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Guan Y, Cao M, Wu X, Yan J, Hao Y, Zhang C. CD28 null T cells in aging and diseases: From biology to assessment and intervention. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111807. [PMID: 38471362 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
CD28null T cells, an atypical subset characterized by the loss of CD28 costimulatory molecule expression, exhibit functional variants and progressively expand with age. Moreover, T cells with these phenotypes are found in both typical and atypical humoral immune responses. Consequently, they accumulate during infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative ailments. To provide an in-depth review of the current knowledge regarding CD28null T cells, we specifically focus on their phenotypic and functional characteristics as well as their physiological roles in aging and diseases. While uncertainties regarding the clinical utility remains, we will review the following two crucial research perspectives to explore clinical translational applications of the research on this specific T cell subset: 1) addressing the potential utility of CD28null T cells as immunological markers for prognosis and adverse outcomes in both aging and disease, and 2) speculating on the potential of targeting CD28null T cells as an interventional strategy for preventing or delaying immune aging processes and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ming Cao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yi Hao
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Alamino VA, Onofrio LI, Acosta CDV, Ferrero PV, Zacca ER, Cadile II, Mussano ED, Onetti LB, Montes CL, Gruppi A, Acosta Rodriguez EV. Tofacitinib treatment of rheumatoid arthritis increases senescent T cell frequency in patients and limits T cell function in vitro. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250353. [PMID: 37179252 PMCID: PMC10524217 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the immune signatures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving various treatment regimens can aid in comprehending the immune mechanisms' role in treatment efficacy and side effects. Given the critical role of cellular immunity in RA pathogenesis, we sought to identify T-cell profiles characterizing RA patients under specific treatments. We compared 75 immunophenotypic and biochemical variables in healthy donors (HD) and RA patients, including those receiving different treatments as well as treatment-free patients. Additionally, we conducted in vitro experiments to evaluate the direct effect of tofacitinib on purified naïve and memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Multivariate analysis revealed that tofacitinib-treated patients segregated from HD at the expense of T-cell activation, differentiation, and effector function-related variables. Additionally, tofacitinib led to an accumulation of peripheral senescent memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In vitro, tofacitinib impaired the activation, proliferation, and effector molecules expression and triggered senescence pathways in T-cell subsets upon TCR-engagement, with the most significant impact on memory CD8+ T cells. Our findings suggest that tofacitinib may activate immunosenescence pathways while simultaneously inhibiting effector functions in T cells, both effects likely contributing to the high clinical success and reported side effects of this JAK inhibitor in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina A Alamino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luisina I Onofrio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Paola V Ferrero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Estefanía R Zacca
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Isaac I Cadile
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eduardo D Mussano
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura B Onetti
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Nacional de Clínicas, UNC, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carolina L Montes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Gruppi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Eva V Acosta Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
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Myo H, Khat-Udomkiri N. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee pulp using propylene glycol as a solvent and their antioxidant activities. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 89:106127. [PMID: 36007328 PMCID: PMC9424582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, it has been increasingly popular to use alternative solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Coffee pulp, a by-product of coffee production, contains different phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties. The effects of polyols, amplitude, extraction time, solvent concentration, and liquid-solid ratio on total phenolic content (TPC) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were examined by single-factor studies. Three main factors that impact TPC were selected to optimize the extraction conditions for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), and their antioxidant activities using the Box-Behnken design. Different extraction methods were compared, the bioactive compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QQQ), and the cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant activities of the extract were studied. According to the response model, the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from coffee pulp were as follows: extraction time of 7.65 min, liquid-solid ratio of 22.22 mL/g, and solvent concentration of 46.71 %. Under optimized conditions, the values of TPC, TFC, TTC, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) were 9.29 ± 0.02 mg GAE/g sample, 58.82 ± 1.38 mg QE/g sample, 8.69 ± 0.25 mg TAE/g sample, 7.56 ± 0.27 mg TEAC/g sample, 13.59 ± 0.25 mg TEAC/g sample, and 10.90 ± 0.24 mg FeSO4/g sample, respectively. Compared with other extraction conditions, UAE with propylene glycol extract (PG-UAE) was significantlyhigher in TPC, TFC, TTC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP response values than UAE with ethanol (EtOH-UAE), maceration with propylene glycol (PG-maceration), and maceration with ethanol (EtOH -maceration) (p < 0.05). Major bioactive compounds detected by LC-QQQ included chlorogenic acid, caffeine, and trigonelline. At higher concentrations starting from 5 mg/ml, PG-UAE extract showed higher cell viability than EtOH-UAE in both cytotoxicity and cellular antioxidant assays. The researcher expects that this new extraction technique developed in this work could produce a higher yield of bioactive compounds with higher biological activity. Therefore, they can be used as active ingredients in cosmetics (anti-aging products) and pharmaceutical applications (food supplements, treatment for oxidative stress-related diseases) with minimal use of chemicals and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hla Myo
- School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
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Gavia-García G, Rosado-Pérez J, Arista-Ugalde TL, Aguiñiga-Sánchez I, Santiago-Osorio E, Mendoza-Núñez VM. Telomere Length and Oxidative Stress and Its Relation with Metabolic Syndrome Components in the Aging. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:253. [PMID: 33804844 PMCID: PMC8063797 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A great amount of scientific evidence supports that Oxidative Stress (OxS) can contribute to telomeric attrition and also plays an important role in the development of certain age-related diseases, among them the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is characterised by clinical and biochemical alterations such as obesity, dyslipidaemia, arterial hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and insulin resistance, all of which are considered as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases, which are associated in turn with an increase of OxS. In this sense, we review scientific evidence that supports the association between OxS with telomere length (TL) dynamics and the relationship with MetS components in aging. It was analysed whether each MetS component affects the telomere length separately or if they all affect it together. Likewise, this review provides a summary of the structure and function of telomeres and telomerase, the mechanisms of telomeric DNA repair, how telomere length may influence the fate of cells or be linked to inflammation and the development of age-related diseases, and finally, how the lifestyles can affect telomere length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Gavia-García
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Juana Rosado-Pérez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Taide Laurita Arista-Ugalde
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
| | - Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Edelmiro Santiago-Osorio
- Hematopoiesis and Leukemia Laboratory, Research Unit on Cell Differentiation and Cancer, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (I.A.-S.); (E.S.-O.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 09230, Mexico; (G.G.-G.); (J.R.-P.); (T.L.A.-U.)
