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Liu J, Ruan M, Liu Y, Hong X, Zhang L, Zhang Q. Identification of 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acids as promising DNMT1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116538. [PMID: 38823264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is the primary enzyme responsible for maintaining DNA methylation patterns during cellular division, crucial for cancer development by suppressing tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we retained the phthalimide structure of N-phthaloyl-l-tryptophan (RG108) and substituted its indole ring with nitrogen-containing aromatic rings of varying sizes. We synthesized 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acids and confirmed them as DNMT1 inhibitors through protein affinity testing, radiometric method using tritium labeled SAM, and MTT assay. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that introducing substituents on the carbazole ring could enhance inhibitory activity, with S-configuration isomers showing greater activity than R-configuration ones. Notably, S-3-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7r-S) and S-3-(1,3,6-trichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7t-S) exhibited significant DNMT1 enzyme inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 8.147 μM and 0.777 μM, respectively (compared to RG108 with an IC50 above 250 μM). Moreover, they demonstrated potential anti-proliferative activity on various tumor cell lines including A2780, HeLa, K562, and SiHa. Transcriptome analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment of K562 cells treated with 7r-S and 7t-S identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Flow cytometry assays further indicated that 7r-S and 7t-S induce apoptosis in K562 cells and arrest them in the G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking revealed that 7t-S may bind to the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) site in DNMT1 with an orientation opposite to RG108, suggesting potential for deeper penetration into the DNMT1 pocket and laying the groundwork for further modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minli Ruan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Ozawa S, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Zou X, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Involvement of multiple epigenetic mechanisms by altered DNA methylation from the early stage of renal carcinogenesis before proliferative lesion formation upon repeated administration of ochratoxin A. Toxicology 2024; 506:153875. [PMID: 38945198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a rat renal carcinogen that induces karyomegaly and micronuclei in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs). We previously performed comprehensive gene profiling of alterations in promoter-region methylation and gene expression in PTECs of rats treated with OTA for 13 weeks. The OTA-specific gene profile was obtained by excluding genes showing expression changes similar to those upon treatment with 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, a renal carcinogen not inducing karyomegaly. In this study, we validated the candidate genes using methylated DNA enrichment PCR and real-time RT-PCR, and identified Gen1, Anxa3, Cdkn1a, and Osm as genes showing OTA-specific epigenetic changes. These genes and related molecules were subjected to gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses in the PTECs of rats treated with OTA, other renal carcinogens, or non-carcinogenic renal toxicants for 4 or 13 weeks. Cdkn1a upregulation and increase of p21WAF1/CIP1+ karyomegalic PTECs were observed with OTA, matching the findings associated with micronucleus-inducing carcinogens. This suggested that the increase of p21WAF1/CIP1+ karyomegalic PTECs is linked to micronucleus formation, which in turn accelerates chromosomal instability. The upregulation of Cdkn1a-related genes with OTA suggests the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, which promotes the establishment of a carcinogenic environment. Meanwhile, OTA specifically caused a decrease of GEN1+ PTECs reflecting Gen1 downregulation and an increase of ANXA3+ PTECs reflecting Anxa3 upregulation, as well as Osm upregulation. OTA may efficiently disrupt pathways for repairing the DNA double-strand breaks that it itself causes, via Gen1 downregulation, and enhance cell proliferation through the upregulation of Anxa3 and Osm. This may exacerbate the chromosomal instability from the early stage of OTA-induced renal carcinogenesis before proliferative lesions form. OTA may cause renal carcinogenesis involving multiple epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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3
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Aanniz T, Bouyahya A, Balahbib A, El Kadri K, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, El Omari N, Zaid Y, Wong RSY, Yeo CI, Goh BH, Bakrim S. Natural bioactive compounds targeting DNA methyltransferase enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms insights and efficiencies. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110907. [PMID: 38395253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to health and life and is essentially carried out at the promoter region of the DNA of each gene. Depending on the molecular context, this region may be accessible or non-accessible (possibility of integration of RNA polymerase or not at this region). Among enzymes that control this process, DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs), are responsible for DNA demethylation at the CpG islands, particularly at the promoter regions, to regulate transcription. The aberrant activity of these enzymes, i.e. their abnormal expression or activity, can result in the repression or overactivation of gene expression. Consequently, this can generate cellular dysregulation leading to instability and tumor development. Several reports highlighted the involvement of DNMTs in human cancers. The inhibition or activation of DNMTs is a promising therapeutic approach in many human cancers. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of natural bioactive molecules as primary inhibitors of DNMTs in human cancers. The active compounds hold the potential to be developed as anti-cancer epidrugs targeting DNMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, B.P, 6203, Morocco.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco.
| | - Kawtar El Kadri
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box: 2424, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Younes Zaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Rebecca Shin-Yee Wong
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Medical Education, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Chien Ing Yeo
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco.
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Zhang X, Wang H, Zhang Y, Wang X. Advances in epigenetic alterations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: from pathogenesis to treatment. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:54. [PMID: 38492089 PMCID: PMC10944427 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a heterogeneous disease with alterations in genetic expression and epigenetic modifications. In recent years, the new insight into epigenetics in the pathogenesis of CLL has been developed considerably, including DNA methylation, histone modification, RNA methylation, non-coding RNAs as well as chromatin remodeling. Epigenetic modification regulates various processes such as stem cell biology, cell growth, and tumorigenesis without altering gene sequence. Growing evidence indicates that the disturbance of gene expression profiles which were regulated by epigenetic modifications exerts vital roles in the development and progress in CLL, which provides novel perspectives to explore the etiology of CLL. In addition, the integration with epigenetic therapeutic targets and the in-depth understanding of epigenetic therapy contribute to develop new therapeutic strategies for CLL. Herein, the present review discusses the advances of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognostic assessment of CLL patients and also highlights existing and emerging agents targeting epigenetic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 251006, China.
