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Li Z, Xu K, Zhou Z, Liang C, Gu W, Ran J. A novel SOX10 mutation causing Waardenburg syndrome type 2 by expressing a truncated and dysfunctional protein in a Chinese child. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:536. [PMID: 38642155 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify the causative variants in a patient with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) type 2 using whole exome sequencing (WES). METHODS The clinical features of the patient were collected. WES was performed on the patient and his parents to screen causative genetic variants and Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the candidate mutation. The AlphaFold2 software was used to predict the changes in the 3D structure of the mutant protein. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the SOX10 mutant in vitro. RESULTS A de novo variant of SOX10 gene, NM_006941.4: c.707_714del (p. H236Pfs*42), was identified, and it was predicted to disrupt the wild-type DIM/HMG conformation in SOX10. In-vitro analysis showed an increased level of expression of the mutant compared to the wild-type. CONCLUSIONS Our findings helped to understand the genotype-phenotype association in WS2 cases with SOX10 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| | - Ke Xu
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Zhumei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chi Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Weiyue Gu
- Chigene (Beijing) Translational Medical Research Center Co. Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyu Ran
- Department of Pediatrics, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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2
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Coutant K, Magne B, Ferland K, Fuentes-Rodriguez A, Chancy O, Mitchell A, Germain L, Landreville S. Melanocytes in regenerative medicine applications and disease modeling. J Transl Med 2024; 22:336. [PMID: 38589876 PMCID: PMC11003097 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes are dendritic cells localized in skin, eyes, hair follicles, ears, heart and central nervous system. They are characterized by the presence of melanosomes enriched in melanin which are responsible for skin, eye and hair pigmentation. They also have different functions in photoprotection, immunity and sound perception. Melanocyte dysfunction can cause pigmentary disorders, hearing and vision impairments or increased cancer susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of melanocytes in homeostasis and disease, before discussing their potential in regenerative medicine applications, such as for disease modeling, drug testing or therapy development using stem cell technologies, tissue engineering and extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Coutant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Brice Magne
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Karel Ferland
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Fuentes-Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Chancy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - Solange Landreville
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology-Cervico-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Division, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
- Université Laval Cancer Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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Yang K, Yun F, Shi L, Liu X, Jia YF. SOX10 promotes the malignant biological behavior of basal-like breast cancer cells by regulating EMT process. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23162. [PMID: 38144326 PMCID: PMC10746469 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The diagnostic utility of SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) expression in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) has been reported previously. However, the effect of SOX10 on the malignancy of BLBC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unelucidated. Here, we investigate the regulatory mechanisms and roles of SOX10 in BLBC progression. Methods Sequencing data from patients with BLBC were extracted from the Cancer Genome Atlas database to determine the transcriptomic levels of SOX10 across breast cancer subtypes. Subsequently, the bioinformatics relevance of SOX10 in BLBC was investigated. Immunohistochemical assays were used to corroborate the protein expression of SOX10 in clinicopathological specimens (human breast cancer paraffin tissues). RNA interference was used to downregulate SOX10 expression, and the efficiency of interference was evaluated using quantitative PCR. The expression levels of molecules related to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway were determined by western blotting. Various assays, such as transwell, colony formation, and flow apoptosis assays, were conducted to assess the malignancy of BLBC cells (MDA-MB-231). Results Bioinformatics analyses revealed the differential expression of SOX10 in various breast cancer subtypes. An association between SOX10 and immune checkpoint expression was observed in BLBC. Additionally, immune correlation analysis indicated a positive relationship between SOX10 expression and effector immune cells. SOX10 was identified as a potential immunotherapeutic target. Juxtaposed with non-basal-like breast cancer (N-BLBC) and breast adenosis, immunohistochemical analysis revealed the upregulated expression of SOX10 in BLBC, indicating its potential diagnostic significance. Single-gene functional enrichment analysis indicated that SOX10 is associated with EMT and the tumor inflammatory index. Experimental outcomes from cellular assays suggested that the downregulation of SOX10 inhibited multiple malignancy-associated behaviors in MDA-MB-231 cells, specifically affecting the EMT process, migration, invasion, proliferation, clone formation, and anti-apoptotic activities. Conclusions We concluded that SOX10 contributes to the malignancy of BLBC cells by modulating the EMT pathway. Moreover, we observed a notable correlation between SOX10 expression and immune responses, indicating the potential significance of SOX10 in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fen Yun
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
| | - Yong Feng Jia
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, China
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4
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Purwin TJ, Caksa S, Sacan A, Capparelli C, Aplin AE. Gene signature reveals decreased SOX10-dependent transcripts in malignant cells from immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant cutaneous melanomas. iScience 2023; 26:107472. [PMID: 37636077 PMCID: PMC10450419 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence is mounting for cross-resistance between immune checkpoint and targeted kinase inhibitor therapies in cutaneous melanoma patients. Since the loss of the transcription factor, SOX10, causes tolerance to MAPK pathway inhibitors, we used bioinformatic techniques to determine if reduced SOX10 expression/activity is associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance. We integrated SOX10 ChIP-seq, knockout RNA-seq, and knockdown ATAC-seq data from melanoma cell models to develop a robust SOX10 gene signature. We used computational methods to validate this signature as a measure of SOX10-dependent activity in independent single-cell and bulk RNA-seq SOX10 knockdown, cell line panel, and MAPK inhibitor drug-resistant datasets. Evaluation of patient single-cell RNA-seq data revealed lower levels of SOX10-dependent transcripts in immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant tumors. Our results suggest that SOX10-deficient melanoma cells are associated with cross-resistance between targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitors and highlight the need to identify therapeutic strategies that target this subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Purwin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Signe Caksa
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claudia Capparelli
- Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Mao L, Zhu Y, Yan J, Zhang L, Zhu S, An L, Meng Q, Zhang Z, Wang X. Full-length transcriptome sequencing analysis reveals differential skin color regulation in snakeheads fish Channa argus. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaf.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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6
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Quinn C, Maguire A, Rakha E. Pitfalls in breast pathology. Histopathology 2023; 82:140-161. [PMID: 36482276 PMCID: PMC10107929 DOI: 10.1111/his.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accurate pathological diagnosis is the cornerstone of optimal clinical management for patients with breast disease. As non-operative diagnosis has now become the standard of care, histopathologists encounter the daily challenge of making definitive diagnoses on limited breast core needle biopsy (CNB) material. CNB samples are carefully evaluated using microscopic examination of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides and supportive immunohistochemistry (IHC), providing the necessary information to inform the next steps in the patient care pathway. Some entities may be difficult to distinguish on small tissue samples, and if there is uncertainty a diagnostic excision biopsy should be recommended. This review discusses (1) benign breast lesions that may mimic malignancy, (2) malignant conditions that may be misinterpreted as benign, (3) malignant conditions that may be incorrectly diagnosed as primary breast carcinoma, and (4) some IHC pitfalls. The aim of the review is to raise awareness of potential pitfalls in the interpretation of breast lesions that may lead to underdiagnosis, overdiagnosis, or incorrect classification of malignancy with potential adverse outcomes for individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecily Quinn
- Irish National Breast Screening Programme and Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aoife Maguire
- Irish National Breast Screening Programme and Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emad Rakha
- Department of Histopathology, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Comparative role of SOX10 gene in the gliogenesis of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. Differentiation 2022; 128:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rammal R, Goel K, Elishaev E, Rinda Soong T, Jones MW, Zhao C, Clark BZ, Carter GJ, Yu J, Fine JL, Villatoro TM, Harinath L, Bhargava R. The Utility of SOX10 Immunohistochemical Staining in Breast Pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 2022; 158:616-625. [PMID: 36000970 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SOX10 expression helps identify melanocytic lesions. Over time, novel uses have been identified, such as expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We evaluated the usefulness of SOX10 in breast pathology-specifically, identification and subtyping of TNBC and distinction from gynecologic carcinomas, use as a myoepithelial marker, and in the distinction of usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH) from atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH). METHODS Several breast and gynecologic carcinoma tissue microarrays containing a total of 492 cases were stained with SOX10. Whole sections of 34 ADH, 50 UDH, and 29 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) samples were also stained with SOX10. RESULTS SOX10 expression was identified in 67% of consecutive TNBC cases. Expression was mostly seen in nonapocrine, androgen receptor (AR)-negative TNBCs. All gynecologic carcinomas (n = 157) were negative. All UDH cases showed mosaic SOX10 expression, while all ADH cases lacked expression. All estrogen receptor (ER)-positive DCIS (n = 19) specimens were negative for SOX10, while 2 of 10 ER-negative DCIS specimens were positive for SOX10. The latter 2 cases showed SOX10-positive invasive carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS SOX10 identifies nonluminal AR-type TNBC and is useful in distinguishing TNBC from gynecologic carcinomas. SOX10 can distinguish UDH from ADH. SOX10 is not useful in distinguishing ADH from DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Rammal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kanika Goel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Esther Elishaev
