4 family members. Ablation of INK4 control on Cdk4 does not affect lymphomagenesis, B-cell maturation, and functions in Cdk4(R24C) mice. Additionally, B cells were normal in numbers, cell cycle activity, mitogen responsiveness, and Ig synthesis in response to activation. By contrast, breeding Cdk4(R24C) mice with Myc-3'RR transgenic mice prone to develop aggressive Burkitt lymphoma-like lymphoma (CD19(+)IgM(+)IgD(+) cells) leads to the development of clonal blastoid MCL-like lymphoma (CD19(+)IgM(+)CD5(+)CD43(+)CD23(-) cells) in Myc/Cdk4(R24C) mice. Western blot analysis revealed high amounts of Cdk4/cyclin D1 complexes as the main hallmark of these lymphomas. These results indicate that although silent in nonmalignant B cells, a defect in the INK4-Cdk4 checkpoint can participate in lymphomagenesis in conjunction with additional alterations of cell cycle control, a situation that might be reminiscent of the development of human blastoid MCL.
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14
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Myc represses miR-15a/miR-16-1 expression through recruitment of HDAC3 in mantle cell and other non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 2011; 31:3002-3008. [PMID: 22002311 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Our recent study demonstrated miR-15a/16-1 downregulation in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Here, we investigated mechanisms of miR-15a/16-1 transcriptional repression and its epigenetic regulation by c-Myc and histone deacetylase (HDAC) in MCL. c-Myc expression was detected in MCL cell lines and in the primary MCL samples, and pri-miR-15a/16-1 mRNAs were significantly upregulated in Mino and Jeko-1 cells with c-Myc knockdown by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Our co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that c-Myc interacted with HDAC3. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that both c-Myc and HDAC3 co-localized to the two promoters of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster gene, DLEU2, and inhibition of HDAC3 increased histone acetylation of the DLEU2 promoters. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the dependence of Myc-mediated DLEU2 transcriptional repression on HDAC3. Treatment with the pan-HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid and HDAC3 siRNA resulted in increased miR-15a/16-1 expression. The regulatory mechanism of miR-15a/16-1 was further demonstrated in Burkitt lymphoma and Myc overexpressing cell lines. These findings highlight the role of HDAC3 in Myc-induced miR-15a/16-1 changes and reveal novel mechanisms for c-Myc-driven microRNA suppression and malignant transformation in aggressive B-cell malignancies.
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15
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Hartmann E, Fernàndez V, Moreno V, Valls J, Hernández L, Bosch F, Abrisqueta P, Klapper W, Dreyling M, Hoster E, Müller-Hermelink HK, Ott G, Rosenwald A, Campo E. Five-gene model to predict survival in mantle-cell lymphoma using frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:4966-72. [PMID: 18606985 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.12.0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the common underlying translocation t(11;14) involving cyclin D1 that is present in nearly all cases of mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL), the clinical course of the disease is highly variable. The aim of the present study was to develop a quantitative gene expression-based model to predict survival in newly diagnosed patients with MCL that involves a minimum number of genes and is applicable to fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples. PATIENTS AND METHODS The expression of 33 genes with potential prognostic and pathogenetic impact in MCL was analyzed using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) in a low-density array format in frozen tumor samples from 73 patients with MCL. Multivariate Cox methods and stepwise algorithms were applied to build gene expression-based survival predictors. An optimized five-gene model was subsequently applied to FFPE tumor samples from 13 patients with MCL from the initial series and to 42 independent MCL samples. RESULTS The optimized survival predictor was composed of the five genes RAN, MYC, TNFRSF10B, POLE2, and SLC29A2 and was validated for application in FFPE tissue samples. It allowed the survival prediction of patients with MCL with widely disparate clinical outcome and was superior to the immunohistochemical marker Ki-67, an established prognostic factor in MCL. CONCLUSION We here present a validated qRT-PCR-based test for survival prediction in patients with MCL that is applicable to fresh frozen as well as to FFPE tissue specimens. This test may prove useful to guide individualized treatment approaches for patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Ferrer A, Salaverria I, Bosch F, Villamor N, Rozman M, Beà S, Giné E, López-Guillermo A, Campo E, Montserrat E. Leukemic involvement is a common feature in mantle cell lymphoma. Cancer 2007; 109:2473-80. [PMID: 17477385 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reported incidence of peripheral blood involvement in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) ranges from 13% to 77%. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence and the biologic and clinical significance of leukemic involvement in a series of patients with MCL. METHODS Leukemic expression was assessed by conventional morphology and flow cytometry (FC) in 48 patients. In addition, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed in 27 patients. RESULTS At diagnosis, 44 patients (92%) had evidence of leukemic expression by FC, including 8 patients (17%) without morphologically apparent leukemic involvement. Moreover, a lymphocyte count > or =5 x 10(9)/L was observed in 25 cases (52%). The most frequent imbalances detected by CGH were gains of 3q, 7p, 8q, 9q, 12q, and 13q, and losses of 13q, 1p, 9p, 11q, 10p, 17p, 6q, 8p, and 9q. Using a cutoff of 5 x 10(9)/L lymphocytes, cases with lymphocytosis more frequently presented with gains of 3q (P = .02), losses of 10p (P = .05), a low response rate (P = .04), and a short survival (P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Leukemic expression at diagnosis detected by FC was found to be highly frequent in this series of patients with MCL. Although morphologically apparent leukemic expression was not associated with specific chromosomal alterations detected by CGH, a lymphocyte count > or =5 x 10(9)/L was correlated with particular genetic abnormalities and a poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferrer
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Ford RJ, Shen L, Lin-Lee YC, Pham LV, Multani A, Zhou HJ, Tamayo AT, Zhang C, Hawthorn L, Cowell JK, Ambrus JL. Development of a murine model for blastoid variant mantle-cell lymphoma. Blood 2007; 109:4899-906. [PMID: 17311992 PMCID: PMC1885517 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-038497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastoid-variant mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL-BV), unlike most B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL-Bs), is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and associated with a very poor prognosis. Development of new therapies has been hampered by the lack of valid animal models. We have developed a novel murine model of MCL-BV by crossing interleukin 14alpha (IL-14alpha) transgenic mice with c-Myc transgenic mice (double transgenic [DTG]). IL-14alpha is a B-cell growth factor that is expressed in a number of high-grade lymphomas, including MCL-BV. Ninety-five percent of IL-14alpha transgenic mice develop CD5(+) large B-cell lymphomas by 18 months of age. Sixty percent of c-Myc transgenic mice develop pre-B-cell lymphomas by 12 months of age. Close to 100% of DTG mice develop an aggressive, rapidly fatal lymphoma at 3 to 4 months of age that is CD5(+), CD19(+), CD21(-), CD23(-), sIgM(+). The tumor is found in the blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs and rarely in the brain, similar to the involvement seen in human MCL-BV. Immunoglobulin gene rearrangements document the monoclonality of the tumor. Cyclin D1 is highly expressed in these tumors, as it is in MCL-BV. DTG represents a novel model for MCL-BV that should reveal important insights into the pathogenesis of the lymphoma and contribute to the development of new forms of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Ford
- Department of Hematopathology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Mossafa H, Damotte D, Jenabian A, Delarue R, Vincenneau A, Amouroux I, Jeandel R, Khoury E, Martelli JM, Samson T, Tapia S, Flandrin G, Troussard X. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with Burkitt-like cells are associated with c-Myc amplification and poor prognosis. Leuk Lymphoma 2006; 47:1885-93. [PMID: 17065002 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600687547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Out of 344 patients with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), this study identified 16 patients presenting Burkitt-like cells (BLCs) after cytological and/or histological review. Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed at diagnosis complex chromosomal abnormalities in 13 cases and a normal karyotype in three cases. However, neither t(8;14)(q24;q32) nor the variants t(2;8)(p12;q24) or t(8;22)(q24;q11) was detected. FISH studies showed c-MYC amplification in all cases with four to more than seven copies in 10 - 77% metaphase or inter-phase cells. This study did not observe any gene fusion signal for c-MYC/IgH excluding a t(8;14) translocation and partial tri or polysomy of chromosome 8. It also excluded in that cases a break apart for the c-MYC locus. This study also never detected IgL/c-MYC, IgK/c-MYC or X-c-MYC. The BLCs were present whatever the lymphoma sub-type: follicular lymphoma (FL) was diagnosed in six out of 16 patients, mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) in four out of 16 patients, marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) in two out of 16 patients and diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) in three out of 16 patients. One additional patient presented a T-cell lymphoma. The clinical course was aggressive with a poor prognosis, as death occurred in nine patients, within 6 months after diagnosis for eight of them. These data could suggest a sub-group of NHL patients (15 B-NHL, 1 T-NHL) have been identified with a poor prognosis characterized by the association of Burkitt-like cells and c-MYC amplification without t(8;14)(q24;q32) or its variants. The possibility that this profile may represent a distinct morphologic NHL sub-set remains to be determined on a large cohort of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Burkitt Lymphoma/diagnosis