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5
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Rismanbaf A. Improving targeted small molecule drugs to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1945. [PMID: 37994401 PMCID: PMC10809209 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cancer treatments face the challenge of therapeutic resistance, which causes poor treatment outcomes. The use of combination therapies can improve treatment results in patients and is one of the solutions to overcome this challenge. Chemotherapy is one of the conventional treatments that, due to the non-targeted and lack of specificity in targeting cancer cells, can cause serious complications in the short and long-term for patients by damaging healthy cells. Also, the employment of a wide range of strategies for chemotherapy resistance by cancer cells, metastasis, and cancer recurrence create serious problems to achieve the desired results of chemotherapy. Accordingly, targeted therapies can be used as a combination treatment with chemotherapy to both cause less damage to healthy cells, which as a result, they reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, and by targeting the factors that cause therapeutic challenges, can improve the results of chemotherapy in patients. RECENT FINDINGS Small molecules are one of the main targeted therapies that can be used for diverse targets in cancer treatment due to their penetration ability and characteristics. However, small molecules in cancer treatment are facing obstacles that a better understanding of cancer biology, as well as the mechanisms and factors involved in chemotherapy resistance, can lead to the improvement of this type of major targeted therapy. CONCLUSION In this review article, at first, the challenges that lead to not achieving the desired results in chemotherapy and how cancer cells can be resistant to chemotherapy are examined, and at the end, research areas are suggested that more focusing on them, can lead to the improvement of the results of using targeted small molecules as an adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy in the conditions of chemotherapy resistance and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Rismanbaf
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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6
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Grunt TW, Heller G. A critical appraisal of the relative contribution of tissue architecture, genetics, epigenetics and cell metabolism to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:S0079-6107(23)00056-1. [PMID: 37268024 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we contrast several carcinogenesis models. The somatic-mutation-theory posits mutations as main causes of malignancy. However, inconsistencies led to alternative explanations. For example, the tissue-organization-field-theory considers disrupted tissue-architecture as main cause. Both models can be reconciled using systems-biology-approaches, according to which tumors hover in states of self-organized criticality between order and chaos, are emergent results of multiple deviations and are subject to general laws of nature: inevitable variation(mutation) explainable by increased entropy(second-law-of-thermodynamics) or indeterminate decoherence upon measurement of superposed quantum systems(quantum mechanics), followed by Darwinian-selection. Genomic expression is regulated by epigenetics. Both systems cooperate. So cancer is neither just a mutational nor an epigenetic problem. Rather, epigenetics links environmental cues to endogenous genetics engendering a regulatory machinery that encompasses specific cancer-metabolic-networks. Interestingly, mutations occur at all levels of this machinery (oncogenes/tumor-suppressors, epigenetic-modifiers, structure-genes, metabolic-genes). Therefore, in most cases, DNA mutations may be the initial and crucial cancer-promoting triggers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Grunt
- Cell Signaling and Metabolism Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1090, Vienna, Austria; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang Z, Wang G, Li Y, Lei D, Xiang J, Ouyang L, Wang Y, Yang J. Recent progress in DNA methyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1072651. [PMID: 37077808 PMCID: PMC10107375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1072651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation mediated by DNA methyltransferase is an important epigenetic process that regulates gene expression in mammals, which plays a key role in silencing certain genes, such as tumor suppressor genes, in cancer, and it has become a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Similar to other epigenetic targets, DNA methyltransferase can also be modulated by chemical agents. Four agents have already been approved to treat hematological cancers. In order to promote the development of a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor as an anti-tumor agent, in the current review, we discuss the relationship between DNA methylation and tumor, the anti-tumor mechanism, the research progress and pharmacological properties of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, and the future research trend of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongsheng Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Electron Microscopy Center of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Science and Technology Department, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yanyan Wang, ; Jinliang Yang,
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DNA Damage Response in Cancer Therapy and Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314672. [PMID: 36499000 PMCID: PMC9735783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy is a common event among cancer patients and a reason why new cancer therapies and therapeutic strategies need to be in continuous investigation and development. DNA damage response (DDR) comprises several pathways that eliminate DNA damage to maintain genomic stability and integrity, but different types of cancers are associated with DDR machinery defects. Many improvements have been made in recent years, providing several drugs and therapeutic strategies for cancer patients, including those targeting the DDR pathways. Currently, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARP inhibitors) are the DDR inhibitors (DDRi) approved for several cancers, including breast, ovarian, pancreatic, and prostate cancer. However, PARPi resistance is a growing issue in clinical settings that increases disease relapse and aggravate patients' prognosis. Additionally, resistance to other DDRi is also being found and investigated. The resistance mechanisms to DDRi include reversion mutations, epigenetic modification, stabilization of the replication fork, and increased drug efflux. This review highlights the DDR pathways in cancer therapy, its role in the resistance to conventional treatments, and its exploitation for anticancer treatment. Biomarkers of treatment response, combination strategies with other anticancer agents, resistance mechanisms, and liabilities of treatment with DDR inhibitors are also discussed.
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Harada H, Nie Y, Araki I, Soeno T, Chuman M, Washio M, Sakuraya M, Ushiku H, Niihara M, Hosoda K, Kumamoto Y, Naitoh T, Sangai T, Hiki N, Yamashita K. Haploinsufficiency by minute MutL homolog 1 promoter DNA methylation may represent unique phenotypes of microsatellite instability-gastric carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260303. [PMID: 34936649 PMCID: PMC8694418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter DNA methylation of MutL homolog 1 (MLH1) is considered to play a causative role in microsatellite instability (MSI) carcinogenesis in primary gastric cancer, and a high MSI status is associated with treatment sensitivity to human cancers. Nevertheless, clinicopathological analysis is defective for MLH1 methylation status in a quantitative manner. We newly developed quantitative methylation specific PCR using a TaqMan probe and applied it to 138 patients with primary gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy in addition to basic molecular features such as MSI, Epstein Barr virus, and other DNA methylation status. (1) In primary gastric cancer, median methylation value was 0.055, ranging from 0 to 124.3. First, MLH1 hypermethylation was strongly correlated with MSI-High/MSI-Low status and suppressed immunostaining (P < 0.0001). (2) The MLH1 hypermethylation was associated with advanced age (P = 0.0048), antral location (P = 0.0486), synchronous multiple gastric cancer (P = 0.0001), and differentiated histology (P = 0.028). (3) Log-rank plot analysis identified the most relevant cut-off value (0.23) to reflect gentle phenotypes in MLH1 hypermethylation cases (P = 0.0019), especially in advanced gastric cancer (P = 0.0132), which are designated as haploinsufficiency of MSI (MSI-haplo) phenotype in this study. (4) In synchronous multiple gastric cancer, MLH1 hypermethylation was not necessarily confirmed as field cancerization. (5) MSI-haplo defined by MLH1 methylation status represented distinct prognostic phenotype even after molecular classifications. MLH1 hypermethylation designated as MSI-haplo may represent unique prognostic phenotype during gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Harada
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nie
- Department of General, Pediatric and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ippeita Araki
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Soeno
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motohiro Chuman
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marie Washio
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sakuraya
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Ushiku
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Niihara
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kei Hosoda
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kumamoto
- Department of General, Pediatric and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of Lower Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sangai
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiki
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Upper-gastrointestinal Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Department of Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Nishiyama A, Nakanishi M. Navigating the DNA methylation landscape of cancer. Trends Genet 2021; 37:1012-1027. [PMID: 34120771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a chemical modification that defines cell type and lineage through the control of gene expression and genome stability. Disruption of DNA methylation control mechanisms causes a variety of diseases, including cancer. Cancer cells are characterized by aberrant DNA methylation (i.e., genome-wide hypomethylation and site-specific hypermethylation), mainly targeting CpG islands in gene expression regulatory elements. In particular, the early findings that a variety of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are targets of DNA hypermethylation in cancer led to the proposal of a model in which aberrant DNA methylation promotes cellular oncogenesis through TSGs silencing. However, recent genome-wide analyses have revealed that this classical model needs to be reconsidered. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of DNA methylation abnormalities in cancer as well as their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Nishiyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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11
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Kővári B, Kim BH, Lauwers GY. The pathology of gastric and duodenal polyps: current concepts. Histopathology 2020; 78:106-124. [PMID: 33382489 DOI: 10.1111/his.14275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The liberal use of upper endoscopy has led to an increased detection of gastric and duodenal polyps, which are identified in as many as 6 and 4.6% of patient examinations, respectively. Gastroduodenal polyps are a heterogeneous group of lesions that can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic (e.g. hyperplastic or heterotopical). Most polyps present characteristic topographical features, as well as endoscopic appearance and size. Evaluation of the surrounding mucosa is essential in assessing the underlying pathology (e.g. Helicobacter pylori, autoimmune gastritis or inherited polyposis syndromes). Phylogenetically, gastric and duodenal polyps can be classified according to the epithelial compartment from which they derive. Polyps that arise from the surface epithelium can either be of foveolar or intestinal type, and they can develop from either the native mucosa or the metaplastic epithelium (gastric intestinal metaplasia or duodenal foveolar metaplasia). Other polyps develop from the deeper glandular component, such as pyloric/oxyntic gland derived subtypes. In this review we focus upon epithelial polyps, with an emphasis on the most common and clinically relevant lesions, and present recently described entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Kővári
- Department of Pathology, University of Szeged and Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Departments of Pathology and Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Baek H Kim
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Departments of Pathology and Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gregory Y Lauwers
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and Departments of Pathology and Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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12