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T Rinda Soong
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mirka W Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chengquan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Beth Z Clark
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gloria J Carter
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Fine
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tatiana M Villatoro
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Harinath
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bonnamour G, Charrier B, Sallis S, Leduc E, Pilon N. NR2F1 regulates a Schwann cell precursor-vs-melanocyte cell fate switch in a mouse model of Waardenburg syndrome type IV. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:506-516. [PMID: 35816394 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (WS4) combines abnormal development of neural crest cell (NCC)-derived melanocytes (causing depigmentation and inner ear dysfunction) and enteric nervous system (causing aganglionic megacolon). The full spectrum of WS4 phenotype is present in Spot mice, in which an insertional mutation close to a silencer element leads to NCC-specific upregulation of the transcription factor-coding gene Nr2f1. These mice were previously found to develop aganglionic megacolon because of NR2F1-induced premature differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into enteric glia. Intriguingly, this prior work also showed that inner ear dysfunction in Spot mutants specifically affects balance but not hearing, consistent with the absence of melanocytes in the vestibule only. Here, we report an analysis of the effect of Nr2f1 upregulation on the development of both inner ear and skin melanocytes, also taking in consideration their origin relative to the dorsolateral and ventral NCC migration pathways. In the trunk, we found that NR2F1 overabundance in Spot NCCs forces dorso-laterally migrating melanoblasts to abnormally adopt a Schwann cell precursor (SCP) fate and conversely prevents ventrally migrating SCPs to normally adopt a melanoblast fate. In the head, Nr2f1 upregulation appears not to be uniform, which might explain why SCP-derived melanocytes do colonize the cochlea while non-SCP-derived melanocytes cannot reach the vestibule. Collectively, these data point to a key role for NR2F1 in the control of SCP-vs-melanocyte fate choice and unveil a new pathogenic mechanism for WS4. Moreover, our data argue against the proposed existence of a transit-amplifying compartment of melanocyte precursors in hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Bonnamour
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Baptiste Charrier
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sephora Sallis
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Leduc
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada.,Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines-Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Kenny C, Dilshat R, Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Bonde G, Helverson A, Franke CM, Steingrímsson E, Cornell RA. TFAP2 paralogs facilitate chromatin access for MITF at pigmentation and cell proliferation genes. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010207. [PMID: 35580127 PMCID: PMC9159589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing melanocytes and in melanoma cells, multiple paralogs of the Activating-enhancer-binding Protein 2 family of transcription factors (TFAP2) contribute to expression of genes encoding pigmentation regulators, but their interaction with Microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a master regulator of these cells, is unclear. Supporting the model that TFAP2 facilitates MITF's ability to activate expression of pigmentation genes, single-cell seq analysis of zebrafish embryos revealed that pigmentation genes are only expressed in the subset of mitfa-expressing cells that also express tfap2 paralogs. To test this model in SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells we deleted the two TFAP2 paralogs with highest expression, TFAP2A and TFAP2C, creating TFAP2 knockout (TFAP2-KO) cells. We then assessed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, binding of TFAP2A and of MITF, and the chromatin marks H3K27Ac and H3K27Me3 which are characteristic of active enhancers and silenced chromatin, respectively. Integrated analyses of these datasets indicate TFAP2 paralogs directly activate enhancers near genes enriched for roles in pigmentation and proliferation, and directly repress enhancers near genes enriched for roles in cell adhesion. Consistently, compared to WT cells, TFAP2-KO cells proliferate less and adhere to one another more. TFAP2 paralogs and MITF co-operatively activate a subset of enhancers, with the former necessary for MITF binding and chromatin accessibility. By contrast, TFAP2 paralogs and MITF do not appear to co-operatively inhibit enhancers. These studies reveal a mechanism by which TFAP2 profoundly influences the set of genes activated by MITF, and thereby the phenotype of pigment cells and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Ramile Dilshat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hannah E. Seberg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Gregory Bonde
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Annika Helverson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Franke
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eiríkur Steingrímsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Robert A. Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Ono T, Hinz F, Tanaka S, Takahashi M, Nanjo H, von Deimling A, Shimizu H. Adult cerebellar glioblastoma categorized into a pediatric methylation class with a unique radiological and histological appearance: illustrative case. JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY. CASE LESSONS 2022; 3:CASE2260. [PMID: 36303507 PMCID: PMC9379691 DOI: 10.3171/case2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies report that cerebellar glioblastoma (GBM) is categorized into the RTK1 methylation class. GBM pediatric RTK (pedRTK) subtypes are distinct from those of adult GBM. We present a unique adult case of cerebellar GBM classified into the pedRTK subtype. OBSERVATIONS Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a homogeneous enhancing lesion in the right cerebellum in a 56-year-old woman presenting with ataxia and dizziness. Arterial spin labeling and angiographic findings and the intraoperative orange-colored tumor appearance were reminiscent of hemangioblastoma. She showed an atypical presentation in terms of high glucose metabolism. The histological diagnosis was high-grade glioma with differentiation similar to central nervous system neuroblastoma. The methylation class was GBM pedRTK1. Consistent with this classification, immunoexpression was positive for SOX10 and negative for ANKRD55. She underwent craniospinal radiotherapy (23.4 Gy) with a boost to the tumor bed (total 55.8 Gy). Twelve courses of temozolomide therapy were administered. There was no recurrence 18 months after surgery. LESSONS Radiological and intraoperative findings, such as hemangioblastoma and high glucose metabolism, were notable characteristics in the present case. Both glial and neuronal differentiation and SOX10 immunoexpression were presenting pathological features. Similar cerebellar GBMs might form a previously unestablished subtype. Establishing effective molecular diagnoses is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Felix Hinz
- Department for Neuropathology and CCU Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shogo Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masataka Takahashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Akita University Hospital, Akita, Japan
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department for Neuropathology and CCU Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg and DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
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12
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Sox10 Gene Is Required for the Survival of Saccular and Utricular Hair Cells in a Porcine Model. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3323-3335. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Yoo H, Lee HR, Kim KH, Kim MA, Bang S, Kang YH, Kim WH, Song Y, Chang SE. CRTC3, a sensor and key regulator for melanogenesis, as a tunable therapeutic target for pigmentary disorders. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:9918-9936. [PMID: 34815795 PMCID: PMC8581419 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although CREB phosphorylation is known to be essential in UVB/cAMP-stimulated melanogenesis, CREB null mice did not show identifiable pigmentation phenotypes. Here, we show that CREB-regulated transcription co-activator 3 (CRTC3) quantitatively regulates and orchestrates melanogenesis by directly targeting microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and regulating the expression of most key melanogenesis-related genes. Methods: We analyzed CRTC3-null, KRT14-SCF transgenic, and their crossover mice. The molecular basis of CRTC3 effects on pigmentation was investigated by histology, melanin/tyrosinase assay, immunoblotting, shRNA, promoter assay, qRT-PCR, and subcellular localization. These analyses were carried out in primary cultured melanocytes, mouse cell lines, normal human cells, co-cultures, and ex vivo human skin. CRTC/CREB activity screening was performed to identify candidate agents for the regulation of melanogenesis. Results: The coat and skin color of CRTC3-null mice was paler due to a reduction in melanin deposition. Melanogenesis-related genes were reduced in CRTC3-deficient cultured melanocytes and tail skin of CRTC3-null mice. Notably, basal levels of MITF present in CRTC3-null mice were sufficient for melanocytic differentiation/survival. Thus CRTC3-null mice showed a comparable number of epidermal melanocytes compared to control mice. Stem cell factor (SCF) introduction by crossing with KRT14-SCF mice increased epidermal melanocytes and melanin deposition in control and CRTC3-null mice, but the skin color remained still light on the CRTC3-null background. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic potential of altiratinib to inhibit melanogenesis in human melanocytes and human skin effectively and safely. Conclusion: CRTC3 appears to be a key sensor for melanogenesis and can be used as a reversible and tunable tool for selectively regulating melanogenesis without affecting melanocyte integrity. Thus, CRTC3 can also serve as a screening tool for the discovery of ideal melanogenesis-modulating small molecules.
