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Zhou X, Kurywchak P, Wolf-Dennen K, Che SP, Sulakhe D, D’Souza M, Xie B, Maltsev N, Gilliam TC, Wu CC, McAndrews KM, LeBleu VS, McConkey DJ, Volpert OV, Pretzsch SM, Czerniak BA, Dinney CP, Kalluri R. Unique somatic variants in DNA from urine exosomes of individuals with bladder cancer. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 22:360-376. [PMID: 34514028 PMCID: PMC8408559 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), a heterogeneous disease characterized by high recurrence rates, is diagnosed and monitored by cystoscopy. Accurate clinical staging based on biopsy remains a challenge, and additional, objective diagnostic tools are needed urgently. We used exosomal DNA (exoDNA) as an analyte to examine cancer-associated mutations and compared the diagnostic utility of exoDNA from urine and serum of individuals with BC. In contrast to urine exosomes from healthy individuals, urine exosomes from individuals with BC contained significant amounts of DNA. Whole-exome sequencing of DNA from matched urine and serum exosomes, bladder tumors, and normal tissue (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) identified exonic and 3' UTR variants in frequently mutated genes in BC, detectable in urine exoDNA and matched tumor samples. Further analyses identified somatic variants in driver genes, unique to urine exoDNA, possibly because of the inherent intra-tumoral heterogeneity of BC, which is not fully represented in random small biopsies. Multiple variants were also found in untranslated portions of the genome, such as microRNA (miRNA)-binding regions of the KRAS gene. Gene network analyses revealed that exoDNA is associated with cancer, inflammation, and immunity in BC exosomes. Our findings show utility of exoDNA as an objective, non-invasive strategy to identify novel biomarkers and targets for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunian Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Kurywchak
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kerri Wolf-Dennen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara P.Y. Che
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dinanath Sulakhe
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark D’Souza
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natalia Maltsev
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Conrad Gilliam
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M. McAndrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David J. McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olga V. Volpert
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shanna M. Pretzsch
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Colin P. Dinney
- Department of Urology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Sromek M, Czetwertyńska M, Tarasińska M, Janiec-Jankowska A, Zub R, Ćwikła M, Nowakowska D, Chechlińska M. Analysis of Newly Identified and Rare Synonymous Genetic Variants in the RET Gene in Patients with Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in Polish Population. Endocr Pathol 2017; 28. [PMID: 28647780 PMCID: PMC5552825 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-017-9487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are responsible for initiation of carcinogenesis within the thyroid gland and development of hereditary form of medullary thyroid carcinoma and MEN2 syndrome. Genotype-phenotype correlations are established for most RET mutations, but the importance of the synonymous changes in this gene remains debatable. We aimed to analyze RET gene variants in Polish population. Genetic testing for the RET gene variants was performed with standard methods in 585 people aged 1-85, including 448 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma and 131 of their first- and second-degree relatives, as well as six patients suspected of MTC/MEN2. Besides the most frequent synonymous changes, p.Leu769Leu, p.Ser836Ser, and p.Ser904Ser, four rare changes-c.1827C>T (p.Cys609Cys), c.2364C>T (p.Ile788Ile), c.2418C>T (p.Tyr806Tyr), and c.2673G>A (p.Ser891Ser)-were found in the RET gene, in the Polish population. Two of the rare changes, p.Cys609Cys and p.Ile788Ile, had not been previously described. The frequency of molecular synonymous variants in the general population was evaluated by testing 400 anonymous blood samples of neonates. Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of the RET gene and the involvement of synonymous variants in this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sromek
- Department of Immunology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, W.K. Roentgen 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czetwertyńska
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarasińska
- Department of Oncology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aneta Janiec-Jankowska
