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Qunies AM, Emmitte KA. Negative allosteric modulators of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors: A patent review (2015 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:687-708. [PMID: 33719801 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1903431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors have emerged as an attractive potential target for the development of novel CNS therapeutics in areas such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), anxiety, cognitive disorders, depression, and others. Several small molecules that act as negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) on these receptors have demonstrated efficacy and/or target engagement in animal models, and one molecule (decoglurant) has been advanced into clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes patent applications published between January 2015 and November 2020. It is divided into three sections: (1) small molecule nonselective mGlu2/3 NAMs, (2) small molecule selective mGlu2 NAMs, and (3) small molecule selective mGlu3 NAMs. EXPERT OPINION Much progress has been made in the discovery of novel small molecule mGlu2 NAMs. Still, chemical diversity remains somewhat limited and room for expansion remains. Progress with mGlu3 NAMs has been more limited; however, some promising molecules have been disclosed. The process of elucidating the precise role of each receptor in the diseases associated with group II receptors has begun. Continued studies in animals with selective NAMs for both receptors will be critical in the coming years to inform researchers on the right compound profile and patient population for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshaima'a M Qunies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kyle A Emmitte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Saroj N, Shanker S, Fernández-Parilla MA, López-Sánchez P, Terrón JA. Effect of chronic corticosterone treatment on expression and distribution of serotonin 5-HT7 receptors in rat adrenal glands. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2019; 97:924-931. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized stress-induced corticosterone (CORT) secretion in chronically stressed rats involves 5-HT7 receptor activation. The effect of 14-day chronic CORT and vehicle (VEH) administration on 5-HT7 receptor expression in adrenal glands, adrenal 5-HT content, and adrenocorticotropic hormone and CORT secretion was analysed. On day 15, VEH- and CORT-treated animals were perfused or decapitated without stress exposure (0 min) or after 10 and 30 min of restraint for collection of trunk blood and tissues. 5-HT7 receptor-like immunoreactivity (5-HT7R-LI), 5-HT7 receptor protein, and mRNA levels were determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays, respectively; 5-HT levels and hormones were quantified using HPLC and ELISA kits, respectively. An undisturbed control group was included for most experimental comparisons. Chronic CORT strongly increased 5-HT7R-LI in the outer adrenal cortex, as well as 5-HT7 receptor protein and mRNA in whole adrenal glands; adrenal 5-HT content also increased in these animals. Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and CORT secretion at 30 min of restraint occurred in CORT-treated rats. The results support the notion that chronic stress-induced increase of adrenocortical 5-HT7 receptors and adrenal 5-HT content is a glucocorticoid-dependent phenomenon; the development of magnified stress-induced 5-HT7 receptor-mediated CORT responses in chronically stressed animals nevertheless likely involves additional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeshu Saroj
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Shiv Shanker
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto Tomás, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel A. Fernández-Parilla
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pedro López-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Sto Tomás, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José A. Terrón
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, col. La Laguna Ticomán, CP 07360, CDMX, Mexico
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Cieślik P, Woźniak M, Kaczorowska K, Brański P, Burnat G, Chocyk A, Bobula B, Gruca P, Litwa E, Pałucha-Poniewiera A, Wąsik A, Pilc A, Wierońska J. Negative Allosteric Modulators of mGlu 7 Receptor as Putative Antipsychotic Drugs. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:316. [PMID: 30294258 PMCID: PMC6158327 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The data concerning antipsychotic-like activity of negative allosteric modulators (NAMs)/antagonists of mGlu7 receptors are limited. The only available ligands for this receptor are MMPIP and ADX71743. In the present studies, we used stable cell line expressing mGlu7 receptor and it was shown that both compounds dose-dependently potentiated forskolin elevated cAMP concentration in the T-REx 293 cells, showing their inverse agonist properties. Subsequently, pharmacokinetic studies were performed. Both compounds were given intraperitoneally (i.p.) at the dose of 10 mg/kg and reached Cmax 0.25-0.5 h after administration, and then they declined rapidly, ADX71743 being almost undetectable 2 h after administration, while the concentration of MMPIP was still observed, suggesting that the concentration of MMPIP was