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Neoantigens: promising targets for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:9. [PMID: 36604431 PMCID: PMC9816309 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in neoantigen research have accelerated the development and regulatory approval of tumor immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapy and antibody-based therapies, especially for solid tumors. Neoantigens are newly formed antigens generated by tumor cells as a result of various tumor-specific alterations, such as genomic mutation, dysregulated RNA splicing, disordered post-translational modification, and integrated viral open reading frames. Neoantigens are recognized as non-self and trigger an immune response that is not subject to central and peripheral tolerance. The quick identification and prediction of tumor-specific neoantigens have been made possible by the advanced development of next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic technologies. Compared to tumor-associated antigens, the highly immunogenic and tumor-specific neoantigens provide emerging targets for personalized cancer immunotherapies, and serve as prospective predictors for tumor survival prognosis and immune checkpoint blockade responses. The development of cancer therapies will be aided by understanding the mechanism underlying neoantigen-induced anti-tumor immune response and by streamlining the process of neoantigen-based immunotherapies. This review provides an overview on the identification and characterization of neoantigens and outlines the clinical applications of prospective immunotherapeutic strategies based on neoantigens. We also explore their current status, inherent challenges, and clinical translation potential.
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Sharma S, Sandhir R, Ganju L, Kumar B, Singh Y. Unique mutations in mitochondrial DNA and associated pathways involved in high altitude pulmonary edema susceptibility in Indian lowlanders. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35666092 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2081610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
High altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life threatening non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in an otherwise healthy individuals travelling to altitude above 2500 m. Earlier studies have reported association of mutations in nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with HAPE susceptibility. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathobiology of HAPE have not been fully understood. The present study investigates the genetic predisposition to HAPE by analyzing the mtDNA mutations in HAPE susceptibles (n = 23) and acclimatized controls (n = 23) using next generation sequencing. Structural analysis of mutations was done using SWISS Model server and stability was determined using ΔΔG values. Meta-analysis of GSE52209 dataset was done to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HAPE susceptibles and acclimatized controls. Fourteen non-synonymous, conserved and pathogenic mutations were predicted using SIFT and PolyPhen scoring in protein coding genes, whereas six mutations in mt-tRNA genes showed association with HAPE (p ≤ 0.05). The structural analysis of these mutations revealed conformational changes in critical regions in Complexes I-V which are involved in subunit assembly and proton pumping activity. The protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEGs showed that HIF1α, EGLN2, EGLN3, PDK1, TFAM, PPARGC1α and NRF1 genes form highly interconnected cluster. Further, pathway enrichment analysis using DAVID revealed that "HIF-1 signaling", "oxidative phosphorylation" and "Metabolic pathways" had strong association with HAPE. Based on the findings it appears that the identified mtDNA mutations may be a potential risk factor in development of HAPE with the associated pathways providing mechanistic insight into the understanding of pathobiology of HAPE and sites for development of therapeutic targets.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical Sciences Block II, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Bhuvnesh Kumar
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Yamini Singh
- Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Chen Z, Cheng L, Zhang J, Cui X. Angelica sinensis polysaccharide prevents mitochondrial apoptosis by regulating the Treg/Th17 ratio in aplastic anemia. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:192. [PMID: 32571324 PMCID: PMC7309996 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP) is an effective medicine for aplastic anemia (AA). The present study aims to investigate whether mitochondrial apoptosis in aplastic anemia could be corrected by ASP by adjusting an abnormal level of regulatory T cell (Treg)/ IL-17 secreting CD4 T cell (Th17) ratio. Methods BALB/c mice were treated with 5.0 Gy Co60 γ -radiation. Then 2 × 106 lymph node cells from DBA/2 donor mice were transplanted within 4 h after radiation. The mice in the various groups were fed saline or ASP for 2 weeks. For the in vitro experiment, bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNCs) and Treg cells were sorted from the mice on the 2nd day of modeling, and then cultured with or without ASP. Results The mice treated with the medium dose of ASP for 14 days showed increased white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet (PLT), BMNC counts and Lin–Sca-1 + c-Kit+ (LSK) populations viability compared with the mice in the AA group mice. The data showed that ASP decreased damage to the mitochondrial outer membrane, improved the stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane, and corrected the abnormal levels of ROS and mitochondrial-associated apoptosis proteins, including the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression, in BMNCs which were sorted from the bone marrow cells of AA mice. The changes to the p-P38/P38 and Treg/Th17 ratios induced by AA were also reversed by the medium dose of ASP. The same ASP effect including the Bcl-2/Bax and p-P38/P38 ratio, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression of BMNCs were observed in vivo. The viability of Treg cells were increased by treatment of ASP in vivo. Conclusions ASP might prevent mitochondrial apoptosis to restore the function of hematopoietic stem cells by suppressing abnormal T-cell immunity in AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Chen