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory of Genetic Predispositions, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Zub
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Ćwikła
- Department of Gastroenterological Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowakowska
- Genetic Counseling Unit, Cancer Prevention Center, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chechlińska
- Department of Immunology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is subdivided into sporadic (75%) and hereditary (25%) forms. Several germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are the source of distinct clinical phenotypes in hereditary MTC including familial MTC (FMTC) and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN 2A) and 2B (MEN 2B). The higher the penetrance of the MEN 2 phenotype the earlier the progression of MTC which forms the basis for the currently recommended codon-related concept of prophylactic thyroidectomy. In patients with sporadic MTC, routine calcitonin (CT) measurement in nodular goiter patients has been shown to reduce the frequency of advanced tumor stages. Patients with CT levels over 100 pg/ml after pentagastrin stimulation are recommended for total thyroidectomy. In patients with unexpected sporadic MTC after histological examination, completion thyroidectomy is currently only recommended when CT levels remain elevated. The extent of lymph node dissection in patients with MTC is controversial. However, with respect to lymphonodal micrometastases, systematic compartment-oriented microdissection has been shown to reduce the frequency of lymphonodal recurrence. On the other hand, to avoid unnecessary lymph node dissection, a more individualized concept is required in the future. New chemotherapeutic agents (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), therapeutic nuclids (90Yttrium-labeled octreotide), and chemoembolization of liver metastases are currently the most promising therapeutical concepts in patients with distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brauckhoff
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Kaczmarczyk M, Loniewska B, Kuprjanowicz A, Binczak-Kuleta A, Goracy I, Ryder M, Taryma-Lesniak O, Ciechanowicz A. Association Between RET (rs1800860) and GFRA1 (rs45568534, rs8192663, rs181595401, rs7090693, and rs2694770) Variants and Kidney Size in Healthy Newborns. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:624-628. [PMID: 27533506 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2016.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal congenital nephron number has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and renal disease. The RET receptor complex propagates signals essential for nephrogenesis and the RET c.1296G>A polymorphism, leading to aberrant splicing of exon 7, is associated with reduced kidney volume, a surrogate for nephron endowment. The glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha 1 (GFRA1) is a component of the RET receptor complex, and three alternatively spliced GFRA1 transcripts (with or without exon 5) have been identified. In rats, exclusion of exon 5 results in stronger GDNF binding affinity and RET activation. The aims of this study were to investigate further the relationship between RET c.1296G>A and kidney volume, and also to investigate the association between the GFRA1 polymorphisms near and within the alternatively spliced exon 5, as well as the functional 5'-UTR c.-193C>G with kidney volume. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 188 healthy full-term newborns. Genotyping of the RET (NM_020975.4:c.1296G>A, rs1800860) and GFRA1 (NM_005264.5:c.-193C>G, rs45568534; c.419-87A>G, rs8192663; c.429G>A, rs181595401; c.433+127A>G, rs7090693; c.433+245A>G, rs2694770) polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, minisequencing, or sequencing. Total kidney volume (TKV) was determined by ultrasound and normalized to body surface area (TKV/BSA). Both marker-by-marker and haplotype-based methods were used to test for associations between polymorphisms and TKV/BSA. RESULTS TKV/BSA in RET c.1296A allele carriers was significantly lower compared with GG homozygotes (103 ± 23 vs. 110 ± 19 mL/m2, p = 0.034). c.429G>A was invariant in our sample. There was no association between any of the GFRA1 polymorphisms and renal volume. CONCLUSIONS RET c.1296A may be a common susceptibility allele for nephron underdosing-related diseases. The 5'-UTR and intronic variants near exon 5 of GFRA1 are not associated with nephron endowment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Loniewska
- 2 Department of Neonatal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Kuprjanowicz
- 3 Department of Radiology, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Binczak-Kuleta