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14
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Pingault V, Zerad L, Bertani-Torres W, Bondurand N. SOX10: 20 years of phenotypic plurality and current understanding of its developmental function. J Med Genet 2021; 59:105-114. [PMID: 34667088 PMCID: PMC8788258 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 belongs to a family of 20 SRY (sex-determining region Y)-related high mobility group box-containing (SOX) proteins, most of which contribute to cell type specification and differentiation of various lineages. The first clue that SOX10 is essential for development, especially in the neural crest, came with the discovery that heterozygous mutations occurring within and around SOX10 cause Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Since then, heterozygous mutations have been reported in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (Waardenburg syndrome type without Hirschsprung disease), PCWH or PCW (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, with or without Hirschsprung disease), intestinal manifestations beyond Hirschsprung (ie, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), Kallmann syndrome and cancer. All of these diseases are consistent with the regulatory role of SOX10 in various neural crest derivatives (melanocytes, the enteric nervous system, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) and extraneural crest tissues (inner ear, oligodendrocytes). The recent evolution of medical practice in constitutional genetics has led to the identification of SOX10 variants in atypical contexts, such as isolated hearing loss or neurodevelopmental disorders, making them more difficult to classify in the absence of both a typical phenotype and specific expertise. Here, we report novel mutations and review those that have already been published and their functional consequences, along with current understanding of SOX10 function in the affected cell types identified through in vivo and in vitro models. We also discuss research options to increase our understanding of the origin of the observed phenotypic variability and improve the diagnosis and medical care of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Zerad
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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15
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Advances in Cardiac Development and Regeneration Using Zebrafish as a Model System for High-Throughput Research. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040040. [PMID: 34698193 PMCID: PMC8544412 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and regeneration will improve diagnostic and therapeutic interventions against heart disease. In this direction, zebrafish is an excellent model because several processes of zebrafish heart development are largely conserved in humans, and zebrafish has several advantages as a model organism. Zebrafish transcriptomic profiles undergo alterations during different stages of cardiac development and regeneration which are revealed by RNA-sequencing. ChIP-sequencing has detected genome-wide occupancy of histone post-translational modifications that epigenetically regulate gene expression and identified a locus with enhancer-like characteristics. ATAC-sequencing has identified active enhancers in cardiac progenitor cells during early developmental stages which overlap with occupancy of histone modifications of active transcription as determined by ChIP-sequencing. CRISPR-mediated editing of the zebrafish genome shows how chromatin modifiers and DNA-binding proteins regulate heart development, in association with crucial signaling pathways. Hence, more studies in this direction are essential to improve human health because they answer fundamental questions on cardiac development and regeneration, their differences, and why zebrafish hearts regenerate upon injury, unlike humans. This review focuses on some of the latest studies using state-of-the-art technology enabled by the elegant yet simple zebrafish.
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16
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Wen J, Song J, Bai Y, Liu Y, Cai X, Mei L, Ma L, He C, Feng Y. A Model of Waardenburg Syndrome Using Patient-Derived iPSCs With a SOX10 Mutation Displays Compromised Maturation and Function of the Neural Crest That Involves Inner Ear Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:720858. [PMID: 34426786 PMCID: PMC8379019 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation. SOX10 is one of its main pathogenicity genes. The generation of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is an efficient means to investigate the mechanisms of inherited human disease. In our work, we set up an iPSC line derived from a WS patient with SOX10 mutation and differentiated into neural crest cells (NCCs), a key cell type involved in inner ear development. Compared with control-derived iPSCs, the SOX10 mutant iPSCs showed significantly decreased efficiency of development and differentiation potential at the stage of NCCs. After that, we carried out high-throughput RNA-seq and evaluated the transcriptional misregulation at every stage. Transcriptome analysis of differentiated NCCs showed widespread gene expression alterations, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in gene ontology terms of neuron migration, skeletal system development, and multicellular organism development, indicating that SOX10 has a pivotal part in the differentiation of NCCs. It's worth noting that, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in inner ear development was found, as well as several genes connected to the inner ear morphogenesis. Based on the protein-protein interaction network, we chose four candidate genes that could be regulated by SOX10 in inner ear development, namely, BMP2, LGR5, GBX2, and GATA3. In conclusion, SOX10 deficiency in this WS subject had a significant impact on the gene expression patterns throughout NCC development in the iPSC model. The DEGs most significantly enriched in inner ear development and morphogenesis may assist in identifying the underlying basis for the inner ear malformation in subjects with WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yijiang Bai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinzhang Cai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyun Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Chufeng He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Centre for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
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17
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Evaluation of Melanocyte Loss in Mycosis Fungoides Using SOX10 Immunohistochemistry. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2021; 8:277-284. [PMID: 34287276 PMCID: PMC8293125 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology8030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with an indolent course that rarely progresses. Histologically, the lesions display a superficial lymphocytic infiltrate with epidermotropism of neoplastic T-cells. Hypopigmented MF is a rare variant that presents with hypopigmented lesions and is more likely to affect young patients. The etiology of the hypopigmentation is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess melanocyte loss in MF through immunohistochemistry (IHC) with SOX10. Twenty cases were evaluated, including seven of the hypopigmented subtype. The neoplastic epidermotropic infiltrate consisted predominantly of CD4+ T-cells in 65% of cases; CD8+ T-cells were present in moderate to abundant numbers in most cases. SOX10 IHC showed a decrease or focal complete loss of melanocytes in 50% of the cases. The predominant neoplastic cell type (CD4+/CD8+), age, race, gender, histologic features, and reported clinical pigmentation of the lesions were not predictive of melanocyte loss. A significant loss of melanocytes was observed in 43% of hypopigmented cases and 54% of conventional cases. Additional studies will increase our understanding of the relationship between observed pigmentation and the loss of melanocytes in MF.
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18
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Ding X, Wang L, Chen M, Wu Y, Ge S, Li J, Fan X, Lin M. Sperm-Specific Glycolysis Enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Regulated by Transcription Factor SOX10 to Promote Uveal Melanoma Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:610683. [PMID: 34249897 PMCID: PMC8267526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.610683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells exhibit increased aerobic glycolysis, which represents a major biochemical alteration associated with malignant transformation; thus, glycolytic enzymes could be exploited to selectively target cancer cells in cancer therapy. Sperm-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDHS) switches glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by coupling with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Here, we demonstrated that GAPDHS displays significantly higher expression in uveal melanoma (UM) than in normal controls. Functionally, the knockdown of GAPDHS in UM cell lines hindered glycolysis by decreasing glucose uptake, lactate production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, cell growth and proliferation; conversely, overexpression of GAPDHS promoted glycolysis, cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, we identified that SOX10 knockdown reduced the activation of GAPDHS, leading to an attenuated malignant phenotype, and that SOX10 overexpression promoted the activation of GAPDHS, leading to an enhanced malignant phenotype. Mechanistically, SOX10 exerted its function by binding to the promoter of GAPDHS to regulate its expression. Importantly, SOX10 abrogation suppressed in vivo tumor growth and proliferation. Collectively, the results reveal that GAPDHS, which is regulated by SOX10, controls glycolysis and contributes to UM tumorigenesis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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19
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Functional in vivo characterization of sox10 enhancers in neural crest and melanoma development. Commun Biol 2021; 4:695. [PMID: 34099848 PMCID: PMC8184803 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a neural crest developmental transcriptional program, which critically involves Sox10 upregulation, is a key conserved aspect of melanoma initiation in both humans and zebrafish, yet transcriptional regulation of sox10 expression is incompletely understood. Here we used ATAC-Seq analysis of multiple zebrafish melanoma tumors to identify recurrently open chromatin domains as putative melanoma-specific sox10 enhancers. Screening in vivo with EGFP reporter constructs revealed 9 of 11 putative sox10 enhancers with embryonic activity in zebrafish. Focusing on the most active enhancer region in melanoma, we identified a region 23 kilobases upstream of sox10, termed peak5, that drives EGFP reporter expression in a subset of neural crest cells, Kolmer-Agduhr neurons, and early melanoma patches and tumors with high specificity. A ~200 base pair region, conserved in Cyprinidae, within peak5 is required for transgenic reporter activity in neural crest and melanoma. This region contains dimeric SoxE/Sox10 dimeric binding sites essential for peak5 neural crest and melanoma activity. We show that deletion of the endogenous peak5 conserved genomic locus decreases embryonic sox10 expression and disrupts adult stripe patterning in our melanoma model background. Our work demonstrates the power of linking developmental and cancer models to better understand neural crest identity in melanoma.