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Du Y, Fang Q, Zheng SG. Regulatory T Cells: Concept, Classification, Phenotype, and Biological Characteristics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1278:1-31. [PMID: 33523440 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6407-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play an indispensable role in maintaining the body's immune nonresponse to self-antigens and suppressing the body's unwarranted and potentially harmful immune responses. Their absence, reduction, dysfunction, transformation, and instability can lead to numerous autoimmune diseases. There are several distinct subtypes of the Treg cells, although they share certain biological characteristics and have unique phenotypes with different regulatory functions, as well as mechanistic abilities. In this book chapter, we introduce the latest advances in Treg cell subtypes pertaining to classification, phenotype, biological characteristics, and mechanisms. We also highlight the relationship between Treg cells and various diseases, including autoimmune, infectious, as well as tumors and organ transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Pathology and Physiopathology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Qiannan Fang
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Maier R, Bawamia B, Bennaceur K, Dunn S, Marsay L, Amoah R, Kasim A, Filby A, Austin D, Hancock H, Spyridopoulos I. Telomerase Activation to Reverse Immunosenescence in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: Protocol for a Randomized Pilot Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e19456. [PMID: 32965237 PMCID: PMC7542409 DOI: 10.2196/19456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease (CHD) and its acute manifestation, acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Aging is associated with a decline of the immune system, a process known as immunosenescence. This is characterized by an increase in highly proinflammatory T cells that are involved in CHD progression, plaque destabilization, and myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. Telomere dysfunction has been implicated in immunosenescence of T lymphocytes. Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintaining telomeres during cell divisions. It has a protective effect on cells under oxidative stress and helps regulate flow-mediated dilation in microvasculature. Objective The TACTIC (Telomerase ACTivator to reverse Immunosenescence in Acute Coronary Syndrome) trial will investigate whether a telomerase activator, TA-65MD, can reduce the proportion of senescent T cells in patients with ACS with confirmed CHD. It will also assess the effect of TA-65MD on decreasing telomere shortening, reducing oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function. Methods The study was designed as a single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Recruitment started in January 2019. A total of 90 patients, aged 65 years or older, with treated ACS who have had CHD confirmed by angiography will be enrolled. They will be randomized to one of two groups: TA-65MD oral therapy (8 mg twice daily) or placebo taken for 12 months. The primary outcome is the effect on immunosenescence determined by a decrease in the proportion of CD8+ TEMRA (T effector memory cells re-expressing CD45RA [CD45 expressing exon A]) cells at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include leukocyte telomere length, endothelial function, cardiac function as measured by echocardiography and NT-proBNP (N-terminal fragment of the prohormone brain-type natriuretic peptide), systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and telomerase activity. Results The study received National Health Service (NHS) ethics approval on August 9, 2018; Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency approval on October 19, 2018; and NHS Health Research Authority approval on October 22, 2018. The trial began recruiting participants in January 2019 and completed recruitment in March 2020; the trial is due to report results in 2021. Conclusions This pilot trial in older patients with CHD will explore outcomes not previously investigated outside in vitro or preclinical models. The robust design ensures that bias has been minimized. Should the results indicate reduced frequency of immunosenescent CD8+ T cells as well as improvements in telomere length and endothelial function, we will plan a larger, multicenter trial in patients to determine if TA-65MD is beneficial in the treatment of CHD in elderly patients. Trial Registration ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN16613292; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN16613292 and European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EudraCT), European Union Clinical Trials Register 2017-002876-26; https://tinyurl.com/y4m2so8g International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/19456
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Maier
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bawamia
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Karim Bennaceur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Dunn
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Marsay
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Roland Amoah
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adetayo Kasim
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David Austin
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Hancock
- Newcastle Clinical Trials Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ioakim Spyridopoulos
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Mongiat-Artus P, Paillaud E, Albrand G, Neuzillet Y. [Onco-urology of the aging patient: Epidemiological and biological aspects]. Prog Urol 2020; 29:797-806. [PMID: 31771765 DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2019.08.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE First, to present the epidemiological data of aging and of cancers and to describe the respectives expected evolutions. Second, to present biological and genetic data on aging and on the relationships between aging and oncogenesis. METHOD Bibliographic search from the Medline bibliographic database (NLM Pubmed tool) and Embase, as well as from the web sites of geriatric scientific societies, the United Nations, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the Institut National du Cancer and the Ligue Contre le Cancer from the following keywords: aging, elderly, cancer, epidemiology, biology, genetics. RESULTS The entire world population is aging very significantly and very rapidly. In France, new cases of cancer are diagnosed in 62.4% of cases in patients over 65 and in 11.5% of cases in patients over 80 years. Cancer mortality occurs in 75.3% of cases in patients over 65 years of age and in 24.8% of cases in patients over 80 years of age. Cancer-specific mortality is consistently higher in patients older than 75 years compared to younger patients; this reflects, among other things, an age discrimination which is called agism. It has been established that cellular aging is marked by 9 major families of biological and genomic abnormalities. Biological aging and oncogenesis are intertwined with increasingly well established relationships. They are both the product of natural selection and they are found in all species with both renewal tissues and a distinction between germinal tissue and somatic tissue. CONCLUSION Epidemiological data predict that oncology, including urological oncology, is becoming very predominantly geriatric oncology; it is critical and urgent that society be prepared for it and that every care-giver be prepared, that is, be specifically trained. Biological and genetic data argue for a great entanglement between aging and oncogenesis; research in each of these areas should be reconciled for mutual benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mongiat-Artus
- Inserm UMR_S1165, service d'urologie et unité de chirurgie et d'anesthésie ambulatoires, hôpital Saint-Louis, université Paris Diderot, université de Paris, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - E Paillaud
- EA 7376 épidémiologie cinique et vieillissement, service de gériatrie - unité d'Onco-Gériatrie et UCOG - Paris-Ouest, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, universite René descartes, université de Paris, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 69310 Paris, France
| | - G Albrand
- Service de Gériatrie et UCOG - IR, AuRA Ouest-Guyane, centre hospitalier Lyon-Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, 92150 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Y Neuzillet
- Service d'urologie, hôpital Foch, université de Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Suresnes, France
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Reddy GP, Reddy LV, Kim S. CANCER BIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY. Cancer 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119645214.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Obeid M, Khabbaz RC, Garcia KD, Schachtschneider KM, Gaba RC. Translational Animal Models for Liver Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.25259/ajir-11-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have become increasingly important in the study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as they serve as a critical bridge between laboratory-based discoveries and human clinical trials. Developing an ideal animal model for translational use is challenging, as the perfect model must be able to reproduce human disease genetically, anatomically, physiologically, and pathologically. This brief review provides an overview of the animal models currently available for translational liver cancer research, including rodent, rabbit, non-human primate, and pig models, with a focus on their respective benefits and shortcomings. While small animal models offer a solid starting point for investigation, large animal HCC models are becoming increasingly important for translation of preclinical results to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Obeid
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Ramzy C. Khabbaz
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Kelly D. Garcia
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Biological Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
| | - Ron C. Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, 1740 West Taylor Street MC 931, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States