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Goracy
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Ryder
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Olga Taryma-Lesniak
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- 1 Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin, Poland
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Figlioli G, Landi S, Romei C, Elisei R, Gemignani F. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and RET proto-oncogene: Mutation spectrum in the familial cases and a meta-analysis of studies on the sporadic form. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2013; 752:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Differential gene expression of medullary thyroid carcinoma reveals specific markers associated with genetic conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23201134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma accounts for 2% to 5% of thyroid malignancies, of which 75% are sporadic and the remaining 25% are hereditary and related to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndrome. Despite a genotype-phenotype correlation with specific germline RET mutations, knowledge of pathways specifically associated with each mutation and with non-RET-mutated sporadic MTC remains lacking. Gene expression patterns have provided a tool for identifying molecular events related to specific tumor types and to different clinical features that could help identify novel therapeutic targets. Using transcriptional profiling of 49 frozen MTC specimens classified as RET mutation, we identified PROM1, LOXL2, GFRA1, and DKK4 as related to RET(M918T) and GAL as related to RET(634) mutation. An independent series of 19 frozen and 23 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) MTCs was used for validation by RT-qPCR. Two tissue microarrays containing 69 MTCs were available for IHC assays. According to pathway enrichment analysis and gene ontology biological processes, genes associated with the MTC(M918T) group were involved mainly in proliferative, cell adhesion, and general malignant metastatic effects and with Wnt, Notch, NFκB, JAK/Stat, and MAPK signaling pathways. Assays based on silencing of PROM1 by siRNAs performed in the MZ-CRC-1 cell line, harboring RET(M918T), caused an increase in apoptotic nuclei, suggesting that PROM1 is necessary for survival of these cells. This is the first report of PROM1 overexpression among primary tumors.
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Russo MA, Arciuch VGA, Di Cristofano A. Mouse models of follicular and papillary thyroid cancer progression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:119. [PMID: 22654848 PMCID: PMC3356054 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant number of well-differentiated thyroid cancers progress or recur, becoming resistant to current therapeutic options. Mouse models recapitulating the genetic and histological features of advanced thyroid cancer have been an invaluable tool to dissect the mechanisms involved in the progression from indolent, well differentiated tumors to aggressive, poorly differentiated carcinomas, and to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the lessons learned from models of epithelial cell-derived thyroid cancer showing progression from hyperplastic lesions to locally invasive and metastatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika A. Russo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
| | - Valeria G. Antico Arciuch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, USA
- *Correspondence: Antonio Di Cristofano, Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Room 302, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. e-mail:
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Landa I, Robledo M. Association studies in thyroid cancer susceptibility: are we on the right track? J Mol Endocrinol 2011; 47:R43-58. [PMID: 21610006 DOI: 10.1530/jme-11-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that thyroid cancer is strongly determined by the individual genetic background. In this regard, it is expected that sporadic thyroid cancer is the result of multiple low- to moderate-penetrance genes interacting with each other and with the environment, thus modulating individual susceptibility. In the last years, an important number of association studies on thyroid cancer have been published, trying to determine this genetic contribution. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the associations reported so far in thyroid cancer susceptibility in case-control studies performed in both non-medullary (papillary and follicular) and medullary thyroid cancers, including their potential strengths and pitfalls. We summarize the genetic variants reported to date, and stress the importance of validating the results in independent series and assessing the functional role of the associated loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Landa