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Science and education, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xing Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16369 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Kim HR, Kang MG, Lee YE, Na BR, Noh MS, Yang SH, Shin JH, Shin MG. Spectrum of mitochondrial genome instability and implication of mitochondrial haplogroups in Korean patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Res 2018; 53:240-249. [PMID: 30310792 PMCID: PMC6170299 DOI: 10.5045/br.2018.53.3.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations may regulate the progression and chemosensitivity of leukemia. Few studies regarding mitochondrial aberrations and haplogroups in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and their clinical impacts have been reported. Therefore, we focused on the mtDNA length heteroplasmies minisatellite instability (MSI), copy number alterations, and distribution of mitochondrial haplogroups in Korean patients with AML. Methods This study investigated 74 adult patients with AML and 70 controls to evaluate mtDNA sequence alterations, MSI, mtDNA copy number, haplogroups, and their clinical implications. The hypervariable (HV) control regions (HV1 and HV2), tRNAleu1gene, and cytochrome b gene of mtDNA were analyzed. Two mtDNA minisatellite markers, 16189 poly-C (16184CCCCCTCCCC16193, 5CT4C) and 303 poly-C (303CCCCCCCTCCCCC315, 7CT5C), were used to examine the mtDNA MSI. Results In AML, most mtDNA sequence variants were single nucleotide substitutions, but there were no significant differences compared to those in controls. The number of mtMSI patterns increased in AML. The mean mtDNA copy number of AML patients increased approximately 9-fold compared to that of controls (P<0.0001). Haplogroup D4 was found in AML with a higher frequency compared to that in controls (31.0% vs. 15.7%, P=0.046). None of the aforementioned factors showed significant impacts on the outcomes. Conclusion AML cells disclosed more heterogeneous patterns with the mtMSI markers and had increased mtDNA copy numbers. These findings implicate mitochondrial genome instability in primary AML cells. Therefore, mtDNA haplogroup D4 might be associated with AML risk among Koreans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Korea
| | - Min-Gu Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gwangyang Sarang General Hospital, Gwangyang, Korea
| | - Young Eun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Na
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min Seo Noh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Myun-Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Environmental Health Center for Childhood Leukemia and Cancer, Chonnam National University Medical School and Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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Characterization of Mutations in the Mitochondrial Encoded Electron Transport Chain Complexes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13301. [PMID: 30185817 PMCID: PMC6125587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is a devastating and heterogeneous, hematological malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated myeloid progenitor cells—blasts. Mutations in certain mitochondrial proteins, such as IDH2 have been shown to contribute to leukemogenesis. However, the role of mutations in mitochondrial-encoded Electron Transport Chain (ETC) genes have thus far not been well elucidated in AML. Here, we use TCGA data to characterize mutations in the ETC genes and their association with clinical outcomes in AML. We found that mitochondrial ETC mutations—in Complex I, III, IV and/or V (ATP Synthase)—were present in 8% of patients with AML and were significantly more frequent in older patients. Patients with ETC mutations had worse overall survival than ETC wild type patients (OS: 9.3 vs 20.1 months; p-value: 0.007). Additionally, mutations in either or both Complex I and IV were associated with TP53 mutations (p-value: 0.009), and among TP53 mutated patients, mutations in either or both Complex I and IV were significantly associated with worse overall survival (OS: 0.85 vs 9.4 months; p-value: 0.008). Elucidation of the mechanisms by which ETC mutations contribute to AML pathogenesis and progression would facilitate the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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Pagani IS, Kok CH, Saunders VA, Van der Hoek MB, Heatley SL, Schwarer AP, Hahn CN, Hughes TP, White DL, Ross DM. A Method for Next-Generation Sequencing of Paired Diagnostic and Remission Samples to Detect Mitochondrial DNA Mutations Associated with Leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:711-721. [PMID: 28732215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been identified in many human cancers, including leukemia. To identify somatic mutations, it is necessary to have a control tissue from the same individual for comparison. When patients with leukemia achieve remission, the remission peripheral blood may be a suitable and easily accessible control tissue, but this approach has not previously been applied to the study of mtDNA mutations. We have developed and validated a next-generation sequencing approach for the identification of leukemia-associated mtDNA mutations in 26 chronic myeloid leukemia patients at diagnosis using either nonhematopoietic or remission blood