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Lee J, Oh SW, Shin SW, Lee KW, Cho JY, Lee J. Zingerone protects keratinocyte stem cells from UVB-induced damage. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vidacek NŠ, Nanic L, Ravlic S, Sopta M, Geric M, Gajski G, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Rubelj I. Telomeres, Nutrition, and Longevity: Can We Really Navigate Our Aging? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 73:39-47. [PMID: 28510637 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic chromosome-end structures that serve as guardians of genome stability. They are known to be one of the major determinants of aging and longevity in higher mammals. Studies have demonstrated a direct correlation between telomere length and life expectancy, stress, DNA damage, and onset of aging-related diseases. This review discusses the most important factors that influence our telomeres. Various genetic and environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, obesity, and stress are known to influence health and longevity as well as telomere dynamics. Individuals currently have the opportunity to modulate the dynamics of their aging and health span, monitor these processes, and even make future projections by following their telomere dynamics. As telomeres react to positive as well as negative health factors, we should be able to directly influence our telomere metabolism, slow their deterioration, and diminish our aging and perhaps extend our life and health span.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Nanic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boškovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanda Ravlic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boškovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mary Sopta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boškovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Geric
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vera Garaj-Vrhovac
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Rubelj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ruder Boškovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
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Abstract
In most developed countries, ageing of the population started more than a century ago and it seems to be emerged in a wide range of developing countries as well. Moreover, research into ageing has moved forward in extremely rapidly rhythms nowadays, and the scientific area is of great interest, as implications for nearly all sectors of society, including work, social, economic features, in addition to nutrition and health issues which are involved. The fragile elder population is affected and experienced more frequently infections than the younger population. Infections in elderly patients are of major medical importance because of hormonal changes, increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, abnormalities of the telomeres which could cause a dysfunction of the immune system called immunosenescence and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Stavropoulou
- a CHUV (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Service des Urgences , rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne , Vaud , Switzerland
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- b Faculty of Agricultural Development , Department of Food Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Democritus University of Thrace , Orestiada , Greece
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Schachtschneider KM, Schwind RM, Newson J, Kinachtchouk N, Rizko M, Mendoza-Elias N, Grippo P, Principe DR, Park A, Overgaard NH, Jungersen G, Garcia KD, Maker AV, Rund LA, Ozer H, Gaba RC, Schook LB. The Oncopig Cancer Model: An Innovative Large Animal Translational Oncology Platform. Front Oncol 2017; 7:190. [PMID: 28879168 PMCID: PMC5572387 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an improved understanding of cancer molecular biology, immune landscapes, and advancements in cytotoxic, biologic, and immunologic anti-cancer therapeutics, cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 8.2 million deaths were attributed to cancer in 2012, and it is anticipated that cancer incidence will continue to rise, with 19.3 million cases expected by 2025. The development and investigation of new diagnostic modalities and innovative therapeutic tools is critical for reducing the global cancer burden. Toward this end, transitional animal models serve a crucial role in bridging the gap between fundamental diagnostic and therapeutic discoveries and human clinical trials. Such animal models offer insights into all aspects of the basic science-clinical translational cancer research continuum (screening, detection, oncogenesis, tumor biology, immunogenicity, therapeutics, and outcomes). To date, however, cancer research progress has been markedly hampered by lack of a genotypically, anatomically, and physiologically relevant large animal model. Without progressive cancer models, discoveries are hindered and cures are improbable. Herein, we describe a transgenic porcine model—the Oncopig Cancer Model (OCM)—as a next-generation large animal platform for the study of hematologic and solid tumor oncology. With mutations in key tumor suppressor and oncogenes, TP53R167H and KRASG12D, the OCM recapitulates transcriptional hallmarks of human disease while also exhibiting clinically relevant histologic and genotypic tumor phenotypes. Moreover, as obesity rates increase across the global population, cancer patients commonly present clinically with multiple comorbid conditions. Due to the effects of these comorbidities on patient management, therapeutic strategies, and clinical outcomes, an ideal animal model should develop cancer on the background of representative comorbid conditions (tumor macro- and microenvironments). As observed in clinical practice, liver cirrhosis frequently precedes development of primary liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma. The OCM has the capacity to develop tumors in combination with such relevant comorbidities. Furthermore, studies on the tumor microenvironment demonstrate similarities between OCM and human cancer genomic landscapes. This review highlights the potential of this and other large animal platforms as transitional models to bridge the gap between basic research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regina M Schwind
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Mark Rizko
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nasya Mendoza-Elias
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Paul Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Park
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nana H Overgaard
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Division of Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kelly D Garcia
- Biologic Resources Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ajay V Maker
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Howard Ozer
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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14
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Heregulin, a new interactor of the telosome/shelterin complex in human telomeres. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39408-21. [PMID: 26327598 PMCID: PMC4741835 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length, shape and function depend on a complex of six core telomere-associated proteins referred to as the telosome or shelterin complex. We here demonstrate that the isoform β2 of the heregulin family of growth factors (HRGβ2) is a novel interactor of the telosome/shelterin complex in human telomeres. Analysis of protein-protein interactions using a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen identified RAP1, the only telomere protein that is conserved from yeasts to mammals, as a novel interacting partner of HRGβ2. Deletion analysis of RAP1 revealed that the linker domain, a region previously suggested to recruit negative regulators of telomere length, interacts specifically with HRGβ2. Co-immunoprecipitation and imaging experiments demonstrated that, in addition to RAP1, HRGβ2 could associate with the RAP1-associated telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2). Deletion analysis of HRGβ2 confirmed that a putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) was necessary for nuclear HRGβ2 to exert a negative regulation of telomere length whereas the N-terminus (extracellular) amino acids of HRGβ2 were sufficient to interact with RAP1/TRF2 and promote telomere shortening. Taken together, our studies identify nuclear HRGβ2 as one of the previously unknown regulators predicted to be recruited by the RAP1 linker domain to negatively regulate telomere length in human cells. Our current findings reveal that a new, but likely not the last, unexpected visitor has arrived to the “telosome/shelterin town”.
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15
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CD3(+)CD8(+)CD28(-) T Lymphocytes in Patients with Lupus Nephritis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1058165. [PMID: 27446964 PMCID: PMC4944066 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1058165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of studies on the CD3+CD8+CD28− cells in SLE are inconsistent since several analyses describe CD3+CD8+CD28− as either immunosuppressive or cytotoxic. The aim of this study is to inquire whether the quantitative changes of CD3+CD8+CD28− T lymphocytes subpopulation are related to the clinical status of patients with lupus nephritis. Evaluation of Foxp3 expression on CD3+CD8+CD28− cells may shed some light on functional properties of these cells. 54 adult SLE patients and 19 sex and age matched healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. There were 15 patients in inactive (SLEDAI ≤ 5) and 39 in active (SLEDAI > 5) phase of disease. We determined absolute count of CD3+CD8+CD28− and CD3+CD8+CD28−Foxp3+ subpopulations by flow cytometry. We observed a statistically significant increase in absolute count and percentage of CD3+CD8+CD28− in SLE patients compared to HC (p < 0.001). Moreover there was significant positive correlation between increasing absolute count of CD3+CD8+CD28− cells and disease activity measured by SLEDAI (rs = 0.281, p = 0.038). Active LN patients had increased absolute count of CD3+CD8+CD28− cells compared to HC. Positive correlation of CD3+CD8+CD28− number with disease activity, and lack of Foxp3 expression on these cells, suggests that CD3+CD8+CD28− lymphocytes might be responsible for an increased proinflammatory response in the exacerbation of SLE.