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Souza RP, de Luca V, Remington G, Lieberman JA, Meltzer HY, Kennedy JL, Wong AHC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 2 (GFRA2) gene is associated with tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:347-54. [PMID: 20369355 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1829-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tardive dyskinesia (TD) has a pharmacogenetic component in which the interaction of antipsychotic exposure with individual genetic variation mediates risk. The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signalling pathway has been associated with neuroprotective effects in central dopaminergic neurons and spinal motor neurons. Clinical trials have also investigated whether GDNF may ameliorate Parkinson's disease symptoms. METHODS We tested whether variants in the GDNF receptor alpha 2 (GFRA2) gene could play a role in TD susceptibility evaluating 16 variants in 172 Caucasian schizophrenia subjects. RESULTS We observed one significant allelic association (rs4739285, permuted p = 0.042) and two genotypic associations: rs4739285 under additive inheritance model and rs4739217 under dominant inheritance model (permuted p = 0.044). Moreover, carriers of the major alleles for both rs6587002 and rs4739217 presented significantly higher risk for TD (OR = 2.04, permuted p = 0.014), while subjects with the minor allele for rs4739217 and the major allele for rs6988470 were less likely to have TD (OR = 0.21, permuted p = 0.0007). DISCUSSION Haplotype results indicate that the minor allele of the rs4739217 is a risk factor for TD (permuted allelic p = 0.074). Age was also a risk factor for TD in our sample (p = 0.0001). Taken together, our findings suggest that GFRA2 genetic variants and age may play a role in TD susceptibility, but further work is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan P Souza
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Eng C. Common alleles of predisposition in endocrine neoplasia. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 20:251-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Sigurdson AJ, Land CE, Bhatti P, Pineda M, Brenner A, Carr Z, Gusev BI, Zhumadilov Z, Simon SL, Bouville A, Rutter JL, Ron E, Struewing JP. Thyroid nodules, polymorphic variants in DNA repair and RET-related genes, and interaction with ionizing radiation exposure from nuclear tests in Kazakhstan. Radiat Res 2009; 171:77-88. [PMID: 19138047 DOI: 10.1667/rr1327.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for thyroid cancer remain largely unknown except for ionizing radiation exposure during childhood and a history of benign thyroid nodules. Because thyroid nodules are more common than thyroid cancers and are associated with thyroid cancer risk, we evaluated several polymorphisms potentially relevant to thyroid tumors and assessed interaction with ionizing radiation exposure to the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules were detected in 1998 by ultrasound screening of 2997 persons who lived near the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan when they were children (1949-1962). Cases with thyroid nodules (n = 907) were frequency matched (1:1) to those without nodules by ethnicity (Kazakh or Russian), gender and age at screening. Thyroid gland radiation doses were estimated from fallout deposition patterns, residence history and diet. We analyzed 23 polymorphisms in 13 genes and assessed interaction with ionizing radiation exposure using likelihood ratio tests (LRT). Elevated thyroid nodule risks were associated with the minor alleles of RET S836S (rs1800862, P = 0.03) and GFRA1 -193C>G (rs not assigned, P = 0.05) and decreased risk with XRCC1 R194W (rs1799782, P trend = 0.03) and TGFB1 T263I (rs1800472, P = 0.009). Similar patterns of association were observed for a small number of papillary thyroid cancers (n = 25). Ionizing radiation exposure to the thyroid gland was associated with significantly increased risk of thyroid nodules (age and gender adjusted excess odds ratio/Gy = 0.30, 95% CI 0.05-0.56), with evidence for interaction by genotype found for XRCC1 R194W (LRT P value = 0.02). Polymorphisms in RET signaling, DNA repair and proliferation genes may be related to risk of thyroid nodules, consistent with some previous reports on thyroid cancer. Borderline support for gene-radiation interaction was found for a variant in XRCC1, a key base excision repair protein. Other pathways such as genes in double-strand break repair, apoptosis and genes related to proliferation should also be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice J Sigurdson
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892-7238, USA.