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20
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Wessely A, Steeb T, Berking C, Heppt MV. How Neural Crest Transcription Factors Contribute to Melanoma Heterogeneity, Cellular Plasticity, and Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115761. [PMID: 34071193 PMCID: PMC8198848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the deadliest types of skin cancer. The prognosis strongly depends on the disease stage, thus early detection is crucial. New therapies, including BRAF and MEK inhibitors and immunotherapies, have significantly improved the survival of patients in the last decade. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance is still a challenge. In this review, we discuss two major aspects that contribute to the aggressiveness of melanoma, namely, the embryonic origin of melanocytes and melanoma cells and cellular plasticity. First, we summarize the physiological function of epidermal melanocytes and their development from precursor cells that originate from the neural crest (NC). Next, we discuss the concepts of intratumoral heterogeneity, cellular plasticity, and phenotype switching that enable melanoma to adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment and promote disease progression and drug resistance. Finally, we further dissect the connection of these two aspects by focusing on the transcriptional regulators MSX1, MITF, SOX10, PAX3, and FOXD3. These factors play a key role in NC initiation, NC cell migration, and melanocyte formation, and we discuss how they contribute to cellular plasticity and drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Wessely
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theresa Steeb
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Vincent Heppt
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.W.); (T.S.); (C.B.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-35747
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21
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Muto Y, Ryo E, Namikawa K, Takahashi A, Ogata D, Fujimura T, Yatabe Y, Aiba S, Yamazaki N, Mori T. RB1 gene mutations are a distinct predictive factor in Merkel cell carcinoma. Pathol Int 2021; 71:337-347. [PMID: 33751708 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma that tends to show local recurrence and metastasis. Typically, MCC is polyomavirus (MCPyV)-associated and cytokeratin 20 (CK20) positive. However, little is known about this tumor and its origins. Here, we aimed to determine the developmental origins of MCC and to identify prognostic clinicopathologic factors. Initial examinations revealed that CK20 and MCPyV expression (CK20+, MCPyV+ (60%); CK20+, MCPyV- (10%); CK20-, and MCPyV- (30%)) did not affect overall survival. With RB1 gene sequencing of FFPE specimens, which covered an entire exon, all RB1 mutation-positive cases showed positive regional lymph node and/or distant metastases (8/8 cases, 100%), whereas the frequency of the metastasis was statistically significantly lower in RB1 mutation-negative cases, (10/16 cases, 62%, P = 0.033). The results were also confirmed with immunohistochemistry, and either RB1 alterations, entire exon sequencing, or immunohistochemistry was associated with the metastasis (P = 0.007). RB1 alterations may be used to access the aggressive clinical course of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Muto
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eijitsu Ryo
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Namikawa
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takahashi
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ogata
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Setsuya Aiba
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Mori
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Patchett AL, Tovar C, Blackburn NB, Woods GM, Lyons AB. Mesenchymal plasticity of devil facial tumour cells during in vivo vaccine and immunotherapy trials. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:711-723. [PMID: 33667023 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune evasion is critical to the growth and survival of cancer cells. This is especially pertinent to transmissible cancers, which evade immune detection across genetically diverse hosts. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is threatened by the emergence of Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD), comprising two transmissible cancers (DFT1 and DFT2). The development of effective prophylactic vaccines and therapies against DFTD has been restricted by an incomplete understanding of how allogeneic DFT1 and DFT2 cells maintain immune evasion upon activation of tumour-specific immune responses. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to examine tumours from three experimental DFT1 cases. Two devils received a vaccine prior to inoculation with live DFT1 cells, providing an opportunity to explore changes to DFT1 cancers under immune pressure. Analysis of DFT1 in the non-immunised devil revealed a 'myelinating Schwann cell' phenotype, reflecting both natural DFT1 cancers and the DFT1 cell line used for the experimental challenge. Comparatively, immunised devils exhibited a 'dedifferentiated mesenchymal' DFT1 phenotype. A third 'immune-enriched' phenotype, characterised by increased PDL1 and CTLA-4 expression, was detected in a DFT1 tumour that arose after immunotherapy. In response to immune pressure, mesenchymal plasticity and upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules are used by human cancers to evade immune responses. Similar mechanisms are associated with immune evasion by DFTD cancers, providing novel insights that will inform modification of DFTD vaccines. As DFT1 and DFT2 are clonal cancers transmitted across genetically distinct hosts, the Tasmanian devil provides a 'natural' disease model for more broadly exploring these immune evasion mechanisms in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Nicholas B Blackburn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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23
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Lin X, Tian C, Huang Y, Shi H, Li G. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Black-Spotted Pattern Formation in Spotted Scat ( Scatophagus argus). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030765. [PMID: 33802016 PMCID: PMC8001731 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is a commercially important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in China and East Asian countries. There are dozens of black spots on each side of the body, and the caudal fin, which is yellow and black, is appreciated in ornamental fish markets. To explore the genetic mechanisms of its pattern formation, we found 2357 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome in the black-spotted skin, non-spotted skin and caudal fin in S. argus. The results will expand our knowledge about the molecular mechanism of important genes and pathways associated with pigment pattern formation and provide a certain theoretical basis for the molecular breeding in S. argus. Abstract Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in Asia, especially in southeast China. In this study, skin transcriptomes of S. argus were obtained for three types of skin, including black-spotted skin (A), non-spotted skin (B) and caudal fin (C). A total of nine complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were obtained by Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 1358, 2086 and 487 genes were differentially expressed between A and B, A and C, and B and C, respectively. The results revealed that there were 134 common significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and several key genes related to pigment synthesis and pigmentation, including tyrp1, mitf, pmel, slc7a2, tjp1, hsp70 and mart-1. Of these, some DEGs were associated with pigmentation-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as tyrosine metabolism, melanogenesis, the Wnt signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The results will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms of skin pigmentation differentiation in S. argus and provide valuable information for skin coloration, especially the formation of spotted patterns on other marine fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhan Lin
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.L.); (C.T.); (Y.H.); (H.S.)
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Mariculture Organism Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-759-2383124; Fax: +86-759-2382459
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24
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Cimino-Mathews A. Novel uses of immunohistochemistry in breast pathology: interpretation and pitfalls. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:62-77. [PMID: 33110239 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-00697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry is an essential component of diagnostic breast pathology. The emergence of novel assays and applications is accompanied by new interpretation criteria and potential pitfalls. Immunohistochemistry assists in supporting breast origin for primary or metastatic carcinomas and identifying non-mammary metastases to the breast; however, no single immunostain is perfectly sensitive nor specific. GATA3 and Sox10 are particularly useful immunostains to identify triple negative breast carcinoma, which are often negative for other markers of mammary differentiation. Sox10 labeling is a major potential diagnostic pitfall, as Sox10 and S-100 label both triple negative breast carcinoma and metastatic melanoma; a pan-cytokeratin immunostain should always be included for this differential diagnosis. Novel immunohistochemistry serves as surrogates for the molecular alterations unique to several of special-type breast carcinomas, including the use of MYB in adenoid cystic carcinoma, pan-TRK in secretory carcinoma, and mutant IDH2 in tall cell carcinoma with reversed polarity (TCCRP). In addition, PD-L1 immunohistochemistry is an emerging, albeit imperfect, biomarker for breast cancer immunotherapy, with different assay parameters and scoring criteria in breast carcinoma compared to other tumor types. The expanding repertoire of novel immunohistochemistry provides additional diagnostic tools and biomarkers that improve diagnostic breast pathology and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cimino-Mathews
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 401N Broadway St Weinberg Bldg 2242, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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25
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Wu Y, Fletcher M, Gu Z, Wang Q, Costa B, Bertoni A, Man KH, Schlotter M, Felsberg J, Mangei J, Barbus M, Gaupel AC, Wang W, Weiss T, Eils R, Weller M, Liu H, Reifenberger G, Korshunov A, Angel P, Lichter P, Herrmann C, Radlwimmer B. Glioblastoma epigenome profiling identifies SOX10 as a master regulator of molecular tumour subtype. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6434. [PMID: 33339831 PMCID: PMC7749178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma frequently exhibits therapy-associated subtype transitions to mesenchymal phenotypes with adverse prognosis. Here, we perform multi-omic profiling of 60 glioblastoma primary tumours and use orthogonal analysis of chromatin and RNA-derived gene regulatory networks to identify 38 subtype master regulators, whose cell population-specific activities we further map in published single-cell RNA sequencing data. These analyses identify the oligodendrocyte precursor marker and chromatin modifier SOX10 as a master regulator in RTK I-subtype tumours. In vitro functional studies demonstrate that SOX10 loss causes a subtype switch analogous to the proneural-mesenchymal transition observed in patients at the transcriptomic, epigenetic and phenotypic levels. SOX10 repression in an in vivo syngeneic graft glioblastoma mouse model results in increased tumour invasion, immune cell infiltration and significantly reduced survival, reminiscent of progressive human glioblastoma. These results identify SOX10 as a bona fide master regulator of the RTK I subtype, with both tumour cell-intrinsic and microenvironmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Wu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Fletcher
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zuguang Gu
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Costa
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Bertoni
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ka-Hou Man
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Schlotter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Felsberg
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Mangei
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martje Barbus
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Gaupel
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Eils
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Brain Tumor Center, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Haikun Liu
- Division of Molecular Neurogenetics, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 220, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit, Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 220-221, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ/ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Center for Personalized Oncology (DKFZ-HIPO), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carl Herrmann
- Health Data Science Unit, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Newman J, Brahmbhatt M, Stoff BK, Martinez AP. S-100 protein and SOX10-positive breast carcinoma mimicking metastatic melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:1187-1191. [PMID: 32710508 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a case detailing a 70-year-old female with a history of triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) of the left breast and contralateral stage pT2a nodular melanoma of the right upper arm who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy of the right axilla demonstrating a metastatic epithelioid tumor that was strongly positive for S-100 protein and SOX10. The tumor cells were negative for HMB-45 and Melan-A and positive for CK7 and other breast markers (GCDFP15, mammaglobin, and GATA3). While concerning for metastatic melanoma based on clinical history and initial immunohistochemistry, tumor morphology and subsequent immunohistochemistry was supportive of metastatic breast adenocarcinoma. This case demonstrates a rare but perilous diagnostic pitfall of triple-negative breast carcinomas that strongly and diffusely express S-100 protein and SOX10 mimicking melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Newman
- Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Meera Brahmbhatt
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin K Stoff
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony P Martinez
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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27
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Sox10 Is a Specific Biomarker for Neural Crest Stem Cells in Immunohistochemical Staining in Wistar Rats. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8893703. [PMID: 32908618 PMCID: PMC7477616 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are prototypically migratory cells immigrating from the dorsal neural tube to specific embryonic sites where they generate a variety of cell types. A lot of biomarkers for NCSCs have been identified. However, which biomarkers are the most specific is still unclear. Methods The rat embryos harvested in embryonic day 9 (E9), E9.5, E10, E10.5, E11, E12, E13, and E14 were paraffin-embedded and sectioned in transverse. NCSCs were spatiotemporally demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. NCSCs were isolated, cultured, and stained with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. Results In the paraffin sections of rat embryos, the immunohistochemical staining of RET, p75NTR, and Sox10 can all be used in demonstrating NCSCs. Sox10 was positive mainly in NCSCs while RET and p75NTR were positive not only in NCSCs but also in other tissue cells. In primary culture cells, Sox10 was mainly in the nucleus of NCSCs, RET was mainly in the membrane, and p75NTR was positive in cytoplasm and membrane. Conclusions Sox10 is the specific marker for immunohistochemical staining of NCSCs in paraffin sections. In cultured cells, Sox10, p75NTR, and RET presented a similar staining effect.