more stable. Finally, we investigated the role of both mGlu7 receptor NAMs in animal models of schizophrenia. Behavioral tests commonly used in antipsychotic drug discovery were conducted. Both tested compounds dose-dependently inhibited MK-801-induced hyperactivity (MMPIP at 15 mg/kg; ADX at 5 and 15 mg/kg) and DOI-induced head twitches (MMPIP at 5, 10, 15 mg/kg; ADX at 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg). Moreover, the same effects were noticed in novel object recognition test, where MMPIP (5, 10, 15 mg/kg) and ADX71743 (1, 5, 15 mg/kg) reversed MK-801-induced disturbances. In the social interaction test, antipsychotic activity was observed only for ADX71743 (5, 15 mg/kg). ADX71743 at the dose 2.5 mg/kg reversed MK-801-induced disruption in prepulse inhibition while MMPIP at 10 mg/kg reversed MK-801-induced disruption in spatial delayed alternation. The present studies showed that mGlu7 receptor may be considered as a putative target for antipsychotic drugs, though more studies are needed due to limited number of available ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanna Wierońska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Liang Q, Xu W, Hong Q, Xiao C, Yang L, Ma Z, Wang Y, Tan H, Tang X, Gao Y. Rapid comparison of metabolites in humans and rats of different sexes using untargeted UPLC-TOFMS and an in-house software platform. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:801-821. [PMID: 26764310 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite differences between sexes have rarely been observed in a global manner, but it has recently been made possible by the advancement in metabolomics techniques. In this study, untargeted ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry and an in-house software platform were used for a rapid comparison of sex differences in urinary metabolites in humans and in urinary and serum metabolites in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. In addition, the species differences of urinary metabolites between humans and SD rats were also observed. Principle component analysis showed that all the observed metabolite sex differences were more distinct in SD rats than in humans, indicating that the sex differences of human urinary metabolites is small compared with that of SD rats. In SD rats, the observed metabolite sex differences were more distinct in urine than in serum, indicating the importance of urine analysis for metabolomics studies. The species differences in the urinary metabolites of humans and SD rats were much more distinct than any of the observed sex differences. Many sex- and species-related markers were discovered and putatively identified. In both humans and SD rats, steroid metabolites appeared to constitute a major sex difference in urinary metabolites. This provides new proof of the special importance of steroid metabolites in sex differences from an untargeted metabolomics investigation, which is rare for sex differences. Contrary patterns involving adrenocortical activity appeared to exist between rodents and humans, which agrees with previous reports. In the serum metabolites of SD rats, sex differences in ascorbic acid or its isomer and pantothenic acid or its isomer, but not in steroid metabolites, were prominent. Human-specific α-N- phenylacetyl-l-glutamine and androsterone glucuronide were among the putative identities of the markers discriminating humans and SD rats. This study demonstrated the feasibility of an in-house software platform and provides metabolite-related information on sex and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiande Liang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Wangyanjun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chengrong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zengchun Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Huggenberger HJ, Suter SE, Blumenthal TD, Schachinger H. Maternal social stress modulates the development of prepulse inhibition of startle in infants. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2012; 3:84-90. [PMID: 23245223 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress during rearing has negative effects on the maturation of information processing in rodent offspring, but similar evidence in humans is absent. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is a measure reflecting the integrity of information processing. PPI does not depend on active cooperation, making it a suitable measure for studying newborns and infants. This study investigated whether postnatal development of infant PPI is influenced by self-reported stress in the mother. METHODS 49 healthy term-born infants were studied twice, four days after birth and again at four months. PPI was assessed by presentation of acoustic startle stimuli (95dB) either alone or preceded (SOA 120ms) by a prepulse (75dB). Mother's social stress levels were assessed with the modified Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress (TICS). Cortisol saliva samples were collected from mothers and their children. RESULTS ANOVA revealed a different development of PPI in infants whose mothers reported enhanced stress levels due to social isolation and reduced social recognition. Cortisol levels were related to mothers' self-report stress, but not to PPI development in infants. CONCLUSIONS Maternal stress experience has an impact on the maturation of human infants' information processing in the first four months after birth.