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12
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Dvorakova S, Vaclavikova E, Sykorova V, Vcelak J, Novak Z, Duskova J, Ryska A, Laco J, Cap J, Kodetova D, Kodet R, Krskova L, Vlcek P, Astl J, Vesely D, Bendlova B. Somatic mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 284:21-7. [PMID: 18282654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and prognostic relevance of RET proto-oncogene somatic mutations in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) remain controversial. In order to study somatic mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in sporadic MTCs found in the Czech population and to correlate these mutations with clinical and pathological characteristics, we investigated 48 truly sporadic MTCs by sequencing classical risk exons 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16. From the 48 tumors studied, 23 (48%) had somatic mutation in the RET proto-oncogene in exons 10, 11, 15 or 16. The classical somatic mutation Met918Thr in exon 16 was only found in 13 tumors (27%). In five cases, multiple somatic mutations and deletions were detected. A statistically significant correlation between the presence of somatic mutation with more advanced pathological TNM stages was observed. Other clinical and pathological characteristics did not show any statistical significant association with the presence or absence of somatic mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dvorakova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lai AZ, Gujral TS, Mulligan LM. RET signaling in endocrine tumors: delving deeper into molecular mechanisms. Endocr Pathol 2007; 18:57-67. [PMID: 17916994 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-007-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is implicated in the development of endocrine tumors of the thyroid and adrenal glands. In humans, activating RET mutations are found in the inherited cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 and in sporadic medullary and papillary thyroid carcinomas. The specific type and location of RET mutations are strongly correlated with the disease phenotype and have both diagnostic and prognostic value. Recent advances in the molecular characterization of the RET receptor and its mutants have begun to define the mechanisms underlying the transforming ability of the different RET mutant forms. This information has revealed key functional features of these mutant proteins that distinguish the different clinically recognized mutations and provide clues as to the functional origins of the phenotypes associated with specific RET mutations. The elucidation of molecular mechanisms involved in RET-mediated transformation is a key step in the development of much needed therapeutics that target RET's oncogenic properties. Recent advances have begun to provide a deeper understanding of the receptor's function, and dysfunction, in human tumors that may guide this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Z Lai
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Botterell Hall Rm 329, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
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de Groot JWB, Links TP, Plukker JTM, Lips CJM, Hofstra RMW. RET as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in sporadic and hereditary endocrine tumors. Endocr Rev 2006; 27:535-60. [PMID: 16849421 DOI: 10.1210/er.2006-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The RET gene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in neural crest-derived cell lineages. The RET receptor plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival through embryogenesis. Activating mutations in RET lead to the development of several inherited and noninherited diseases. Germline point mutations are found in the cancer syndromes multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2, including MEN 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. These syndromes are autosomal dominantly inherited. The identification of mutations associated with these syndromes has led to genetic testing to identify patients at risk for MEN 2 and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and subsequent implementation of prophylactic thyroidectomy in mutation carriers. In addition, more than 10 somatic rearrangements of RET have been identified from papillary thyroid carcinomas. These mutations, as those found in MEN 2, induce oncogenic activation of the RET tyrosine kinase domain via different mechanisms, making RET an excellent candidate for the design of molecular targeted therapy. Recently, various kinds of therapeutic approaches, such as tyrosine kinase inhibition, gene therapy with dominant negative RET mutants, monoclonal antibodies against oncogene products, and nuclease-resistant aptamers that recognize and inhibit RET have been developed. The use of these strategies in preclinical models has provided evidence that RET is indeed a potential target for selective cancer therapy. However, a clinically useful therapeutic option for treating patients with RET-associated cancer is still not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Willem B de Groot