- Burkitt Lymphoma/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping
- Lymphoma, Follicular/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mossafa
- Département Génétique, Laboratoire Pasteur Cerba, Cergy Pontoise, France
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19
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Marzec M, Kasprzycka M, Lai R, Gladden AB, Wlodarski P, Tomczak E, Nowell P, Deprimo SE, Sadis S, Eck S, Schuster SJ, Diehl JA, Wasik MA. Mantle cell lymphoma cells express predominantly cyclin D1a isoform and are highly sensitive to selective inhibition of CDK4 kinase activity. Blood 2006; 108:1744-50. [PMID: 16690963 PMCID: PMC1895502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-016634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is poor, and at present there is no truly effective therapy. Gene translocation-mediated constitutive expression of cyclin D1 seems to play the key role in the pathogenesis of MCL. Here we report that although 3 of 4 MCL cell lines expressed the recently identified, highly oncogenic cyclin D1b isoform, as well as the canonical cyclin D1a, 8 MCL patient samples expressed only the cyclin D1a protein despite expressing detectable cyclin D1b mRNA. Cell lines and tissue samples displayed constitutive activation of the cyclin D1 signaling cascade, as evidenced by strong expression of CDK4, Rb phosphorylation, and cyclin D1/CDK4 coassociation. All MCL cell lines and tissues examined displayed nondetectable to diminished expression of the cyclin D1 inhibitor p16. Novel small molecule CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor PD0332991 profoundly suppressed--at low nanomolar concentrations--Rb phosphorylation, proliferation, and cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 phase of MCL cells. These findings provide evidence that MCL should be very sensitive to targeted therapy aimed at functional inhibition of the cyclin D1/CDK4 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Marzec
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 7.106 Founders, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Pscherer A, Schliwka J, Wildenberger K, Mincheva A, Schwaenen C, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Lichter P. Antagonizing inactivated tumor suppressor genes and activated oncogenes by a versatile transgenesis system: application in mantle cell lymphoma. FASEB J 2006; 20:1188-90. [PMID: 16636107 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4854fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of malignant diseases, such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), is associated with complex genomic alterations, demanding multimodal functional testing of candidate genes. To assess such candidate disease genes, we have developed a bidirectional targeted transgenesis tool, which allows well-controlled modulation of individual gene activities within a cellular MCL system. The engineered versatile transgenesis system permits functional analysis of virtually any candidate gene: for tumor suppressor genes by complementation via integration of respective genomic DNA or for oncogenes by inactivation via integrated shRNA coding plasmids. Complementation by genomic DNA ensures wild-type (WT) regulated gene expression, whereas genomic integration of shRNA coding inserts by an advanced RNAi-strategy mediates specific knock-down of gene expression. Site-specific genomic integration of an unmodified BAC, which contains the CDKN2A/B genes absent in the MCL model system, restored CDKN2A/B expression resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation. CCND1, strongly overexpressed in the model system, was down-regulated via shRNA expression, again inhibiting proliferation. Notably, the presented site-specific shRNA-strategy circumvents interference by IFN-response induced when using other RNAi gene knock-down methods. In conclusion, we here demonstrate that adequate restoration of a range of different gene activities yields in a desired antiproliferative effect in MCL-derived cells. By antagonizing inactivated tumor suppressor genes or activated oncogenes, the presented approach can be readily used for the functional analysis of a broad range of disease-related genetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Pscherer
- Department Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Gladden AB, Woolery R, Wasik MA, Diehl JA. Expression of constitutively nuclear cyclin D1 in murine lymphocytes induces B-cell lymphoma. Oncogene 2006; 25:998-1007. [PMID: 16247460 PMCID: PMC2832762 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell lymphoma characterized by overexpression of cyclin D1 due to the t(11;14) chromosomal translocation. While expression of cyclin D1 correlates with MCL development, expression of wild-type (WT) cyclin D1 transgene in murine lymphocytes is unable to drive B-cell lymphoma. As cyclin D1 mutants that are refractory to nuclear export display heighten oncogenicity in vitro compared with WT D1, we generated mice expressing FLAG-D1/T286A, a constitutively nuclear mutant, under the control of the immunoglobulin enhancer, Emu. D1/T286A transgenic mice universally develop a mature B-cell lymphoma. Expression of D1/T286A in B lymphocytes results in S phase entry in resting lymphocytes and increased apoptosis in spleens of young premalignant mice. Lymphoma onset correlates with perturbations in p53/MDM2/p19Arf expression and with BcL-2 overexpression suggesting that alterations in one or both of these pathways may contribute to lymphoma development. Our results describe a cyclin D1-driven model of B-cell lymphomagenesis and provide evidence that nuclear-retention of cyclin D1 is oncogenic in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Gladden
