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Safe S, Karki K. The Paradoxical Roles of Orphan Nuclear Receptor 4A (NR4A) in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:180-191. [PMID: 33106376 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The three-orphan nuclear receptor 4A genes are induced by diverse stressors and stimuli, and there is increasing evidence that NR4A1 (Nur77), NR4A2 (Nurr1), and NR4A3 (Nor1) play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and in pathophysiology. In blood-derived tumors (leukemias and lymphomas), NR4A expression is low and NR4A1-/-/NR4A3-/- double knockout mice rapidly develop acute myelocytic leukemia, suggesting that these receptors exhibit tumor suppressor activity. Treatment of leukemia and most lymphoma cells with drugs that induce expression of NR4A1and NR4A3 enhances apoptosis, and this represents a potential clinical application for treating this disease. In contrast, most solid tumor-derived cell lines express high levels of NR4A1 and NR4A2, and both receptors exhibit pro-oncogenic activities in solid tumors, whereas NR4A3 exhibits tumor-specific activities. Initial studies with retinoids and apoptosis-inducing agents demonstrated that their cytotoxic activity is NR4A1 dependent and involved drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 and formation of a mitochondrial proapoptotic NR4A1-bcl-2 complex. Drug-induced nuclear export of NR4A1 has been reported for many agents/biologics and involves interactions with multiple mitochondrial and extramitochondrial factors to induce apoptosis. Synthetic ligands for NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 have been identified, and among these compounds, bis-indole derived (CDIM) NR4A1 ligands primarily act on nuclear NR4A1 to inhibit NR4A1-regulated pro-oncogenic pathways/genes and similar results have been observed for CDIMs that bind NR4A2. Based on results of laboratory animal studies development of NR4A inducers (blood-derived cancers) and NR4A1/NR4A2 antagonists (solid tumors) may be promising for cancer therapy and also for enhancing immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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The antitumor toxin CD437 is a direct inhibitor of DNA polymerase α. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:511-5. [PMID: 27182663 PMCID: PMC4912453 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD437 is a retinoid-like small molecule that selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells, but not in normal cells, through an unknown mechanism. We used a forward-genetic strategy to discover mutations in POLA1 that coincide with CD437 resistance (POLA1(R)). Introduction of one of these mutations into cancer cells by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing conferred CD437 resistance, demonstrating causality. POLA1 encodes DNA polymerase α, the enzyme responsible for initiating DNA synthesis during the S phase of the cell cycle. CD437 inhibits DNA replication in cells and recombinant POLA1 activity in vitro. Both effects are abrogated by the identified POLA1 mutations, supporting POLA1 as the direct antitumor target of CD437. In addition, we detected an increase in the total fluorescence intensity and anisotropy of CD437 in the presence of increasing concentrations of POLA1 that is consistent with a direct binding interaction. The discovery of POLA1 as the direct anticancer target for CD437 has the potential to catalyze the development of CD437 into an anticancer therapeutic.
