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Bernardi S, Mulas O, Mutti S, Costa A, Russo D, La Nasa G. Extracellular vesicles in the Chronic Myeloid Leukemia scenario: an update about the shuttling of disease markers and therapeutic molecules. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1239042. [PMID: 38260856 PMCID: PMC10800789 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1239042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are various sets of cell-derived membranous structures containing lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins secreted by both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It is now well recognized that EVs are key intercellular communication mediators, allowing the functional transfer of bioactive chemicals from one cell to another in both healthy and pathological pathways. It is evident that the condition of the producer cells heavily influences the composition of EVs. Hence, phenotypic changes in the parent cells are mirrored in the design of the secreted EVs. As a result, EVs have been investigated for a wide range of medicinal and diagnostic uses in different hematological diseases. EVs have only recently been studied in the context of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), a blood malignancy defined by the chromosomal rearrangement t(9;22) and the fusion gene BCR-ABL1. The findings range from the impact on pathogenesis to the possible use of EVs as medicinal chemical carriers. This review aims to provide for the first time an update on our understanding of EVs as carriers of CML biomarkers for minimal residual disease monitoring, therapy response, and its management, as well as the limited reports on the use of EVs as therapeutic shuttles for innovative treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bernardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Lab CREA (Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica Associazione italiana contro le leucemie, linfomi e mieloma-AIL), ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Olga Mulas
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Silvia Mutti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Lab CREA (Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica Associazione italiana contro le leucemie, linfomi e mieloma-AIL), ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Unit of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio La Nasa
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Hematology Unit, Businco Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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Machado VR, Jacques AV, Marceli NS, Biavatti MW, Santos-Silva MC. Anti-leukemic activity of semisynthetic derivatives of lupeol. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:4494-4501. [PMID: 32178533 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1737051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In our previous work, lupeol was isolated from aerial parts of V. scorpioides and modified by semisynthetic approach. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of lupeol and its derivatives previously prepared on the human K562 acute myeloid leukemia cell and human Jurkat acute lymphoid leukemia cell in vitro. Compounds 3β-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-30-al (2), lup-20(30)-en-3β,29-diol (3), 3β-acetoxylup-20(29)-en-30-al (5) and 3β-acetoxy-30-hydroxylup-20(29)-ene (6) presented cytotoxicity with IC50 ranging from 11.72 to 56.15 µM at 24 h of incubation for both cell lines. Most of the active compounds (3, 5 and 6) were selective to leukemia cells, in compare with healthy cells. The hemolysis assay showed high blood compatibility of the cytotoxic lupeol derivatives which makes possible an intravenous administration of these compounds aiming to the potential to development of anti-leukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Rocha Machado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Amanda Virtuoso Jacques
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Natália Stefanes Marceli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maique Weber Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Litwińska Z, Machaliński B. miRNAs in chronic myeloid leukemia: small molecules, essential function. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1297-1305. [PMID: 27736267 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1243676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder associated with clonal expansion of cancerous bone marrow stem cells. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting Bcr-Abl oncoprotein are the first-line therapy for most CML patients, however, some are unresponsive to it or develop resistance. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of CML and the development of TKI resistance based on their important regulatory function in cell homeostasis. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Since microRNAs can function either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in leukemogenesis, the potential of using them as therapeutic targets by inhibiting or amplifying their activity, opens up new opportunities for leukemia therapy. In this review, we focus on recent studies on the important roles of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of CML and their relevance as biomarkers for diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Litwińska
- a Department of General Pathology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- a Department of General Pathology , Pomeranian Medical University , Szczecin , Poland
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Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that is frequently characterized by the constitutive expression of the oncogenic protein BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting breakpoint cluster region-ABL are the first-line therapy for most CML patients and have drastically improved the prognosis of CML. However, some CML patients are unresponsive to TKI treatment, and a notable proportion of initially responsive patients develop drug resistance. Several molecular pathways have been correlated with resistance to TKI treatment, however, the exact mechanism of developing drug resistance remains ambiguous. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the progression of CML and the development of resistance to TKI treatment based on their important regulatory function in cell homeostasis, and the deregulation observed in the initiation and progression of many leukemia subtypes. In this review, we summarize some of the major discoveries regarding miRNAs in CML, and their relevance as biomarkers for diagnosis, disease progression, and drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasuen Kotagama
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yung Chang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Center of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Marco Mangone
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Virginia G. Piper Center for Personalized Diagnostics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Nakamura S, Takayama N, Hirata S, Seo H, Endo H, Ochi K, Fujita KI, Koike T, Harimoto KI, Dohda T, Watanabe A, Okita K, Takahashi N, Sawaguchi A, Yamanaka S, Nakauchi H, Nishimura S, Eto K. Expandable megakaryocyte cell lines enable clinically applicable generation of platelets from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:535-48. [PMID: 24529595 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The donor-dependent supply of platelets is frequently insufficient to meet transfusion needs. To address this issue, we developed a clinically applicable strategy for the derivation of functional platelets from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This approach involves the establishment of stable immortalized megakaryocyte progenitor cell lines (imMKCLs) from PSC-derived hematopoietic progenitors through the overexpression of BMI1 and BCL-XL to respectively suppress senescence and apoptosis and the constrained overexpression of c-MYC to promote proliferation. The resulting imMKCLs can be expanded in culture over extended periods (4-5 months), even after cryopreservation. Halting the overexpression of c-MYC, BMI1, and BCL-XL in growing imMKCLs led to the production of CD42b(+) platelets with functionality comparable to that of native platelets on the basis of a range of assays in vitro and in vivo. The combination of robust expansion capacity and efficient platelet production means that appropriately selected imMKCL clones represent a potentially inexhaustible source of hPSC-derived platelets for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoya Takayama
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shinji Hirata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideya Seo
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Endo
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kiyosumi Ochi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Fujita
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomo Koike
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Harimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeaki Dohda
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Reprogramming Science, CiRA, Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okita
- Department of Reprogramming Science, CiRA, Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Akira Sawaguchi
- Department of Anatomy, Ultrastructural Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Department of Reprogramming Science, CiRA, Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nishimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Koji Eto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 606-8507, Japan; Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Schmidt S, Wolf D. Role of gene-expression profiling in chronic myeloid leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 2:93-103. [DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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PIAS4 is an activator of hypoxia signalling via VHL suppression during growth of pancreatic cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1795-804. [PMID: 24002598 PMCID: PMC3790182 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The PIAS4 protein belongs to the family of protein inhibitors of activated STAT, but has since been implicated in various biological activities including the post-translational modification known as sumoylation. In this study, we explored the roles of PIAS4 in pancreatic tumourigenesis. Methods: The expression levels of PIAS4 in pancreatic cancer cells were examined. Cell proliferation and invasion was studied after overexpression and gene silencing of PIAS4. The effect of PIAS4 on hypoxia signalling was investigated. Results: The protein was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells compared with the normal pancreas. Gene silencing by PIAS4 small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed pancreatic cancer cell growth and overexpression of PIAS4 induced expression of genes related to cell growth. The overexpression of PIAS4 is essential for the regulation of the hypoxia signalling pathway. PIAS4 interacts with the tumour suppressor von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and leads to VHL sumoylation, oligomerization, and impaired function. Pancreatic cancer cells (Panc0327, MiaPaCa2) treated with PIAS4 siRNA suppressed expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and its target genes JMJD1A, VEGF, and STAT3. Conclusion: Our study elucidates the role of PIAS4 in the regulation of pancreatic cancer cell growth, where the suppression of its activity represents a novel therapeutic target for pancreatic cancers.