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Rebecca Woolery
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Mariusz A. Wasik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - J. Alan Diehl
- The Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Corresponding Author: J. Alan Diehl, Ph.D., Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, 454 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, tel: (215)746-6389, fax: (215)746-5511,
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bertoni
- Experimental Oncology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, Stabile IRB, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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23
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Aref S, Fouda M, El-Dosoky E, Menessy A, Mabed M, Saleeb M, Zalata K. c-Myc oncogene and Cdc25A cell activating phosphatase expression in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hematology 2003; 8:183-90. [PMID: 12745652 DOI: 10.1080/1024533031000090829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The product of proto-oncogene c-Myc is a potent activator of cell proliferation. The prognostic importance of the over expression of c-Myc and its transcriptional target Cdc25A in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients remains to be elucidated. To determine the role and the prognostic relevance of c-Myc and Cdc25A over expression in this group, we analyzed the expression of c-Myc oncoprotein by immunohistochemistry and Cdc25A mRNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in the biopsied lymph nodes of 59 NHL patients. Over expression of c-Myc oncoprotein (P62) was observed in 32 out of 59 samples (54.2%) and Cdc25A in 36 out of 59 (60.1%). The percentage of c-Myc oncoprotein and Cdc25A mRNA over expression was significantly increased from low grade (4/12=25%, 4/16=25%) through intermediate grade (9/20=45%, 10/20=50%) to high grade lymphoma (19/23=82.6%, 22/23=95.6%) respectively (P=0.001 for both). The proportion of patients with positive c-Myc and Cdc25A over expression was significantly higher among patients with elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (sLDH), and serum beta 2 microglobulin compared to those with normal levels (P<0.05, <0.01, respectively). Moreover, 80 and 90% of NHL patients with bone marrow infiltration at diagnosis had c-Myc and Cdc25A over expression, respectively. On the other hand, positive c-Myc, and Cdc25A over expression were not significantly related to the grade of international prognostic index, or the presence of B symptoms or to histopathological type. The expression of c-Myc and Cdc25A was significantly elevated in those who died when compared to survivors (P<0.001 for both). Moreover, positive c-Myc and Cdc25A over expression was associated with shortened overall survival. IN CONCLUSION over expression of c-Myc and Cdc25A may be poor prognostic factor in NHL and associated with poor outcome. Assessments of c-Myc and Cdc25A expression in NHL at diagnosis are likely to be helpful in predicting patient outcome and selecting optimal therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aref
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egipt
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24
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Horrobin DF. A low toxicity maintenance regime, using eicosapentaenoic acid and readily available drugs, for mantle cell lymphoma and other malignancies with excess cyclin D1 levels. Med Hypotheses 2003; 60:615-23. [PMID: 12710892 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-9877(03)00075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is a difficult to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) whose biochemistry is unusually well characterised. Almost all and perhaps all patients overexpress the cyclin D1 protein which is crucial in driving cells from the G1 to the S phase. This overexpression may be responsible for the refractoriness. Despite this understanding, treatments for mantle cell lymphoma are based on standard NHL regimes of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone, perhaps supplemented with the monoclonal antibody rituximab. There has never been any attempt to direct treatment to the cyclin D1 mechanism or to angiogenesis which is now known to be important in all lymphomas. Both these targets lend themselves to long-term maintenance regimes of relatively low toxicity which can be used as adjuvants to standard therapy. Agents which have recently been shown to block cyclin D1 translation by regulating calcium levels are the unsaturated essential fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones, and the antifungal agent, clotrimazole. Two types of agent which have been shown to inhibit angiogenesis are the teratogen, thalidomide, and the selective inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2). Retinoids exert synergistic effects with EPA and have been shown to inhibit both tumour growth and angiogenesis. The mechanisms of action of these various agents are discussed, and specific suggestions are made for low toxicity maintenance therapy of mantle cell lymphoma and of other tumours which overexpress cyclin D1.