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Duquette SC, Fischer CD, Feener TD, Muench GP, Morck DW, Barreda DR, Nickerson JG, Buret AG. Anti-inflammatory effects of retinoids and carotenoid derivatives on caspase-3–dependent apoptosis and efferocytosis of bovine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:1064-75. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.12.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Basar M, Shapiro JP, Semerci N, Huang JS, Schatz F, Lockwood CJ, Kayisli UA. Long-acting progestin-only contraceptives enhance human endometrial stromal cell expressed neuronal pentraxin-1 and reactive oxygen species to promote endothelial cell apoptosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1957-66. [PMID: 25029423 PMCID: PMC4184079 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the absence of progesterone receptor protein in human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs), endometria of women receiving long-acting progestin-only contraceptives (LAPCs) display reduced uterine blood flow, elevated reactive oxygen species generation, increased angiogenesis, and irregularly distributed, enlarged, fragile microvessels resulting in abnormal uterine bleeding. OBJECTIVE We propose that paracrine factors from LAPC-treated human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) impair HEEC functions by shifting the balance between HEEC viability and death in favor of the latter. DESIGN AND SETTING Proliferation, apoptosis, and transcriptome analyses were performed in HEECs treated with conditioned medium supernatant (CMS) derived from HESCs treated with estradiol (E2) ± medroxyprogesterone acetate or etonogestrel under normoxia or hypoxia. Mass spectrometry interrogated the CMS secretome while immunostaining for neuronal pentraxin-1 (NPTX1), cleaved caspase-3, and cytochrome c was performed in cultured HEECs and paired endometria from women using LAPCs. MAIN OUTCOME HEEC apoptosis and its underlying mechanism. RESULTS HESC CMS from E2 + medroxyprogesterone acetate or E2 + etonogestrel incubations under hypoxia induced HEEC apoptosis (P < .05), whereas mass spectrometry of the CMS revealed increased NPTX1 secretion (P < .05). Endothelial cleaved caspase-3 and stromal NPTX1 immunoreactivity were significantly higher in LAPC-treated endometria (P < .001). Transcriptomics revealed AKT signaling inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in HEECs incubated with HESC CMS. In vitro analyses proved that CMS decreased HEEC AKT phosphorylation (P < .05) and that recombinant NPTX1 (P < .05) or NPTX1 + H2O2 (P < .001) increase HEEC apoptosis and cytosolic cytochrome c levels. CONCLUSIONS LAPC-enhanced NPTX1 secretion and reactive oxygen species generation in HESCs impair HEEC survival resulting in a loss in vascular integrity, demonstrating a novel paracrine mechanism to explain LAPC-induced abnormal uterine bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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2,4-dinitrophenol induces neural differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1407-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Li F, Xia Y, Meiler J, Ferguson-Miller S. Characterization and modeling of the oligomeric state and ligand binding behavior of purified translocator protein 18 kDa from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5884-99. [PMID: 23952237 PMCID: PMC3756528 DOI: 10.1021/bi400431t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Translocator
Protein 18 kDa (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral-type
benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein
that has been identified as a key player in cholesterol and porphyrin
transport, apoptotic signaling, and cancer development, as well as
neurological inflammation and disease. Despite a number of TSPO ligands
whose effects have been studied with respect to these varied biological
activities, the nature of their interactions with TSPO and the molecular
mechanism of their effects remain controversial, in part because of
the lack of an atomic-resolution structure. We expressed and purified
the homologue of mammalian TSPO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (RsTSPO), as well as a mutant form in a proposed
drug binding loop, RsTSPOW38C. We characterized their
binding behaviors with endogenous ligands and a series of compounds
that affect apoptosis by using a sensitive tryptophan fluorescence
quenching assay. Our results show that RsTSPO behaves
as a dimer in the purified state and binds with low micromolar affinity
to many of these ligands, including retinoic acid, curcumin, and a
known Bcl-2 inhibitor, gossypol, suggesting a possible direct role
for TSPO in their regulation of apoptosis. A computational model of
the RsTSPO dimer is constructed using EM-Fold, Rosetta,
and a cryo-electron microscopy density map. Binding behaviors of known
ligands are discussed in the context of the model with respect to