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Kim H, Gillis LC, Jarvis JD, Yang S, Huang K, Der S, Barber DL. Tyrosine kinase chromosomal translocations mediate distinct and overlapping gene regulation events. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:528. [PMID: 22204395 PMCID: PMC3295743 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leukemia is a heterogeneous disease commonly associated with recurrent chromosomal translocations that involve tyrosine kinases including BCR-ABL, TEL-PDGFRB and TEL-JAK2. Most studies on the activated tyrosine kinases have focused on proximal signaling events, but little is known about gene transcription regulated by these fusions. Methods Oligonucleotide microarray was performed to compare mRNA changes attributable to BCR-ABL, TEL-PDGFRB and TEL-JAK2 after 1 week of activation of each fusion in Ba/F3 cell lines. Imatinib was used to control the activation of BCR-ABL and TEL-PDGFRB, and TEL-JAK2-mediated gene expression was examined 1 week after Ba/F3-TEL-JAK2 cells were switched to factor-independent conditions. Results Microarray analysis revealed between 800 to 2000 genes induced or suppressed by two-fold or greater by each tyrosine kinase, with a subset of these genes commonly induced or suppressed among the three fusions. Validation by Quantitative PCR confirmed that eight genes (Dok2, Mrvi1, Isg20, Id1, gp49b, Cxcl10, Scinderin, and collagen Vα1(Col5a1)) displayed an overlapping regulation among the three tested fusion proteins. Stat1 and Gbp1 were induced uniquely by TEL-PDGFRB. Conclusions Our results suggest that BCR-ABL, TEL-PDGFRB and TEL-JAK2 regulate distinct and overlapping gene transcription profiles. Many of the genes identified are known to be involved in processes associated with leukemogenesis, including cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. This study offers the basis for further work that could lead to an understanding of the specificity of diseases caused by these three chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Kim
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Molecular and functional analysis of the stem cell compartment of chronic myelogenous leukemia reveals the presence of a CD34- cell population with intrinsic resistance to imatinib. Blood 2010; 114:5191-200. [PMID: 19855080 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-08-176016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We show the molecular and functional characterization of a novel population of lineage-negative CD34-negative (Lin(-)CD34(-)) hematopoietic stem cells from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients at diagnosis. Molecular karyotyping and quantitative analysis of BCR-ABL transcript demonstrated that approximately one-third of CD34(-) cells are leukemic. CML Lin(-)CD34(-) cells showed kinetic quiescence and limited clonogenic capacity. However, stroma-dependent cultures induced CD34 expression on some cells and cell cycling, and increased clonogenic activity and expression of BCR-ABL transcript. Lin(-)CD34(-) cells showed hematopoietic cell engraftment rate in 2 immunodeficient mouse strains similar to Lin-CD34(+) cells, whereas endothelial cell engraftment was significantly higher. Gene expression profiling revealed the down-regulation of cell-cycle arrest genes and genes involved in antigen presentation and processing, while the expression of genes related to tumor progression, such as angiogenic factors, was strongly up-regulated compared with normal counterparts. Phenotypic analysis confirmed the significant down-regulation of HLA class I and II molecules in CML Lin(-)CD34(-) cells. Imatinib mesylate did not reduce fusion transcript levels, BCR-ABL kinase activity, and clonogenic efficiency of CML Lin(-)CD34(-) cells in vitro. Moreover, leukemic CD34(-) cells survived exposure to BCR-ABL inhibitors in vivo. Thus, we identified a novel CD34(-) leukemic stem cell subset in CML with peculiar molecular and functional characteristics.
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Molecular characterization and prognostic significance of FLT3 in CML progression. Leuk Res 2009; 34:995-1001. [PMID: 20031210 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in the transition from the chronic phase to blast crisis in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), gene expression profiles of leukemic cells from patients in the chronic and blast crisis phases were analyzed using an 8.7K cDNA chip and real-time PCR. A transient transfection analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of FLT3, which was significantly upregulated in the blast crisis patients. Abl and c-Kit induction was detected in K562 cells transfected with FLT3 cDNA (K562/FLT3), and Abl and c-Kit levels were reduced in K562/FLT3 cells transfected with FLT3-siRNA (K562/FLT3-siRNA). The induction of FLT3 in CML cells attenuated imatinib-induced apoptosis. The opposite effect was observed in K562/FLT3-siRNA cells. An increased level of cleaved PARP and decreased level of pro-caspase 3 were noted when K562/FLT3-siRNA cells were treated with imatinib. These findings indicate that FLT3 is associated with disease progression, despite imatinib therapy. These results may help in the prediction of disease progression in CML patients and the development of more appropriate therapeutic modalities.
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Schmidt S, Gastl G, Wolf D. Possible role for gene expression profiling in predicting responses to conventional or targeted drugs in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 49:643-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190801896194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is an enigmatic disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and dysplastic morphology of blood cells. The clinical course of MDS consists of distinct stages, with early stages often progressing to advanced ones or to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Little is known of the molecular pathogenesis of MDS or of the mechanism of its stage progression. DNA micro-array analysis, which allows simultaneous monitoring of the expression levels of tens of thousands of genes, has the potential to provide insight into the pathophysiology of MDS. Several studies have applied this new technology to compare gene expression profiles either between MDS and the healthy condition, among the different stages of MDS or between MDS-derived AML and de novo AML. Selection of an appropriate hematopoietic fraction is important for such studies, which to date have been performed with differentiated granulocytes, CD34+ progenitors and CD133+ immature cells. These studies have revealed that each stage of MDS has its own 'molecular signature', indicating the feasibility of differential diagnosis of MDS based on gene expression profile. They have also demonstrated that the current clinical diagnosis of MDS results in the misclassification of patients with regard to these molecular signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mano
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical School, Kawachigun, Tochigi, Japan.
