1
|
6-mercaptopurine promotes energetic failure in proliferating T cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43048-43060. [PMID: 28574837 PMCID: PMC5522126 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anticancer drug 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) inhibits de novo purine synthesis and acts as an antiproliferative agent by interfering with protein, DNA and RNA synthesis and promoting apoptosis. Metabolic reprogramming is crucial for tumor progression to foster cancer cells growth and proliferation, and is regulated by mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as the oncogenes Myc and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). We hypothesized that 6-MP impacts metabolic remodeling through its action on nucleotide synthesis. The aim of our study is to provide a comprehensive characterization of the metabolic changes induced by 6-MP in leukemic T cells. Our results indicate that exposition to 6-MP rapidly reduces intracellular ATP concentration, leading to the activation of AMPK. In turn, mTOR, an AMPK target, was inhibited, and the expression of HIF-1α and Myc was reduced upon 6-MP incubation. As a consequence of these inhibitions, glucose and glutamine fluxes were strongly decreased. Notably, no difference was observed on glucose uptake upon exposition to 6-MP. In conclusion, our findings provide new insights into how 6-MP profoundly impacts cellular energetic metabolism by reducing ATP production and decreasing glycolytic and glutaminolytic fluxes, and how 6-MP modifies human leukemic T cells metabolism with potential antiproliferative effects.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernández-Ramos AA, Marchetti-Laurent C, Poindessous V, Antonio S, Petitgas C, Ceballos-Picot I, Laurent-Puig P, Bortoli S, Loriot MA, Pallet N. A comprehensive characterization of the impact of mycophenolic acid on the metabolism of Jurkat T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10550. [PMID: 28874730 PMCID: PMC5585210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is critical for T cell fate and polarization and is regulated by metabolic checkpoints, including Myc, HIF-1α, AMPK and mTORC1. Our objective was to determine the impact of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in comparison with rapamycin (Rapa), an inhibitor of mTORC1, on the metabolism of Jurkat T cells. We identified a drug-specific transcriptome signature consisting of the key enzymes and transporters involved in glycolysis, glutaminolysis or nucleotide synthesis. MPA produced an early and transient drop in the intracellular ATP content related to the inhibition of de novo synthesis of purines, leading to the activation of the energy sensor AMPK. MPA decreases glycolytic flux, consistent with a reduction in glucose uptake, but also in the oxidation of glutamine. Additionally, both drugs reduce aerobic glycolysis. The expression of HIF-1α and Myc, promoting the activation of glycolysis and glutaminolysis, was inhibited by MPA and Rapa. In conclusion, we report that MPA profoundly impacts the cellular metabolism of Jurkat T cells by generating an energetic distress, decreasing the glycolytic and glutaminolytic fluxes and by targeting HIF-1α and Myc. These findings open interesting perspectives for novel combinatorial therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic checkpoints to block the proliferation of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Fernández-Ramos
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchetti-Laurent
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Poindessous
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Samantha Antonio
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Céline Petitgas
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Biochimie métabolomique et protéomique, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Irène Ceballos-Picot
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Laboratoire de Biochimie métabolomique et protéomique, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Bortoli
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR-S 1124, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pallet
- INSERM UMR-S 1147, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité. 45, rue des Saints-Pères, 75006, Paris, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang HM, Liu JC. c-Jun blocks cell differentiation but not growth inhibition or apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells induced by STI571 and by histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:568-74. [PMID: 19006173 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively active Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase plays a crucial role in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) pathogenesis. The Bcr-Abl protein induces the upregulation of proto-oncogene c-Jun, which is involved in Bcr-Abl transforming activity in Bcr-Abl positive cells. Recent studies reported that c-Jun inhibited hemoglobin synthesis in human CML cell line K562. However, c-Jun also plays a critical role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the physiological roles of c-Jun in cell proliferation, apoptosis and erythroid differentiation of K562 cells. Firstly, we generated K562 cell lines stably overexpressing c-Jun. These clones have the same proliferation rate as the parental cell line in general culture medium. Endogenous c-Jun expression was analyzed to determine the effective concentration of STI571 for inhibiting Bcr-Abl signaling. Western blots show that STI571 inhibited c-Jun expression in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum inhibition at 1 microM. STI571 could inhibit c-Jun expression in K562 cells, but not in c-Jun-overexpression cells. c-Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by STI571 treatment, but inhibited STI571-induced erythroid differentiation. Moreover, c-Jun did not alter growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (apicidin, sodium butyrate, and MS275) treatment, but inhibited HDAC inhibitors-induced erythroid differentiation. These results suggest that c-Jun may modulate