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28
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A Novel Spontaneous Mutation of the SOX10 Gene Associated with Waardenburg Syndrome Type II. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:9260807. [PMID: 32908492 PMCID: PMC7474791 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9260807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS), also known as auditory-pigmentary syndrome, is the most common cause of syndromic hearing loss. It is responsible for 2–5% of congenital deafness. WS is classified into four types depending on the clinical phenotypes. Currently, pathogenic mutation of PAX3, MITF, EDNRB, EDN3, SNAI2, or SOX10 can cause corresponding types of WS. Among them, SOX10 mutation is responsible for approximately 15% of type II WS or 50% of type IV WS. We report the case of a proband in a Chinese family who was diagnosed with WS type II. Whole exome sequencing (WES) of the proband detected a novel heterozygous spontaneous mutation: SOX10 c.246delC. According to analysis based on nucleic acid and amino acid sequences, this mutation may produce a truncated protein, with loss of the HMG structure domain. Therefore, this truncated protein may fail to activate the expression of the MITF gene, which regulates melanocytic development and plays a key role in WS. Our finding expands the database of SOX10 mutations associated with WS and provides more information regarding the molecular mechanism of WS.
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29
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Ashrafizadeh M, Taeb S, Hushmandi K, Orouei S, Shahinozzaman M, Zabolian A, Moghadam ER, Raei M, Zarrabi A, Khan H, Najafi M. Cancer and SOX proteins: New insight into their role in ovarian cancer progression/inhibition. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105159. [PMID: 32818654 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are potential targets in disease therapy, particularly in cancer. This is due to the fact that transcription factors regulate a variety of cellular events, and their modulation has opened a new window in cancer therapy. Sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (SOX) proteins are potential transcription factors that are involved in developmental processes such as embryogenesis. It has been reported that abnormal expression of SOX proteins is associated with development of different cancers, particularly ovarian cancer (OC). In the present review, our aim is to provide a mechanistic review of involvement of SOX members in OC. SOX members may suppress and/or promote aggressiveness and proliferation of OC cells. Clinical studies have also confirmed the potential of transcription factors as diagnostic and prognostic factors in OC. Notably, studies have demonstrated the relationship between SOX members and other molecular pathways such as ST6Ga1-I, PI3K, ERK and so on, leading to more complexity. Furthermore, SOX members can be affected by upstream mediators such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and so on. It is worth mentioning that the expression of each member of SOX proteins is corelated with different stages of OC. Furthermore, their expression determines the response of OC cells to chemotherapy. These topics are discussed in this review to shed some light on role of SOX transcription factors in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Taeb
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- MSc. Student, Department of Genetics, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzla, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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30
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Aphivatanasiri C, Li J, Chan R, Jamidi SK, Tsang JY, Poon IK, Shao Y, Tong J, To KF, Chan SK, Tam F, Cheung SY, Shea KH, Tse GM. Combined SOX10 GATA3 is most sensitive in detecting primary and metastatic breast cancers: a comparative study of breast markers in multiple tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 184:11-21. [PMID: 32737715 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For invasive breast cancer (IBC), high SOX10 expression was reported particularly in TNBC. This raised the possibility that SOX10 may complement other breast markers for determining cancers of breast origin. METHODS Here, we compared the expression of SOX10 with other breast markers (GATA3, mammaglobin and GCDFP15) and their combined expression in a large cohort of IBC together with nodal metastases. We have also evaluated the expression of GATA3 and SOX10 in a wide spectrum of non-breast carcinomas to assess their value as breast specific markers. RESULTS Compared with other markers, SOX10 showed lower overall sensitivity (6.5%), but higher sensitivity in TNBC (31.4%) than other breast markers including GATA3 (29.7% for TNBC). Its expression demonstrated the highest concordance between the paired IBC and nodal metastases (96.4%, κ = 0.663) among all the breast markers. More importantly, SOX10 identified many GATA3-negative TNBC, thus the SOX10/GATA3 combination was the most sensitive marker combination for IBC (86.6%). For non-breast carcinoma, a high SOX10/GATA3 expression rate was found in melanoma (77.9%, predominately expressed SOX10), urothelial carcinoma (82.0%, predominately expressed GATA3) and salivary gland tumors (69.4%). Other carcinomas, including cancers from lungs, showed very low expression for the marker combination. CONCLUSIONS The data suggested that SOX10/GATA3 combination can be used for differentiating metastases of breast and multiple non-breast origins. However, the differentiation with melanoma and urothelial tumors required more careful histologic examination, thorough clinical information and additional site-specific IHC markers. For salivary gland tumors, the overlapping tumor types with IBC renders the differentiation difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Shirley K Jamidi
- Department of Pathology, Eka Hospital, Bumi Serpong Damai, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ivan K Poon
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Shao
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Joanna Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Siu-Ki Chan
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fiona Tam
- Department of Pathology, Kwong Wah Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sai-Yin Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka-Ho Shea
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gary M Tse
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ngan Shing Street, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Qi J, Hu Z, Xiao H, Liu R, Guo W, Yang Z, Ma K, Su S, Tang P, Zhou X, Zhou J, Wang K. SOX10 - A Novel Marker for the Differential Diagnosis of Breast Metaplastic Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:4039-4044. [PMID: 32547236 PMCID: PMC7266319 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Differential diagnosis of metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma of breast (MSCCB) is difficult. In particular, in terms of metastatic MSCCB, because of the low speciality of traditional markers such as mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15) and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), the most common problem is differentiating the spread of MSCCB to the lung from a primary lung squamous cell carcinoma. It is urgently required to explore a novel marker to aid in differential diagnosis. Aim The aim of this study is to explore a novel marker to aid in the differential diagnosis of MSCCB from other squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in other organs. Methods We tested the expression of SOX10 in 375 human SCC specimens with immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results In a series of 20 MSCCB, 9 (45%) were positive for SOX10. All of them were triple-negative MSCCB. Conversely, SOX10 was totally negative in another 205 SCC originating from lung, skin, cervix, oral mucosa, and esophagus. In a series of 150 triple-negative breast cancer and their metastatic foci, SOX10 labeling in the primary tumor and metastasis was 78% and 79.3%, respectively, and the agreement rate was 97.3% (P>0.05). Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that SOX10 was recommended for differentiating MSCCB from non-mammary metastasis to the breast, as well as for distinguishing primary SCC from metastatic MSCCB, and SOX10 may be valuable in the pathological diagnosis of breast-derived metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Hu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewen Ma
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Shitong Su
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunjian Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuansong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, People's Republic of China
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32
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Zhang Q, He HH, Janjua MU, Wang F, Yang YB, Mo ZH, Liu J, Jin P. Identification of two novel mutations in three Chinese families with Kallmann syndrome using whole exome sequencing. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13594. [PMID: 32400067 DOI: 10.1111/and.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare developmental disorder that manifests as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. More than 19 genes have been found to be associated with KS. However, approximately 70% of the causes of KS remain unclear. Here, we studied seven KS patients, from three families, who had delayed puberty and olfactory bulb dysplasia. However, the families of these patients showed a range of other unique clinical features, including hearing loss, anosmia (to varying degrees) and unilateral renal agenesis. We performed whole exome sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) sequencing on samples acquired from these patients. We identified two novel mutations (c.844delC in ANOS1, c.475C>T in SOX10) and a novel trigenic pattern, PROKR2/CHD7/FEZF1 (c.337T>C in PROKR2, c.748C>G in FEZF1, c.8773G>A in CHD7). The c.844delC mutation in the ANOS1 gene was predicted to generate a truncated form of the anosmin-1 protein. SIFT and PolyPhen-2 predicted that the c.475C>T mutation in SOX10 had a damaging effect. The PROKR2 mutation (c.337T>C) was previously reported as harmful. No pathogenic copy number alterations were detected. Our study expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of KS, a disease that shows considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The application of whole exome sequencing could facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Hui He