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25
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M'kacher R, Farace F, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Violot D, Clausse B, Dossou J, Valent A, Parmentier C, Ribrag V, Bosq J, Carde P, Turhan AG, Bernheim A. Blastoid mantle cell lymphoma: evidence for nonrandom cytogenetic abnormalities additional to t(11;14) and generation of a mouse model. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 2003; 143:32-8. [PMID: 12742154 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(02)00823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32), which is associated with cyclin D1 hyperexpression and a poor prognosis. MCL cases have been shown to progress to a more aggressive disease but the molecular events responsible of this phenomenon have not been determined. We have established two cell lines from the pleural effusions of two patients with MCL that we have used for further cytogenetic characterization to better define the incidence and nature of secondary chromosome abnormalities using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization, whole chromosome paint, and specific probes. Both cell lines grew independently without growth factors. Using CCND1/IGH-specific probes, patient UPN1 was found to have a masked t(11;14). Numerous and complex chromosomal abnormalities were found in both cell lines affecting chromosomes 2, 8, 13, 18, 22, X, and Y. These abnormalities included 8p losses, suggesting the presence of an anti-oncogene in this region, rearrangements of 8q24, MYC gene, and translocations involving 8, X, and Y chromosomes, which might be significant in the pathogenesis of MCL progression. The use of the cell lines (UPN1) allowed us to generate a mouse model of human MCL, mimicking a disseminated lymphoma and leading to the death of the animals in 4 weeks. This blastoid MCL model could be of major interest to determine molecular events involved in MCL progression, allowing isolation of involved genes and their functional characterization, and to study the effects of new chemotherapy regimens in mouse models.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- R M'kacher
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Clinical Biology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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26
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Abstract
Disruption of the physiologic balance between cell proliferation and death is a universal feature of all cancers. In general terms, human B-cell lymphomas can be subdivided into 2 main groups, low- and high-growth fraction lymphomas, according to the mechanisms through which this imbalance is achieved. Most types of low-growth fraction lymphomas are initiated by molecular events resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, such as translocations affecting BCL2, in follicular lymphoma, or BCL10 and API2/MLT1, in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. This results in cell accumulation as a consequence of prolonged cell survival. In contrast, high-growth fraction lymphomas are characterized by an enhanced proliferative activity, as a result of the deregulation of oncogenes with cell cycle regulatory functions, such as BCL6, in large B-cell lymphoma, or c-myc, in Burkitt lymphoma. Low- and high-growth fraction lymphomas are both able to accumulate other alterations in cell cycle regulation, most frequently involving tumor suppressor genes such as p16(INK4a), p53, and p27(KIP1). As a consequence, these tumors behave as highly aggressive lymphomas. The simultaneous inactivation of several of these regulators confers increased aggressivity and proliferative advantage to tumoral cells. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the alterations in each of these pathways, with special emphasis on the deregulation of cell cycle progression, in an attempt to integrate the available information within a global model that describes the contribution of these molecular changes to the genesis and progression of B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Sánchez-Beato
- Lymphoma Group, Molecular Pathology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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27
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Nagy B, Lundán T, Larramendy ML, Aalto Y, Zhu Y, Niini T, Edgren H, Ferrer A, Vilpo J, Elonen E, Vettenranta K, Franssila K, Knuutila S. Abnormal expression of apoptosis-related genes in haematological malignancies: overexpression of MYC is poor prognostic sign in mantle cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:434-41. [PMID: 12580957 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression of apoptosis-related genes BCL2, BAX, BCL2L1, BCL2A1, MCL1, DAPK1 and MYC was studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction on total RNA samples from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL, n = 16), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML, n = 27), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML, n = 12), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL, n = 19) and chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL, n = 32). BCL2, BAX, BCL2A1, MCL1, DAPK1 and MYC were overexpressed in all patient groups. BCL2L1 was underexpressed in CLL and CML, but not in AML, ALL and MCL. MCL1 levels were significantly higher in CD13 and CD33-positive ALL, and in CD56-positive AML samples. BCL2, BCL2L1, BCL2A1 and MCL1 were overexpressed and DAPK1 was underexpressed in CLL samples with a 11q23 deletion. MYC overexpression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival in MCL (P < 0.01). AML patients with a normal karyotype showed a higher frequency of BCL2A1 overexpression (P < 0.001) than those with an abnormal karyotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Cooper A, Johannsen E, Maruo S, Cahir-McFarland E, Illanes D, Davidson D, Kieff E. EBNA3A association with RBP-Jkappa down-regulates c-myc and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblast growth. J Virol 2003; 77:999-1010. [PMID: 12502816 PMCID: PMC140836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.2.999-1010.