regions that may be involved in binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Lorenzo P, Ortiz MA, Álvarez R, Piedrafita FJ, de Lera ÁR. Adamantyl arotinoids that inhibit IκB kinase α and IκB kinase β. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1184-98. [PMID: 23653373 PMCID: PMC3892996 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the adamantyl arotinoid (AdAr) chalcone MX781 with halogenated benzyloxy substituents at C2' and heterocyclic derivatives replacing the chalcone group were found to inhibit IκBα kinase α (IKKα) and IκBα kinase β (IKKβ) activities. The growth inhibitory capacity of some analogues against Jurkat T cells as well as prostate carcinoma (PC-3) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562) cells, which contain elevated basal IKK activity, correlates with the induction of apoptosis and increased inhibition of recombinant IKKα and IKKβ in vitro, pointing toward inhibition of IKK/NFκB signaling as the most likely target of the anticancer activities of these AdArs. While the chalcone functional group present in many dietary compounds has been shown to mediate interactions with IKKβ via Michael addition with cysteine residues, AdArs containing a five-membered heterocyclic ring (isoxazoles and pyrazoles) in place of the chalcone of the parent system are potent inhibitors of IKKs as well, which suggests that other mechanisms for inhibition exist that do not depend on the presence of a reactive α,β-unsaturated ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigaciones, Biomédicas de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain), Fax: (+34)986811940
| | - María A. Ortiz
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Stomics Ct., San Diego, CA 92121, Fax: (+1) 858 5973884
| | - Rosana Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigaciones, Biomédicas de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain), Fax: (+34)986811940
| | - F. Javier Piedrafita
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Stomics Ct., San Diego, CA 92121, Fax: (+1) 858 5973884
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Instituto de Investigaciones, Biomédicas de Vigo (IBIV), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo (Spain), Fax: (+34)986811940
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Wanka L, Iqbal K, Schreiner PR. The lipophilic bullet hits the targets: medicinal chemistry of adamantane derivatives. Chem Rev 2013; 113:3516-604. [PMID: 23432396 PMCID: PMC3650105 DOI: 10.1021/cr100264t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Wanka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Khalid Iqbal
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY 10314-6399, USA
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Fax +49(641)9934309
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Mitra A, Basak T, Datta K, Naskar S, Sengupta S, Sarkar S. Role of α-crystallin B as a regulatory switch in modulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis by mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum during cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e582. [PMID: 23559016 PMCID: PMC3641337 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial infarction (MI) are two major causes of heart failure with different etiologies. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with these two diseases are not yet fully understood. So, this study was designed to decipher the process of cardiomyocyte apoptosis during cardiac hypertrophy and MI in vivo. Our study revealed that mitochondrial outer membrane channel protein voltage-dependent anion channel-1 (VDAC1) was upregulated exclusively during cardiac hypertrophy, whereas 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) was exclusively upregulated during MI, which is an important upstream regulator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway. Further downstream analysis revealed that mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is instrumental in case of hypertrophy, whereas ER stress-induced apoptosis is predominant during MI, which was confirmed by treatment with either siRNA against VDAC1 or ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). Very interestingly, our data also showed that the expression and interaction of small heat-shock protein α-crystallin B (CRYAB) with VDAC1 was much more pronounced during MI compared with either hypertrophy or control. The study demonstrated for the first time that two different organelles—mitochondria and ER have predominant roles in mediating cardiomyocyte death signaling during hypertrophy and MI, respectively, and activation of CRYAB acts as a molecular switch in bypassing mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis during MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35, B.C. Road, Kolkata 700 019, India