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16
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Sridharan DM, Asaithamby A, Blattnig SR, Costes SV, Doetsch PW, Dynan WS, Hahnfeldt P, Hlatky L, Kidane Y, Kronenberg A, Naidu MD, Peterson LE, Plante I, Ponomarev AL, Saha J, Snijders AM, Srinivasan K, Tang J, Werner E, Pluth JM. Evaluating biomarkers to model cancer risk post cosmic ray exposure. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2016; 9:19-47. [PMID: 27345199 PMCID: PMC5613937 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Robust predictive models are essential to manage the risk of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to cosmic rays in the context of the complex deep space environment may place astronauts at high cancer risk. To estimate this risk, it is critical to understand how radiation-induced cellular stress impacts cell fate decisions and how this in turn alters the risk of carcinogenesis. Exposure to the heavy ion component of cosmic rays triggers a multitude of cellular changes, depending on the rate of exposure, the type of damage incurred and individual susceptibility. Heterogeneity in dose, dose rate, radiation quality, energy and particle flux contribute to the complexity of risk assessment. To unravel the impact of each of these factors, it is critical to identify sensitive biomarkers that can serve as inputs for robust modeling of individual risk of cancer or other long-term health consequences of exposure. Limitations in sensitivity of biomarkers to dose and dose rate, and the complexity of longitudinal monitoring, are some of the factors that increase uncertainties in the output from risk prediction models. Here, we critically evaluate candidate early and late biomarkers of radiation exposure and discuss their usefulness in predicting cell fate decisions. Some of the biomarkers we have reviewed include complex clustered DNA damage, persistent DNA repair foci, reactive oxygen species, chromosome aberrations and inflammation. Other biomarkers discussed, often assayed for at longer points post exposure, include mutations, chromosome aberrations, reactive oxygen species and telomere length changes. We discuss the relationship of biomarkers to different potential cell fates, including proliferation, apoptosis, senescence, and loss of stemness, which can propagate genomic instability and alter tissue composition and the underlying mRNA signatures that contribute to cell fate decisions. Our goal is to highlight factors that are important in choosing biomarkers and to evaluate the potential for biomarkers to inform models of post exposure cancer risk. Because cellular stress response pathways to space radiation and environmental carcinogens share common nodes, biomarker-driven risk models may be broadly applicable for estimating risks for other carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve R Blattnig
- Langley Research Center, Langley Research Center (LaRC), VA, United States
| | - Sylvain V Costes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Lynn Hlatky
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yared Kidane
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Mamta D Naidu
- CCSB-Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Leif E Peterson
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ianik Plante
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Artem L Ponomarev
- Wyle Science, Technology & Engineering Group, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Janapriya Saha
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Jonathan Tang
- Exogen Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Janice M Pluth
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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17
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Watson AL, Carlson DF, Largaespada DA, Hackett PB, Fahrenkrug SC. Engineered Swine Models of Cancer. Front Genet 2016; 7:78. [PMID: 27242889 PMCID: PMC4860525 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the technology to engineer genetically modified swine has seen many advancements, and because their physiology is remarkably similar to that of humans, swine models of cancer may be extremely valuable for preclinical safety studies as well as toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals prior to the start of human clinical trials. Hence, the benefits of using swine as a large animal model in cancer research and the potential applications and future opportunities of utilizing pigs in cancer modeling are immense. In this review, we discuss how pigs have been and can be used as a biomedical models for cancer research, with an emphasis on current technologies. We have focused on applications of precision genetics that can provide models that mimic human cancer predisposition syndromes. In particular, we describe the advantages of targeted gene-editing using custom endonucleases, specifically TALENs and CRISPRs, and transposon systems, to make novel pig models of cancer with broad preclinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David A Largaespada
- RecombineticsSt. Paul, MN, USA; Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Pediatrics, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Perry B Hackett
- RecombineticsSt. Paul, MN, USA; Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA; Center for Genome Engineering, University of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN, USA
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18
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Tsai RYL. Balancing self-renewal against genome preservation in stem cells: How do they manage to have the cake and eat it too? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1803-23. [PMID: 26886024 PMCID: PMC5040593 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2152-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are endowed with the awesome power of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation that allows them to be major contributors to tissue homeostasis. Owing to their longevity and self-renewal capacity, they are also faced with a higher risk of genomic damage compared to differentiated cells. Damage on the genome, if not prevented or repaired properly, will threaten the survival of stem cells and culminate in organ failure, premature aging, or cancer formation. It is therefore of paramount importance that stem cells remain genomically stable throughout life. Given their unique biological and functional requirement, stem cells are thought to manage genotoxic stress somewhat differently from non-stem cells. The focus of this article is to review the current knowledge on how stem cells escape the barrage of oxidative and replicative DNA damage to stay in self-renewal. A clear statement on this subject should help us better understand tissue regeneration, aging, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y L Tsai
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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19
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Deblakshmi RK, Deka M, Saikia AK, Sharma BK, Singh N, Das NN, Bose S. Prognostic Relevance of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Expression in Patients with Gall Bladder Disease and Carcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2923-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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20
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Population-specific association of genes for telomere-associated proteins with longevity in an Italian population. Biogerontology 2015; 16:353-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Sundaram S, One J, Siewert J, Teodosescu S, Zhao L, Dimitrievska S, Qian H, Huang AH, Niklason L. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts created from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1535-43. [PMID: 25378654 PMCID: PMC4250208 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to create tissue-engineered vascular grafts was evaluated in this study. hiPSC lines were first induced into a mesenchymal lineage via a neural crest intermediate using a serum-free, chemically defined differentiation scheme. Derived cells exhibited commonly known mesenchymal markers (CD90, CD105, and CD73 and negative marker CD45) and were shown to differentiate into several mesenchymal lineages (osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic). Functional vascular grafts were then engineered by culturing hiPSC-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells in a pulsatile bioreactor system over 8 weeks to induce smooth muscle cell differentiation and collagenous matrix generation. Histological analyses confirmed layers of calponin-positive smooth muscle cells in a collagen-rich matrix. Mechanical tests revealed that grafts had an average burst pressure of 700 mmHg, which is approximately half that of native veins. Additionally, studies revealed that karyotypically normal mesenchymal stem cell clones led to generation of grafts with predicted features of engineered vascular grafts, whereas derived clones having chromosomal abnormalities generated calcified vessel constructs, possibly because of cell apoptosis during culture. Overall, these results provide significant insight into the utility of hiPS cells for vascular graft generation. They pave the way for creating personalized, patient-specific vascular grafts for surgical applications, as well as for creating experimental models of vascular development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumati Sundaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Jennifer One
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Joshua Siewert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Stephan Teodosescu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Sashka Dimitrievska
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Angela H Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
| | - Laura Niklason
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, California, USA
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22
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Jaiswal A, Lakshmi P. Molecular inhibition of telomerase recruitment using designer peptides: anin silicoapproach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1442-59. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.953207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Taddei ML, Cavallini L, Comito G, Giannoni E, Folini M, Marini A, Gandellini P, Morandi A, Pintus G, Raspollini MR, Zaffaroni N, Chiarugi P. Senescent stroma promotes prostate cancer progression: the role of miR-210. Mol Oncol 2014; 8:1729-46. [PMID: 25091736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We focused our interest on senescent human-derived fibroblasts in the progression of prostate cancer. Hypoxic senescent fibroblasts promote prostate cancer aggressiveness by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and by secreting energy-rich compounds to support cancer cell growth. Hypoxic senescent fibroblasts additionally increase: i) the recruitment of monocytes and their M2-macrophage polarization, ii) the recruitment of bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cells, facilitating their vasculogenic ability and iii) capillary morphogenesis, proliferation and invasion of human mature endothelial cells. In addition, we highlight that overexpression of the hypoxia-induced miR-210 in young fibroblasts increases their senescence-associated features and converts them into cancer associated fibroblast (CAF)-like cells, able to promote cancer cells EMT, to support angiogenesis and to recruit endothelial precursor cells and monocytes/macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cavallini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Giannoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Folini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Marini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Gandellini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Morandi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43/B 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Raspollini
- Histology and Molecular Diagnostic, University Hospital Careggi, Viale G.B. Morgagni 85, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G. Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Chiarugi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; Center for Research, Transfer and High Education 'Study at Molecular and Clinical Level of Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development on Novel Therapies', Italy
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24
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Grandjenette C, Schnekenburger M, Karius T, Ghelfi J, Gaigneaux A, Henry E, Dicato M, Diederich M. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-mediated c-myc Down-regulation triggers telomere-dependent senescence by regulating human telomerase reverse transcriptase in chronic myeloid leukemia. Neoplasia 2014; 16:511-28. [PMID: 24970385 PMCID: PMC4198755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased proliferation rates as well as resistance to apoptosis are considered major obstacles for the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), thus highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Since senescence has been recognized as a physiological barrier against tumorigenesis, senescence-based therapy could represent a new strategy against CML. DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (DAC) was reported to induce cellular senescence but underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we report that exposure to DAC triggers senescence in chronic leukemia cell lines as evidenced by increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and lysosomal mass, accompanied by an up-regulation of cell cycle-related genes. We provide evidence that DAC is able to decrease telomere length, to reduce telomerase activity and to decrease human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) expression through decreased binding of c-myc to the hTERT promoter. Altogether, our results reveal the role of c-myc in telomere-dependent DAC-induced senescence and therefore provide new clues for improving chronic human leukemia treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Grandjenette
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Schnekenburger
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Tommy Karius
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Ghelfi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anthoula Gaigneaux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Estelle Henry
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, 9, rue Edward Steichen, L-2540 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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25
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Vanillin protects human keratinocyte stem cells against ultraviolet B irradiation. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 63:30-7. [PMID: 24184596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation is one of major factors which induce cellular damages in the epidermis. We investigated protective effects and mechanisms of vanillin, a main constituent of vanilla beans, against UVB-induced cellular damages in keratinocyte stem cells (KSC). Here, vanillin significantly attenuated UVB irradiation-induced cytotoxicity. The vanillin effects were also demonstrated by the results of the senescence-associated β-galactosidase and alkaline comet assays. In addition, vanillin induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Attempts to elucidate a possible mechanism underlying the vanillin-mediated effects revealed that vanillin significantly reduced UVB-induced phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), serine threonine kinase checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), tumor suppressor protein 53 (p53), p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK), S6 ribosomal protein (S6RP), and histone 2A family member X (H2A.X). UVB-induced activation of p53 luciferase reporter was also significantly inhibited by vanillin. In addition, while ATM inhibitor had no effect on the vanillin effects, mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) inhibitor significantly attenuated suppressive effects of vanillin on UVB-induced activation of p53 reporter in KSC. Taken together, these findings suggest that vanillin protects KSC from UVB irradiation and its effects may occur through the suppression of downstream step of MDM2 in UVB irradiation-induced p53 activation.