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - You-Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Patchett AL, Coorens THH, Darby J, Wilson R, McKay MJ, Kamath KS, Rubin A, Wakefield M, Mcintosh L, Mangiola S, Pye RJ, Flies AS, Corcoran LM, Lyons AB, Woods GM, Murchison EP, Papenfuss AT, Tovar C. Two of a kind: transmissible Schwann cell cancers in the endangered Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1847-1858. [PMID: 31375869 PMCID: PMC11104932 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03259-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) comprises two genetically distinct transmissible cancers (DFT1 and DFT2) endangering the survival of the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) in the wild. DFT1 first arose from a cell of the Schwann cell lineage; however, the tissue-of-origin of the recently discovered DFT2 cancer is unknown. In this study, we compared the transcriptome and proteome of DFT2 tumours to DFT1 and normal Tasmanian devil tissues to determine the tissue-of-origin of the DFT2 cancer. Our findings demonstrate that DFT2 expresses a range of Schwann cell markers and exhibits expression patterns consistent with a similar origin to the DFT1 cancer. Furthermore, DFT2 cells express genes associated with the repair response to peripheral nerve damage. These findings suggest that devils may be predisposed to transmissible cancers of Schwann cell origin. The combined effect of factors such as frequent nerve damage from biting, Schwann cell plasticity and low genetic diversity may allow these cancers to develop on rare occasions. The emergence of two independent transmissible cancers from the same tissue in the Tasmanian devil presents an unprecedented opportunity to gain insight into cancer development, evolution and immune evasion in mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Tim H H Coorens
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Jocelyn Darby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Matthew J McKay
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Karthik S Kamath
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Alan Rubin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Lachlan Mcintosh
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stefano Mangiola
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Ruth J Pye
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - A Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | | | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
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Xu D, Gokcumen O, Khurana E. Loss-of-function tolerance of enhancers in the human genome. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008663. [PMID: 32243438 PMCID: PMC7159235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have surveyed the potential impact of loss-of-function (LoF) variants and identified LoF-tolerant protein-coding genes. However, the tolerance of human genomes to losing enhancers has not yet been evaluated. Here we present the catalog of LoF-tolerant enhancers using structural variants from whole-genome sequences. Using a conservative approach, we estimate that individual human genomes possess at least 28 LoF-tolerant enhancers on average. We assessed the properties of LoF-tolerant enhancers in a unified regulatory network constructed by integrating tissue-specific enhancers and gene-gene interactions. We find that LoF-tolerant enhancers tend to be more tissue-specific and regulate fewer and more dispensable genes relative to other enhancers. They are enriched in immune-related cells while enhancers with low LoF-tolerance are enriched in kidney and brain/neuronal stem cells. We developed a supervised learning approach to predict the LoF-tolerance of all enhancers, which achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 98%. We predict 3,519 more enhancers would be likely tolerant to LoF and 129 enhancers that would have low LoF-tolerance. Our predictions are supported by a known set of disease enhancers and novel deletions from PacBio sequencing. The LoF-tolerance scores provided here will serve as an important reference for disease studies. Enhancers are elements where transcription factors bind and regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. Although multiple previous studies have focused on which genes can tolerate loss-of-function (LoF), none has systematically evaluated the tolerance of all enhancers in the human genome to LoF. Individual studies have shown a broad range of phenotypic effects of enhancer LoF. The phenotypic effects of enhancer LoF likely fall into a spectrum where deletion of LoF-tolerant enhancers would not elicit substantial phenotypic impact, while some enhancers are likely to cause fitness defects when deleted. Here we report a systematic computational approach that uses machine learning and properties of enhancers in a unified human regulatory network with tissue-specific annotations to predict the LoF-tolerance of all enhancers identified in the human genome. The LoF-tolerance scores of enhancers provided in this study can significantly facilitate the interpretation and prioritization of non-coding sequence variants for disease and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Xu
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Omer Gokcumen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Ekta Khurana
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Trivedi A, Mehrotra A, Baum CE, Lewis B, Basuroy T, Blomquist T, Trumbly R, Filipp FV, Setaluri V, de la Serna IL. Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins regulate melanocyte differentiation. Epigenetics Chromatin 2020; 13:14. [PMID: 32151278 PMCID: PMC7063807 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-020-00333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic inhibition of bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins is currently being explored as a new therapeutic approach in cancer. Some studies have also implicated BET proteins as regulators of cell identity and differentiation through their interactions with lineage-specific factors. However, the role of BET proteins has not yet been investigated in melanocyte differentiation. Melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) is the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation, essential for pigmentation and melanocyte survival. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that BET proteins regulate melanocyte differentiation through interactions with MITF. RESULTS Here we show that chemical inhibition of BET proteins prevents differentiation of unpigmented melanoblasts into pigmented melanocytes and results in de-pigmentation of differentiated melanocytes. BET inhibition also slowed cell growth, without causing cell death, increasing the number of cells in G1. Transcriptional profiling revealed that BET inhibition resulted in decreased expression of pigment-specific genes, including many MITF targets. The expression of pigment-specific genes was also down-regulated in melanoma cells, but to a lesser extent. We found that RNAi depletion of the BET family members, bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and bromodomain-containing protein 2 (BRD2) inhibited expression of two melanin synthesis enzymes, TYR and TYRP1. Both BRD4 and BRD2 were detected on melanocyte promoters surrounding MITF-binding sites, were associated with open chromatin structure, and promoted MITF binding to these sites. Furthermore, BRD4 and BRD2 physically interacted with MITF. CONCLUSION These findings indicate a requirement for BET proteins in the regulation of pigmentation and melanocyte differentiation. We identified changes in pigmentation specific gene expression that occur upon BET inhibition in melanoblasts, melanocytes, and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archit Trivedi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Aanchal Mehrotra
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
- Present Address: Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Caitlin E. Baum
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Brandon Lewis
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Tupa Basuroy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
- Present Address: Cancer Center Division, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School, 149 Thirteenth Street, 7th Floor, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - Thomas Blomquist
- Department of Pathology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Robert Trumbly
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
| | - Fabian V. Filipp
- Cancer Systems Biology, Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, München, 85764 Germany
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University München, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 3, Freising, 85354 Germany
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, The School of Medicine and Public Health, 1 S. Park Street, Madison, WI 53715 USA
| | - Ivana L. de la Serna
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614 USA
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SOX10, GATA3, GCDFP15, Androgen Receptor, and Mammaglobin for the Differential Diagnosis Between Triple-negative Breast Cancer and TTF1-negative Lung Adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2020; 43:293-302. [PMID: 30628926 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients have an increased risk of developing visceral metastases and other primary nonbreast cancers, particularly lung cancer. The differential diagnosis of TNBC metastases and primary cancers from other organs can be difficult due to lack of a TNBC standard immunoprofile. We analyzed the diagnostic value of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor, thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF1), Napsin A, mammaglobin, gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP15), Sry-related HMg-Box gene 10 (SOX10), GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), and androgen receptor in a series of 207 TNBC and 152 primary lung adenocarcinomas (LA). All tested TNBCs were TTF1 and Napsin A-negative. When comparing TNBC and TTF1-positive or negative LA, SOX10 had the best sensitivity (62.3%) and specificity (100%) as a marker in favor of TNBC compared with LA, irrespective of TTF1 status (P<0.0001). GATA3 had moderate sensitivity (30.4%) and excellent specificity (98.7%) and misclassified only 2/152 LA (1.3%). GCDFP15 had a moderate sensitivity (20.8%) and excellent specificity (98%) and misclassified only 3/152 (2%) LA. Mammaglobin and androgen receptor had moderate sensitivities (38.2% and 30%), good specificities (81.6% and 86%), and misclassified 28/152 and 21/152 LAs, respectively. In multivariate analysis, the best markers, enabling the distinction between SOX10-negative TNBC and TTF1 and Napsin A-negative LA were GATA3 (odds ratio=33.5; 95% confidence interval, 7.3-153.5; P<0.0001) and GCDFP15 (odds ratio=31.7; 95% confidence interval, 6.9-145.6; P<0.0001). Only 13/207 (6.3%) TNBC cases did not express any aforementioned marker. On the basis of our results, the best sequential immunohistochemical analysis to differentiate TNBC from TTF1-negative LA is first SOX10 followed by GATA3, and finally GCDFP15. This order is important in the diagnostic workup of small biopsies from lung nodules in women with a previous history of TNBC.