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13
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Yong AS, Melo JV. The impact of gene profiling in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2009; 22:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Albor A, Kulesz-Martin M. Novel initiation genes in squamous cell carcinomagenesis: a role for substrate-specific ubiquitylation in the control of cell survival. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:585-90. [PMID: 17626251 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The study of experimental epidermal carcinogenesis offers several advantages over other epithelial carcinogenesis models, including easy accessibility and a database of research findings spanning over a century. Our studies make use of a clonal in vitro/in vivo keratinocyte carcinogenesis model with low frequency of ras mutation and derivative clonal-initiated lineages with distinct tumor fate. Analysis of this model has yielded candidate genes involved in the stages of initiation and tumorigenic progression, and has revealed novel roles for ubiquitylation in transcriptional control of survival and apoptotic pathways during the early stages of carcinogenesis. The expression of a recently described E3-ubiquitin ligase, Trim32, is elevated during initiation, and ectopic expression of Trim32 confers extended survival in response to terminal differentiation and ultraviolet light (UV) B/TNF-alpha death signals. Trim32 binds and ubiquitylates Piasy, controlling its stability and accumulation. Piasy is a SUMOylation factor involved in the control of apoptosis, senescence, and NF-kappaB activation. NF-kappaB is a survival factor for keratinocytes in response to UV irradiation, the main carcinogenic stimulus for the epidermis. Piasy inhibits NF-kappaB activity, and promotes keratinocyte apoptosis in response to UV and TNF-alpha. In human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples, we found an inverse correlation between Trim32 and Piasy expression supporting a role for Trim32-Piasy interaction in human epidermal carcinogenesis. Our hypothesis is that increased expression of Trim32 may enhance epidermal carcinogenesis, by increasing the threshold of NF-kappaB activity through Piasy downmodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador Albor
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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15
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Henrich S, Crossett B, Christopherson RI. Differentially expressed nuclear proteins in human CCRF-CEM, HL-60, MEC-1 and Raji cells correlate with cellular properties. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:1252-65. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Hagberg A, Olsson-Strömberg U, Wickenberg-Bolin U, Göransson H, Isaksson A, Bengtsson M, Höglund M, Simonsson B, Barbany G. Gene expression analysis identifies a genetic signature potentially associated with response to α-IFN in chronic phase CML patients. Leuk Res 2007; 31:931-8. [PMID: 17207527 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microarray-based gene expression analysis was performed on diagnostic chronic phase CML patient samples prior to interferon treatment. Fifteen patient samples corresponding to six cytogenetic responders and nine non-responders were included. Genes differentially expressed between responder and non-responder patients were listed and a subsequent leave-one-out cross validation (LOOV) procedure showed that the top 20 genes allowed the highest prediction accuracy. The relevant genes were quantified by real-time PCR that supported the microarray results. We conclude that it might be possible to use gene expression analysis to predict future response to interferon in CML diagnostic samples.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cytarabine/therapeutic use
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydroxyurea/therapeutic use
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Hagberg
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) can be considered as a paradigm for neoplasias that evolve through a multi-step process. CML is also one of the best examples of a disease that can be targeted by molecular therapy; however, the success of new 'designer drugs' is largely restricted to the chronic phase of the disease. If not cured at this stage, CML invariably progresses and transforms into an acute-type leukaemia undergoing a 'blast crisis'. The causes of this transformation are still poorly understood. What mechanisms underlie this progression, and are they shared by other common cancers?
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia V Melo
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Peng FW, Duan ZJ, Zheng LS, Xie ZP, Gao HC, Zhang H, Li WP, Hou YD. Purification of recombinant human interferon-ε and oligonucleotide microarray analysis of interferon-ε-regulated genes. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 53:356-62. [PMID: 17287131 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently identified interferon-epsilon (IFN-epsilon) belongs to type I interferons. IFN-epsilon is highly and constitutively expressed in the brain, but its biochemical and biological characteristics are poorly understood. In this study, full-length IFN-epsilon cDNA was cloned from human peripheral blood lymphocyte by RT-PCR, and was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography was used to purify recombinant human IFN-epsilon (rhIFN-epsilon) and to facilitate refolding of the protein. About 0.8mg of highly purified rhIFN-epsilon protein was obtained from 100ml of E. coli culture. Functional study of rhIFN-epsilon demonstrated that the antiviral activity of rhIFN-epsilon was 6+/-0.5x10(5)IU/mg, which was lower than that of rhIFN-alpha-2b in the WISH-VSV (WISH cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus) assay system. As for the activity to promote NK cytotoxicity and antiproliferation activities, rhIFN-epsilon was about 60 times less potent than rhIFN-alpha-2b. However, oligonucleotide microarray analyses revealed dramatic differences in gene expression profiles of cultured human cells treated with IFN-epsilon and IFN-alpha-2b. Particularly, differential regulation of genes related to central nervous system by rhIFN-epsilon suggests a role for IFN-epsilon in maintenance of the structure and function of brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Wang Peng
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 100 Ying-Xin Street, Xuan Wu District, Beijing 100052, China
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19
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Choi YL, Kaneda R, Wada T, Fujiwara SI, Soda M, Watanabe H, Kurashina K, Hatanaka H, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Mano H. Identification of a constitutively active mutant of JAK3 by retroviral expression screening. Leuk Res 2007; 31:203-9. [PMID: 16790275 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To identify transforming genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) we here constructed a retroviral cDNA expression library from an AML patient, and then used this library to infect a mouse cell line 32Dcl3-mCAT. cDNA inserts of the cell clones which proliferated in the presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were derived from JAK3 encoding a JAK3 mutant with a valine-to-alanine substitution at codon 674 and two additional amino acid substitutions. The transforming activity of JAK3(V674A) was confirmed by its introduction into 32Dcl3-mCAT. Sequencing of the original JAK3 cDNA derived from the patient, however, failed to detect the V674A mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Lim Choi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsukeshi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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20
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Diaz-Blanco E, Bruns I, Neumann F, Fischer JC, Graef T, Rosskopf M, Brors B, Pechtel S, Bork S, Koch A, Baer A, Rohr UP, Kobbe G, von Haeseler A, Gattermann N, Haas R, Kronenwett R. Molecular signature of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells of patients with CML in chronic phase. Leukemia 2007; 21:494-504. [PMID: 17252012 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we provide a molecular signature of highly enriched CD34+ cells from bone marrow of untreated patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in chronic phase in comparison with normal CD34+ cells using microarrays covering 8746 genes. Expression data reflected several BCR-ABL-induced effects in primary CML progenitors, such as transcriptional activation of the classical mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT pathway as well as downregulation of the proapoptotic gene IRF8. Moreover, novel transcriptional changes in comparison with normal CD34+ cells were identified. These include upregulation of genes involved in the transforming growth factorbeta pathway, fetal hemoglobin genes, leptin receptor, sorcin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, the neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 and downregulation of selenoprotein P. Additionally, genes associated with early hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and leukemogenesis such as HoxA9 and MEIS1 were transcriptionally activated. Differential expression of differentiation-associated genes suggested an altered composition of the CD34+ cell population in CML. This was confirmed by subset analyses of chronic phase CML CD34+ cells showing an increase of the proportion of megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitors, whereas the proportion of HSC and granulocyte-macrophage progenitors was decreased in CML. In conclusion, our results give novel insights into the biology of CML and could provide the basis for identification of new therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34/analysis
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Adhesion/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/analysis
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/chemistry
- Humans
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Leptin
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- E Diaz-Blanco
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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21
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Taguchi J, Miyazaki Y, Tsutsumi C, Sawayama Y, Ando K, Tsushima H, Fukushima T, Hata T, Yoshida S, Kuriyama K, Honda S, Jinnai I, Mano H, Tomonaga M. Expression of the myeloperoxidase gene in AC133 positive leukemia cells relates to the prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2006; 30:1105-12. [PMID: 16457884 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2005.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the percentage of myeloperoxidase (MPO) positive blasts had a prognostic impact on survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To extend this observation, we quantitatively measured the level of the MPO gene in AC133 positive leukemia cells that would contain a putative AML stem/progenitor compartment. AML cases were divided into the MPO gene high (MPOg-H) and MPO gene low (MPOg-L) groups. Only patients belonging to the MPOg-H group had a favorable chromosomal translocation, t(8;21), and having no morphological dysplasia that was associated with MPOg-L. The difference in the survival of MPOg-H and MPOg-L was statistically meaningful, demonstrating the possible prognostic impact of the expression of MPO gene in AC133 positive leukemia cells.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Antigens, CD