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Mooren JJ, Gültekin SE, Straetmans JMJAA, Haesevoets A, Peutz-Kootstra CJ, Huebbers CU, Dienes HP, Wieland U, Ramaekers FCS, Kremer B, Speel EJM, Klussmann JP. P16(INK4A) immunostaining is a strong indicator for high-risk-HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinomas and dysplasias, but is unreliable to predict low-risk-HPV-infection in head and neck papillomas and laryngeal dysplasias. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2108-17. [PMID: 24127203 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a risk factor for the development of benign and malignant mucosal head and neck lesions. P16(INK4A) is often used as a surrogate marker for HPV-infection, although there is still controversy with respect its reliability. Our aim was to determine if p16(INK4A) overexpression can accurately predict both high-risk and low-risk-HPV-presence in (pre)malignant and benign head and neck lesions. P16(INK4A) immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 162 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC), 14 tonsillar and 23 laryngeal dysplasias, and 20 tonsillar and 27 laryngeal papillomas. PCR, enzyme-immunoassay and FISH analysis were used to assess HPV-presence and type. Of the 162 OPSCC and 14 tonsillar dysplasias, 51 (31%) and 10 (71%) were HPV16-positive, respectively. All tonsillar papillomas were HPV-negative and four laryngeal dysplasias and 26 laryngeal papillomas were positive for HPV6 or -11. P16(INK4A) immunohistochemistry revealed a strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in 50 out of 51 HPV16-positive and 5 out of 111 HPV-negative OPSCC (p < 0.0001) and in all HPV16-positive tonsillar dysplasias, whereas highly variable staining patterns were detected in the papillomas and laryngeal dysplasias, irrespective of the HPV-status. In addition, the latter lesions generally showed a higher nuclear than cytoplasmic p16(INK4A) immunostaining intensity. In conclusion, our data show that strong nuclear and cytoplasmic p16(INK4A) overexpression is a reliable surrogate indicator for HPV16 in OPSCC and (adjacent) dysplasias. For HPV6 or -11-positive and HPV-negative benign and premalignant lesions of the tonsil and larynx, however, p16(INK4A) immunostaining is highly variable and cannot be recommended to predict HPV-presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen J Mooren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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Lee J, Shin YK, Song JY, Lee KW. Protective mechanism of morin against ultraviolet B-induced cellular senescence in human keratinocyte stem cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 90:20-8. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.835502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fiorentino FP, Marchesi I, Giordano A. On the role of retinoblastoma family proteins in the establishment and maintenance of the epigenetic landscape. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:276-84. [PMID: 22718354 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RB family members are negative regulators of the cell cycle, involved in numerous biological processes such as cellular senescence, development and differentiation. Disruption of RB family pathways are linked to loss of cell cycle control, cellular immortalization and cancer. RB family, and in particular the most studied member RB/p105, has been considered a tumor suppressor gene by more than three decades, and numerous efforts have been done to understand his molecular activity. However, the epigenetic mechanisms behind Rb-mediated tumor suppression have been uncovered only in recent years. In this review, the role of RB family members in cancer epigenetics will be discussed. We start with an introduction to epigenomes, chromatin modifications and cancer epigenetics. In order to provide a clear picture of the involvement of RB family in the epigenetic field, we describe the RB family role in the epigenetic landscape dynamics based on the heterochromatin variety involved, facultative or constitutive. We want to stress that, despite dissimilar modulations, RB family is involved in both mammalian varieties of heterochromatin establishment and maintenance and that disruption of RB family pathways drives to alterations of both heterochromatin structures, thus to the global epigenetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Fiorentino
- Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
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Ligand-activated PPARδ inhibits UVB-induced senescence of human keratinocytes via PTEN-mediated inhibition of superoxide production. Biochem J 2012; 444:27-38. [PMID: 22335598 DOI: 10.1042/bj20111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation-mediated photodamage to the skin has been implicated in premature aging and photoaging-related skin cancer and melanoma. Little is known about the cellular events that underlie premature senescence, or how to impede these events. In the present study we demonstrate that PPARδ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor δ) regulates UVB-induced premature senescence of normal keratinocytes. Activation of PPARδ by GW501516, a specific ligand of PPARδ, significantly attenuated UVB-mediated generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and suppressed senescence of human keratinocytes. Ligand-activated PPARδ up-regulated the expression of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) and suppressed the PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/Akt pathway. Concomitantly, translocation of Rac1 to the plasma membrane, which leads to the activation of NADPH oxidases and generation of ROS, was significantly attenuated. siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of PTEN abrogated the effects of PPARδ on cellular senescence, on PI3K/Akt/Rac1 signalling and on generation of ROS in keratinocytes exposed to UVB. Finally, when HR-1 hairless mice were treated with GW501516 before exposure to UVB, the number of senescent cells in the skin was significantly reduced. Thus ligand-activated PPARδ confers resistance to UVB-induced cellular senescence by up-regulating PTEN and thereby modulating PI3K/Akt/Rac1 signalling to reduce ROS generation in keratinocytes.