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O'Donovan SM, Crowley EK, Brown JRM, O'Sullivan O, O'Leary OF, Timmons S, Nolan YM, Clarke DJ, Hyland NP, Joyce SA, Sullivan AM, O'Neill C. Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein in a rat Parkinson's disease model indicates alterations in the enteric nervous system and the gut microbiome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13726. [PMID: 31576631 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the build-up of α-synuclein protein aggregates throughout the brain; however α-synuclein is also expressed in enteric neurons. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and pathology are frequently reported in PD, including constipation, increased intestinal permeability, glial pathology, and alterations to gut microbiota composition. α-synuclein can propagate through neuronal systems but the site of origin of α-synuclein pathology, whether it be the gut or the brain, is still unknown. Physical exercise is associated with alleviating symptoms of PD and with altering the composition of the gut microbiota. METHODS This study investigated the effects of bilateral nigral injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-α-synuclein on enteric neurons, glia and neurochemistry, the gut microbiome, and bile acid metabolism in rats, some of whom were exposed to voluntary exercise. KEY RESULTS Nigral overexpression of α-synuclein resulted in significant neuronal loss in the ileal submucosal plexus with no change in enteric glia. In contrast, the myenteric plexus showed a significant increase in glial expression, while neuronal numbers were maintained. Concomitant alterations were observed in the gut microbiome and related bile acid metabolism. Voluntary running protected against neuronal loss, increased enteric glial expression, and modified gut microbiome composition in the brain-injected AAV-α-synuclein PD model. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES These results show that developing nigral α-synuclein pathology in this PD model exerts significant alterations on the enteric nervous system (ENS) and gut microbiome that are receptive to modification by exercise. This highlights brain to gut communication as an important mechanism in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M O'Donovan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Erin K Crowley
- Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Orla O'Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Teagasc Food Research Centre Moorepark, Cork, Ireland
| | - Olivia F O'Leary
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Suzanne Timmons
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Centre of Gerontology and Rehabilitation, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Nolan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Niall P Hyland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan A Joyce
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Aideen M Sullivan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cora O'Neill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Cork Neuroscience Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Jeong H, Yu SM, Kim SJ. Inhibitory effects on melanogenesis by thymoquinone are mediated through the β‑catenin pathway in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:379-389. [PMID: 31789395 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a component found in the seeds of Nigella sativa, an annual plant growing on the Mediterranean coast, and is known for its anticancer and anti‑inflammatory effects. However, to date, at least to the best of our knowledge, limited studies are available examining the molecular mechanisms through which TQ inhibits melanogenesis. Accordingly, this study aimed to treat B16F10 mouse melanoma cells with TQ to investigate its apparent effects and its molecular regulatory mechanisms. Treatment of the B16F10 cells with 10, 15 and 20 µM of TQ for 48 h resulted in a dose‑dependent decrease in the expression of microphthalmia‑associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase expression and tyrosinase activity, and these treatments simultaneously led to a decrease in the protein expression and transcription of β‑catenin, a Wnt signaling pathway protein. Pre‑treatment of the cells with the proteasome inhibitor, MG132, to confirm the inhibition of melanogenesis through the β‑catenin pathway by TQ treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of β‑catenin that was initially reduced by TQ, and the expression and activity of MITF and tyrosinase also increased. Pre‑treatment with LiCl, which is known to inactivate glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) by inducing the phosphorylation of the Ser‑9 site, resulted in an increased phospho‑GSK3β expression accompanied by β‑catenin that was initially reduced by TQ, and the recovery of the expression and activity of tyrosinase was also confirmed. The transfection of S37A cDNA into B16F10 cells that overexpress β‑catenin resulted in the recovery of β‑catenin expression that was initially reduced by TQ, and this treatment also recovered the expression and activity of tyrosinase. When zebrafish eggs were treated with 1, 2.5 and 5 µM of TQ at 10 h following fertilization, their melanin content decreased in a dose‑dependent manner. On the whole, these findings demonstrated that the inhibition of melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells by TQ treatment resulted from the inhibition of the β‑catenin pathway and confirmed that TQ treatment inhibited melanogenesis in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam‑do 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Mi Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam‑do 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam‑do 32588, Republic of Korea
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Fufa TD, Baxter LL, Wedel JC, Gildea DE, Loftus SK, Pavan WJ. MEK inhibition remodels the active chromatin landscape and induces SOX10 genomic recruitment in BRAF(V600E) mutant melanoma cells. Epigenetics Chromatin 2019; 12:50. [PMID: 31399133 PMCID: PMC6688322 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The MAPK/ERK signaling pathway is an essential regulator of numerous cell processes that are crucial for normal development as well as cancer progression. While much is known regarding MAPK/ERK signal conveyance from the cell membrane to the nucleus, the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms that govern gene expression downstream of MAPK signaling are not fully elucidated. Results This study employed an integrated epigenome analysis approach to interrogate the effects of MAPK/ERK pathway inhibition on the global transcriptome, the active chromatin landscape, and protein–DNA interactions in 501mel melanoma cells. Treatment of these cells with the small-molecule MEK inhibitor AZD6244 induces hyperpigmentation, widespread gene expression changes including alteration of genes linked to pigmentation, and extensive epigenomic reprogramming of transcriptionally distinct regulatory regions associated with the active chromatin mark H3K27ac. Regulatory regions with differentially acetylated H3K27ac regions following AZD6244 treatment are enriched in transcription factor binding motifs of ETV/ETS and ATF family members as well as the lineage-determining factors MITF and SOX10. H3K27ac-dense enhancer clusters known as super-enhancers show similar transcription factor motif enrichment, and furthermore, these super-enhancers are associated with genes encoding MITF, SOX10, and ETV/ETS proteins. Along with genome-wide resetting of the active enhancer landscape, MEK inhibition also results in widespread SOX10 recruitment throughout the genome, including increased SOX10 binding density at H3K27ac-marked enhancers. Importantly, these MEK inhibitor-responsive enhancers marked by H3K27ac and occupied by SOX10 are located near melanocyte lineage-specific and pigmentation genes and overlap numerous human SNPs associated with pigmentation and melanoma phenotypes, highlighting the variants located within these regions for prioritization in future studies. Conclusions These results reveal the epigenetic reprogramming underlying the re-activation of melanocyte pigmentation and developmental transcriptional programs in 501mel cells in response to MEK inhibition and suggest extensive involvement of a MEK-SOX10 axis in the regulation of these processes. The dynamic chromatin changes identified here provide a rich genomic resource for further analyses of the molecular mechanisms governing the MAPK pathway in pigmentation- and melanocyte-associated diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13072-019-0297-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen D Fufa
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Laura L Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Julia C Wedel
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Derek E Gildea
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Stacie K Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Kei S, Adeyi OA. Practical Application of Lineage-Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers: Transcription Factors (Sometimes) Behaving Badly. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2019; 144:626-643. [PMID: 31385722 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0226-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that regulate gene expression and control RNA transcription from DNA. Lineage-specific TFs have increasingly been used by pathologists to determine tumor lineage, especially in the setting of metastatic tumors of unknown primary, among other uses. With experience gathered from its daily application and increasing pitfalls reported from immunohistochemical studies, these often-touted highly specific TFs are not as reliable as once thought. OBJECTIVES.— To summarize the established roles of many of the commonly used TFs in clinical practice and to discuss known and potential sources for error (eg, false-positivity from cross-reactivity, aberrant, and overlap "lineage-specific" expression) in their application and interpretation. DATA SOURCES.— Literature review and the authors' personal practice experience were used. Several examples selected from the University Health Network (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) are illustrated. CONCLUSIONS.— The application of TF diagnostic immunohistochemistry has enabled pathologists to better assess the lineage/origin of primary and metastatic tumors. However, the awareness of potential pitfalls is essential to avoid misdiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kei
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
| | - Oyedele A Adeyi
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Lou); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis (Dr Adeyi)
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41
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Dai W, Wu J, Zhao Y, Jiang F, Zheng R, Chen DN, Men M, Li JD. Functional analysis of SOX10 mutations identified in Chinese patients with Kallmann syndrome. Gene 2019; 702:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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42
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Merelo Alcocer V, Flamm A, Chen G, Helm K. SOX10 Immunostaining in granulomatous dermatoses and benign reactive lymph nodes. J Cutan Pathol 2019; 46:586-590. [PMID: 30957251 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SOX10 immunostaining has been considered a highly sensitive and specific marker for melanoma. But there is evidence suggesting that SOX10 positive cells can be present in dermal scars. Therefore, we investigated whether non-melanocytic cell types present in chronic inflammatory processes or benign lymph nodes express SOX10. METHODS We retrospectively selected 20 benign lymph nodes and 20 cutaneous granulomatous dermatoses. SOX10, CD68, and Melan-A immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases. RESULTS Scattered SOX10 positivity was found in 85% of lymph nodes, specifically in subcapsular and medullary sinuses and in 85% of granulomatous dermatoses. In granulomatous dermatoses, the Melan-A stain did not label the scattered SOX10 positive cells and it was difficult to determine if CD68 was co-expressed on the SOX10 positive cells. In the lymph nodes, the SOX10 positive cells did not co-express Melan-A or CD68. CONCLUSIONS We report SOX10 positive cells detected in granulomatous dermatoses and benign lymph nodes. In lymph nodes, SOX10 positive cells were exclusively in subcapsular and medullary sinuses. Therefore, SOX10 is an excellent stain for evaluation of metastatic melanoma with the caveat that positivity in subcapsular and medullary sinuses can be of non-melanocytic origin; the use of additional melanocytic markers is recommended in this situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Merelo Alcocer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Alexandra Flamm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Dermatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Guoli Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Klaus Helm
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Dermatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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43
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bioinformatic insights from next-generation sequencing has been integral in understanding melanoma biology, resistance to treatment and provided new avenues for melanoma treatment. Whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing and RNA sequencing has redefined the molecular classification of melanoma, revealed distinct genetic aberrations that define clinical subtypes of melanoma and uncovered the diverse heterogeneity that resides in an individual tumor. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will summarize the recent whole-genome study that catalogs the genomic landscape across many melanoma subtypes, the single-cell RNA sequencing studies that interrogates tumor heterogeneity and the personalized vaccine approaches to melanoma treatment. SUMMARY Whole-genome sequencing of diverse subtypes of melanoma revealed acral and mucosal subtypes to have a different genomic landscape compared with cutaneous melanoma. Acral and mucosal melanomas are characterized by low mutation burden and high structural variants. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed high intratumoral heterogeneity and the existence of rare intrinsic drug-resistant populations. Lastly, vaccination against tumor neoantigens could be a potential personalized medicine therapy for melanoma patients. In summary, bioinformatics research is deeply ingrained in all aspects of melanoma research and will continue to blossom together for many years to come.