samples as the control. The entire mt genome was amplified by long-range PCR and sequenced using Illumina technology. Variant caller software was used to detect mtDNA somatic mutations, and an empirically determined threshold of 2% was applied to minimize false-positive results because of sequencing errors. Mutations were called against both nonhematopoietic and remission controls: the overall concordance between the two approaches was 81% (73/90 mutations). Some discordant results were because of the presence of somatic mutations in remission samples, because of either minimal residual disease or nonleukemic hematopoietic clones. This method could be applied to study somatic mtDNA mutations in leukemia patients who achieve minimal residual disease, and in patients with nonhematopoietic cancers who have a matched uninvolved tissue available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria S Pagani
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chung H Kok
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Verity A Saunders
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark B Van der Hoek
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan L Heatley
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony P Schwarer
- Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Haematology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher N Hahn
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy P Hughes
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah L White
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David M Ross
- Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Australasian Leukaemia and Lymphoma Group, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Cui X, Wang JY, Liu K, Cui SY, Zhang J, Luo YQ, Wang X. Role of heteroplasmic mutations in the mitochondrial genome and the ID4 gene promoter methylation region in the pathogenesis of chronic aplastic anemia in patients suffering from Kidney yin deficiency. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 22:412-9. [PMID: 25920536 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-014-1813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze changes in gene amplification in the mitochondrial genome and in the ID4 gene promoter methylation region in patients with chronic aplastic anemia (CAA) suffering from Kidney (Shen) yin deficiency or Kidney yang deficiency. METHODS Bone marrow and oral epithelium samples were collected from CAA patients with Kidney yin deficiency or Kidney yang deficiency (20 cases). Bone marrow samples were collected from 20 healthy volunteers. The mitochondrial genome was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and PCR products were used for sequencing and analysis. RESULTS Higher mutational rates were observed in the ND1-2, ND4-6, and CYTB genes in CAA patients suffering from Kidney yin deficiency. Moreover, the ID4 gene was unmethylated in bone marrow samples from healthy individuals, but was methylated in some CAA patients suffering from Kidney yin deficiency (positive rate, 60%) and Kidney yang deficiency (positive rate, 55%). CONCLUSIONS These data supported that gene mutations can alter the expression of respiratory chain enzyme complexes in CAA patients, resulting in energy metabolism impairment and promoting the physiological and pathological processes of hematopoietic failure. Functional impairment of the mitochondrial respiration chain induced by gene mutation may be an important reason for hematopoietic failure in patients with CAA. This change is closely related to maternal inheritance and Kidney yin deficiency. Finally, these data supported the assertion that it is easy to treat disease in patients suffering from yang deficiency and difficult to treat disease in patients suffering from yin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China. .,Postdoctoral Research Station, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Kui Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Si-Yuan Cui
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Ya-Qin Luo
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250011, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shangdong Province Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
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CUI XING, WANG JUNQIANG, CAI ZHIGUO, WANG JINGYI, LIU KUI, CUI SIYUAN, ZHANG JIE, LUO YAQIN, WANG XIN, LI WEIWEI, JING JINGYAN. Complete sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA and telomere length in aplastic anemia. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1309-14. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Eliades A, Matsuura S, Ravid K. Oxidases and reactive oxygen species during hematopoiesis: a focus on megakaryocytes. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3355-62. [PMID: 22331622 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated as a result of various reactions, control an array of cellular processes. The role of ROS during megakaryocyte (MK) development has been a subject of interest and research. The bone marrow niche is a site of MK differentiation and maturation. In this environment, a gradient of oxygen tension, from normoxia to hypoxia results in different levels of ROS, impacting cellular physiology. This article provides an overview of major sources of ROS, their implication in different signaling pathways, and their effect on cellular physiology, with a focus on megakaryopoiesis. The importance of ROS-generating oxidases in MK biology and pathology, including myelofibrosis, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Eliades