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Glycoproteins
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Peptides
- Peroxidase/biosynthesis
- Peroxidase/genetics
- Prognosis
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Taguchi
- Department of Hematology and Molecular Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
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22
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Albor A, El-Hizawi S, Horn EJ, Laederich M, Frosk P, Wrogemann K, Kulesz-Martin M. The interaction of Piasy with Trim32, an E3-ubiquitin ligase mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H, promotes Piasy degradation and regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through NFkappaB. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:25850-66. [PMID: 16816390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601655200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS) family members are ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase-small ubiquitin-like modifier ligases for diverse transcription factors. However, the regulation of PIAS protein activity in cells is poorly understood. Previously, we reported that expression of Trim32, a RING domain ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligase-ubiquitin ligase mutated in human limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, is elevated during mouse skin carcinogenesis, protecting keratinocytes from apoptosis induced by UVB and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Here we report that Trim32 interacts with Piasy and promotes Piasy ubiquitination and degradation. Ubiquitination of Piasy by Trim32 could be reproduced in vitro using purified components. Their interaction was induced by treatment with UVB/TNFalpha and involved redistribution of Piasy from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it accumulated in cytoplasmic granules that colocalized with Trim32. Piasy destabilization and ubiquitination required an intact RING domain in Trim32. The LGMD2H-associated missense point mutation prevented Trim32 binding to Piasy, and human Piasy failed to colocalize with human Trim32 in fibroblasts isolated from an LGMD2H patient. Trim32 expression increased the transcriptional activity of NFkappaB in epidermal keratinocytes, both under basal treatment and after UVB/TNFalpha treatment. Conversely, Piasy inhibited NFkappaB activity under the same conditions and sensitized keratinocytes to apoptosis induced by TNFalpha and UVB. Our results indicate that, by controlling Piasy stability, Trim32 regulates UVB-induced keratinocyte apoptosis through induction of NFkappaB and suggests loss of function of Trim32 in LGMD2H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amador Albor
- Department of Dermatology and Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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23
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Frank O, Brors B, Fabarius A, Li L, Haak M, Merk S, Schwindel U, Zheng C, Müller MC, Gretz N, Hehlmann R, Hochhaus A, Seifarth W. Gene expression signature of primary imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Leukemia 2006; 20:1400-7. [PMID: 16728981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although the selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is successfully used in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), inherent mechanisms confer primary resistance to leukemic patients. In order to search for potentially useful genes in predicting cytogenetic response, a retrospective gene expression study was performed. Leukocyte RNA isolated before imatinib from interferon-alpha-pretreated chronic phase CML patients (n=34) with or without major cytogenetic remission (< or =35% Philadelphia (Ph)+ metaphases) during the first year of treatment was comparatively analyzed using Affymetrix U133A chips. Using support vector machines for gene classification, an outcome-specific gene expression signature consisting of 128 genes was identified. Comparative expression data of specific genes point to changes in apoptosis (e.g. casp9, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1, hras), DNA repair (msh3, ddb2), oxidative stress protection (glutathione synthetase, paraoxonase 2, vanin 1) and centrosomes (inhibitor of differentiation-1) within primary resistant patients. Independent statistical approaches and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction studies support the clinical relevance of gene profiling. In conclusion, this study establishes a candidate predictor of imatinib resistance in interferon-alpha-pretreated CML patients to be subjected to future investigation in a larger independent patient cohort. The resulting expression signature point to involvement of BCR-ABL-independent mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Frank
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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24
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Dunphy CH. Gene expression profiling data in lymphoma and leukemia: review of the literature and extrapolation of pertinent clinical applications. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2006; 130:483-520. [PMID: 16594743 DOI: 10.5858/2006-130-483-gepdil] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gene expression (GE) analyses using microarrays have become an important part of biomedical and clinical research in hematolymphoid malignancies. However, the methods are time-consuming and costly for routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVES To review the literature regarding GE data that may provide important information regarding pathogenesis and that may be extrapolated for use in diagnosing and prognosticating lymphomas and leukemias; to present GE findings in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, acute leukemias, and chronic myeloid leukemia in detail; and to summarize the practical clinical applications in tables that are referenced throughout the text. DATA SOURCE PubMed was searched for pertinent literature from 1993 to 2005. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression profiling of lymphomas and leukemias aids in the diagnosis and prognostication of these diseases. The extrapolation of these findings to more timely, efficient, and cost-effective methods, such as flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, results in better diagnostic tools to manage the diseases. Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical applications of the information gained from GE profiling assist in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, other low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas and leukemias, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and classic Hodgkin lymphoma. For practical clinical use, GE profiling of precursor B acute lymphoblastic leukemia, precursor T acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia has supported most of the information that has been obtained by cytogenetic and molecular studies (except for the identification of FLT3 mutations for molecular analysis), but extrapolation of the analyses leaves much to be gained based on the GE profiling data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie H Dunphy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525, USA.
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25
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Zheng C, Li L, Haak M, Brors B, Frank O, Giehl M, Fabarius A, Schatz M, Weisser A, Lorentz C, Gretz N, Hehlmann R, Hochhaus A, Seifarth W. Gene expression profiling of CD34+ cells identifies a molecular signature of chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis. Leukemia 2006; 20:1028-34. [PMID: 16617318 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent success in the treatment of early-stage disease, blastic phase (BP) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) that is characterized by rapid expansion of therapy-refractory and differentiation-arrested blasts, remains a therapeutic challenge. The development of resistance upon continuous administration of imatinib mesylate is associated with poor prognosis pointing to the need for alternative therapeutic strategies and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression. To identify transcriptional signatures that may explain pathological characteristics and aggressive behavior of BP blasts, we performed comparative gene expression profiling on CD34+ Ph+ cells purified from patients with untreated newly diagnosed chronic phase CML (CP, n=11) and from patients in BP (n=9) using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. Supervised microarray data analysis revealed 114 differentially expressed genes (P<10(-4)), 34 genes displaying more than two-fold transcriptional changes when comparing CP and BP groups. While 24 of these genes were downregulated, 10 genes, especially suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2), CAMPATH-1 antigen (CD52), and four human leukocyte antigen-related genes were strongly overexpressed in BP. Expression of selected genes was validated by real-time-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Our data suggest the existence of a common gene expression profile of CML-BP and provide new insight into the molecular phenotype of blasts associated with disease progression and high malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Blast Crisis/pathology
- CD52 Antigen
- Cell Separation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zheng
- III. Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Fakultät für Klinische Medizin Mannheim der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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26