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44
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Dermawan JKT, Underwood D, Policarpio-Nicolas ML. Utility of Sry-Related HMG-Box Gene 10 (SOX10) as a marker of melanoma in effusion cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 2019; 47:653-658. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Kam Tai Dermawan
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Dawn Underwood
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
| | - Maria Luisa Policarpio-Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland Ohio
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45
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Abstract
Melanocyte development is orchestrated by a complex interconnecting regulatory network of genes and synergistic interactions. Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome are neurocristopathies that arise from mutations in genes involved in this complex network. Our understanding of melanocyte development, Piebaldism, and Waardenburg syndrome has improved dramatically over the past decade. The diagnosis and classification of Waardenburg syndrome, first proposed in 1992 and based on phenotype, have expanded over the past three decades to include genotype. This review focuses on the current understanding of human melanocyte development and the evaluation and management of Piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome. Management is often challenging and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
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46
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47
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LeBel DP, Wolff DJ, Batalis NI, Ellingham T, Matics N, Patwardhan SC, Znoyko IY, Schandl CA. First Report of Prenatal Ascertainment of a Fetus With Homozygous Loss of the SOX10 Gene and Phenotypic Correlation by Autopsy Examination. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2018; 21:561-567. [PMID: 29216801 DOI: 10.1177/1093526617744714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The SOX10 gene plays a vital role in neural crest cell development and migration. Abnormalities in SOX10 are associated with Waardenburg syndrome Types II and IV, and these patients have recognizable clinical features. This case report highlights the first ever reported homozygous loss of function of the SOX10 gene in a human. This deletion is correlated using family history, prenatal ultrasound, microarray analysis of amniotic fluid, and ultimately, a medical autopsy examination to further elucidate phenotypic effects of this genetic variation. Incorporating the use of molecular pathology into the autopsy examination of fetuses with suspected congenital anomalies is vital for appropriate family counseling, and with the ability to use formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, has become a practical approach in autopsy pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P LeBel
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daynna J Wolff
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Nicholas I Batalis
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Tara Ellingham
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Natalie Matics
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sanjay C Patwardhan
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Iya Y Znoyko
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Cynthia A Schandl
- 1 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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48
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Harbhajanka A, Chahar S, Miskimen K, Silverman P, Harris L, Williams N, Varadan V, Gilmore H. Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular correlation of neural crest transcription factor SOX10 expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 80:163-169. [PMID: 29894722 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 mediates the differentiation of neural crest-derived cells, and SOX10 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is used primarily for the diagnosis of melanoma. SOX10 expression has been previously documented in benign breast myoepithelial cells. However there is limited literature on its expression in triple-negative breast carcinoma (TNBC). The aim was to study the clinical, pathologic and molecular profiles of SOX10+ tumors in TNBC. Tissue microarrays of TNBC were evaluated for SOX10 expression in 48 cases. SOX10 expression was correlated with clinical and pathologic features such as age, grade, and stage. Gene expression was analyzed on RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens with Affymetrix 2.0 HTA. Co-expression of SOX10 with androgen receptor (AR), WT1, gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 (GCDFP-15), mammaglobin, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), CK5/6 and GATA transcription factor 3 (GATA3) were also assessed. The mean age was 59.38 (range, 28-90 years). Overall, 37.5% cases (18/48) were SOX10+. There was no association between SOX10 expression and age, grade or stage of patients; 6 of 10 (60%) cases of basal-like 1 (BL1), and 5 of 8 cases of unstable (UNS) molecular subtype were SOX10+. One of 5 basal-like-2 (BL2), 1 of 6 immunomodulatory (IM), 1 of 4 mesenchymal (M), 1 of 5 luminal androgen receptor (LAR) and 2 of 8 mesenchymal stem cell (MSL) showed lower frequencies of SOX10 expression. There was negative correlation between SOX10 and AR+ subtypes (P < .002). SOX10 was positively correlated with WT1 (P = .05). SOX10 did not show significant correlation with mammaglobin, GCDFP15, EGFR, CK5/6 and GATA3. SOX10 expression in the basal-like and unstable molecular subtypes supports the concept that these neoplasms show myoepithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Harbhajanka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH.
| | - Satyapal Chahar
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Kristy Miskimen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Paula Silverman
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Nicole Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Hospitals, 43210 Columbus, OH
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, 44106 Cleveland, OH
| | - Hannah Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 44106 Cleveland, OH
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49
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Seberg HE, Van Otterloo E, Cornell RA. Beyond MITF: Multiple transcription factors directly regulate the cellular phenotype in melanocytes and melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018. [PMID: 28649789 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MITF governs multiple steps in the development of melanocytes, including specification from neural crest, growth, survival, and terminal differentiation. In addition, the level of MITF activity determines the phenotype adopted by melanoma cells, whether invasive, proliferative, or differentiated. However, MITF does not act alone. Here, we review literature on the transcription factors that co-regulate MITF-dependent genes. ChIP-seq studies have indicated that the transcription factors SOX10, YY1, and TFAP2A co-occupy subsets of regulatory elements bound by MITF in melanocytes. Analyses at single loci also support roles for LEF1, RB1, IRF4, and PAX3 acting in combination with MITF, while sequence motif analyses suggest that additional transcription factors colocalize with MITF at many melanocyte-specific regulatory elements. However, the precise biochemical functions of each of these MITF collaborators and their contributions to gene expression remain to be elucidated. Analogous to the transcriptional networks in morphogen-patterned tissues during embryogenesis, we anticipate that the level of MITF activity is controlled not only by the concentration of activated MITF, but also by additional transcription factors that either quantitatively or qualitatively influence the expression of MITF-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Seberg
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Eric Van Otterloo
- SDM-Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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50
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Cronin JC, Loftus SK, Baxter LL, Swatkoski S, Gucek M, Pavan WJ. Identification and functional analysis of SOX10 phosphorylation sites in melanoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190834. [PMID: 29315345 PMCID: PMC5760019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX10 plays an important role in vertebrate neural crest development, including the establishment and maintenance of the melanocyte lineage. SOX10 is also highly expressed in melanoma tumors, and SOX10 expression increases with tumor progression. The suppression of SOX10 in melanoma cells activates TGF-β signaling and can promote resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Since resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors is seen in the majority of melanoma patients, there is an immediate need to assess the underlying biology that mediates resistance and to identify new targets for combinatorial therapeutic approaches. Previously, we demonstrated that SOX10 protein is required for tumor initiation, maintenance and survival. Here, we present data that support phosphorylation as a mechanism employed by melanoma cells to tightly regulate SOX10 expression. Mass spectrometry identified eight phosphorylation sites contained within SOX10, three of which (S24, S45 and T240) were selected for further analysis based on their location within predicted MAPK/CDK binding motifs. SOX10 mutations were generated at these phosphorylation sites to assess their impact on SOX10 protein function in melanoma cells, including transcriptional activation on target promoters, subcellular localization, and stability. These data further our understanding of SOX10 protein regulation and provide critical information for identification of molecular pathways that modulate SOX10 protein levels in melanoma, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel targets for more effective combinatorial therapeutic approaches for melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Cronin
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Baxter
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steve Swatkoski
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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