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Pozza DH, De Mello RA, Araujo RLC, Velcheti V. MicroRNAs in Lung Cancer Oncogenesis and Tumor Suppression: How it Can Improve the Clinical Practice? Curr Genomics 2020; 21:372-381. [PMID: 33093800 PMCID: PMC7536806 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200630144712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer (LC) development is a process that depends on genetic mutations. The DNA methylation, an important epigenetic modification, is associated with the expression of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs. MicroRNAs are particularly essential for cell physiology, since they play a critical role in tumor suppressor gene activity. Furthermore, epigenetic disruptions are the primary event in cell modification, being related to tumorigenesis. In this context, microRNAs can be a useful tool in the LC suppression, consequently improving prognosis and predicting treatment. Conclusion This manuscript reviews the main microRNAs involved in LC and its potential clinical applications to improve outcomes, such as survival and better quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Humberto Pozza
- 1Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina, and Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, and I3s, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Algarve Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; 3Department of Clinical & Experimental Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 4Precision Oncology and Health Economic Group, Nine of July University, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Department of Digestive Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; 6Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; 7Thoracic Oncology Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ramon Andrade De Mello
- 1Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina, and Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, and I3s, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Algarve Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; 3Department of Clinical & Experimental Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 4Precision Oncology and Health Economic Group, Nine of July University, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Department of Digestive Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; 6Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; 7Thoracic Oncology Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Raphael L C Araujo
- 1Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina, and Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, and I3s, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Algarve Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; 3Department of Clinical & Experimental Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 4Precision Oncology and Health Economic Group, Nine of July University, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Department of Digestive Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; 6Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; 7Thoracic Oncology Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- 1Departamento de Biomedicina da Faculdade de Medicina, and Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, and I3s, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; 2Algarve Biomedical Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; 3Department of Clinical & Experimental Oncology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; 4Precision Oncology and Health Economic Group, Nine of July University, São Paulo, Brazil; 5Department of Digestive Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil; 6Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil; 7Thoracic Oncology Program, NYU Langone, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Yuza K, Nagahashi M, Watanabe S, Takabe K, Wakai T. Hypermutation and microsatellite instability in gastrointestinal cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112103-112115. [PMID: 29340115 PMCID: PMC5762383 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in cancer genome analysis using next-generation sequencing has revealed a high mutation burden in some tumors. The particularly high rate of somatic mutation in these tumors correlates with the generation of neo-antigens capable of eliciting an immune response. Identification of hypermutated tumors is therefore clinically valuable for selecting patients suitable for immunotherapy treatment. There are several known causes of hypermutation in tumors, such as ultraviolet light in melanoma, tobacco smoke in lung cancer, and excessive APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like) activity in breast and gastric cancer. In gastrointestinal cancers, one of the leading causes of hypermutation is a defect in DNA mismatch repair, which results in microsatellite instability (MSI). This review will focus on the frequency, characteristics and genomic signature of hypermutated gastrointestinal cancers with MSI. Detection of tumor hypermutation in cancer is expected to not only predict the clinical benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, but also to provide better surgical strategies for the patients with hypermutated tumors. Thus, in an era of precision medicine, identification of hypermutation and MSI will play an important role directing surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizuki Yuza
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Chuo-ku, Niigata City, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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Christmann M, Kaina B. Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and implications for tumor therapy. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 780:15-28. [PMID: 31395346 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair represents the first barrier against genotoxic stress causing metabolic changes, inflammation and cancer. Besides its role in preventing cancer, DNA repair needs also to be considered during cancer treatment with radiation and DNA damaging drugs as it impacts therapy outcome. The DNA repair capacity is mainly governed by the expression level of repair genes. Alterations in the expression of repair genes can occur due to mutations in their coding or promoter region, changes in the expression of transcription factors activating or repressing these genes, and/or epigenetic factors changing histone modifications and CpG promoter methylation or demethylation levels. In this review we provide an overview on the epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes. We summarize the mechanisms underlying CpG methylation and demethylation, with de novo methyltransferases and DNA repair involved in gain and loss of CpG methylation, respectively. We discuss the role of components of the DNA damage response, p53, PARP-1 and GADD45a on the regulation of the DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase DNMT1, the key enzyme responsible for gene silencing. We stress the relevance of epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes for tumor formation and tumor therapy. A paradigmatic example is provided by the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is silenced in up to 40% of various cancers through CpG promoter methylation. The CpG methylation status of the MGMT promoter strongly correlates with clinical outcome and, therefore, is used as prognostic marker during glioblastoma therapy. Mismatch repair genes are also subject of epigenetic silencing, which was shown to correlate with colorectal cancer formation. For many other repair genes shown to be epigenetically regulated the clinical outcome is not yet clear. We also address the question of whether genotoxic stress itself can lead to epigenetic alterations of genes encoding proteins involved in the defense against genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Christmann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Abdelfatah E, Kerner Z, Nanda N, Ahuja N. Epigenetic therapy in gastrointestinal cancer: the right combination. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:560-79. [PMID: 27366224 PMCID: PMC4913338 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16644247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a relatively recent field of molecular biology that has arisen over the past 25 years. Cancer is now understood to be a disease of widespread epigenetic dysregulation that interacts extensively with underlying genetic mutations. The development of drugs targeting these processes has rapidly progressed; with several drugs already FDA approved as first-line therapy in hematological malignancies. Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers possess high degrees of epigenetic dysregulation, exemplified by subtypes such as CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), and the potential benefit of epigenetic therapy in these cancers is evident. The application of epigenetic drugs in solid tumors, including GI cancers, is just emerging, with increased understanding of the cancer epigenome. In this review, we provide a brief overview of cancer epigenetics and the epigenetic targets of therapy including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling. We discuss the epigenetic drugs currently in use, with a focus on DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, and explain the pharmacokinetic and mechanistic challenges in their application. We present the strategies employed in incorporating these drugs into the treatment of GI cancers, and explain the concept of the cancer stem cell in epigenetic reprogramming and reversal of chemo resistance. We discuss the most promising combination strategies in GI cancers including: (1) epigenetic sensitization to radiotherapy, (2) epigenetic sensitization to cytotoxic chemotherapy, and (3) epigenetic immune modulation and priming for immune therapy. Finally, we present preclinical and clinical trial data employing these strategies thus far in various GI cancers including colorectal, esophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eihab Abdelfatah
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zachary Kerner
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nainika Nanda
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Nita Ahuja
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St. Room 342, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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16
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Liu L, Cao L, Gong B, Yu J. Novel biomarkers for the identification and targeted therapy of gastric cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016. [PMID: 26220043 DOI: 10.1586/17474124.2015.1072466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer development follows the pathologic pattern such that chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa progressively transforms normal mucosa into atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, adenoma/dysplasia and eventually invasive and metastatic tumors. The accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations leads to the dysregulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, which was considered as the driver behind events during the tumorigenesis. Almost all gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which share considerable heterogeneity with distinct morphology, pathogenesis and clinical behavior. Therefore, identifying subtypes of gastric cancers with molecular and genetic features will be beneficial for the early identification and selection of new effective agents for targeted treatment. High-throughput sequencing techniques such as whole genomic, epigenome and transcriptome sequencing and proteomics platforms have identified major genomic characteristics that exhibit identification and prognostic impacts and distinct response patterns. In this article, the authors aim to summarize the information regarding the most promising molecules that may have clinical application as non-invasive biomarkers and therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- a 1 Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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17
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Santos JC, Ribeiro ML. Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair machinery in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9021-9037. [PMID: 26290630 PMCID: PMC4533035 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although thousands of DNA damaging events occur in each cell every day, efficient DNA repair pathways have evolved to counteract them. The DNA repair machinery plays a key role in maintaining genomic stability by avoiding the maintenance of mutations. The DNA repair enzymes continuously monitor the chromosomes to correct any damage that is caused by exogenous and endogenous mutagens. If DNA damage in proliferating cells is not repaired because of an inadequate expression of DNA repair genes, it might increase the risk of cancer. In addition to mutations, which can be either inherited or somatically acquired, epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes has been associated with carcinogenesis. Gastric cancer represents the second highest cause of cancer mortality worldwide. The disease develops from the accumulation of several genetic and epigenetic changes during the lifetime. Among the risk factors, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is considered the main driving factor to gastric cancer development. Thus, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of H. pylori infection on the epigenetic regulation of DNA repair machinery in gastric carcinogenesis.