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Avdesh A, Cornelisse V, Martin-Iverson MT. Corticosteroid dependent and independent effects of a cannabinoid agonist on core temperature, motor activity, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex in Wistar rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 220:405-15. [PMID: 21947354 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There are inconsistent reports on the effects of cannabinoid agonists on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) with increases, decreases, and no effects. It has been hypothesized that the conflicting observations may be as a result of modulation of the effects of cannabinoid agonists by the regulation of corticosteroid release. OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of CP55940, a cannabinoid agonist, and metyrapone, a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor on core temperature, motor activity, the startle reflex, and PPI. METHODS Startle responses were measured in 64 male Wistar rats while varying startling stimulus intensities, analogous to dose-response curves. A stimulus potency measure (ES(50)) and a response measure, the maximal achievable response (R (MAX)) were derived from the stimulus-response curves. RESULTS CP55940 reduced core temperature and motor activity; these effects were potentiated by metyrapone. CP55940 increased R (MAX) of startle in the absence of a prepulse by a corticosteroid-dependent mechanism but decreased it when metyrapone was administered before CP55940, a corticosteroid-independent mechanism. The inverse of stimulus potency (ES(50)) was not affected by either drug alone but was increased by the combined drugs. CP55940 increased the prepulse motor gating effects and decreased the prepulse sensory gating effects of the same prepulses but only when given after metyrapone. CONCLUSIONS The most parsimonious interpretation of these effects is that CP55940 has some effects through corticosteroid-dependent actions and opposite effects by corticosteroid-independent actions. These two putative sites of actions affect stimulus gating opposite to their effects on response gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avdesh Avdesh
- Centre for Clinical Research in Neuropsychiatry, Graylands Hospital, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Zhang L, Hu XZ, Li H, Li X, Smerin S, Benedek DM, Ursano R. Startle response related genes. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:685-91. [PMID: 21855231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The startle reaction (also known as the startle response, the startle reflex, or the alarm reaction) is the psychological and physiological response to a sudden unexpected stimulus, such as a flash of light, a loud noise (acoustic startle reflex), or a quick movement near the face. Abnormalities of startle response have been observed in many stress-related mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the molecular mechanisms of startle in stress-associated conditions--for example, whether the startle reaction is associated with any gene variance--is still unknown. In this paper, we will carry out a systematic review by retrieving, assessing, and combining, when applicable, individual studies investigating association of the molecular variation of candidate gene with the startle response. The systematic review is based on the search for numerous publications using the keywords "startle gene" on September 15, 2010 using PubMed, which comprises more than 20 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE and life science journals. A total of 486 publications regarding genes associated with startle have been obtained and reviewed here. There are fewer than 20 publications associating genes with the startle response between 1979, when the first valuable paper was published, and 1999. However, publications have dramatically increase from 2001 and reaches over 70 in 2009. We have characterized them into three categories: startle-associated gene studies in humans, in animals, as well as in both human and animals. This review of research strategy may provide the information for identifying a biomarker for startle response, with the objective of translating research into clinical utility: diagnosis and treatment of stress-induced mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
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Garner B, Phassouliotis C, Phillips LJ, Markulev C, Butselaar F, Bendall S, Yun Y, McGorry PD. Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate levels correlate with symptom severity in first-episode psychosis. J Psychiatr Res 2011; 45:249-55. [PMID: 20619421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate form (DHEA) are neuroactive steroids with antiglucocorticoid properties. An imbalance in the ratio of cortisol to DHEA(S) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related psychiatric disorders. This study prospectively investigated circulating cortisol, DHEAS and their ratio in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients compared to healthy controls, and their relationship to perceived stress, psychotic, negative and mood symptoms. METHODS Blood cortisol and DHEAS levels were obtained in 39 neuroleptic-naïve or minimally-treated FEP patients and 25 controls. Twenty-three patients and 15 controls received repeat assessments after 12 weeks. Perceived stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale and symptoms were assessed in patients using standard rating scales. RESULTS At baseline, no differences were observed in cortisol, DHEAS or the cortisol/DHEAS ratio between patients and controls. There were also no group differences in the change in these biological variables during the study period. Within FEP patients, decreases in cortisol and the cortisol/DHEAS ratio over time were directly related to the improvement in depression (r = 0.45; p = 0.031, r = 0.52; p = 0.01), negative (r = 0.51; p = 0.006, r = 0.55; p = 0.008) and psychotic symptoms (cortisol only, r = 0.53; p = 0.01). Perceived stress significantly correlated with DHEAS (r = 0.51; p = 0.019) and the cortisol/DHEAS ratio (r = -0.49; p = 0.024) in controls, but not patients, possibly reflecting an impaired hormonal response to stress in FEP patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings further support the involvement of the stress system in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders, with implications for treatment strategies that modulate these neurosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Garner
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Sutherland JE, Burian LC, Covault J, Conti LH. The effect of restraint stress on prepulse inhibition and on corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptor gene expression in Wistar-Kyoto and Brown Norway rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 97:227-38. [PMID: 20709096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress plays a role in many psychiatric disorders that are characterized by deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a form of sensorimotor gating. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is one of the most important neurotransmitters involved in behavioral components of the stress response, and central infusion of CRF decreases PPI in rodents. We recently demonstrated that restraint stress decreases PPI and attenuates the increase in PPI caused by repeated testing. To broaden our investigation into how restraint affects PPI, we subjected Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Brown Norway (BN) rats to 10 consecutive days of 2-hour restraint, or to brief handling, prior to assessing PPI. We next examined the effects of 1 or 10days of 2-hour restraint on plasma corticosterone levels in order to determine whether the endocrine response to stress parallels the behavioral effect of stress. Finally, we examined the effects of 1 or 10days of 2-hour restraint on CRF and CRF receptor gene expression in the amygdala, hippocampus, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus in order to determine whether a temporal pattern of gene expression parallels the change in the behavioral response to stress. The major findings of the present study are that 1) restraint stress attenuates the increase in PPI caused by repeated testing in both WKY and BN rats, and BN rats are more sensitive to the effects of restraint on PPI than WKY rats, 2) restraint-induced increases in corticosterone levels mirror the effect of restraint on PPI in WKY rats but not in BN rats, 3) laterality effects on gene expression were observed for the amygdala, whereby restraint increases CRF gene expression in the left, but not right, amygdala, and 4) some restraint-induced changes in CRF and CRF receptor gene expression precede changes in PPI while other changes coincide with altered PPI in a rat strain- and brain region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Sutherland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Ago Y, Takuma K, Matsuda T. [Depression and corticosteroid receptors]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2009; 134:304-308. [PMID: 20009362 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.134.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Colocalisation of c-Fos and glucocorticoid receptor as well as of 5-HT1A and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity-expressing cells in the brain structures of low and high anxiety rats. Behav Brain Res 2009; 200:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Maćkowiak M, Dudys D, Chocyk A, Wedzony K. Repeated risperidone treatment increases the expression of NCAM and PSA-NCAM protein in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 19:125-37. [PMID: 19042107 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates whether the anti-schizophrenic drug risperidone may evoke changes in the expression of NCAM/PSA-NCAM proteins, an indispensable element in the remodeling of synaptic arrangements, in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Rats were treated with risperidone (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) either once or repeatedly (once a day, for 21 days). The expression of NCAM and PSA-NCAM proteins was analyzed via western blot and immunohistochemistry at intervals of 3 h and 3, 6, and 9 days after the single or the last risperidone dose. Repeated (but not acute) administration of risperidone was found to increase the expression of NCAM-180, NCAM-140 and PSA-NCAM proteins at 3 or 6 days after treatment. PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity was found in cell bodies, perisomatic-like sites, and in the neuropil of the mPFC. Neither single nor repeated risperidone administration changed the number of PSA-NCAM neurons in the mPFC. In contrast, the repeated risperidone treatment increased the number of PSA-NCAM perisomatic-like sites and the length density of PSA-NCAM positive neuropil at 3 days after the last injection. The data obtained indicate that risperidone, given repeatedly, may promote the remodeling of the structure of presumably GABA-ergic interneurons and that it may evoke the rearrangement of the synaptic contact in the mPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Maćkowiak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Role of serotonin-1A receptors in the action of antipsychotic drugs: comparison of prepulse inhibition studies in mice and rats and relevance for human pharmacology. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:548-61. [PMID: 18690109 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830cd822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore strain and species differences in the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in the action of antipsychotic drugs, using prepulse inhibition (PPI), a model of sensory processing which is deficient in schizophrenia patients. We used automated startle boxes to compare the effect of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-dipropyl-amino-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), on PPI in three mouse strains. Balb/c mice were then pretreated with antipsychotics, treated with 8-OH-DPAT or saline, and tested for PPI. 8-OH-DPAT treatment dose dependently increased PPI in Balb/c mice, but had less effect in 129Sv and C57Bl/6 mice. In Balb/c mice, the effect of 8-OH-DPAT was blocked by the typical antipsychotic and dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, haloperidol and the third generation antipsychotic, aripiprazole, which has activity at both 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors. The atypical antipsychotics, clozapine, olanzapine and risperidone, had lesser effects. Similar to our earlier studies in rats, the present PPI results suggest that 5-HT1A receptors are involved in the action of some antipsychotic drugs in mice. Despite strain and species differences in the magnitude and direction of the effect of 8-OH-DPAT, downstream dopamine D2 receptor activation seems to be an important mediator. These comparative results allow a theoretical framework of receptor interactions, which may guide further studies on the involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in schizophrenia.
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Swerdlow NR, Weber M, Qu Y, Light GA, Braff DL. Realistic expectations of prepulse inhibition in translational models for schizophrenia research. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:331-88. [PMID: 18568339 PMCID: PMC2771731 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under specific conditions, a weak lead stimulus, or "prepulse", can inhibit the startling effects of a subsequent intense abrupt stimulus. This startle-inhibiting effect of the prepulse, termed "prepulse inhibition" (PPI), is widely used in translational models to understand the biology of brainbased inhibitory mechanisms and their deficiency in neuropsychiatric disorders. In 1981, four published reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term were listed on Medline; over the past 5 years, new published Medline reports with "prepulse inhibition" as an index term have appeared at a rate exceeding once every 2.7 days (n=678). Most of these reports focus on the use of PPI in translational models of impaired sensorimotor gating in schizophrenia. This rapid expansion and broad application of PPI as a tool for understanding schizophrenia has, at times, outpaced critical thinking and falsifiable hypotheses about the relative strengths vs. limitations of this measure. OBJECTIVES This review enumerates the realistic expectations for PPI in translational models for schizophrenia research, and provides cautionary notes for the future applications of this important research tool. CONCLUSION In humans, PPI is not "diagnostic"; levels of PPI do not predict clinical course, specific symptoms, or individual medication responses. In preclinical studies, PPI is valuable for evaluating models or model organisms relevant to schizophrenia, "mapping" neural substrates of deficient PPI in schizophrenia, and advancing the discovery and development of novel therapeutics. Across species, PPI is a reliable, robust quantitative phenotype that is useful for probing the neurobiology and genetics of gating deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0804, USA,
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Gogos A, van den Buuse M. The importance of baseline in identifying 8-OH-DPAT-induced effects on prepulse inhibition in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:750-7. [PMID: 17279088 PMCID: PMC2013865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response is a model of sensorimotor gating which is disrupted in schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. We and others have shown that treatment with the 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT, disrupts PPI in rats. In the present study, we highlight the importance of baseline levels on the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on PPI. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were gonadectomised. These rats were treated with saline, 0.02 and 0.5 mg kg(-1) of 8-OH-DPAT using a random-sequence, repeated-measures protocol. The rats were allocated into high and low baseline groups depending on their baseline PPI observed after saline treatment. KEY RESULTS Treatment with 0.5 mg kg(-1) of 8-OH-DPAT significantly disrupted PPI in both male and female rats. In male rats only, 0.02 mg kg(-1) 8-OH-DPAT caused a small, but significant, increase in PPI. When these male rats were allocated to either a high or low baseline PPI group, 0.5 mg kg(-1) 8-OH-DPAT disrupted PPI in the high baseline group only. In contrast, treatment with 0.02 mg kg(-1) 8-OH-DPAT increased PPI only in the low baseline PPI group. There were no changes in the effect of 8-OH-DPAT administration in female rats when they were divided into high and low baseline PPI groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The level of baseline PPI is an important variable that can influence the direction of drug effects induced by 8-OH-DPAT. The explanation for this phenomenon could be differential activation of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gogos
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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van den Buuse M, Gogos A. Differential Effects of Antipsychotic Drugs on Serotonin-1A Receptor-Mediated Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 320:1224-36. [PMID: 17194799 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.113084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin-1A (5-HT(1A)) receptors have been implicated in the symptoms of schizophrenia. However, there is limited in vivo evidence for an interaction of antipsychotic drugs with 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated behavioral effects. We therefore investigated in rats the action of several antipsychotic drugs on prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating that is deficient in schizophrenia. Disruption of PPI at the 100-ms interstimulus interval (ISI), but not the 30-ms ISI, was induced by treatment with 0.5 mg/kg 8-hydroxy-di-propylaminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist. In rats pretreated with 0.25 mg/kg haloperidol (4-[-4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidino]-4'-fluoro butyrophenone) or raclopride [3,5-dichloro-N-(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide tartrate], the disruption of PPI was no longer significant. Of the atypical antipsychotic drugs clozapine (8-chloro-11-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]-diazepine), olanzapine (2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine), risperidone [3-[2-[-4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl) piperidino] ethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one)], amisulpride (4-amino-N-[(1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-(ethylsulfonyl)-o-anisamide), and aripiprazole (7-[4-[-4[-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]butoxy]-3,4-dihydrocarbostyrilor 7-[4-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]butoxy]-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroquinolin-2-one), only aripiprazole significantly reduced the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on PPI. This effect was mimicked by pretreatment with the 5-HT(1A) receptor partial agonist, buspirone [N-[4-[4-(2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione hydrochloride]. On the other hand, some of the antipsychotic drugs and other pretreatments showed complex, prepulse-dependent effects on their own. These data show little in vivo interaction of several atypical antipsychotic drugs with the disruption of PPI mediated by 5-HT(1A) receptor stimulation. The action of haloperidol and raclopride suggests a major involvement of dopamine D(2) receptors in this effect, possibly downstream from the initial serotonergic stimulation. The action of aripiprazole could be mediated by its partial agonist properties at 5-HT(1A) receptors or its dopamine D(2)-blocking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten van den Buuse
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Gogos A, Martin S, Jones ME, van den Buuse M. Oestrogen modulation of the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on prepulse inhibition: effects of aromatase deficiency and castration in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188:100-10. [PMID: 16896955 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0472-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of sex steroid hormones, particularly oestrogen, in the regulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI) by serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, which are unable to produce oestrogen but have high levels of testosterone, and the effects of castration. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Treatment of male ArKO mice with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-dipropyl-aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT), caused an increase in PPI that was significantly greater than in male wild-type controls. Castration of male mice caused a significant enhancement of the effect of 8-OH-DPAT in control mice; however, there was no change in the effect of this drug in ArKO mice. There was no significant effect of 8-OH-DPAT on PPI in either female ArKO or wild-type controls. In all experiments, the effects of 8-OH-DPAT on startle were not different between the groups. [3H]8-OH-DPAT autoradiography showed no differences in 5-HT1A receptor binding densities in areas of the forebrain, hippocampus or raphe region that could explain the PPI results. These data show that the absence of oestrogen in male ArKO mice leads to a greater effect of 5-HT1A receptor stimulation on PPI. This effect can be mimicked in male control mice by castration. The differential involvement of oestrogen and testosterone in these animal models is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gogos