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen protein 3A (EBNA3A) is one of four EBNAs (EBNA-2, EBNALP, EBNA3A, and EBNA3C) through the cellular DNA sequence-specific transcription factor RBP-Jkappa/CBF-1/CSL and are essential for conversion of primary B lymphocytes to lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In the present study, we investigated the effects of EBNA3A on EBNA2 activation of transcription in the IB4 LCL by conditionally overexpressing EBNA3A three- to fivefold. EBNA3A overexpression increased EBNA3A association with RBP-Jkappa, did not change EBNA3C association with RBP-Jkappa or EBNA or LMP1 expression, decreased EBNA2 association with RBP-Jkappa, decreased c-myc expression, and caused G(0)/G(1) growth arrest with prolonged viability. Expression of the fusion protein MycERTM in cells with conditional EBNA3A overexpression restored cell cycle progression and caused apoptosis. In contrast, MycER in the same cells without EBNA3A overexpression enhanced cell proliferation and did not increase apoptosis. These data indicate that EBNA3A overexpression inhibits protection from c-myc-induced apoptosis. In assays of EBNA2- and RBP-Jkappa-dependent transcription, EBNA3A amino acids 1 to 386 were sufficient for repression equivalent to that by wild-type EBNA3A, amino acids 1 to 124 were unimportant, amino acids 1 to 277 were insufficient, and a triple alanine substitution within the EBNA3A core RBP-Jkappa binding domain was a null mutation. In reverse genetic experiments with IB4 LCLs, the effects of conditional EBNA3A overexpression on c-myc expression and proliferation did not require amino acids 524 to 944 but did require amino acids 278 to 524 as well as wild-type sequence in the core RBP-Jkappa binding domain. The dependence of EBNA3A effects on the core RBP-Jkappa interaction domain and on the more C-terminal amino acids (amino acids 278 to 524) required for efficient RBP-Jkappa association strongly implicates RBP-Jkappa in c-myc promoter regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cooper
- Virology Program and Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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Lai R, Rassidakis GZ, Medeiros LJ, Leventaki V, Keating M, McDonnell TJ. Expression of STAT3 and its phosphorylated forms in mantle cell lymphoma cell lines and tumours. J Pathol 2003; 199:84-9. [PMID: 12474230 DOI: 10.1002/path.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is incompletely understood, although cyclin D1 overexpression leading to deregulated cell proliferation is probably important. Recent data suggest that interleukin (IL)-10 can increase the proliferative activity of MCL cells. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) is the signal transducer of IL-10, and STAT3 is activated by phosphorylation. The hypothesis of this study is that STAT3 is activated in MCL. The expression of the two phosphorylated (i.e. active) forms of STAT3, pSTAT3-tyr (phosphorylated at the tyrosine(705) residue) and pSTAT3-ser (phosphorylated at the serine(727) residue), was assessed in four MCL cell lines and 12 MCL tumours using western blots and/or immunofluorescence staining techniques. All MCL cell lines expressed STAT3, but only one had detectable pSTAT3-tyr and none had pSTAT3-ser. Addition of IL-10 rapidly resulted in expression of pSTAT3-tyr but not pSTAT3-ser. All eight cases of frozen MCL tumours examined had detectable pSTAT3-tyr and pSTAT3-ser. Immunofluorescence studies using four formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded MCL tumours demonstrated cytoplasmic localization of STAT3, as opposed to the nuclear localization of the pSTAT3 species. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence that STAT3 is constitutively activated in MCL, supporting the concept that STAT3 signalling may be important in the pathogenesis of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Lai
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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30