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New insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensitivity/resistance to the atypical retinoid ST1926 in acute myeloid leukaemia cells: The role of histone H2A.Z, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and the proteasome. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1491-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Magnussen GI, Ree Rosnes AK, Shahzidi S, Dong HP, Emilsen E, Engesæter B, Flørenes VA. Synthetic retinoid CD437 induces apoptosis and acts synergistically with TRAIL receptor-2 agonist in malignant melanoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:516-22. [PMID: 22446330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The novel synthetic retinoid, CD437, shows potent anti-tumor activity in a range of different cancer cell lines and now serves as a prototype for development of new retinoid related molecules (RRMs). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect and cellular targets of CD437 in the human metastatic melanoma cell lines FEMX-1 and WM239. We showed that treatment with CD437 led to cell cycle arrest and induced apoptosis through both the extrinsic- and intrinsic pathways (caspase 8, -9 and PARP cleavage) in both cell lines. Interestingly, apoptosis was induced independently of DNA-fragmentation in FEMX-1 cells, and appeared partially caspase-independent in the WM239 cells. Additionally, up-regulation of CHOP mRNA and cathepsin D protein expression, following retinoid treatment, suggests involvement of the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes, respectively. Combination of suboptimal concentrations of CD437 and lexatumumab, a TRAIL death receptor-2 agonist, resulted in synergistic reduction of viable cells, along with increased PARP cleavage. These results indicate that CD437 has a strong anti-neoplastic effect alone and in combination with lexatumumab in melanoma cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry Irene Magnussen
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Miao J, Choi SE, Seok SM, Yang L, Zuercher WJ, Xu Y, Willson TM, Xu HE, Kemper JK. Ligand-dependent regulation of the activity of the orphan nuclear receptor, small heterodimer partner (SHP), in the repression of bile acid biosynthetic CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 genes. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:1159-69. [PMID: 21566081 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) plays important roles in diverse biological processes by directly interacting with transcription factors and inhibiting their activities. SHP has been designated an orphan nuclear receptor, but whether its activity can be modulated by ligands has been a long-standing question. Recently, retinoid-related molecules, including 4-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3Cl-AHPC), were shown to bind to SHP and enhance apoptosis. We have examined whether 3Cl-AHPC acts as an agonist and increases SHP activity in the repression of bile acid biosynthetic CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 genes and delineated the underlying mechanisms. Contrary to this expectation, micromolar concentrations of 3Cl-AHPC increased CYP7A1 expression but indirectly via p38 kinase signaling. Nanomolar concentrations, however, repressed CYP7A1 expression and decreased bile acid levels in HepG2 cells, and little repression was observed when SHP was down-regulated by small hairpin RNA. Mechanistic studies revealed that 3Cl-AHPC bound to SHP, increased the interaction of SHP with liver receptor homologue (LRH)-1, a hepatic activator for CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 genes, and with repressive cofactors, Brahma, mammalian Sin3a, and histone deacetylase-1, and, subsequently, increased the occupancy of SHP and these cofactors at the promoters. Mutation of Leu-100, predicted to contact 3Cl-AHPC within the SHP ligand binding pocket by molecular modeling, severely impaired the increased interaction with LRH-1, and repression of LRH-1 activity mediated by 3Cl-AHPC. 3Cl-AHPC repressed SHP metabolic target genes in a gene-specific manner in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. These data suggest that SHP may act as a ligand-regulated receptor in metabolic pathways. Modulation of SHP activity by synthetic ligands may be a useful therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Miao
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Abstract
Proper regulation of T cell death is of vital importance for the function of the immune system. Positive and negative selection of developing T cells in the thymus ensures the survival of only those T cells that can recognize peptides presented by self-MHC molecules and at the same time not respond to self-antigens, and thus, T cell death within the thymus is instrumental in shaping the mature T cell repertoire. The death of activated peripheral T cells is crucial for processes such as down-modulation of immune responses after clearance of infectious agents, peripheral tolerance, and maintenance of immune-privileged sites. These processes are largely proceeding due to the enhanced susceptibility of activated T cells to spontaneous, activation-, and Fas-induced apoptosis. The active metabolite of the immune regulator vitamin A, retinoic acid, has been reported to influence various types of apoptotic processes in both thymocytes and activated peripheral T cells. This chapter gives an overview of, and discusses the reported effects of vitamin A on spontaneous and activation-induced cell death of thymocytes and mature T cells, as well as on Fas-induced T cell death.