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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Conti LH. Characterization of the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in Brown Norway and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 507:125-34. [PMID: 15659302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensori-motor gating, as assessed by prepulse inhibition of the startle response is diminished in patients with schizophrenia. We have previously shown that inbred Brown Norway (BN) rats display significantly less prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response than inbred Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, and that prepulse inhibition is decreased by central administration of the neuropeptide, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in both strains. The present study was conducted to establish whether peripheral administration of CRF alters prepulse inhibition, whether a low, threshold dose for decreasing prepulse inhibition is the same in the two rat strains, and whether central administration of a CRF receptor antagonist enhances prepulse inhibition in the BN strain. CRF-induced behavioral activation was also examined to determine whether the two rat strains are differentially sensitive to a behavioral effect of CRF that does not involve the startle response. In each experiment, BN rats showed significantly less prepulse inhibition than WKY rats. Subcutaneous administration of CRF had no affect on startle amplitude or prepulse inhibition of the startle response in either rat strain. In BN, but not in WKY rats, low-dose CRF (0.3 microg) decreased prepulse inhibition. However, doses of CRF that did not alter prepulse inhibition in the WKY strain, did result in behavioral activation. No dose of CRF tested affected baseline startle amplitude. Central administration of the CRF receptor antagonist, astressin had no effect on prepulse inhibition or startle amplitude in either rat strain. Central administration of the CRF receptor antagonist, D-Phe CRF (12-41) had no effect on prepulse inhibition in WKY rats, resulted in a only a small, non-significant increase in prepulse inhibition in BN rats, while it decreased startle amplitude. The results suggest that CRF reduces prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response independently of effects on the pituitary-adrenal axis, and that endogenous CRF has at most, a minor role in the low prepulse inhibition found in BN rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Conti
- Department of Psychiatry, MC 1410, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Czyrak A, Czepiel K, Maćkowiak M, Chocyk A, Wedzony K. Serotonin 5-HT1A receptors might control the output of cortical glutamatergic neurons in rat cingulate cortex. Brain Res 2003; 989:42-51. [PMID: 14519510 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)03352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the distribution of serotonin 5-HT1A receptor protein (5-HT1A-immunoreactivity) and its localization within cortical pyramidal neurons of the rat cingulate cortex. This experimental direction was inspired by recent data showing the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the pathology of schizophrenia, and in the mechanism of action of novel antipsychotic drugs as well as by the importance of the cingulate cortex in regulation of cognitive functions. It was found that 5-HT1A-immunoreactivity was densely distributed in neuronal eyelash-like elements, and their size, shape and spatial orientation may suggest concentration of 5-HT1A-immunopositive material in the proximal fragments of axons of cortical neurons. Moreover, it was observed that these 5-HT1A-immunopositive fragments were present predominately on proximal fragments of axons of pyramidal neurons, which was evidenced by double labeling experiments using glutamate and non-phosphorylated neurofilament H as markers of the cortical pyramidal cells. The 5-HT1A receptor immunoreactivity was localized distally to the inhibitory GABAergic terminals of chandelier and basket cells surrounding the pyramidal cell bodies and occasionally surrounding short initial segment of axonal hillock of pyramidal neurons. These anatomical data indicate that 5-HT1A receptors might control the excitability and propagation of information transmitted by the pyramidal cells. Moreover, our results indicate that drugs operating via 5-HT1A receptors in the cingulate cortex might control from this level the release of glutamate in the subcortical structures. Finally, the 5-HT1A receptors present in the cingulate cortex, as demonstrated in the present study, may constitute an important target for drugs used to repair dysfunction of glutamate neurotransmission, which is observed for example in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czyrak
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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