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Luo Y, Gao W, Chen Y, Liu F, Gao Y. Rare Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphisms are Associated with High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) Susceptibility in Han Chinese. Wilderness Environ Med 2012; 23:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cui X, Liu F, Wang J, Zhang W, Wang J, Liu K, Cui S, Zhang J, Xu R. Complete sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA of aplastic anemia patients. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:2130-7. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.august.6.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Luo Y, Gao W, Liu F, Gao Y. Mitochondrial nt3010G-nt3970C haplotype is implicated in high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:181-90. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2011.632771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a heterogeneous group of molecules that are generated by mature myeloid cells during innate immune responses, and are also implicated in normal intracellular signaling. Excessive production of ROS (and/or a deficiency in antioxidant pathways) can lead to oxidative stress, a state that has been observed in several hematopoietic malignancies including acute and chronic myeloid leukemias (AML and CML). Currently it is unclear what the cause of oxidative stress might be and whether oxidative stress contributes to the development, progression, or maintenance of these diseases. This article reviews the current evidence suggesting a role for ROS both in normal hematopoiesis and in myeloid leukemogenesis, and discusses the usefulness of therapeutically targeting oxidative stress in myeloid malignancy.
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Abstract
Aplastic anaemia (AA) is a disease characterised by bone marrow hypocellularity and peripheral blood pancytopenia. AA is also associated with mitochondrial aberrations. The present study was undertaken primarily to test the hypothesis that a nutrient mixture could affect the nutritional rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations in AA mice. BALB/c AA mice were induced by a combination of hypodermic injections of acetylphenylhydrazine (100 mg/kg), X-rays (2·0 Gy) and intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide (80 mg/kg). We treated these mice with nutrient mixture-supplemented diets in a dose-dependent manner (1445·55, 963·7, 674·59 mg/kg per d), and the effects of the nutrient mixture for mitochondrial rehabilitation were analysed in AA mice. Transmission electron microscopy showed that mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities in bone marrow cells, splenocytes and hepatocytes of the nutrient mixture groups were restored markedly, compared with the AA group. Mitochondrial membrane potentials of the nutrient mixture groups were increased remarkably. Western blot analysis also revealed that the nutrient mixture significantly inhibited cytochromecrelease of mitochondria in the AA group. Furthermore, the mitochondrial DNA content of the nutrient mixture groups was also increased. Our data suggest that the nutrient mixture may promote the rehabilitation of mitochondrial aberrations, and consequently protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in AA mice.
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Cerezo M, Bandelt HJ, Martín-Guerrero I, Ardanaz M, Vega A, Carracedo Á, García-Orad Á, Salas A. High mitochondrial DNA stability in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7902. [PMID: 19924307 PMCID: PMC2775629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) leads to progressive accumulation of lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic tissues. Previous findings have suggested that the mtDNA could play an important role in CLL. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control-region was analyzed in lymphocyte cell DNA extracts and compared with their granulocyte counterpart extract of 146 patients suffering from B-Cell CLL; B-CLL (all recruited from the Basque country). Major efforts were undertaken to rule out methodological artefacts that would render a high false positive rate for mtDNA instabilities and thus lead to erroneous interpretation of sequence instabilities. Only twenty instabilities were finally confirmed, most of them affecting the homopolymeric stretch located in the second hypervariable segment (HVS-II) around position 310, which is well known to constitute an extreme mutational hotspot of length polymorphism, as these mutations are frequently observed in the general human population. A critical revision of the findings in previous studies indicates a lack of proper methodological standards, which eventually led to an overinterpretation of the role of the mtDNA in CLL tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that mtDNA instability is not the primary causal factor in B-CLL. A secondary role of mtDNA mutations cannot be fully ruled out under the hypothesis that the progressive accumulation of mtDNA instabilities could finally contribute to the tumoral process. Recommendations are given that would help to minimize erroneous interpretation of sequencing results in mtDNA studies in tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- DNA Primers/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Databases, Genetic
- Granulocytes/cytology
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphocytes/cytology
- Models, Statistical
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cerezo
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica y Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | | | - Idoia Martín-Guerrero
- Laboratorio Interdepartamental de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Genética Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Ardanaz
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ana Vega
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica y Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - África García-Orad