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Notari M, Neviani P, Santhanam R, Blaser BW, Chang JS, Galietta A, Willis AE, Roy DC, Caligiuri MA, Marcucci G, Perrotti D. A MAPK/HNRPK pathway controls BCR/ABL oncogenic potential by regulating MYC mRNA translation. Blood 2006; 107:2507-16. [PMID: 16293596 PMCID: PMC1895740 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered mRNA translation is one of the effects exerted by the BCR/ABL oncoprotein in the blast crisis phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Here, we report that in BCR/ABL+ cell lines and in patient-derived CML blast crisis mononuclear and CD34+ cells, p210(BCR/ABL) increases expression and activity of the transcriptional-inducer and translational-regulator heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K or HNRPK) in a dose- and kinase-dependent manner through the activation of the MAPK(ERK1/2) pathway. Furthermore, HNRPK down-regulation and interference with HNRPK translation-but not transcription-regulatory activity impairs cytokine-independent proliferation, clonogenic potential, and in vivo leukemogenic activity of BCR/ABL-expressing myeloid 32Dcl3 and/or primary CD34+ CML-BC patient cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that decreased internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent Myc mRNA translation accounts for the phenotypic changes induced by inhibition of the BCR/ABL-ERK-dependent HNRPK translation-regulatory function. Accordingly, MYC protein but not mRNA levels are increased in the CD34+ fraction of patients with CML in accelerated and blastic phase but not in chronic phase CML patients and in the CD34+ fraction of marrow cells from healthy donors. Thus, BCR/ABL-dependent enhancement of HNRPK translation-regulation is important for BCR/ABL leukemogenesis and, perhaps, it might contribute to blast crisis transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Notari
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43240, USA
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27
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Hickey FB, Cotter TG. Identification of transcriptional targets associated with the expression of p210 Bcr-Abl. Eur J Haematol 2006; 76:369-83. [PMID: 16494625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic myeloid leukaemia is caused by the expression of the p210 Bcr-Abl fusion protein which results from the Philadelphia translocation, t(9;22). This oncogene has been the focus of extensive research. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the haematological malignancy are not fully understood. The main objective of the current study was to identify novel transcriptional targets of Bcr-Abl. METHODS In order to achieve this, microarrays were employed in order to conduct a genome-wide expression analysis comparing 32D cells with a transfected clone expressing high levels of p210 Bcr-Abl. Quantitative RT-PCR was employed in order to confirm the observed increase/decrease in expression for a number of the deregulated genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This comparison identified 138 genes of known function showing altered expression in response to Bcr-Abl-mediated signalling. Among the genes found to be upregulated in response to p210 Bcr-Abl were aldolase 1A and phosphofructokinase, both of which encode key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. As a consequence of this, we demonstrate that the rate of glycolysis is significantly increased in Bcr-Abl expressing cells in a PI3K-dependent manner. Our results also indicate altered expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, cell adhesion and cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala B Hickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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28
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Radich JP, Dai H, Mao M, Oehler V, Schelter J, Druker B, Sawyers C, Shah N, Stock W, Willman CL, Friend S, Linsley PS. Gene expression changes associated with progression and response in chronic myeloid leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2794-9. [PMID: 16477019 PMCID: PMC1413797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510423103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a hematopoietic stem cell disease with distinct biological and clinical features. The biologic basis of the stereotypical progression from chronic phase through accelerated phase to blast crisis is poorly understood. We used DNA microarrays to compare gene expression in 91 cases of CML in chronic (42 cases), accelerated (17 cases), and blast phases (32 cases). Three thousand genes were found to be significantly (P < 10(-10)) associated with phase of disease. A comparison of the gene signatures of chronic, accelerated, and blast phases suggest that the progression of chronic phase CML to advanced phase (accelerated and blast crisis) CML is a two-step rather than a three-step process, with new gene expression changes occurring early in accelerated phase before the accumulation of increased numbers of leukemia blast cells. Especially noteworthy and potentially significant in the progression program were the deregulation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway, the decreased expression of Jun B and Fos, alternative kinase deregulation, such as Arg (Abl2), and an increased expression of PRAME. Studies of CML patients who relapsed after initially successful treatment with imatinib demonstrated a gene expression pattern closely related to advanced phase disease. These studies point to specific gene pathways that might be exploited for both prognostic indicators as well as new targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerald P Radich
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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29
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Yong ASM, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM, Apperley JF, Melo JV. Molecular profiling of CD34+ cells identifies low expression of CD7, along with high expression of proteinase 3 or elastase, as predictors of longer survival in patients with CML. Blood 2006; 107:205-12. [PMID: 16144796 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Although most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have the same initial molecular abnormality, the BCR-ABL fusion gene, the duration of chronic phase (CP) varies widely. To identify the possible molecular basis of this heterogeneity, we studied CD34+ cells collected at diagnosis from 68 patients with CML-CP. By using oligonucleotide microarray screening, we performed gene-expression profiling on 2 subsets of patients, one comprising patients with an “aggressive disease” who developed blastic transformation (BT) within 3 years of diagnosis (n = 10) and, at the other extreme, patients with an “indolent disease” whose BT occurred 7 or more years from diagnosis (n = 9). This screening revealed 20 genes differentially expressed in patients with aggressive and indolent disease, which were validated by quantitative reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT/PCR). A multivariate Cox regression model identified the combination of low CD7 expression with high expression of proteinase 3 or elastase as associated with longer survival in the complete cohort of 68 patients. This differential pattern of gene expression probably reflects the intrinsic heterogeneity of the disease; if so, assessing expression levels of selected genes at diagnosis may be valuable in predicting duration of survival in patients treated with imatinib and the newer tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD34
- Antigens, CD7/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Variation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/mortality
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Chronic-Phase/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Myeloblastin
- Pancreatic Elastase/genetics
- Prognosis
- Regression Analysis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes S M Yong
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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30
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Bogni A, Cheng C, Liu W, Yang W, Pfeffer J, Mukatira S, French D, Downing JR, Pui CH, Relling MV. Genome-wide approach to identify risk factors for therapy-related myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2005; 20:239-46. [PMID: 16341039 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using a target gene approach, only a few host genetic risk factors for treatment-related myeloid leukemia (t-ML) have been defined. Gene expression microarrays allow for a more genome-wide approach to assess possible genetic risk factors for t-ML. We assessed gene expression profiles (n=12 625 probe sets) in diagnostic acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells from 228 children treated on protocols that included leukemogenic agents such as etoposide, 13 of whom developed t-ML. Expression of 68 probes, corresponding to 63 genes, was significantly related to risk of t-ML. Hierarchical clustering of these probe sets clustered patients into three groups with 94, 122 and 12 patients, respectively; 12 of the 13 patients who went on to develop t-ML were overrepresented in the latter group (P<0.0001). A permutation test indicated a low likelihood that these probe sets and clusters were obtained by chance (P<0.001). Distinguishing genes included transcription-related oncogenes (v-Myb, Pax-5), cyclins (CCNG1, CCNG2 and CCND1) and histone HIST1H4C. Common transcription factor recognition elements among similarly up- or downregulated genes included several involved in hematopoietic differentiation or leukemogenesis (Maz, PU.1, ARNT). This approach has identified several genes whose expression distinguishes patients at risk of t-ML, and suggests targets for assessing germline predisposition to leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bogni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38105-2794, USA
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31
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Kronenwett R, Butterweck U, Steidl U, Kliszewski S, Neumann F, Bork S, Blanco ED, Roes N, Gräf T, Brors B, Eils R, Maercker C, Kobbe G, Gattermann N, Haas R. Distinct molecular phenotype of malignant CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Oncogene 2005; 24:5313-24. [PMID: 15806158 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a malignant disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell characterized by the BCR-ABL oncogene. We examined gene expression profiles of highly enriched CD34(+) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from patients with CML in chronic phase using cDNA arrays covering 1.185 genes. Comparing CML CD34(+) cells with normal CD34(+) cells, we found 158 genes which were significantly differentially expressed. Gene expression patterns reflected BCR-ABL-induced functional alterations such as increased cell-cycle and proteasome activity. Detoxification enzymes and DNA repair proteins were downregulated in CML CD34(+) cells, which might contribute to genetic instability. Decreased expression of junction plakoglobulin and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR-4) might facilitate the release of immature precursors from bone marrow in CML. GATA-2 was upregulated in CML CD34(+) cells, suggesting an increased self-renewal in comparison with normal CD34(+) cells. Moreover, we found upregulation of the proto-oncogene SKI and of receptors for neuromediators such as opioid mu1 receptor, GABA B receptor, adenosine A1 receptor, orexin 1 and 2 receptors and corticotropine-releasing hormone receptor. Treatment of CML progenitor cells with the selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) resulted in a dose-dependent significant inhibition of clonogenic growth by 40% at a concentration of 10(-5) M, which could be reversed by the equimolar addition of the receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (P<0.05). The incubation of normal progenitor cells with DPCPX resulted in an inhibition of clonogenic growth to a significantly lesser extent in comparison with CML cells (P<0.05), suggesting that the adenosine A1 receptor is of functional relevance in CML hematopoietic progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kronenwett