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Korz C, Pscherer A, Benner A, Mertens D, Schaffner C, Leupolt E, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Lichter P. Evidence for distinct pathomechanisms in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma by quantitative expression analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis-associated genes. Blood 2002; 99:4554-61. [PMID: 12036888 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v99.12.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell lymphoproliferative malignancies B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) share characteristics, including overlapping chromosomal aberrations with deletions on chromosome bands 13q14, 11q23, 17p13, and 6q21 and gains on chromosome bands 3q26, 12q13, and 8q24. To elucidate the biochemical processes involved in the pathogenesis of B-CLL and MCL, we analyzed the expression level of a set of genes that play central roles in apoptotic or cell proliferation pathways and of candidate genes from frequently altered genomic regions, namely ATM, BAX, BCL2, CCND1, CCND3, CDK2, CDK4, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, E2F1, ETV5, MYC, RB1, SELL, TFDP2, TNFSF10, and TP53. Performing real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in a panel of patients with MCL and B-CLL and control samples, significant overexpression and underexpression was observed for most of these genes. Statistical analysis of the expression data revealed the combination of CCND1 and CDK4 as the best classifier concerning separation of both lymphoma types. Overexpression in these malignancies suggests ETV5 as a new candidate for a pathogenic factor in B-cell lymphomas. Characteristic deregulation of multiple genes analyzed in this study could be combined in a comprehensive picture of 2 distinctive pathomechanisms in B-CLL and MCL. In B-CLL, the expression parameters are in strong favor of protection of the malignant cells from apoptosis but did not provide evidence for promoting cell cycle. In contrast, in MCL the impairment of apoptosis induction seems to play a minor role, whereas most expression data indicate an enhancement of cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Echinocandins
- Female
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/statistics & numerical data
- Genes, cdc
- Glucosyltransferases
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/etiology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/genetics
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Korz
- Abteilung Molekulare Genetik and Zentrale Einheit Biostatistik, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Abstract
Recent classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) have strictly individualized mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) on the basis of a combination of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic criteria. This clinicopathological entity now appears to be a biological and therapeutic model for the understanding and treatment of hematologic malignancies. The lymphomogenesis of MCL could be explained by a series of genetic abnormalities which occur at different steps of the disease: (1) mutation and/or loss of the ATM gene in centrocytic cells of the follicle mantle of lymph nodes, leading to the loss of ATM function, particularly involved during the V(D)J recombination process; (2) a t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation which induces a constitutive Bcl-1/PRAD1/CCND1 expression, responsible for cell cycle activation of centrocytic cells characteristic of typical MCL; and (3) secondary additional chromosomal aberrations, such as a p53 mutation, observed in blastic transformation of MCL. Despite the evaluation of a number of treatment modalities, the optimal management of MCL has not yet been defined: (1) conventional and intensified chemotherapy and monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody therapy appear to be effective for the improvement of response rates and event-free or overall survivals; (2) combinations of different treatment modalities must be tested to modify the natural dismal outcome of the disease; and (3) innovative approaches should be developed. From this point of view, all these considerations offer a fine opportunity for extensive medical reflection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Decaudin
- Department of Hematology, Service d'Hématologie, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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32
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Martinez-Climent JA, Vizcarra E, Sanchez D, Blesa D, Marugan I, Benet I, Sole F, Rubio-Moscardo F, Terol MJ, Climent J, Sarsotti E, Tormo M, Andreu E, Salido M, Ruiz MA, Prosper F, Siebert R, Dyer MJ, García-Conde J. Loss of a novel tumor suppressor gene locus at chromosome 8p is associated with leukemic mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2001; 98:3479-82. [PMID: 11719392 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.12.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) may present with either nodal or leukemic disease. The molecular determinants underlying this different biologic behavior are not known. This study compared the pattern of genetic abnormalities in patients with nodal and leukemic phases of MCL using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for specific gene loci. Although both leukemic and nodal MCL showed similar genomic patterns of losses (involving 6q, 11q22-q23, 13q14, and 17p13) and gains (affecting 3q and 8q), genomic loss of chromosome 8p occurred more frequently in patients with leukemic disease (79% versus 11%, P <.001). Subsequent CGH analysis confirmed the genomic loss of 8p21-p23 in 6 of 8 MCL cell lines. Interestingly, MYC gene amplification was restricted to cases with 8p deletion. These data indicate the presence of a novel tumor suppressor gene locus on 8p, whose deletion may be associated with leukemic dissemination and poor prognosis in patients with MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Martinez-Climent
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínico, University of Valencia, Spain.