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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Severskaya NV, Saenko VA, Ilyin AA, Chebotareva IV, Rumyantsev PO, Isaev PA, Medvedev VS, Yamashita S. Germline polymorphisms of RET and GFRA1 genes in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893306030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fernández RM, Peciña A, Antiñolo G, Navarro E, Borrego S. Analysis of RET polymorphisms and haplotypes in the context of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2006; 16:411-7. [PMID: 16646689 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Little is known about the etiology of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (sMTC). While germline gain-of-function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene cause hereditary MTC, the molecular mechanisms leading to the sporadic forms remain obscure. Our group had evidence about the existence of a low-penetrance susceptibility locus for sMTC in linkage disequilibrium with RET variants S836S/IVS1-126G>T, and probably in 5' with respect to both variants. In this study we sought to identify such locus. On the other hand, because an overrepresentation of G691S/S904S variants in patients with sMTC had been previously reported, we sought to determine if such association was present in our series. DESIGN We performed a case-control study analysing a wide spectrum of RET variants in the 5' region of the gene, as well as the variants G691S/S904S. Haplotype distribution were also analyzed. A total of 58 patients with sMTC were included in the study. In addition, 100 unselected, unrelated race-, age-, and gender-matched normal controls were also evaluated. MAIN OUTCOME Although the overrepresentation of IVS1-126G>T remains present in our current sMTC series, thus supporting our previous hypothesis, no differences were obtained among cases and controls in the distribution of the variants tested upstream this position. On the other hand, the frequency and distribution of G691S/S904S variants were similar in both groups of study, leading to exclude their role in sMTC in our series. CONCLUSIONS These findings would suggest that the major genetic events contributing to the appearance of sMTC may reside in several different RET loci. In this way, we could hypothesize about the existence of at least two sMTC loci, linked to S836S-IVS1-126G>T, or to G691S-S904S, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel M Fernández
- Unidad Clínica de Genética y Reproducción, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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Kato N, Ji G, Wang Y, Baba M, Hoshida Y, Otsuka M, Taniguchi H, Moriyama M, Dharel N, Goto T, Shao RX, Matsuura T, Ishii K, Shiina S, Kawabe T, Muramatsu M, Omata M. Large-scale search of single nucleotide polymorphisms for hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility genes in patients with hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005; 42:846-53. [PMID: 16175604 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major risk factor for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The host genetic factors that are involved in the development of HCC in patients with HCV infection remain to be investigated. To search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HCC susceptibility genes, 393 SNPs in 171 candidate genes were examined in 188 Japanese patients with chronic HCV infection, including 77 patients with HCC. HCC-related SNPs were then examined in another 188 patients (including 93 patients with HCC) with chronic HCV infection. Haplotype analyses of HCC-related genes were performed in a total of 376 patients. Of the 393 SNPs, 31 SNPs in 29 genes were significantly associated with HCC based on an initial screening (P < .05). Of these 31 SNPs, 3 SNPs of 3 genes (SCYB14, GFRA1, and CRHR2) were significantly associated with HCC in a secondary screening. Haplotype analyses of these 3 genes identified 2 haplotype blocks associated with HCC. In conclusion, these SNPs and haplotypes located in the SCBY14, CRHR2, and GFRA1 genes will be used as markers to identify a subgroup of Japanese patients with chronic HCV infection who are at high risk of developing HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kirkbride KC, Ray BN, Blobe GC. Cell-surface co-receptors: emerging roles in signaling and human disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2005; 30:611-21. [PMID: 16185874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signals are transmitted to cells through two classes of cell-surface receptors: signaling receptors that directly transduce signals and signaling co-receptors that bind ligand but that, traditionally, have not been thought to signal directly. Signaling co-receptors modulate the ligand binding and signaling of their respective signaling receptors. In recent years, roles for co-receptors have expanded to include essential functions in morphogen gradient formation, localizing signaling, signaling independently, regulating cell adhesion and orchestrating the signaling of several pathways. The importance of signaling co-receptors is demonstrated by their ubiquitous expression, their conservation during evolution, their prominent role in signaling cascades, their indispensable role during development and their frequent mutation or altered expression in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellye C Kirkbride
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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19