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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32
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Matsuoka H, Suzuki Y, Iwahashi H, Arao T, Suzuki Y, Tamura K. The biological effects of high-pressure gas on the yeast transcriptome. Braz J Med Biol Res 2005; 38:1267-72. [PMID: 16082469 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2005000800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the feasibility of DNA microarray technology in an attempt to construct an evaluation system for determining gas toxicity using high-pressure conditions, as it is well known that pressure increases the concentration of a gas. As a first step, we used yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as the indicator organism and analyzed the mRNA expression profiles after exposure of yeast cells to nitrogen gas. Nitrogen gas was selected as a negative control since this gas has low toxicity. Yeast DNA microarray analysis revealed induction of genes whose products were localized to the membranes, and of genes that are involved in or contribute to energy production. Furthermore, we found that nitrogen gas significantly affected the transport system in the cells. Interestingly, nitrogen gas also resulted in induction of cold-shock responsive genes. These results suggest the possibility of applying yeast DNA microarray to gas bioassays up to 40 MPa. We therefore think that "bioassays" are ideal for use in environmental control and protection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuoka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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33
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Abstract
Despite decades of cancer research, mortality rates remain high largely due to the failure of early detection, poor understanding of the epidemiology of rational drug targets, and molecular etiology of human cancers. The discovery of disease markers promises to deliver some solutions to these formidable challenges. Gene and protein expression profiling through DNA microarray and proteomics have already made a tremendous effect in this area. However, protein/gene expression does not necessarily reflect protein activity, which is often regulated via post-translation modifications, of which phosphorylation is one of the most prominent. This is an important consideration because the activity of protein is a more relevant phenotype than its expression during pathogenesis. Tyrosine kinases represent a very important class of enzymes that are critical regulators of mitogenic and angiogenic signaling, hence attractive targets for anticancer drugs as exemplified by BCR-ABL and ErbB2. More than 50% of them are overexpressed or mutated resulting in a gain of function in various human cancers. In this review, we discuss the potential effect of phosphoproteins as cancer markers in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Phosphoproteomics strategies that might pave the way to high-throughput analysis for routine clinical applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Pin Lim
- Oncology Research Institute, National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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34
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Janssen JJWM, Klaver SM, Waisfisz Q, Pasterkamp G, de Kleijn DPV, Schuurhuis GJ, Ossenkoppele GJ. Identification of genes potentially involved in disease transformation of CML. Leukemia 2005; 19:998-1004. [PMID: 15815727 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who do not reach a (near) complete cytogenetic response, the disease progresses over several years from an indolent, chronic phase into a rapidly fatal blast crisis. Events that are responsible for this transformation process are largely unknown. To identify changes in gene expression that occurred during the course of the disease, we performed cDNA subtraction on sequentially stored peripheral blood mononuclear cell pellets, collected throughout the course of disease of a single CML patient. In total, 32 differentially expressed sequences were identified, of which 27 corresponded to known genes. On quantitative PCR, eight of these genes, YWHAZ, GAS2, IL8, IL6, PBEF1, CCL4, SAT and MMRN, showed comparable differential expression in additional CML patient samples. This set of genes can be considered as a starting point for further research on causes of disease transformation in CML and may lead to new targets in the treatment of resistant CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J W M Janssen
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Akyerli CB, Beksac M, Holko M, Frevel M, Dalva K, Ozbek U, Soydan E, Ozcan M, Ozet G, Ilhan O, Gürman G, Akan H, Williams BRG, Ozçelik T. Expression of IFITM1 in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Leuk Res 2005; 29:283-6. [PMID: 15661263 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the peripheral blood gene expression profile of interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) in sixty chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients classified according to new prognostic score (NPS). IFITM1 is a component of a multimeric complex involved in the trunsduction of antiproliferative and cell adhesion signals. Expression level of IFITM1 was found significantly different between the high- and low-risk groups (P = 9.7976 x 10(-11)) by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Higher IFITM1 expression correlated with improved survival (P = 0.01). These results indicate that IFITM1 expression profiling could be used for molecular classification of CML, which may also predict survival.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antigens, Differentiation
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/classification
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemaliye Boylu Akyerli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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36
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Abstract
With the mapping of the human genome comes the ability to identify genes of interest in specific diseases and the pathways involved therein. Laboratory technology has evolved in parallel, providing us with the ability to assay thousands of these genes at once, a technique known as microarray analysis. The main #x003Fion that this type of technology raises is how we can apply this powerful technology to clinical medicine. Recently, advances in data analysis, as well as standardization of the technology, have allowed us to examine this #x003Fion, and indeed a few clinical trials currently being performed include microarrays as part of their protocol. In this review we outline the microarray technique and describe these types of studies in further detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani T. Weeraratna
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James E. Nagel
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valeria de Mello-Coelho
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dennis D. Taub
- Clinical Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, Maryland
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37
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Tsutsumi C, Ueda M, Miyazaki Y, Yamashita Y, Choi YL, Ota J, Kaneda R, Koinuma K, Fujiwara SI, Kisanuki H, Ishikawa M, Ozawa K, Tomonaga M, Mano H. DNA microarray analysis of dysplastic morphology associated with acute myeloid leukemia. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:828-35. [PMID: 15345284 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develops de novo or secondarily to either myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or anticancer treatment (therapy-related leukemia, TRL). Prominent dysplasia of blood cells is apparent in individuals with MDS-related AML as well as in some patients with TRL or even with de novo AML. The clinical entity of AML with multilineage dysplasia (AML-MLD) is likely to be an amalgamation of MDS-related AML and de novo AML-MLD. The aim of this study was to clarify, by the use of high-density oligonucleotide microarrays, whether these subcategories of AML are intrinsically distinct from each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS The AC133+ hematopoietic stem cell-like fractions were purified from the bone marrow of individuals with de novo AML without dysplasia (n = 15), AML-MLD (n = 11), MDS-related AML (n = 11), or TRL (n = 2), and were subjected to the synthesis of cRNA which was subsequently hybridized to microarray harboring oligonucleotide corresponding to more than 12,000 probe sets. RESULTS We could identify many genes whose expression was specific to these various subcategories of AML. Furthermore, with the correspondence analysis/three-dimensional projection strategy, we were able to visualize the independent, yet partially overlapping, nature of current AML subcategories on the basis of their transcriptomes. CONCLUSION Our data indicate the possibility of subclassification of AML based on gene expression profiles of leukemic blasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizuko Tsutsumi
- Department of Hematology and Molecular Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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38
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Abstract
The twenty-first century is beginning with a sharp turn in the field of cancer therapy. Molecular targeted therapies against specific oncogenic events are now possible. The BCR-ABL story represents a notable example of how research from the fields of cytogenetics, retroviral oncology, protein phosphorylation, and small molecule chemical inhibitors can lead to the development of a successful molecular targeted therapy. Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571, or CP57148B) is a direct inhibitor of ABL (ABL1), ARG (ABL2), KIT, and PDGFR tyrosine kinases. This drug has had a major impact on the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) as well as other blood neoplasias and solid tumors with etiologies based on activation of these tyrosine kinases. Analysis of CML patients resistant to BCR-ABL suppression by Imatinib mesylate coupled with the crystallographic structure of ABL complexed to this inhibitor have shown how structural mutations in ABL can circumvent an otherwise potent anticancer drug. The successes and limitations of Imatinib mesylate hold general lessons for the development of alternative molecular targeted therapies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Wong
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental PhD Program/UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA.