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MALDI-TOF Mass Array Analysis of Nell-1 Promoter Methylation Patterns in Human Gastric Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:136941. [PMID: 26090379 PMCID: PMC4452250 DOI: 10.1155/2015/136941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) enables rapid and sensitive qualitative and quantitative analyses of biomolecules (proteins, peptides, oligosaccharides, lipids, DNA, and RNA), drugs, and metabolites. MS has become an essential tool in modern biomedical research, including the analysis of DNA methylation. DNA methylation has been reported in many cancers, suggesting that it can be utilized as an early biomarker to improve the early diagnosis rate. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight MS and MassCLEAVE reagent, we compared Nell-1 hypermethylation levels among tumor tissues, paracarcinoma tissues, and normal tissues from gastric cancer patients. Almost 80% of the CpG sites in the amplicons produced were covered by the analysis. Our results indicate a significant difference in methylation status between gastric cancer tissue (a higher level) and normal tissue. The same trend was identified in gastric cancer tissue versus paracarcinoma tissue. We also detected lower relative expression of Nell-1 by real-time PCR. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that Nell-1 staining was less intense in cancer tissue relative to normal tissue and that the tumor cells had spread to the muscle layer. These findings may serve as a guide for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Suzuki H, Hirata Y, Suzuki N, Ihara S, Sakitani K, Kobayashi Y, Kinoshita H, Hayakawa Y, Yamada A, Watabe H, Tateishi K, Ikenoue T, Yamaji Y, Koike K. Characterization of a new small bowel adenocarcinoma cell line and screening of anti-cancer drug against small bowel adenocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 185:550-62. [PMID: 25478808 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare, aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, and the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in SBA remain unclear. Our aims were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying SBA and to identify treatments by establishing and characterizing an SBA cell line and performing anti-cancer drug screening. SIAC1 cells, established from jejunal SBA, showed epithelial characteristics and formed organoids in 3D culture. SIAC1 cells had a heterozygous β-catenin deletion mutation, resulting in a stable β-catenin protein with enhanced Wnt/β-catenin activity. SIAC1 cells lacked MLH1 and MSH6 expression, and target genes such as TGFBR2 and ACVR2 showed frameshift mutations. Among 10 clinical SBA samples, 2 (20%) had interstitial deletions in β-catenin, expression of mismatch repair protein was aberrant in 4 (40%), and heterozygous frameshift mutations of three target genes were found in all 10 samples. On screening assay using 140 compounds, eribulin significantly inhibited SIAC1 cell growth both in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via enhanced degradation of β-catenin. In conclusion, we established an SBA cell line with molecular characteristics similar to those of clinical SBA samples, including β-catenin deletion and mismatch repair protein deficiency, that will be useful for SBA research. Eribulin might be a candidate for SBA treatment due to its inhibitory effect on Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirobumi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Hirata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sakitani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kinoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Ikenoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamaji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Moghbeli M, Moaven O, Memar B, Raziei HR, Aarabi A, Dadkhah E, Forghanifard MM, Manzari F, Abbaszadegan MR. Role of hMLH1 and E-cadherin promoter methylation in gastric cancer progression. J Gastrointest Cancer 2014; 45:40-7. [PMID: 24022108 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-013-9548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in Iran. Genome stability is one of the main genetic issues in cancer biology which is governed via the different repair systems such as DNA mismatch repair (MMR). A clear correlation between MMR defects and tumor progression has been shown. Beside the genetic mutations, epigenetic changes also have a noticeable role in MMR defects. METHODS Here, we assessed promoter methylation status and the level of hMLH1mRNA expression as the main component of MMR system in 51 GC patients using the methylation-specific PCR and real-time PCR, respectively. Moreover, we performed a promoter methylation study of the E-cadherin gene promoter. RESULTS It was observed that, 12 out of 39 cases (23.5%) had hMLH1 overexpression. Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and E-cadherin promoter regions were observed in 25.5 and 36.4%, respectively. Although, there was no significant correlation between hMLH1 mRNA expression and clinicopathological features, there are significant correlations between E-cadherin promoter methylation and tumor stage (p = 0.028) and location (p = 0.025). The rate of hMLH1 promoter methylation in this study was lower than that in the other population, showing the importance of the other mechanisms, in gastric tumorigenesis. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that DNA repair system is adversely affected by hypermethylation of hMLH1 in a fraction of gastric cancer patients. Additionally, E-cadherin hypermethylation seen in a subset of our gastric cancer patients is consistent with other reports showing correlation with aggressiveness and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
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Lee JH, Kim DK. Microsatellite Instability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNAs in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Maroni L, Pierantonelli I, Banales JM, Benedetti A, Marzioni M. The significance of genetics for cholangiocarcinoma development. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2014; 1:28. [PMID: 25332972 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.10.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy of the liver, arising from bile ducts. The incidence is increasing worldwide, but the prognosis has remained dismal and virtually unchanged in the past 30 years. Although several risk factors have been associated with the development of this cancer, none of them are normally identified in most patients. Diagnosis in advanced stages of the disease and limited therapeutic options contribute to poor survival rates. The recent analysis of genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in CCA has shed new light in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to the malignant transformation of biliary cells. Further studies in this direction may foster new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches. This review provides a global overview of recent advances in CCA and describes the most important genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations so far reported in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maroni
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Irene Pierantonelli
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Jesus M Banales
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
| | - Marco Marzioni
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy ; 2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; 3 Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria ; 4 Division of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Biodonostia Research Institute (Donostia University Hospital), CIBERehd, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain - IKERBASQUE (Basque Foundation of Science), and "Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer, (AECC)"
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Kloten V, Rose M, Kaspar S, von Stillfried S, Knüchel R, Dahl E. Epigenetic inactivation of the novel candidate tumor suppressor gene ITIH5 in colon cancer predicts unfavorable overall survival in the CpG island methylator phenotype. Epigenetics 2014; 9:1290-301. [PMID: 25093535 DOI: 10.4161/epi.32089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 5 (ITIH5) is supposed to be involved in extracellular matrix stability and thus may play a key role in the inhibition of tumor progression. The current study is the first to analyze in depth ITIH5 expression as well as its potential clinical and functional impact in colon cancer. Based on 30 tumor and 30 adjacent normal tissues we examined ITIH5 mRNA expression and promoter methylation, whose significance was further validated by independent data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) platform. In addition, ITIH5 protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. ITIH5 mRNA expression loss was significantly associated (P<0.001) with hypermethylation of the ITIH5 promoter in primary colon tumors. In addition, treatment of tumor cell lines with demethylating (DAC) and histone acetylating (TSA) agents induced ITIH5 expression. In line, independent TCGA data revealed a significant expression loss of ITIH5, particularly in the MSI-high and CIMP-positive phenotype concordant with an increased ITIH5 hypermethylation in CIMP-positive colon tumors (P<0.001). In proximal, i.e., right-sided tumors, abundant ITIH5 expression was associated with longer overall survival (OS, P = 0.049) and the CIMP-positive (P = 0.032) subgroup. Functionally, ITIH5 re-expression mediated a reduced proliferation in HCT116 and CaCo2 cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that ITIH5 is a novel putative tumor suppressor gene in colon cancer with a potential impact in the CIMP-related pathway. ITIH5 may serve as a novel epigenetic-based diagnostic biomarker with further clinical impact for risk stratification of CIMP-positive colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kloten
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Rose
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
| | - Sophie Kaspar
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
| | - Edgar Dahl
- Molecular Oncology Group; Institute of Pathology; Medical Faculty of the RWTH Aachen University; Aachen, Germany
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Watari J, Chen N, Amenta PS, Fukui H, Oshima T, Tomita T, Miwa H, Lim KJ, Das KM. Helicobacter pylori associated chronic gastritis, clinical syndromes, precancerous lesions, and pathogenesis of gastric cancer development. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5461-73. [PMID: 24833876 PMCID: PMC4017061 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is well known to be associated with the development of precancerous lesions such as chronic atrophic gastritis (AG), or gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), and cancer. Various molecular alterations are identified not only in gastric cancer (GC) but also in precancerous lesions. H. pylori treatment seems to improve AG and GIM, but still remains controversial. In contrast, many studies, including meta-analysis, show that H. pylori eradication reduces GC. Molecular markers detected by genetic and epigenetic alterations related to carcinogenesis reverse following H. pylori eradication. This indicates that these changes may be an important factor in the identification of high risk patients for cancer development. Patients who underwent endoscopic treatment of GC are at high risk for development of metachronous GC. A randomized controlled trial from Japan concluded that prophylactic eradication of H. pylori after endoscopic resection should be used to prevent the development of metachronous GC, but recent retrospective studies did not show the tendency. Patients with precancerous lesions (molecular alterations) that do not reverse after H. pylori treatment, represent the "point of no return" and may be at high risk for the development of GC. Therefore, earlier H. pylori eradication should be considered for preventing GC development prior to the appearance of precancerous lesions.