anticancer drugs-induced cell differentiation but not growth inhibition and apoptosis in CML cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huei-Mei Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Artus C, Maquarre E, Moubarak RS, Delettre C, Jasmin C, Susin SA, Robert-Lézénès J. CD44 ligation induces caspase-independent cell death via a novel calpain/AIF pathway in human erythroleukemia cells. Oncogene 2006; 25:5741-51. [PMID: 16636662 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ligation of the cell surface molecule CD44 by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has been shown to induce cell differentiation, cell growth inhibition and in some cases, apoptosis in myeloid leukemic cells. We report, herein, that exposure of human erythroleukemic HEL cells to the anti-CD44 mAb A3D8 resulted in cell growth inhibition followed by caspase-independent apoptosis-like cell death. This process was associated with the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m), the mitochondrial release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), but not of cytochrome c, and the nuclear translocation of AIF. All these effects including cell death, loss of mitochondrial Delta Psi m and AIF release were blocked by pretreatment with the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor isoquinoline. A significant protection against cell death was also observed by using small interfering RNA for AIF. Moreover, we show that calpain protease was activated before the appearance of apoptosis, and that calpain inhibitors or transfection of calpain-siRNA decrease A3D8-induced cell death, and block AIF release. These data suggest that CD44 ligation triggers a novel caspase-independent cell death pathway via calpain-dependent AIF release in erythroleukemic HEL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Artus
- INSERM U602, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Maquarre E, Artus C, Gadhoum Z, Jasmin C, Smadja-Joffe F, Robert-Lézénès J. CD44 ligation induces apoptosis via caspase- and serine protease-dependent pathways in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia 2005; 19:2296-303. [PMID: 16208414 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that ligation of the CD44 cell surface antigen with A3D8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) triggers incomplete differentiation and apoptosis of the acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)-derived NB4 cells. The present study characterizes the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effect of A3D8 in NB4 cells. We show that A3D8 induces activation of both initiator caspase-8 and -9 and effector caspase-3 and -7 but only inhibition of caspase-3/7 and caspase-8 reduces A3D8-induced apoptosis. Moreover, A3D8 induces mitochondrial alterations (decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential DeltaPsi m and cytochrome c release), which are reduced by caspase-8 inhibitor, suggesting that caspase-8 is primarily involved in A3D8-induced apoptosis of NB4 cells. However, the apoptotic process is independent of TNF-family death receptor signalling. Interestingly, the general serine protease inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)-benzenesulfonyl fluoride (AEBSF) decreases A3D8-induced apoptosis and when combined with general caspase inhibitor displays an additive effect resulting in complete prevention of apoptosis. These results suggest that both caspase-dependent and serine protease-dependent pathways contribute to A3D8-induced apoptosis. Finally, A3D8 induces apoptosis in all-trans-retinoic acid-resistant NB4-derived cells and in APL primary blasts, characterizing the A3D8 anti-CD44 mAb as a novel class of apoptosis-inducing agent in APL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Maquarre
- INSERM U602, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsiftsoglou AS, Pappas IS, Vizirianakis IS. Mechanisms involved in the induced differentiation of leukemia cells. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 100:257-90. [PMID: 14652113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress achieved in the treatment of leukemias over the last several years, many problems (multidrug resistance [MDR], cellular heterogeneity, heterogeneous molecular abnormalities, karyotypic instability, and lack of selective action of antineoplastic agents) still remain. The recent progress in tumor molecular biology has revealed that leukemias are likely to arise from disruption of differentiation of early hematopoietic progenitors that fail to give birth to cell lineage restricted phenotypes. Evidence supporting such mechanisms has been derived from studying bone marrow leukemiogenesis and analyzing differentiation of leukemic cell lines in culture that serve as models of erythroleukemic (murine erythroleukemia [MEL] and human leukemia [K562] cells) and myeloid (human promyelocytic leukemia [HL-60] cells) cell maturation. This paper reviews the current concepts of differentiation, the chemical/pharmacological inducing agents developed thus far, and the mechanisms involved in initiation of leukemic cell differentiation. Emphasis was given on commitment and the cell lineage transcriptional factors as key regulators of terminal differentiation as well as on membrane-mediated events and signaling pathways involved in hematopoietic cell differentiation. The developmental program of MEL cells was presented in considerable depth. It is quite remarkable that the erythrocytic maturation of these cells is orchestrated into specific subprograms and gene expression patterns, suggesting that leukemic cell differentiation represents a highly coordinated set of events that lead to irreversible growth arrest and expression of cell lineage restricted phenotypes. In MEL and other leukemic cells, differentiation appears to be accompanied by differentiation-dependent apoptosis (DDA), an event that can be exploited chemotherapeutically. The mechanisms by which the chemical inducers promote differentiation of leukemic cells have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asterios S Tsiftsoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|