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39
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Abstract
This article briefly recaps the key clinical trials that involve imatinib and focuses on the ongoing results and implications of these studies for future research in imatinib-based therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Imatinib by no means has replaced allografting in the treatment of CML, although clearly, there has been a radical shift in thinking in considering which patients should undergo transplant. The route to cure with minimal toxicity may involve creative use of drug and transplant technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy C Crossman
- School of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, University of Newcastle Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
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40
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Håkansson P, Segal D, Lassen C, Gullberg U, Morse HC, Fioretos T, Meltzer PS. Identification of genes differentially regulated by the P210 BCR/ABL1 fusion oncogene using cDNA microarrays. Exp Hematol 2004; 32:476-82. [PMID: 15145216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2004.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The t(9;22) translocation is associated with more than 95% of cases of chronic myeloid leukemia. The resulting fusion of the BCR and ABL1 loci produces the constitutively active BCR/ABL1 tyrosine kinase. A wide range of signal transduction molecules are activated by BCR/ABL1, including MYC, PI-3 kinase, and different STAT molecules. In contrast, relatively few genes are known to be regulated by BCR/ABL1 at the level of transcription. MATERIALS AND METHODS In an effort to better understand the transcriptional program activated by BCR/ABL1, we used cDNA microarrays to evaluate the relative expression of approximately 6450 human genes in U937 myelomonocytic cells expressing P210 BCR/ABL1 via a tetracycline-inducible promoter. RESULTS We confirmed the previously reported up-regulation of the PIM1 and JUN oncogenes by BCR/ABL1. In addition, we identified 59 more genes up-regulated by BCR/ABL1. Interestingly, roughly one third of these were genes previously reported to be interferon (IFN)-responsive, including the OAS1, IFIT1, IFI16, ISGF3G, and STAT1 genes. An additional seven BCR/ABL1-regulated genes were found to be IFN-responsive in U937 cells. The expression profile also included genes encoding transcription factors, kinases, and signal transduction molecules, as well as genes regulating cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell adhesion, features previously suggested to be affected by BCR/ABL1. CONCLUSION These observations shed novel insight into the mechanism of BCR/ABL1 action and provide a range of targets for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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41
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Choi YL, Makishima H, Ohashi J, Yamashita Y, Ohki R, Koinuma K, Ota J, Isobe Y, Ishida F, Oshimi K, Mano H. DNA microarray analysis of natural killer cell-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes with purified CD3-CD56+ fractions. Leukemia 2004; 18:556-65. [PMID: 14737071 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell-type lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL) is characterized by the outgrowth of CD3(-)CD16/56(+) NK cells, and can be further subdivided into two distinct categories: aggressive NK cell leukemia (ANKL) and chronic NK lymphocytosis (CNKL). To gain insights into the pathophysiology of NK cell-type LDGL, we here purified CD3(-)CD56(+) fractions from healthy individuals (n=9) and those with CNKL (n=9) or ANKL (n=1), and compared the expression profiles of >12 000 genes. A total of 15 'LDGL-associated genes' were identified, and a correspondence analysis on such genes could clearly indicate that LDGL samples share a 'molecular signature' distinct from that of normal NK cells. With a newly invented class prediction algorithm, 'weighted distance method', all 19 samples received a clinically matched diagnosis, and, furthermore, a detailed cross-validation trial for the prediction of normal or CNKL status could achieve a high accuracy (77.8%). By applying another statistical approach, we could extract other sets of genes, expression of which was specific to either normal or LDGL NK cells. Together with sophisticated statistical methods, gene expression profiling of a background-matched NK cell fraction thus provides us a wealth of information for the LDGL condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Choi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical School, Kawachigun, Tochigi, Japan
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42
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Ohmine K, Nagai T, Tarumoto T, Miyoshi T, Muroi K, Mano H, Komatsu N, Takaku F, Ozawa K. Analysis of gene expression profiles in an imatinib-resistant cell line, KCL22/SR. Stem Cells 2004; 21:315-21. [PMID: 12743326 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-3-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, has shown substantial effects in blast crises of chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, most patients relapse after an initial clinical response, indicating that drug resistance is a major problem for patients being treated with imatinib. In this study, we generated a new imatinib-resistant BCR/ABL-positive cell line, KCL22/SR. The 50% inhibitory concentration of imatinib was 11-fold higher in KCL22/SR than in the imatinib-sensitive parental cell line, KCL22. However, KCL22/SR showed no mutations in the BCR/ABL gene and no increase in the levels of BCR/ABL protein and P-glycoprotein. Furthermore, the level of phosphorylated BCR/ABL protein was suppressed by imatinib treatment, suggesting that mechanisms independent of BCR/ABL signaling are involved in the imatinib resistance in KCL22/SR cells. DNA microarray analyses demonstrated that the signal transduction-related molecules, RAS p21 protein activator and RhoA, which could affect Ras signaling, and a surface tumor antigen, L6, were upregulated, while c-Myb and activin A receptor were downregulated in KCL22/SR cells. Furthermore, imatinib treatment significantly suppressed the level of phosphorylated p44/42 in KCL22 cells but not in KCL22/SR cells, even when BCR/ABL was inhibited by imatinib. These results suggest that various mechanisms, including disturbance of Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, are involved in imatinib resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzamides
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/drug effects
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Imatinib Mesylate
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/immunology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/drug effects
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mutation/drug effects
- Mutation/genetics
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Secondary Prevention
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- ras Proteins/drug effects
- ras Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ohmine
- Divisions of Hematology, Cell Transplantation and Transfusion, and Functional Genomics, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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43
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Bruchova H, Kalinova M, Brdicka R. Array-based analysis of gene expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2004; 28:1-7. [PMID: 14630074 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression profiles of 10 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were detected using cDNA arrays. Total RNAs were isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes of the patients at diagnosis. For detection of expression profiles we used Atlas Human Cancer cDNA Arrays (Clontech) with 588 genes. Although the study revealed variability of gene expression in many genes, we identified a number of genes with the same expression changes (up-regulation: PCNA, ERCC1; down-regulation: jun-B, BCL-2 related protein A1, CRAF-1, PBP) in most examined patients. Our objective was to identify genes that were differentially expressed in ALL and might contribute to development (and characterization) of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Bruchova
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, U Nemocnice 1, 128 20 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hubank
- Department of Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology, ICH Gene Microarray Centre, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Abstract
In Section I, Dr. Stephen O’Brien reviews the latest data on the clinical use of imatinib (STI571, Gleevec, Glivec) in CML. His review focuses on the use of imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic phase patients and summarizes cytogenetic and molecular response data, as well as use of the agent at high doses and in combination with other drugs. A brief summary of the prospective international Phase III studies that are currently ongoing is also provided, and the issues of resistance and definition of suboptimal therapeutic response are also covered. Finally, therapeutic decision-making and treatment strategy are considered.