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Choi WS, Seo HS, Song KY, Yoon JH, Kim O, Nam SW, Lee JY, Park WS. Gastrokine 1 expression in the human gastric mucosa is closely associated with the degree of gastritis and DNA methylation. J Gastric Cancer 2013; 13:232-41. [PMID: 24511419 PMCID: PMC3915185 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2013.13.4.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gastrokine 1 plays an important role in gastric mucosal defense. Additionally, the Gastrokine 1-miR-185-DNMT1 axis has been shown to suppress gastric carcinogenesis through regulation of epigenetic alteration. Here, we investigated the effects of Gastrokine 1 on DNA methylation and gastritis. Materials and Methods Expression of Gastrokine 1, DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc proteins, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori CagA protein were determined in 55 non-neoplastic gastric mucosal tissue samples by western blot analysis. The CpG island methylation phenotype was also examined using six markers (p16, hMLH1, CDH1, MINT1, MINT2 and MINT31) by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Histological gastritis was assessed according to the updated Sydney classification system. Results Reduced Gastrokine 1 expression was found in 20 of the 55 (36.4%) gastric mucosal tissue samples and was closely associated with miR-185 expression. The Gastrokine 1 expression level was inversely correlated with that of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc, and closely associated with the degree of gastritis. The H. pylori CagA protein was detected in 26 of the 55 (47.3%) gastric mucosal tissues and was positively associated with the expression of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc. In addition, 30 (54.5%) and 23 (41.9%) of the gastric mucosal tissues could be classified as CpG island methylation phenotype-low and CpG island methylation phenotype-high, respectively. Reduced expression of Gastrokine 1 and miR-185, and increased expression of DNMT1, EZH2, and c-Myc were detected in the CpG island methylation phenotype-high gastric mucosa. Conclusions Gastrokine 1 has a crucial role in gastric inflammation and DNA methylation in gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Choi
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Suk Seo
- Department of General Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyo Young Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Olga Kim
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yong Lee
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Shi X, Li X, Chen L, Wang C. Analysis of somatostatin receptors and somatostatin promoter methylation in human gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1794-1798. [PMID: 24260078 PMCID: PMC3834542 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a gut peptide that is able to inhibit the growth of tumor cells in gastric cancer and other types of cancer. The present study investigated the mRNA and protein levels of SST and SST receptors (SSTRs) in human gastric cancer, and detected the DNA methylation of the SST promoter. The protein levels of SST were detected using a radioimmunoassay in 102 human gastric tissue specimens (51 pairs of samples from 51 gastric cancer patients, each pair of samples included a cancer tissue and a normal tissue sample). SST and SSTR mRNA expression was assessed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), while SST promoter methylation was examined using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) in 51 pairs of tissues. The association between SST protein and RNA levels and SST methylation and gastric cancer were also analyzed. The protein levels of SST were decreased in the gastric cancer group compared with those of the normal group (5.091±0.994 vs. 7.399±0.956 pg/mg; P<0.01). The RT-PCR analysis indicated that the mRNA levels of SST (0.218±0.183 vs. 0.456±0.331; P<0.001) and SSTRs in the gastric cancer group were lower compared with those of the normal gastric tissue group. The methylation proportion of SST was 45.1% (23/51) in the carcinoma group and 3.9% (2/51) in the normal group. In conclusion, SST promoter methylation is a common event in human gastric cancer and is connected with a decrease in SST protein and RNA levels and associated with gastric carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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27
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Abstract
The development of gastric adenocarcinoma is a complex multistep process involving multiple genetic alterations. Based on pathology, four different macroscopic types and at least two major histological types, intestinal and diffuse, have been described. Most gastric cancer (GC) show genetic instability, either microsatellite instability or chromosomal instability, which is considered an early event in gastric carcinogenesis. Molecular studies of alterations of single genes have provided evidence that intestinal and diffuse type GC evolve via different genetic pathways. Recent results from high-throughput whole-genome expression or copy number studies have demonstrated extensive genetic diversity between cases and within individual GC. Sets of commonly up- or downregulated microRNAs have been identified in GC and might be useful in the near future to identify pathways of GC progression. Results from detailed molecular and/or pathological GC studies, although promising, still have limited clinical utility in predicting survival and stratifying GC patients for appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike I Grabsch
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Correlation of chromosome damage and promoter methylation status of the DNA repair genes MGMT and hMLH1 in Chinese vinyl chloride monomer (VCM)-exposed workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2013; 26:173-82. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-013-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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29
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Chen MN, Wang P, Zhang J, Zhou BY, Mao Q, Liu YH. Analysis of the role of hMLH1 hypermethylation and microsatellite instability in meningioma progression. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3933-41. [PMID: 22930430 DOI: 10.4238/2012.august.17.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated a possible role of hMLH1 hypermethylation and microsatellite instability in meningioma progression. Fifty meningomas were examined for methylation of hMLH1 using a methylation-specific PCR; 43 of them were analyzed for microsatellite instability using nine microsatellite markers. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 22q was detected using two markers. Two atypical meningiomas showed microsatellite instability at four loci; one was methylated on hMLH1 and the other was unmethylated. Nine meningiomas were found to have methylated hMLH1; the frequencies in the different grades of meningioma were one of 20, two of 16, and six of 14, respectively. We concluded that the methylation status of hMLH1 is associated with the meningioma grade but not with microsatellite instability. Loss of heterozygosity was detected in 22 cases in at least one marker. The frequency of loss of heterozygosity increased with meningioma grade, but the tendency was not significant. The correlation between loss of heterozygosity and methylation of the hMLH1 gene was also not significant. We conclude that hypermethylation of the promoter of hMLH1 is an epigenetic change in meningiomas and is associated with the tumor grade, while microsatellite instability is an uncommon event in meningiomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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30
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Yamanaka S, Olaru AV, An F, Luvsanjav D, Jin Z, Agarwal R, Tomuleasa C, Popescu I, Alexandrescu S, Dima S, Chivu M, Montgomery EA, Torbenson M, Meltzer SJ, Selaru FM. MicroRNA-21 inhibits Serpini1, a gene with novel tumour suppressive effects in gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2012; 44:589-96. [PMID: 22464652 PMCID: PMC3360813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A thorough understanding of gastric cancer at the molecular level is urgently needed. One prominent oncogenic microRNA, miR-21, was previously reported to be upregulated in gastric cancer. METHODS We performed an unbiased search for downstream messenger RNA targets of miR-21, based on miR-21 dysregulation, by using human tissue specimens and the MKN28 human gastric carcinoma cell line. Molecular techniques include microRNA microarrays, cDNA microarrays, qRT-PCR for miR and mRNA expression, transfection of MKN28 with miR-21 inhibitor or Serpini1 followed by Western blotting, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry and luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS This search identified Serpini1 as a putative miR-21 target. Luciferase assays demonstrated direct interaction between miR-21 and Serpini1 3'UTR. miR-21 and Serpini1 expression levels were inversely correlated in a subgroup of gastric cancers, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that included both of these molecules. Furthermore, Serpini1 induced growth retardation of MKN28 and induced vigorous G1/S arrest suggesting its potential tumour-suppressive function in the stomach. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that in a subgroup of gastric cancers, miR-21 is upregulated, inducing downregulation of Serpini1, which in turn releases the G1-S transition checkpoint, with the end result being increased tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitaka Yamanaka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexandru V. Olaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fangmei An
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Delgermaa Luvsanjav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhe Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachana Agarwal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta Comprehensive Cancer Center and Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation "Dan Setlacec", Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Alexandrescu
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation "Dan Setlacec", Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Dima
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation "Dan Setlacec", Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Chivu
- Clinic of General Surgery and Liver Transplantation "Dan Setlacec", Fundeni Clinical Institute of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Michael Torbenson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J. Meltzer
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florin M. Selaru