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Farhana L, Dawson MI, Murshed F, Fontana JA. Maximal adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related molecule-induced apoptosis requires NF-κB noncanonical and canonical pathway activation. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:164-73. [PMID: 20671747 PMCID: PMC2970660 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors have a critical role in regulating cell survival and apoptosis. We have previously shown that 4-(3-Cl-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC), an adamantyl-substituted retinoid molecule, induced apoptosis and required NF-κB activation in prostate and breast carcinoma cells. Here, we show that 3-Cl-AHPC activated both IκB kinase (IKK)α and IKKβ with subsequent activation of the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways in the human breast carcinoma and leukemia cell lines. 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway occurred within 6 h, whereas maximal activation of the NF-κB noncanonical pathway required 48 h. Knockout of IKKα or IKKβ expression in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and knockdown of IKKα or IKKβ in MDA-MB-468 cells resulted in the inhibition of 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis, indicating that activation of canonical and noncanonical pathways are required for maximal 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis. 3-Cl-AHPC activation of the noncanonical pathway was preceded by caspase-mediated decrease in the E3-ligase c-IAP1 with subsequent stabilization of NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) expression, increased binding of NIK by TRAF3, activation of IKKα, and the resultant increased levels of RelB and p52. Increased expression of c-IAP1 blocked 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated stabilization of NIK levels and 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis. Cdc37 expression was required for activation of IKKα and IKKβ by 3-Cl-AHPC. These findings suggest that NF-κB pathways have an important role in 3-Cl-AHPC-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Farhana
- Deparment of Medicine, John D Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Farhana L, Dawson MI, Xia Z, Aboukameel A, Xu L, Liu G, Das JK, Hatfield J, Levi E, Mohammad R, Fontana JA. Adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related molecules induce apoptosis in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:2903-13. [PMID: 21062916 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related (ARR) compounds 3-Cl-AHPC and AHP3 induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in a newly established human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cell line, FFMA-AML, and in the established TF(v-SRC) AML cell line. FFMA-AML and TF(v-SRC) cells displayed resistance to apoptosis mediated by the standard retinoids (including trans-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, and the synthetic retinoid TTNPB) but showed sensitivity to apoptosis mediated by 3-Cl-AHPC- and AHP3 in vitro and in vivo as documented by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and apoptosis terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. 3-Cl-AHPC or AHP3 exposure in vitro resulted in decreased expression of the antiapoptotic proteins (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and phospho-Bad and activated the NF-κB canonical pathway. A significant prolongation of survival was observed both in nonobese diabetic severe combined immunodeficient mice carrying FFMA-AML cells and treated with either 3-Cl-AHPC or AHP3 and in severe combined immunodeficient mice carrying TF(v-SRC) cells and treated with AHP3. We have previously shown that ARRs bind to the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) and that the expression of SHP is required for ARR-mediated apoptosis. Induced loss of SHP in these AML cells blocked 3-Cl-AHPC- and AHP3-mediated induction of apoptosis. These results support the further development of 3-Cl-AHPC and AHP3 as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Farhana
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Oncology 11M-HO, Room C3540, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Hockenbery DM. Targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:476-489. [PMID: 20213841 DOI: 10.1002/em.20552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Several recent insights into the roles of mitochondria in cancer have renewed efforts to develop nongenotoxic therapies targeting mitochondrial proteins and functions. Mitochondria are central hubs for intrinsic apoptotic pathways that are activated by cellular stress and injury, and as a consequence, cancers often have defects in these pathways. Bcl-2, the first identified regulator of apoptotic cell deaths, was discovered as an oncogene in human cancers. BCL-2 inhibits mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis through local effects at mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Increased expression of BCL-2 and the related antiapoptotic proteins BCL-X(L), MCL-1, and BCL-W occurs in significant subsets of common cancer types (Table I) and is generally correlated with poor response. Although incomplete, the emerging understanding of BCL-2 functions through structural, biochemical, and organelle physiology studies has provided paths for targeting BCL-2 with small molecules. Cancer cells also exhibit metabolic differences with their normal cell counterparts, including aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and unusual dependence on nutrient substrates such as glucose and glutamine. This knowledge has prompted reexamination of the potential cancer selectivity of previously identified mitochondriotoxic compounds, including approved drugs for other indications, and screening programs to identify new compounds with mitochondrial activities.