- Laboratorio Interdepartamental de Medicina Molecular, Departamento de Genética Antropología Física y Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del País Vasco- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Medicina Legal, and Departamento de Anatomía Patolóxica y Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Prabhakar M, Ershler WB, Longo DL. BONE MARROW, THYMUS AND BLOOD: CHANGES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN. AGING HEALTH 2009; 5:385-393. [PMID: 20072723 PMCID: PMC2805199 DOI: 10.2217/ahe.09.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present age-related changes in the bone marrow and thymus and their effects in later life. Age-related hematologic changes are marked by a decline in marrow cellularity, increased risk of myeloproliferative disorders and anemia, and a decline in adaptive immunity. The exact mechanisms that produce these changes remain undefined. For the most part, the changes in function that are a consequence of aging alone rarely have meaningful clinical consequences. However, in the face of the stresses induced by other illnesses, the decreased physiologic reserve can slow or prevent an appropriate response to the stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Prabhakar
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, and, Medstar Research Institute, Harbor Hospital, 3001 South Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - William B Ershler
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Harbor Hospital, 3001 South Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- National Institute on Aging, Harbor Hospital, 3001 South Hanover Street, Baltimore, MD 21225, USA
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Kim HR, Shin MG, Kim MJ, Kim HJ, Shin JH, Suh SP, Ryang DW. Mitochondrial DNA aberrations of bone marrow cells from patients with aplastic anemia. J Korean Med Sci 2008; 23:1062-7. [PMID: 19119453 PMCID: PMC2610644 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2008.23.6.1062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was undertaken primarily to test the hypothesis that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations may be associated with aplastic anemia. Complete mtDNA nucleotide sequence was analyzed in nine and eight bone marrow specimens from Korean patients with aplastic anemia and healthy individuals, respectively. We found a large number of polymorphisms as well as apparent new mutations in both patients and controls throughout the entire mtDNA genome; 12 mutations harbored amino acid changes in patients and none of the mutations in controls produced amino acid changes. There were heteroplasmic mutations and more nonsynonymous mtDNA changes observed in patients, so the mean number of mtDNA aberrations of bone marrow cells showed statistically significant difference overall between patients (mean=25.6) and controls (mean=12.8) (p=0.019). Our data may support an association of mtDNA aberrations with aplastic anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ran Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Disease, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project, Center for Biomedical Human Resources at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung-Geun Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Mi-Ji Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Disease, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyeoung-Joon Kim
- Genome Research Center for Hematopoietic Disease, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Soon-Pal Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Ryang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Korea
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Wulfert M, Küpper AC, Tapprich C, Bottomley SS, Bowen D, Germing U, Haas R, Gattermann N. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in 104 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. Exp Hematol 2008; 36:577-86. [PMID: 18439489 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and spectrum of somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Analysis included 104 patients with MDS (24 refractory anemia, 32 refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, 34 refractory anemia with excess of blasts, 7 refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation to acute leukemia, and 7 chronic myelo-monocytic leukemia), 3 patients with acute myeloid leukemia from MDS, and 36 patients with myeloproliferative disease (23 chronic myeloid leukemia, 9 polycythemia vera, 4 idiopathic myelofibrosis). Mutation scanning was performed using heteroduplex analysis with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC). The entire mitochondrial genome was amplified in 67 overlapping polymerase chain reaction fragments carefully optimized regarding DNA melting profiles. Abnormal dHPLC findings were confirmed by DNA sequencing. RESULTS Heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations, mostly transitions, were identified in 56% of MDS and 44% of myeloproliferative disorders patients. In MDS, mutation frequency increased with age and more-advanced disease. Mutational spectra showed no hot spots and were similar in different types of MDS. Heteroplasmic mutations generally did not represent known polymorphisms, and about half of them affected conserved amino acids or nucleotides. Mutations were less frequent in protein encoding genes (50 per 10(6) base pairs) than other mitochondrial genes (transfer RNAs, ribosomal RNAs, and control region; about 80 per 10(6) base pairs). CONCLUSIONS As mitochondria often show ultrastructural abnormalities in MDS, including pathological iron accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to MDS pathology. We found a high frequency of acquired mtDNA mutations in MDS. However, their functional importance remains unclear, considering that genotype correlates poorly with phenotype in mitochondrial diseases. The clonally expanded mtDNA mutations in MDS support the concept of age-related damage to mtDNA in hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wulfert
- Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie und Klinische Immunologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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MtDNA mutation associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in megakaryoblastic leukaemic cells. Leukemia 2008; 22:1938-41. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Yao YG, Ogasawara Y, Kajigaya S, Molldrem JJ, Falcão RP, Pintão MC, McCoy JP, Rizzatti EG, Young NS. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation in single cells from leukemia patients. Blood 2007; 109:756-62. [PMID: 16946307 PMCID: PMC1785100 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-011007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A high frequency of mtDNA somatic mutation has been observed in many tumors as well as in aging tissues. In this study, we analyzed the mtDNA control region sequence variation in 3534 single normal cells and individual blasts from 18 patients with leukemia and 10 healthy donors, to address the mutation process in leukemic cells. We found significant differences in mtDNA sequence, as represented by the number of haplotypes and the mean number of cells with each nonaggregate haplotype in a population of cells, in patients compared to controls. Patients with similar clinical leukemia types, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML), did not show a uniform pattern of sequence variation in single blasts. Some patients at relapse presented a complex shift of major haplotypes in single cells. Four patients showed high frequencies of cells containing mutations 189, 260, 16150, and 16488, respectively, as a result of clonal expansion and could be considered as potential markers for their respective disease progression. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study of mtDNA variation in single malignant cells. Our results suggest that the somatic mutation process in leukemia is complex, leading to diverse levels of genetic alterations due to either intrinsic aspects of leukemia pathophysiology or chemotherapy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Yao
- Hematology Branch and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Yoji Ogasawara
- Hematology Branch and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sachiko Kajigaya
- Hematology Branch and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Roberto P. Falcão
- Division of Hematology, University of Sãtao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria-Carolina Pintão
- Division of Hematology, University of Sãtao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- Hematology Branch and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Edgar Gil Rizzatti
- Division of Hematology, University of Sãtao Paulo at Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Neal S. Young
- Hematology Branch and Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Wulfert M, Tapprich C, Gattermann N. Optimized PCR fragments for heteroduplex analysis of the whole human mitochondrial genome with denaturing HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:236-47. [PMID: 16406745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Denaturing high pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC) is an efficient method for discovery of unknown mutations by heteroduplex analysis of PCR fragments. For comprehensive mutation scanning of the whole 16.569 bp human mitochondrial genome, we developed a set of 67 primer pairs defining overlapping PCR fragments that are well suited for heteroduplex analysis. The aim of our optimization efforts was to ensure that point mutations are detectable at every nucleotide position of each amplicon. Some GC-rich regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were found to have unfavourable melting profiles in all possible amplicons, therefore requiring GC-clamps at the end of one or both oligonucleotide PCR primers. Following detection of a heteroduplex pattern by dHPLC, our primers can also be employed for DNA sequencing to identify the underlying mutation. In case of heteroplasmic mutations with a low proportion of mutant mtDNA, a fragment collector is useful to recover the heteroduplex peak, which contains mutant and wildtype DNA molecules in a 1:1 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wulfert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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22
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Babusiaková E, Vyoral D, Neuwirtová R, Sisková M, Zeman J, Kmoch S. Accumulation of homoplasmic mtDNA point mutations in erythroblasts isolated from the bone marrow of patients with refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS). Mitochondrion 2004; 4:321-9. [PMID: 16120395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2004] [Revised: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesised that mitochondrial iron overload in patients with refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) results from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. To analyse the mtDNA sequence of iron storing mitochondria sensitively, we developed new protocols for selective erythroblasts isolation, mtDNA PCR amplification and sequencing. Using this approach, we found in each of the three RARS patients examined a unique spectrum of homoplasmic mtDNA point mutations affecting several mtDNA genes. Prediction analyses suggest that identified mutations do not result in major perturbations of mitochondrial functions and are tolerated. We discuss a mechanism explaining how the mutations identified may contribute to RARS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Babusiaková
- Center of Integrated Genomics and Institute for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 2, Praha 2 Prague 12808, Czech Republic.
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Taylor RW, He L, Proctor SJ, Middleton PG, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in the haematopoietic system. Leukemia 2003; 18:169-70. [PMID: 14614515 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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