In Section II, Dr. Ayalew Tefferi considers the latest developments in the biology and therapy of myeloid metaplasia/myelofibrosis. Dr. Tefferi covers what is currently understood of the biology of the disease and reviews established therapies for the condition as well as novel agents that are being used in clinical trials. The development of optimal management strategies for the disease is considered.
In Section III, Dr. Peter Valent reviews the classification of mast cell proliferative disorders and covers the clinical and pathological presentation of this group of neoplasms. He reviews the state-of-the-art regarding the molecular biology of mastocytosis along with diagnostic criteria and novel treatment concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O'Brien
- Univeristy of Newcastle, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Hematology, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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46
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Sirisattha S, Momose Y, Kitagawa E, Iwahashi H. Toxicity of anionic detergents determined by Saccharomyces cerevisiae microarray analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:61-70. [PMID: 14630103 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sodium n-dodecyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) are popular anionic detergents (surfactants) that are used worldwide and the toxicities of these chemicals have been characterized. We applied these chemicals in a DNA microarray bioassay and determined that the microarray data reflects previous findings and also provides some new information about anionic detergent toxicity. The mRNA expression profiles suggest that LAS and SDS cause damage to membranes and alterations in carbon metabolism, and induce the oxidative stress response. We also found that LAS and SDS induce the pleiotropic drug-resistance network, and that LAS and SDS may be pumped out of yeast cells by this network. Hierarchical clustering of the expression profiles showed that LAS and SDS cause similar features of toxicity and that the toxicity is similar to that of capsaicin but different from that of cadmium and mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophon Sirisattha
- Human Stress Signal Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central-6, Higashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
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47
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Araki H, Katayama N, Yamashita Y, Mano H, Fujieda A, Usui E, Mitani H, Ohishi K, Nishii K, Masuya M, Minami N, Nobori T, Shiku H. Reprogramming of human postmitotic neutrophils into macrophages by growth factors. Blood 2003; 103:2973-80. [PMID: 15070673 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally recognized that postmitotic neutrophils give rise to polymorphonuclear neutrophils alone. We obtained evidence for a lineage switch of human postmitotic neutrophils into macrophages in culture. When the CD15+CD14- cell population, which predominantly consists of band neutrophils, was cultured with granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-4, and subsequently with macrophage colony-stimulating factor alone, the resultant cells had morphologic, cytochemical, and phenotypic features of macrophages. In contrast to the starting population, they were negative for myeloperoxidase, specific esterase, and lactoferrin, and they up-regulated nonspecific esterase activity and the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor, mannose receptor, and HLA-DR. CD15+CD14- cells proceeded to macrophages through the CD15-CD14- cell population. Microarray analysis of gene expression also disclosed the lineage conversion from neutrophils to macrophages. Macrophages derived from CD15+CD14- neutrophils had phagocytic function. Data obtained using 3 different techniques, including Ki-67 staining, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, and cytoplasmic dye labeling, together with the yield of cells, indicated that the generation of macrophages from CD15+CD14- neutrophils did not result from a contamination of progenitors for macrophages. Our data show that in response to cytokines, postmitotic neutrophils can become macrophages. This may represent another differentiation pathway toward macrophages in human postnatal hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Araki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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48
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Ueda M, Ota J, Yamashita Y, Choi YL, Ohki R, Wada T, Koinuma K, Kano Y, Ozawa K, Mano H. DNA microarray analysis of stage progression mechanism in myelodysplastic syndrome. Br J Haematol 2003; 123:288-96. [PMID: 14531911 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder of haematopoietic stem cells. Despite the high incidence of MDS in the elderly, effective treatment of individuals in its advanced stages is problematic. DNA microarray analysis is a potentially informative approach to the development of new treatments for MDS. However, a simple comparison of 'transcriptomes' of bone marrow mononuclear cells among individuals at distinct stages of MDS would result in the identification of genes whose expression differences only reflect differences in the proportion of MDS blasts within bone marrow. Such a 'population shift' effect has now been avoided by purification of haematopoietic stem-like cells that are positive for the cell surface marker AC133 from the bone marrow of healthy volunteers and 30 patients at various stages of MDS. Microarray analysis with the AC133+ cells from these individuals resulted in the identification of sets of genes with expression that was specific to either indolent or advanced stages of MDS. The former group of genes included that for PIASy, which catalyses protein modification with the ubiquitin-like molecule SUMO. Induction of PIASy expression in a mouse myeloid cell line induced apoptosis. A loss of PIASy expression may therefore contribute directly to the growth of MDS blasts and stage progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuzu Ueda
- Division of Hematology, Jichi Medical School, Kawachigun, Tochigi, Japan
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49
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Oshima Y, Ueda M, Yamashita Y, Choi YL, Ota J, Ueno S, Ohki R, Koinuma K, Wada T, Ozawa K, Fujimura A, Mano H. DNA microarray analysis of hematopoietic stem cell-like fractions from individuals with the M2 subtype of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17:1990-7. [PMID: 14513049 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may develop de novo or secondarily to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Although the clinical outcome of MDS-related AML is worse than that of de novo AML, it is not easy to differentiate between these two clinical courses without a record of prior MDS. Large-scale profiling of gene expression by DNA microarray analysis is a promising approach with which to identify molecular markers specific to de novo or MDS-related AML. This approach has now been adopted with AC133-positive hematopoietic stem cell-like fractions purified from 10 individuals, each with either de novo or MDS-related AML of the M2 subtype. Sets of genes whose activity was associated with either disease course were identified. Furthermore, on the basis of the expression profiles of these genes, it was possible to predict correctly the clinical diagnosis for 17 (85%) of the 20 cases in a cross-validation trial. Similarly, different sets of genes were identified whose expression level was associated with clinical outcome after induction chemotherapy. These data suggest that, at least in terms of gene expression profiles, de novo AML and MDS-related AML are distinct clinical entities.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD34/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blast Crisis/genetics
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- DNA Primers
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/classification
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Treatment Failure
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oshima
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Jichi Medical School, Yakushiji, Kawachigun, Tochigi, Japan
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50
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Haferlach T, Kohlmann A, Kern W, Hiddemann W, Schnittger S, Schoch C. Gene expression profiling as a tool for the diagnosis of acute leukemias. Semin Hematol 2003; 40:281-95. [PMID: 14582079 DOI: 10.1016/s0037-1963(03)00193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The standard methods to diagnose leukemia are cytomorphology and, in some cases, histology, which both are supplemented by cytochemistry and multiparameter immunophenotyping. Cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays add important information and allow comprehensive diagnosis of well-defined subentities today. In the clinic, better understanding of the course of distinct, biologically defined disease subtypes is the basis for a selection of specific therapeutic approaches. As knowledge on deregulated pathways in leukemia accelerates the development of new therapeutics, a detailed and comprehensive diagnostic tool is required. The microarray technology that quantifies gene expression intensities of thousands of genes in a single analysis has the potential to become essential for the molecular classification of leukemias. Microarrays may be used routinely for diagnostic purposes in the near future. Gene expression profiling should also lead to the detection of new biological and clinically relevant subtypes in leukemia and therefore guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Haferlach
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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