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Hsu CC, Lee YC, Yeh SH, Chen CH, Wu CC, Wang TY, Chen YN, Hung LY, Liu YW, Chen HK, Hsiao YT, Wang WS, Tsou JH, Tsou YH, Wu MH, Chang WC, Lin DY. 58-kDa microspherule protein (MSP58) is novel Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1)-associated protein that modulates p53/p21 senescence pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22533-48. [PMID: 22563078 PMCID: PMC3391125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolar 58-kDa microspherule protein (MSP58) protein is a candidate oncogene implicated in modulating cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. In this study, we show that knocking down MSP58 expression caused aneuploidy and led to apoptosis, whereas ectopic expression of MSP58 regulated cell proliferation in a context-dependent manner. Specifically, ectopic expression of MSP58 in normal human IMR90 and Hs68 diploid fibroblasts, the H184B5F5/M10 mammary epithelial cell line, HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells, primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and immortalized NIH3T3 fibroblasts resulted in induction of premature senescence, an enlarged and flattened cellular morphology, and increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. MSP58-driven senescence was strictly dependent on the presence of functional p53 as revealed by the fact that normal cells with p53 knockdown by specific shRNA or cells with a mutated or functionally impaired p53 pathway were effective in bypassing MSP58-induced senescence. At least two senescence mechanisms are induced by MSP58. First, MSP58 activates the DNA damage response and p53/p21 signaling pathways. Second, MSP58, p53, and the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling subunit Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1) form a ternary complex on the p21 promoter and collaborate to activate p21. Additionally, MSP58 protein levels increased in cells undergoing replicative senescence and stress-induced senescence. Notably, the results of analyzing expression levels of MSP58 between tumors and matched normal tissues showed significant changes (both up- and down-regulation) in its expression in various types of tumors. Our findings highlight new aspects of MSP58 in modulating cellular senescence and suggest that MSP58 has both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Chia Hsu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have provided a rational means of obtaining histo-compatible tissues for ‘patient-specific’ regenerative therapies (Hanna et al. 2010; Yamanaka & Blau 2010). Despite the obvious potential of iPS cell-based therapies, there are certain problems that must be overcome before these therapies can become safe and routine (Ohi et al. 2011; Pera 2011). As an alternative, we have recently explored the possibility of using ‘epigenetic rejuvenation’, where the specialized functions of an old cell are rejuvenated in the absence of any change in its differentiated state (Singh & Zacouto 2010). The mechanism(s) that underpin ‘epigenetic rejuvenation’ are unknown and here we discuss model systems, using key epigenetic modifiers, which might shed light on the processes involved. Epigenetic rejuvenation has advantages over iPS cell techniques that are currently being pursued. First, the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities that arise through the cycle of dedifferentiation of somatic cells to iPS cells followed by redifferentiation of iPS cells into the desired cell type are avoided (Gore et al. 2011; Hussein et al. 2011; Pera 2011): epigenetic rejuvenation does not require passage through the de-/redifferentiation cycle. Second, because the aim of epigenetic rejuvenation is to ensure that the differentiated cell type retains its specialized function it makes redundant the question of transcriptional memory that is inimical to iPS cell-based therapies (Ohi et al. 2011). Third, to produce unrelated cell types using the iPS technology takes a long time, around three weeks, whereas epigenetic rejuvenation of old cells will take only a matter of days. Epigenetic rejuvenation provides the most safe, rapid and cheap route to successful regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manukyan
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Zentrum für Biosystemanalyse - ZBSA, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Interaction of Berberine derivative with protein POT1 affect telomere function in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 419:567-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Calvert PA, Liew TV, Gorenne I, Clarke M, Costopoulos C, Obaid DR, O'Sullivan M, Shapiro LM, McNab DC, Densem CG, Schofield PM, Braganza D, Clarke SC, Ray KK, West NEJ, Bennett MR. Leukocyte telomere length is associated with high-risk plaques on virtual histology intravascular ultrasound and increased proinflammatory activity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2157-64. [PMID: 21680897 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.229237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular senescence, is inversely associated with cardiovascular events. However, whether LTL reflects plaque extent or unstable plaques, and the mechanisms underlying any association are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred seventy patients with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome referred for percutaneous coronary intervention underwent 3-vessel virtual histology intravascular ultrasound; 30 372 mm of intravascular ultrasound pullback and 1096 plaques were analyzed. LTL was not associated with plaque volume but was associated with calcified thin-capped fibroatheroma (OR, 1.24; CI, 1.01-1.53; P=0.039) and total fibroatheroma numbers (OR, 1.19; CI, 1.02-1.39; P=0.027). Monocytes from coronary artery disease patients showed increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. To mimic leukocyte senescence, we disrupted telomeres and binding and expression of the telomeric protein protection of telomeres protein-1, inducing DNA damage. Telomere disruption increased monocyte secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6, and IL-1β and oxidative burst, similar to that seen in coronary artery disease patients, and lymphocyte secretion of IL-2 and reduced lymphocyte IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Shorter LTL is associated with high-risk plaque morphology on virtual histology intravascular ultrasound but not total 3-vessel plaque burden. Monocytes with disrupted telomeres show increased proinflammatory activity, which is also seen in coronary artery disease patients, suggesting that telomere shortening promotes high-risk plaque subtypes by increasing proinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Calvert
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Apraiz A, Boyano MD, Asumendi A. Cell-centric view of apoptosis and apoptotic cell death-inducing antitumoral strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1042-80. [PMID: 24212653 PMCID: PMC3756403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death and especially apoptotic cell death, occurs under physiological conditions and is also desirable under pathological circumstances. However, the more we learn about cellular signaling cascades, the less plausible it becomes to find restricted and well-limited signaling pathways. In this context, an extensive description of pathway-connections is necessary in order to point out the main regulatory molecules as well as to select the most appropriate therapeutic targets. On the other hand, irregularities in programmed cell death pathways often lead to tumor development and cancer-related mortality is projected to continue increasing despite the effort to develop more active and selective antitumoral compounds. In fact, tumor cell plasticity represents a major challenge in chemotherapy and improvement on anticancer therapies seems to rely on appropriate drug combinations. An overview of the current status regarding apoptotic pathways as well as available chemotherapeutic compounds provides a new perspective of possible future anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940, Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain.
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Makpol S, Abidin AZ, Sairin K, Mazlan M, Top GM, Ngah WZW. gamma-Tocotrienol prevents oxidative stress-induced telomere shortening in human fibroblasts derived from different aged individuals. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:35-43. [PMID: 20716926 PMCID: PMC2835887 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.1.9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of palm gamma-tocotrienol (GGT) on oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing was investigated in normal human skin fibroblast cell lines derived from different age groups; young (21-year-old, YF), middle (40-year-old, MF) and old (68-year-old, OF). Fibroblast cells were treated with gamma-tocotrienol for 24 hours before or after incubation with IC50 dose of H2O2 for 2 hours. Changes in cell viability, telomere length and telomerase activity were assessed using the MTS assay (Promega, USA), Southern blot analysis and telomere repeat amplification protocol respectively. Results showed that treatment with different concentrations of gamma-tocotrienol increased fibroblasts viability with optimum dose of 80 microM for YF and 40 microM for both MF and OF. At higher concentrations, gamma-tocotrienol treatment caused marked decrease in cell viability with IC50 value of 200 microM (YF), 300 microM (MF) and 100 microM (OF). Exposure to H2O2 decreased cell viability in dose dependent manner, shortened telomere length and reduced telomerase activity in all age groups. The IC50 of H2O2 was found to be; YF (700 microM), MF (400 microM) and OF (100 microM). Results showed that viability increased significantly (p < 0.05) when cells were treated with 80 microM and 40 microM gamma-tocotrienol prior or after H2O2-induced oxidative stress in all age groups. In YF and OF, pretreatment with gamma-tocotrienol prevented shortening of telomere length and reduction in telomerase activity. In MF, telomerase activity increased while no changes in telomere length was observed. However, post-treatment of gamma-tocotrienol did not exert any significant effects on telomere length and telomerase activity. Thus, these data suggest that gamma-tocotrienol protects against oxidative stress-induced cellular ageing by modulating the telomere length possibly via telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Makpol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Lee OH, Kim H, He Q, Baek HJ, Yang D, Chen LY, Liang J, Chae HK, Safari A, Liu D, Songyang Z. Genome-wide YFP fluorescence complementation screen identifies new regulators for telomere signaling in human cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.001628. [PMID: 21044950 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of low-affinity or transient interactions can be a bottleneck in our understanding of signaling networks. To address this problem, we developed an arrayed screening strategy based on protein complementation to systematically investigate protein-protein interactions in live human cells, and performed a large-scale screen for regulators of telomeres. Maintenance of vertebrate telomeres requires the concerted action of members of the Telomere Interactome, built upon the six core telomeric proteins TRF1, TRF2, RAP1, TIN2, TPP1, and POT1. Of the ∼12,000 human proteins examined, we identified over 300 proteins that associated with the six core telomeric proteins. The majority of the identified proteins have not been previously linked to telomere biology, including regulators of post-translational modifications such as protein kinases and ubiquitin E3 ligases. Results from this study shed light on the molecular niche that is fundamental to telomere regulation in humans, and provide a valuable tool to investigate signaling pathways in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Hee Lee