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33
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Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is a distinct subtype and accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The malignant cells express pan B-cell markers, including CD19, CD20 and CD22, and the T-cell marker CD5, whereas CD10 and CD23 expression are usually absent. By cytogenetic analysis, the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation is commonly observed, resulting in overexpression of cyclin D1. This entity often combines some unfavorable clinical features of the indolent and aggressive lymphoma subtypes, as it is generally incurable and relatively aggressive. It is most commonly observed in men 50 to 70 years of age and is characterized by disseminated disease, usually involving lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. Frequently, there is extranodal involvement including the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors are incurable with the currently available therapeutic options, with usual time to progression after chemotherapy of approximately 1 year. Newer chemotherapy regimens (including stem cell transplantation) and monoclonal antibody-based therapies have shown limited evidence of additional benefit. Overall, the prognosis for patients with mantle cell lymphoma remains poor, and novel strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Leonard
- Center for Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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34
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Drexler HG, Gignac SM, von Wasielewski R, Werner M, Dirks WG. Pathobiology of NPM-ALK and variant fusion genes in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and other lymphomas. Leukemia 2000; 14:1533-59. [PMID: 10994999 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its clinical and histological heterogeneity, anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is now a well-recognized clinicopathological entity accounting for 2% of all adult non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) and about 13% of pediatric NHL. Immunophenotypically, ALCL are of T cell (predominantly) or Null cell type; by definition, cases expressing B cell antigens are officially not included in this entity. The translocation (2;5)(p23;q35) is a recurring abnormality in ALCL; 46% of the ALCL patients bear this signature translocation. This translocation creates a fusion gene composed of nucleophosmin (NPM) and a novel receptor tyrosine kinase gene, named anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). The NPM-ALK chimeric gene encodes a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that has been shown to be a potent oncogene. The exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to lymphomagenesis remain elusive; however, the synopsis of evidence obtained to date provides an outline of likely scenarios. Several t(2;5) variants have been described; in some instances, the breakpoints have been cloned and the genes forming a new fusion gene with ALK have been identified: ATIC-ALK, TFG-ALK and TPM3-ALK. Cloning the translocation breakpoint and identifying the ALK and NPM genes provided tools for screening material from patients with ALCL using various approaches at the chromosome, DNA, RNA, or protein level: positive signals in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the immunostaining with anti-ALK monoclonal antibodies (McAb) serve as the most convenient tests for detection of the t(2;5) NPM-ALK since the fusion gene and ALK protein expression do not occur in normal or reactive lymphoid tissue. The wide range of NPM-ALK positivity reported in different series appears to be dependent on the inclusion and selection criteria of the ALCL cases studied. Overall, however, 43% of ALCL cases were NPM-ALK+ (83% of pediatric ALCL vs 31% of adult ALCL). Occasional non-ALCL B cell lymphomas (4%) with diffuse large cell and immunoblastic histology and Hodgkin's disease cases (3%) were NPM-ALK-, but these data are questionable. The aggregate results indicate that, in contrast to primary nodal (systemic) ALCL, the t(2;5) may be present in only 10-20% of primary cutaneous ALCL and rarely, if at all, in lymphomatoid papulosis, a potential precursor lesion; however, these 10-20% positive cases were not confirmed by anti-ALK McAb immunostaining and may represent an overestimate. Positivity for NPM-ALK is associated to various degrees with the following parameters: 44% and 45% of ALCL cases with T cell and Null cell immunophenotype, respectively, are positive, whereas only 8% of cases with a B cell immunoprofile are positive; the mean age of positive patients is significantly younger than that of negative patients; positive cases carry a better overall prognosis (but not in all studies). Recently, the homogenous category of ALK lymphoma ('ALKoma') has emerged as a distinct pathological entity within the heterogenous group of ALCL. The fact that patients with ALK lymphomas experience significantly better overall survival than ALK- ALCL demonstrates further that analysis of ALK expression has important prognostic implications. The term ALK lymphoma signifies a switch in the use of the diagnostic criteria: cases are selected on the basis of a genetic abnormality (the ALK rearrangement), instead of the review of morphological or immunophenotypical features which are clearly more prone to disagreement and controversy. Since its initial description in 1985 ALCL has become one of the best characterized lymphoma entities.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
- Hodgkin Disease/genetics
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Nucleophosmin
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Drexler
- DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Department of Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Braunschweig
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