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Vanhorne JB, Andrew SD, Harrison KJ, Taylor SAM, Thomas B, McDonald TJ, Ainsworth PJ, Mulligan LM. A model for GFRα4 function and a potential modifying role in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2. Oncogene 2004; 24:1091-7. [PMID: 15592530 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the RET proto-oncogene are found in the majority of patients with the inherited cancer syndrome multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2). A minority of cases, however, have no detectable RET mutation and there is considerable phenotypic variation within and among MEN 2 families with the same RET mutation, suggesting a role for other loci in this disease. A candidate for such a gene is glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha 4 (GFRA4), which encodes a cell surface-bound co-receptor (GFR alpha 4) required for interaction of RET with its ligand persephin. The GFRA4 gene has multiple alternative splices leading to three distinct protein isoforms that are prominently expressed in thyroid. We postulated that mutations of GFRA4 contribute to MEN 2 in the absence of RET mutations or modify the RET mutation phenotype. We screened patients with MEN 2 or MEN 2-like phenotypes, with and without RET mutations, for variants of GFRA4. We identified 10 variants, one of which was over represented in, and two of which were found exclusively in, our patient populations. One of these was a single-base substitution upstream of the GFR alpha 4 coding region, where it may alter gene expression. The second was a 7 bp insertion, which results in a change in reading frame for all three GFR alpha 4 isoforms. This would cause a relative shift in membrane bound and soluble forms of GFR alpha 4, which would significantly alter the formation of RET signalling complexes. Our data suggest a model of wild-type GFR alpha 4 isoform expression that includes both activating and inhibiting co-receptors for RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith B Vanhorne
- Department of Pathology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6
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20
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Fernandez RM, Robledo M, Antinolo G, Pecina A, Ruiz-Llorente S, Eng C, Borrego S. The RET IVS1-126G>T variant is strongly associated with the development of sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2004; 14:329-31. [PMID: 15142370 DOI: 10.1089/105072504323031022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gimm O, Niederle BE, Weber T, Bockhorn M, Ukkat J, Brauckhoff M, Thanh PN, Frilling A, Klar E, Niederle B, Dralle H. RET proto-oncogene mutations affecting codon 790/791: A mild form of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome? Surgery 2002; 132:952-9; discussion 959. [PMID: 12490841 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.128559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome, prophylactic thyroidectomy is generally recommended at the age of 5 to 6 years. Whether this recommendation is justified for exon 13 mutations is unknown. METHODS We analyzed the clinical data from 40 patients harboring RET codon 790/791 mutations (exon 13) who had been treated in 4 specialized centers. RESULTS Mean age was 35.2 +/- 21.6 years (range, 5.1-69.0 years). Thirteen patients were index patients (mean age, 57.7 +/- 11.3 years), 27 patients were screening patients (mean age, 24.4 +/- 16.5 years). In the index group, pT-category was: T0, n = 2; T1, n = 6; T2, n = 2; T3, n = 1; and T4, n = 2. Lymph node metastases were found in 5 patients and distant metastases in 1 patient. Postoperatively, 69% of index patients were biochemically cured. In the screening group, pT-category was: T0, n = 19; T1, n = 7; and T2, n = 1. Lymph node metastases were found in 2 patients. Postoperatively, 93% of screening patients were biochemically cured. The youngest patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma was 13.8 years, the youngest patient with lymph node metastases was 46.4 years. CONCLUSIONS Patients with RET codon 790/791 mutations seemed to have a less aggressive clinical course compared with patients with classic multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A syndrome. Still, index patients had a lower biochemic cure rate in comparison with screening patients. Timely total thyroidectomy including lymph node dissection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gimm
- Department of General, Visceral, and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Strasse 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
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Borrego S, Fernández RM, Dziema H, Japón MA, Marcos I, Eng C, Antiñolo G. Evaluation of germline sequence variants of GFRA1, GFRA2, and GFRA3 genes in a cohort of Spanish patients with sporadic medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2002; 12:1017-22. [PMID: 12490080 DOI: 10.1089/105072502320908367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (sMTC) remains elusive. While germline gain-of-function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene cause hereditary MTC, somatic RET mutations have been described in a variable number of sMTC. So far, S836S of RET, is the only variant whose association with sMTC has been found in several European cohorts. Because RET variants seem to be associated with MTC, it is plausible that variants in genes encoding for RET coreceptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of sMTC. Recently, we described two possible low penetrance susceptibility alleles in the gene encoding RET coreceptor GFRalpha1, -193C > G and 537T > C, in a German series of sMTC. In this study, we have genotyped nine polymorphisms within GFRA1-3 genes for 51 Spanish sMTC, and 100 normal controls. Our results show that no statistical signification was found when Spanish sMTC patients were compared to controls. Taken together with the observations in the German sMTC series, the present findings suggest that GFRA1-193C > G and 537T > C could be in linkage disequilibrium with other loci responsible for the disease with a founder effect in Germany. Alternatively, the combined observations might also suggest that, if indeed the polymorphisms are functional, the effect is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salud Borrego
- Unidad de Genética Médica y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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