- Severance Hospital Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral and Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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Klingenberg B, Hafkamp HC, Haesevoets A, Manni JJ, Slootweg PJ, Weissenborn SJ, Klussmann JP, Speel EJM. p16 INK4A overexpression is frequently detected in tumour-free tonsil tissue without association with HPV. Histopathology 2010; 56:957-67. [PMID: 20636796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 has been strongly associated with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and appears to be of prognostic significance. Because HPV+ TSCC also accumulates p16(INK4A), this cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor has been proposed as a potential biomarker for HPV in clinical diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in tumour-free tonsillar tissue and the value of p16(INK4A) overexpression in predicting its presence. METHODS AND RESULTS p16(INK4A) overexpression was detected by immunohistochemistry in tissue sections of tumour-free tonsils of 262 patients. They were treated for non-oncological reasons (snoring or chronic/recurrent tonsillitis) consisting of tonsillectomy. Genomic DNA isolated from these tissues was subjected to HPV-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. p16(INK4A) immunoreactivity was detected in 28% of samples in both crypt epithelium (49/177) and lymphoid germinal centres (52/187), which correlated with each other (P < 0.0001). No reactivity was observed in superficial squamous cell epithelium. HPV16 and 18 were detected by PCR analysis in 2/195 cases (1%), which, however, were negative on fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and discrepant on p16(INK4A) immunostaining. CONCLUSIONS No proof was found for the presence of HPV in tumour-free tonsil tissue, despite increased p16(INK4A) expression in a quarter of tonsil cases. Other mechanisms than HPV infection are therefore implicated in p16(INK4A) up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Klingenberg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Chesnokova V, Melmed S. Pituitary senescence: the evolving role of Pttg. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 326:55-9. [PMID: 20153804 PMCID: PMC2906651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of pituitary adenomas they are invariably benign, indicative of unique intrinsic mechanisms controlling pituitary cell proliferation. Cellular senescence is characterized by a largely irreversible cell cycle arrest and constitutes a strong anti-proliferative response, which can be triggered by DNA damage, chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, loss of tumor suppressive signaling or oncogene activation. In vivo senescence is an important protective mechanism against cancer. Here we discuss prospective mechanisms underlying senescence-associated molecular pathways activated in benign pituitary adenomas. Both deletion and over-expression of pituitary tumor transforming gene (Pttg) promote chromosomal instability and aneuploidy. Pttg deletion abrogates tumor development by activating p53/p21-dependent senescence pathways. Abundant PTTG in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas also triggers p21-dependent senescence. Pituitary p21 may therefore safeguard against further chromosomal instability by constraining pituitary tumor growth. These observations point to senescence as a target for effective therapy for both tumor silencing and growth restraint towards development of pituitary malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Chesnokova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars Sinai Medical Center-David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Molecular dissection of telomeric repeat-containing RNA biogenesis unveils the presence of distinct and multiple regulatory pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:4808-17. [PMID: 20713443 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00460-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA), large, heterogeneous, noncoding transcripts which form part of the telomeric heterochromatin. Despite a large number of functions that have been ascribed to TERRA, little is known about its biogenesis. Here, we present the first comprehensive analysis of the molecular structure of TERRA. We identify biochemically distinct TERRA complexes, and we describe TERRA regulation during the cell cycle. Moreover, we demonstrate that TERRA 5' ends contain 7-methylguanosine cap structures and that the poly(A) tail, present on a fraction of TERRA transcripts, contributes to their stability. Poly(A)(-) TERRA, but not poly(A)(+) TERRA, is associated with chromatin, possibly reflecting distinct biological roles of TERRA ribonucleoprotein complexes. In support of this idea, poly(A)(-) and poly(A)(+) TERRA molecules end with distinct sequence registers. We also determine that the bulk of 3'-terminal UUAGGG repeats have an average length of 200 bases, indicating that the length heterogeneity of TERRA likely stems from its subtelomeric regions. Finally, we find that TERRA is regulated during the cell cycle, being lowest in late S phase and peaking in early G(1). Our analyses offer the basis for investigating multiple regulatory pathways that affect TERRA synthesis, processing, turnover, and function.
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Mor-Tzuntz R, Uziel O, Shpilberg O, Lahav J, Raanani P, Bakhanashvili M, Rabizadeh E, Zimra Y, Lahav M, Granot G. Effect of imatinib on the signal transduction cascade regulating telomerase activity in K562 (BCR-ABL-positive) cells sensitive and resistant to imatinib. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:27-37. [PMID: 19837126 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Imatinib mesylate (IM) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for BCR-ABL and indicated for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. It has recently been demonstrated that IM also targets other cellular components. Considering the significant role of telomerase in malignant transformation, we studied the effect of IM on telomerase activity (TA) and regulation in BCR-ABL-positive and -negative cells, sensitive and resistant to IM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through combining telomeric repeat amplification protocol for detecting TA, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blots for detecting RNA and protein levels of telomerase regulating proteins and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, we showed that IM targets telomerase and the signal transduction cascade upstream of it. RESULTS IM significantly inhibited TA in BCR-ABL-positive and -negative cells and in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. TA inhibition was also observed in BCR-ABL positive cells resistant to IM at drug concentrations that did not lead to a reduction in BCR-ABL expression. In addition, a reduction in phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated PDK-1 was also detected following IM incubation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate an inhibitory effect of IM on TA and on the AKT/PDK pathway. Because this effect was observed in cell expressing the BCR-ABL protein as well as cells not expressing it, and in cells sensitive as well as resistant to IM, it is reasonable to assume that the inhibitory effect of IM on TA is not mediated through known IM targets. The results of this study show that cells resistant to IM with regard to its effect on BCR-ABL could still be sensitive to IM treatment regarding other cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahav Mor-Tzuntz
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Petah-Tikva, Israel
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Gallouzi IE. Could stress granules be involved in age-related diseases? Aging (Albany NY) 2009; 1:753-7. [PMID: 20157563 PMCID: PMC2815733 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Imed-Eddine Gallouzi
- McGill University, Department of Biochemistry, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Fiorentino FP, Symonds CE, Macaluso M, Giordano A. Senescence and p130/Rbl2: a new beginning to the end. Cell Res 2009; 19:1044-51. [PMID: 19668264 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is the process of cellular aging dependent on the normal physiological functions of non-immortalized cells. With increasing data being uncovered in this field, the complex molecular web regulating senescence is gradually being unraveled. Recent studies have suggested two main phases of senescence, the triggering of senescence and the maintenance of senescence. Each has been supported by data implying precise roles for DNA methyltransferases, reactive oxygen species and other factors. We will first summarize the data supporting these claims and then highlight the specific role that we hypothesize that p130/Rbl2 plays in the modulation of the senescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Fiorentino