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Dauksa A, Gulbinas A, Barauskas G, Pundzius J, Oldenburg J, El-Maarri O. Whole blood DNA aberrant methylation in pancreatic adenocarcinoma shows association with the course of the disease: a pilot study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37509. [PMID: 22629410 PMCID: PMC3358256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic tumors are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage in the progression of the disease, thus reducing the survival chances of the patients. Non-invasive early detection would greatly enhance therapy and survival rates. Toward this aim, we investigated in a pilot study the power of methylation changes in whole blood as predictive markers for the detection of pancreatic tumors. We investigated methylation levels at selected CpG sites in the CpG rich regions at the promoter regions of p16, RARbeta, TNFRSF10C, APC, ACIN1, DAPK1, 3OST2, BCL2 and CD44 in the blood of 30 pancreatic tumor patients and in the blood of 49 matching controls. In addition, we studied LINE-1 and Alu repeats using degenerate amplification approach as a surrogate marker for genome-wide methylation. The site-specific methylation measurements at selected CpG sites were done by the SIRPH method. Our results show that in the patient's blood, tumor suppressor genes were slightly but significantly higher methylated at several CpG sites, while repeats were slightly less methylated compared to control blood. This was found to be significantly associated with higher risk for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Additionally, high methylation levels at TNFRSCF10C were associated with positive perineural spread of tumor cells, while higher methylation levels of TNFRSF10C and ACIN1 were significantly associated with shorter survival. This pilot study shows that methylation changes in blood could provide a promising method for early detection of pancreatic tumors. However, larger studies must be carried out to explore the clinical usefulness of a whole blood methylation based test for non-invasive early detection of pancreatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Dauksa
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antanas Gulbinas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- * E-mail: (AG); (OE)
| | - Giedrius Barauskas
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Pundzius
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Osman El-Maarri
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AG); (OE)
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Bischoff J, Ignatov A, Semczuk A, Schwarzenau C, Ignatov T, Krebs T, Küster D, Przadka-Rabaniuk D, Roessner A, Costa SD, Schneider-Stock R. hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation and MSI status in human endometrial carcinomas with and without metastases. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:889-900. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Wu PY, Zhang Z, Wang JM, Guo WW, Xiao N, He Q, Wang YP, Fan YM. Germline promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:70-8. [PMID: 22228973 PMCID: PMC3251808 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore germline hypermethylation of the tumor suppressor genes MLH1, CDH1 and P16INK4a in suspected cases of hereditary gastric cancer (GC).
METHODS: A group of 140 Chinese GC patients in whom the primary cancer had developed before the age of 60 or who had a familial history of cancer were screened for germline hypermethylation of the MLH1, CDH1 and P16INK4a tumor suppressor genes. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and modified by sodium bisulfite. The treated DNA was then subjected to bisulfite DNA sequencing for a specific region of the MLH1 promoter. The methylation status of CDH1 or P16INK4a was assayed using methylation-specific PCR. Clonal bisulfite allelic sequencing in positive samples was performed to obtain a comprehensive analysis of the CpG island methylation status of these promoter regions.
RESULTS: Methylation of the MLH1 gene promoter was detected in the peripheral blood DNA of only 1/140 (0.7%) of the GC patient group. However, this methylation pattern was mosaic rather than the allelic pattern which has previously been reported for MLH1 in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) patients. We found that 10% of the MLH1 alleles in the peripheral blood DNA of this patient were methylated, consistent with 20% of cells having one methylated allele. No germline promoter methylation of the CDH1 or P16INK4a genes was detected.
CONCLUSION: Mosaic germline epimutation of the MLH1 gene is present in suspected hereditary GC patients in China but at a very low level. Germline epimutation of the CDH1 or P16INK4a gene is not a frequent event.
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Abstract
Methylation of cytosine bases in DNA provides a layer of epigenetic control in many eukaryotes that has important implications for normal biology and disease. DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification of the genome that is involved in regulating many cellular processes. A growing number of human diseases including cancer have been found to be associated with aberrant DNA methylation. Recent advancements in the rapidly evolving field of cancer epigenetics have described extensive reprogramming of every component of the epigenetic machinery in cancer, such as DNA demethylation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of alterations in DNA methylation composing the epigenetic landscape that occurs in gastric cancer compared with normal cells, the roles of these changes in gastric cancer initiation and progression, and the potential use of this knowledge in designing more effective treatment strategies.
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Holmes K, Egan B, Swan N, O'Morain C. Genetic Mechanisms and Aberrant Gene Expression during the Development of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Adenocarcinoma. Curr Genomics 2011; 8:379-97. [PMID: 19412438 PMCID: PMC2671722 DOI: 10.2174/138920207783406460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma occurs via a sequence of molecular events known as the Correa’s Cascade which often progresses over many years. Gastritis, typically caused by infection with the bacterium H. pylori, is the first step of the cascade that results in gastric cancer; however, not all cases of gastritis progress along this carcinogenic route. Despite recent antibiotic intervention of H. pylori infections, gastric adenocarcinoma remains the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Intestinal metaplasia is the next step along the carcinogenic sequence after gastritis and is considered to be a precursor lesion for gastric cancer; however, not all patients with intestinal metaplasia develop adenocarcinoma and little is known about the molecular and genetic events that trigger the progression of intestinal metaplasia into adenocarcinoma. This review aims to highlight the progress to date in the genetic events involved in intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma and its precursor lesion, intestinal metaplasia. The use of technologies such as whole genome microarray analysis, immunohistochemical analysis and DNA methylation analysis has allowed an insight into some of the events which occur in intestinal metaplasia and may be involved in carcinogenesis. There is still much that is yet to be discovered surrounding the development of this lesion and how, in many cases, it develops into a state of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Holmes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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Pan XM, Yang WZ, Xu GH, Bai P, Qin HJ, Zhang LS, Zhai XD, Tang M, Deng W, Zhang L, Gao LB. The association between MLH1 -93 G>A polymorphism of DNA mismatch repair and cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:667-73. [PMID: 21745804 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair, known as a fundamentally biological pathway, plays key roles in maintaining genomic stability, eliminating mismatch bases and preventing both mutagenesis in the short term and cancerogenesis in the long term. Polymorphisms of MLH1 in individuals may have an effect on the DNA repair capacity and therefore on cancer risk. Recently, emerging studies have been done to evaluate the association between MLH1 -93 G/A polymorphism and cancer risk in diverse populations. However, the results remain conflicting rather than conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we assessed reported studies of association between the MLH1 -93 G/A polymorphism and cancer risk including 13 691 cancer cases and 14 068 controls from 17 published studies. A borderline significant association between the MLH1 -93 G/A polymorphism and cancer risk was observed in overall analysis [heterozygote: odds ratio (OR) = 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.26; homozygote: OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04-1.40; dominant model: OR = 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.26; recessive model: OR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.07-1.35, respectively]. In subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were found in Asian population and mixed population but not in Caucasian population. After stratified analysis according to the quality of literature, increased cancer risks were observed in the studies of lower quality but not in the studies of higher quality. Similarly, elevated cancer risks were observed in hospital-based studies but not in population-based studies. These findings showed no persuasive evidence that MLH1 -93 G/A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cancer. On the conservative standpoint, well-designed population-based studies with larger sample size in different ethnic groups should be performed to further confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Pan
- Department of Forensic Pathology, College of Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, 31 Anhui Road, Jianxi District, Luoyang, Henan 471003, People's Republic of China
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37
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Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in about 15% of gastrointestinal cancers and it is associated with specific clinic, pathologic, and molecular features of the tumors. MSI-high (MSI-H) carcinomas also follow specific tumor development pathways. This review is focused on the molecular profile of alterations in members of the KRAS signaling pathway (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, RASSF1A, and MLK3 genes) in MSI gastrointestinal carcinomas. Alterations in these genes characterize more than half of gastrointestinal cancers and frequently occur simultaneously in the same tumor, pinpointing the KRAS signaling pathway as one of the most frequently altered pathways in this subset of cancers. Nowadays, many and novel inhibitors targeting molecules of this signaling pathway are being described; therefore, it is worthwhile to test their efficacy in MSI gastrointestinal cancers in order to develop new and more directed targeted therapies for patients affected by this disease.