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Regional Reference Center for the Biomolecular Characterization and Genetic Screening of Hereditary Tumors, Università di Palermo, Via del Vespro 127, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Ram R, Uziel O, Eldan O, Fenig E, Beery E, Lichtenberg S, Nordenberg Y, Lahav M. Ionizing radiation up-regulates telomerase activity in cancer cell lines by post-translational mechanism via ras/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:914-23. [PMID: 19188162 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Telomerase is considered currently as a hallmark of cancer, and its inhibition is expected to become an important anticancer modality. In contrast to abundant data concerning the effect of cytotoxic drugs on telomerase activity (TA), there is scant information on the effect of radiation on telomerase. The mechanism of telomerase regulation by irradiation has never been evaluated in detail. In the present study, we investigated the effect of radiation on TA and its regulation in cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effect of various radiation doses on TA in several malignant and nonmalignant cell lines was evaluated. All malignant cells exhibited similar telomerase response to radiation and its regulation was assessed at transcriptional and post-translational levels in K562 cells. Next step was the evaluation of the upstream signaling pathways leading to changes in TA using kinetics and specific inhibitors. RESULTS Radiation up-regulated TA in dose-dependent manner only in cancer cells. Telomerase was activated by phosphorylation by Akt and by cytoplasmic-nuclear shift. Transcriptional processes were not involved in TA. This telomerase regulation is mediated by Ras/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. The canonical membrane effectors of irradiation (epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, and Ca2+ influx) were not involved in this process. CONCLUSIONS Radiation up-regulates telomerase activity specifically in cancer cells. This study adds to accumulating evidence pointing to post-translational level as important mode of telomerase regulation. Telomerase activation due to radiation may be detrimental in treatment of cancer. Data described in this study may add to future interventions aiming at inhibition of telomerase activation during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Ram
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Dikmen ZG, Ozgurtas T, Gryaznov SM, Herbert BS. Targeting critical steps of cancer metastasis and recurrence using telomerase template antagonists. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:240-7. [PMID: 19419695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis, tumor relapse, and drug resistance remain major obstacles in the treatment of cancer. Therefore, more research on the mechanisms of these processes in disease is warranted for improved treatment options. Recent evidence suggests that the capability to sustain tumor growth and metastasis resides in a subpopulation of cells, termed cancer stem cells or tumor-initiating cells. Continuous proliferation and self-renewal are characteristics of stem/progenitor cells. Telomerase and the maintenance of telomeres are key players in the ability of stem and cancer cells to bypass senescence and be immortal. Therefore, telomerase inhibitors have the therapeutic potential for reducing tumor relapse by targeting cancer stem cells and other processes involved in metastasis. Herein we review the role of telomerase in the immortal phenotype of cancer and cancer stem cells, targeting telomerase in cancer, and discuss other opportunities for telomerase inhibitors to target critical steps in cancer metastasis and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Gunnur Dikmen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hacettepe, 06100 Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Folini M, Gandellini P, Zaffaroni N. Targeting the telosome: therapeutic implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:309-16. [PMID: 19419699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since telomere integrity is required to guarantee the unlimited replicative potential of cancer cells, telomerase, the enzyme responsible for telomere length maintenance in most human tumors, and lately also telomeres themselves have become extremely attractive targets for new anticancer interventions. At the current status of knowledge, it is still not possible to define the best therapeutic target between telomerase and telomeres. It is noteworthy that interfering with telomeres, through direct targeting of telomeric DNA or proteins involved in the telosome complex, could negatively affect the proliferative potential not only of tumors expressing telomerase activity but also of those that maintain their telomeres through alternative lengthening or still unknown mechanisms. This review presents the different therapeutic approaches proposed thus far and developed in preclinical tumor models and discusses the perspectives for their use in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Folini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Laboratories, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Folini M, Pennati M, Zaffaroni N. RNA interference-mediated validation of genes involved in telomere maintenance and evasion of apoptosis as cancer therapeutic targets. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 487:303-30. [PMID: 19301654 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-547-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new cancer-related therapeutic targets is mainly based on the identification of genes involved in pathways selectively exploited in cancer cells, including those leading to unlimited replicative potential, evasion of apoptosis, angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastatic spread. Potentially, a gene--or a gene product--is recognized as a cancer target whether its modulation in experimental models can specifically modify or revert the cancer phenotype. As soon as RNA interference (RNAi)--a natural gene silencing mechanism--was demonstrated in mammalian cells, it rapidly became an essential means for gene knockdown in preclinical models, making it possible to define the role of several human genes and to identify those specifically involved in the onset and progression of cancer. Owing to its powerful gene-silencing properties, RNAi has been proposed as a useful tool to validate new therapeutic targets and to develop innovative anticancer therapies. This chapter summarizes the findings from recent studies relying on the use of RNAi-based approaches to functionally validate therapeutic targets related to two tumor hallmarks: the unlimited replicative potential (i.e., activation of telomere maintenance mechanisms) and evasion of apoptosis (i.e., up-regulation of anti-apoptotic factors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Folini
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale e Laboratori, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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Campo-Trapero J, Cano-Sánchez J, Palacios-Sánchez B, Llamas-Martínez S, Lo muzio L, Bascones-Martínez A. Cellular senescence in oral cancer and precancer and treatment implications: a review. Acta Oncol 2008; 47:1464-74. [PMID: 18607883 DOI: 10.1080/02841860802183612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have demonstrated the capacity of the human organism to prevent the growth of potentially carcinogenic cells by paralyzing them. This antitumor mechanism is known as cellular senescence and is defined as an emergency defence system for cells on the way to becoming cancerous. RESULTS This review of the literature suggests that oncogene-induced senescence may be a response to oncogenic activation, acting as a natural barrier against tumorigenesis at a premalignant stage. Thus, a large number of cells enter senescence in premalignant lesions but none do so in malignant tumors, due to the loss of senescent pathway effectors such as p16(INK4a) or ARF-p53. Potential senescence markers in oral precancerous lesions include p21(WAF1), p16(INK4a), pRb, Maspin, RAR-beta, G-actin, p15(INK4b), DCR2, and DEC1, some of which are currently under study. CONCLUSION In the short term, the study of this mechanism may yield valuable data for the management of oral cancer and precancer, for which no effective diagnostic or prognostic markers are yet available.
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Abstract
The telosome/shelterin protein complex bound to telomeres is essential for maintenance of telomere structure and telomere signaling functions. The telomeres that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes serve a dual role in protecting the chromosome ends and in intracellular signaling for regulating cell proliferation. A complex of six telomere-associated proteins has been identified - the telosome or shelterin complex - that is crucial for both the maintenance of telomere structure and its signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Xin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lee JE, Oh BK, Choi J, Park YN. Telomeric 3' overhangs in chronic HBV-related hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:264-272. [PMID: 18449889 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Telomeric 3' overhang is a key component of telomere structure, but little is known about its role in hepatocarcinogenesis. We examined the 3' overhang and telomere length, mRNA levels of hTERT, POT1, TRF1 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19) in 41 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and adjacent non-HCCs of B viral chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis. 3' overhang length was positively correlated with telomere length (p < 0.001). In non-HCCs, the 3' overhang shortened with increasing age (p = 0.043). Twenty-six HCCs had shorter and 15 HCCs had longer 3' overhangs than the adjacent non-HCCs. The mRNA levels of hTERT, POT1 and TRF1 were upregulated in HCCs than in non-HCCs. HCCs with lengthened 3' overhangs expressed higher hTERT mRNA levels than those with shortened 3' overhangs, when compared to 3' overhangs in non-HCCs (p = 0.044). POT1 and TRF1 showed no significant difference according to the 3' overhangs. HCCs with long 3' overhangs had higher mitosis (p = 0.046) and more frequent multipolar mitosis compared to those with short 3' overhangs (p = 0.034). HCCs with high cytokeratin 19 mRNA levels, a marker for hepatic progenitor cells, had longer 3' overhangs than HCCs with low cytokeratin 19 mRNA levels (p= 0.019). In conclusion, the 3' overhang erosion might be closely related to the number of cell divisions in telomerase-negative hepatocytes of chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis. In telomerase-positive HCCs, an altered 3' overhang are involved in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis and hTERT might be involved in regulation of 3' overhang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease, Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Bong-Kyeong Oh
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
| | - Jinsub Choi
- Department of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Center for Chronic Metabolic Disease, Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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