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38
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Sasaki S, Yashima K, Hayashi A, Takeda Y, Yasugi A, Koda M, Kawaguchi K, Harada K, Ito H, Murawaki Y. Clinicopathological and patient characteristics of early gastric neoplasia endoscopically resected with loss of Mlh1 expression. Oncol Lett 2010; 2:217-222. [PMID: 22866067 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2010.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the MLH1 gene leads to loss of Mlh1 protein expression and plays a key role in the development of gastric cancer. Little is known about the association between Mlh1 expression and the clinicopathological and patient characteristics in early gastric neoplasia, particularly in endoscopically resected tumors. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine Mlh1 expression in 140 early gastric neoplasias obtained by endoscopic resection and comprising 31 gastric adenomas (GAs) and 109 early gastric cancers (EGCs), and compared them to corresponding clinicopathological and patient data. P53 expression and phenotypic profiles were also analyzed. The rate of reduced Mlh1 expression and P53 overexpression was 9.6 and 6.5% in GAs, and 27.5 and 27.5% in EGCs, respectively. In elderly patients (≥65 years of age), the aberrant expression of Mlh1 in EGCs was more significant in female than in male patients (59.9 vs. 29.8%; P=0.016). In addition, the frequency of aberrant Mlh1 expression in EGCs increased significantly in patients with oncological family histories and elevated gross type (P=0.033 and P=0.04, respectively). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed among aberrant Mlh1, P53-negative and HGM expression. The present findings suggest that loss of Mlh1 expression is associated with age, gender, oncological family history and tumor growth pattern in EGC. Patient and tumor characteristics are key factors in the screening, surveillance and diagnosis of early gastric neoplasia, particularly in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Sasaki
- Division of Medicine and Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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39
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Sugai T, Habano W, Endoh M, Konishi Y, Akasaka R, Toyota M, Yamano H, Koeda K, Wakabayashi G, Suzuki K. Molecular analysis of gastric differentiated-type intramucosal and submucosal cancers. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:2500-9. [PMID: 20178104 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the molecular characteristics of intramucosal (IMCs) and submucosal cancers (SMCs) is essential to our understanding of early gastric carcinogenesis. However, little is known regarding the differences between the 2 lesions. One hundred and forty-eight patients with primary early gastric cancer [IMC, 106; SMC, 42] were characterized for expression of cell cycle-related proteins and loss of heterozygosity (LOH). We also examined microsatellite instability (MSI) and methylation status. For LOH and methylation studies, we used a panel of 17 microsatellite markers (3p, 4p, 5q, 9p. 13q, 17p, 18q and 22q) and promoter regions of 9 genes (MLH-1, RUNX3, p16, HPP1, RASSF2A, SFRP1, DKK-1, ZFP64 and SALL4) that are frequently altered or methylated in gastric cancers. Overexpression of p53 and cyclin D1 was observed in SMC. In addition, low expression of p27 was more frequent in SMC than in IMC. Frequencies of 4p, 9p, 13q and 22q were significantly higher in SMC than in IMC. The SALL4 gene was frequently methylated in SMC compared with IMC. However, other gene methylations were common in both IMC and SMC. The frequency of LOH-high status/methylation-low status was significantly higher in SMC than in IMC. However, LOH-low status/methylation-high status in SMC was more frequently found in IMC. Our data confirm that methylation of cancer-related genes plays a major role in the development of IMCs. Importantly, the results also show that gastric submucosal progression is characterized by the accumulation of specific genetic alterations. In addition, changes of cell cycle-related proteins are associated with cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamotsu Sugai
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the most intensely studied epigenetic modifications in mammals. In normal cells, it assures the proper regulation of gene expression and stable gene silencing. DNA methylation is associated with histone modifications and the interplay of these epigenetic modifications is crucial to regulate the functioning of the genome by changing chromatin architecture. The covalent addition of a methyl group occurs generally in cytosine within CpG dinucleotides which are concentrated in large clusters called CpG islands. DNA methyltransferases are responsible for establishing and maintenance of methylation pattern. It is commonly known that inactivation of certain tumor-suppressor genes occurs as a consequence of hypermethylation within the promoter regions and a numerous studies have demonstrated a broad range of genes silenced by DNA methylation in different cancer types. On the other hand, global hypomethylation, inducing genomic instability, also contributes to cell transformation. Apart from DNA methylation alterations in promoter regions and repetitive DNA sequences, this phenomenon is associated also with regulation of expression of noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs that may play role in tumor suppression. DNA methylation seems to be promising in putative translational use in patients and hypermethylated promoters may serve as biomarkers. Moreover, unlike genetic alterations, DNA methylation is reversible what makes it extremely interesting for therapy approaches. The importance of DNA methylation alterations in tumorigenesis encourages us to decode the human epigenome. Different DNA methylome mapping techniques are indispensable to realize this project in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kulis
- The Bellvitge Institute forBiomedical Research , L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona,Catalonia, Spain
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41
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Singh KP, Kumari R, Dumond JW. Simulated microgravity-induced epigenetic changes in human lymphocytes. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:123-9. [PMID: 20506542 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Real space flight and modeled microgravity conditions result in changes in the expression of genes that control important cellular functions. However, the mechanisms for microgravity-induced gene expression changes are not clear. The epigenetic changes of DNA methylation and chromatin histones modifications are known to regulate gene expression. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether simulated microgravity alters (a) the DNA methylation and histone acetylation, and (b) the expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, DNMT3b, and HDAC1 genes that regulate epigenetic events. To achieve these objectives, human T-lymphocyte cells were grown in a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) that simulates microgravity, and in parallel under normal gravitational conditions as control. The microgravity-induced DNA methylation changes were detected by methylation sensitive-random amplified polymorphic DNA (MS-RAPD) analysis of genomic DNA. The gene expression was measured by Quantitative Real-time PCR. The expression of DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b was found to be increased at 72 h, and decreased at 7 days in microgravity exposed cells. The MS-RAPD analysis revealed that simulated microgravity exposure results in DNA hypomethylation and mutational changes. Gene expression analysis revealed microgravity exposure time-dependent decreased expression of HDAC1. Decreased expression of HDAC1 should result in increased level of acetylated histone H3, however a decreased level of acetylated H3 was observed in microgravity condition, indicating thereby that other HDACs may be involved in regulation of H3 deacetylation. The findings of this study suggest that epigenetic events could be one of the mechanistic bases for microgravity-induced gene expression changes and associated adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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42
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Francis H, Alpini G, DeMorrow S. Recent advances in the regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G1-9. [PMID: 20430870 PMCID: PMC2904122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00114.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas arise after the neoplastic transformation of the cholangiocytes that line the intra- and extrahepatic biliary epithelium. Symptoms usually do not present until late in the course of the disease, at which time they are relatively resistant to chemotherapeutic agents and as such are difficult to treat and display a poor prognosis. Because of the relative rarity of this disease, the overall volume of research into the molecular pathophysiology associated with this disease is small compared with other more prevalent tumors. However, the incidence of this devastating cancer is on the rise and renewed efforts to understand the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is needed to design novel therapeutic strategies to combat this disease. This review summarizes the recent advances into our knowledge and understanding of cholangiocarcinoma and highlights potential novel therapeutic strategies that may prove useful to treat this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Francis
- 2Digestive Disease Research Center and ,3Department of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital; and
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center and ,4Division of Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine; ,2Digestive Disease Research Center and
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43
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Chaudhry P, Srinivasan R, Patel FD. Utility of gene promoter methylation in prediction of response to platinum-based chemotherapy in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Cancer Invest 2009; 27:877-84. [PMID: 19548140 DOI: 10.1080/07357900902849699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to determine whether promoter methylation of BRCA1, MGMT, MLH1, RASSF1A, and p16 genes could predict response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Thirty-five subjects with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) treated by platinum-based chemotherapy were recruited. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was carried out and the methylation index (MI) was also derived. Response to platinum-based chemotherapy was documented clinically, radiologically, and by serial CA125 levels. Methylated BRCA1 (p = .037) and a higher MI (p = .045) were associated with primary chemosensitivity. A better outcome was predicted by a higher MI (p = .032). In EOC, BRCA1 gene promoter methylation is useful in the prediction of response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvesh Chaudhry
- Departments of Radiotherapy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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44
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Bornschein J, Weigt J, Selgrad M, Malfertheiner P. Molecular aspects in the diagnosis of gastric cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:585-96. [PMID: 23495987 DOI: 10.1517/17530050902862175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) represents the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The prognosis remains poor, with limited treatment options. A better understanding of the initiation and progression of GC would enable the development of general screening strategies and individualized treatment modalities. OBJECTIVE The assessment of tools and molecular markers for the early detection and diagnosis of GC. METHODS Human clinical studies published within the past 5 years are reviewed. Also, significant previous data on markers in clinical use or on relevant animal or cell culture experiments are considered. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Serum-based screening strategies are not ready for routine application but represent an opportunity for the identification of individuals at high risk with the need for primary gastroscopy and further surveillance, which would ultimately improve survival and prognosis of GC. Infection with Helicobacter pylori represents the principal risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. Bacterial virulence and host genetic factors contribute to individual susceptibility. Key molecular alterations in gastric carcinogenesis are related to intra- and extracellular cascades that regulate cell proliferation, tumor invasion and metastastic spread. For the development of effective prevention and treatment modalities, it is essential to unravel the basic mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Otto-von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany +0049 391 6713100 ; +0049 391 6713105 ;
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45
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Carneiro F, Oliveira C, Leite M, Seruca R. Molecular targets and biological modifiers in gastric cancer. Semin Diagn Pathol 2008; 25:274-87. [PMID: 19013893 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The overall survival of gastric cancer patients remains poor despite efforts and advances in its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The development of new therapies is crucial for the effective control of this disease. An increasing number of genetic and epigenetic alterations have been associated with distinct histological types of gastric cancer. In this review, we will discuss the involvement of E-cadherin, EGFR, ERBB2, MMR genes, KRAS, and PIK3CA in the development and progression of gastric cancer and their role as biomarkers or as novel putative targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Carneiro
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
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46
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Bernal C, Aguayo F, Villarroel C, Vargas M, Díaz I, Ossandon FJ, Santibáñez E, Palma M, Aravena E, Barrientos C, Corvalan AH. Reprimo as a potential biomarker for early detection in gastric cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:6264-9. [PMID: 18829507 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is a curable disease if diagnosed at early stage. However, most cases are diagnosed at advanced stage because of the lack of screening programs. Therefore, the identification of plasma biomarkers for early detection is necessary. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To search for these biomarkers, we evaluated the DNA methylation patterns of 24 genes by Methylation-specific PCR in primary tissues from 32 retrospectively collected gastric cancer cases (testing group). Correlation between methylation and gene expression was evaluated in the MKN-45 cell line after treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. The most frequently hypermethylated genes were next evaluated in primary tissues and plasma samples from 43 prospectively collected gastric cancer cases as well as plasma samples from 31 asymptomatic age- and gender-matched controls (validation group). RESULTS In the testing group, 11 genes were hypermethylated in at least 50% of cases (APC, SHP1, E-cadherin, ER, Reprimo, SEMA3B, 3OST2, p14, p15, DAPK, and p16). Eight genes (BRCA1, p73, RARbeta, hMLH1, RIZI, RUNX3, MGMT, and TIMP3) were statistically associated with a particular variant of gastric cancer, the signet-ring cell type (P = 0.03). Seven genes (APC, SHP1, E-cadherin, ER, Reprimo, SEMA3B, and 3OST2) were next evaluated in the validation group. We confirm the high frequency of methylation in primary tumors for all seven genes. However, only APC and Reprimo were frequently methylated in pair plasma samples. In asymptomatic controls, only Reprimo was infrequently methylated in comparison with plasma from gastric cancer cases (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results identified specific methylation profile associated to signet-ring cell-type histology and aberrant hypermethylation of Reprimo as a potential biomarker for early detection of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bernal
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Centro Investigaciones Medicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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47
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Stutes M, Tran S, DeMorrow S. Genetic and epigenetic changes associated with cholangiocarcinoma: from DNA methylation to microRNAs. World J Gastroenterol 2008. [PMID: 18161915 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.13.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant epithelial liver tumors arising from the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts. Little is known about the molecular development of this disease, and very few effective treatment options are available. Thus, prognosis is poor. Genetic and epigenetic changes play an integral role in the neoplastic transformation of human cells to their malignant counterparts. This review summarizes some of the more prevalent genetic alterations (by microRNA expression) and epigenetic changes (hypermethylation of specific gene promoters) that are thought to contribute to the carcinogenic process in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Stutes
- Division of Research and Education, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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48
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Rodríguez-Jiménez FJ, Moreno-Manzano V, Lucas-Dominguez R, Sánchez-Puelles JM. Hypoxia causes downregulation of mismatch repair system and genomic instability in stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2052-62. [PMID: 18511603 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system maintains genomic integrity by correcting replication errors: its malfunction causes genomic instability in several tumor types. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1alpha), the major regulator of the processes that occur in hypoxia and certain epigenetic events downregulate the expression of MMR genes in cancer cells. However, there is a lack of information regarding MMR regulation and the genetic stability of stem cells under hypoxic conditions. The expression of the MMR system is downregulated in murine and human stem cells cultured in hypoxia, which correlates with lower DNA repair activity in neural stem cells. We observed, through the use of short hairpin loop RNAi expression constructs, that HIF1alpha positively regulated MLH1 and MSH6 when the C17.2 neural stem cells were exposed to short-term hypoxia. However, in prolonged exposure to oxygen depletion, the reduced transcriptional activation of MMR genes was directed by specific epigenetic events. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed a hypoacetylated/hypermethylated histone H3 and lower SP1 binding within MLH1 and MSH6 adjacent promoter regions. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A increased histone H3 acetylation and SP1 occupancy and enhanced MMR expression. Sequencing of microsatellite markers revealed genomic instability in the murine and human stem cells grown under hypoxia. Thus, the present article reports, for the first time in the stem cell field, experimental data that indicate that hypoxic niches are an environment in which stem cells might undergo genomic instability, which could lie at the origin of subpopulations with cancer stem cell properties. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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49
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Abstract
The observation that cancer cells suffer profound alterations in the DNA methylation profile, with functional consequences in the activity of key genes, together with the recognition that epigenetic alterations might be as important as genetic defects in the origin of cancers has started a new era in cancer research. In a few years, key discoveries have abruptly changed our vision of the determinants of cancer. Breakthroughs in the cancer epigenetics field include the finding of a tumor-type specificity of genes that suffer epigenetic deregulation at both DNA methylation and histone modifications, the interconnection between different epigenetic marks, the identification of mechanisms of targeting of epigenetic alterations, including the participation of Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, or the involvement of small RNAs, which regulate hundreds of target genes. All these findings have multiple implications: first, they shed light on the mechanistic insights by which epigenetic defects complement genetic alterations in the development and progression of cancer; second, epigenetic alterations appear to play a prominent role in the initiation of cancer. In addition, because epigenetic changes are reversible, enzymes involved in their maintenance stand as targets for a variety of compounds for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Ballestar
- Cancer Epigenetics Group, Molecular Pathology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Stutes M, Tran S, DeMorrow S. Genetic and epigenetic changes associated with cholangiocarcinoma: From DNA methylation to microRNAs. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6465-9. [PMID: 18161915 PMCID: PMC4611284 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i48.6465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant epithelial liver tumors arising from the intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts. Little is known about the molecular development of this disease, and very few effective treatment options are available. Thus, prognosis is poor. Genetic and epigenetic changes play an integral role in the neoplastic transformation of human cells to their malignant counterparts. This review summarizes some of the more prevalent genetic alterations (by microRNA expression) and epigenetic changes (hypermethylation of specific gene promoters) that are thought to contribute to the carcinogenic process in cholangiocarcinoma.
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