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Keyhani E, Khavari-Nejad S, Keyhani J, Attar F. Acriflavine-Mediated Apoptosis and Necrosis in Yeast Candida utilis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1171:284-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pérez-Rodríguez S, Ortiz MA, Pereira R, Rodríguez-Barrios F, de Lera AR, Piedrafita FJ. Highly twisted adamantyl arotinoids: synthesis, antiproliferative effects and RXR transactivation profiles. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:2434-46. [PMID: 19216008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid-related molecules with an adamantyl group (adamantyl arotinoids) have been described with selective activities towards the retinoid receptors as agonists for NR1B2 and NR1B3 (RARbeta,gamma) (CD437, MX3350-1) or RAR antagonists (MX781) that induce growth arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Since these molecules induce apoptosis independently of RAR transactivation, we set up to synthesize novel analogs with impaired RAR binding. Here we describe adamantyl arotinoids with 2,2'-disubstituted biaryl rings prepared using the Suzuki coupling of the corresponding fragments. Those with cinnamic and naphthoic acid end groups showed significant antiproliferative activity in several cancer cell lines, and this effect correlated with the induction of apoptosis as measured by caspase activity. Strikingly, some of these compounds, whereas devoid of RAR binding capacity, were able to activate RXR.
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20
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Tan KP, Kosuge K, Yang M, Ito S. NRF2 as a determinant of cellular resistance in retinoic acid cytotoxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1663-73. [PMID: 18845239 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of retinoic acids (RA) is hindered by toxicity possibly related to oxidative stress. Recently, RA at relatively low concentrations was shown to inhibit NRF2 and the expression of its target antioxidative genes. This raises the possibility that RA toxicity may result from cellular inability to cope with resultant oxidative stress. Using in vitro cell and in vivo mouse models, we report that RA, specifically all-trans-RA (atRA) at concentrations implicated in toxicity, can activate NRF2 and induce NRF2 target genes, particularly the subunits of the rate-limiting enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM/GCLC). RNA interference-mediated silencing of NRF2, but not of retinoid X receptor-alpha and -beta, reduced basal and atRA-induced GCLM/GCLC gene expression. Moreover, RA increased nuclear accumulation of NRF2, antioxidant response element (ARE) reporter activity, and NRF2 occupancy at AREs. 4-Hydroxynonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, was increased by RA. Inhibition of MEK1/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases significantly suppressed atRA-induced NRF2 activation and ARE-regulated gene expression, reducing cell resistance against toxic concentrations of RA. NRF2-silenced cells were vulnerable to atRA-induced mitochondrial toxicity and apoptosis. In conclusion, toxic RA activates NRF2, thereby triggering an adaptive response against the resultant oxidative stress. NRF2 enhancement as a therapeutic target of retinoid toxicity awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Poh Tan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Physiology and Experimental Medicine Program, The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Short-term vitamin A supplementation at therapeutic doses induces a pro-oxidative state in the hepatic environment and facilitates calcium-ion-induced oxidative stress in rat liver mitochondria independently from permeability transition pore formation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2008; 25:545-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Lorenzo P, Alvarez R, Ortiz MA, Alvarez S, Piedrafita FJ, de Lera ÁR. Inhibition of IκB Kinase-β and Anticancer Activities of Novel Chalcone Adamantyl Arotinoids. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5431-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Maria A. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
| | - F. Javier Piedrafita
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Ángel R. de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain, and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10905 Road to the Cure, San Diego, California 92121
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23
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Gonda K, Tsuchiya H, Sakabe T, Akechi Y, Ikeda R, Nishio R, Terabayashi K, Ishii K, Matsumi Y, Ashla AA, Okamoto H, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Watanabe Y, Hoshikawa Y, Kurimasa A, Shiota G. Synthetic retinoid CD437 induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:629-33. [PMID: 18406343 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids play an important role in the regulation of cell growth and death. Synthetic retinoid CD437 reportedly induces apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells by this agent remains to be clarified. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathway by which CD437 induces apoptosis in HCC cell lines. Apoptosis of six human HCC cell lines was induced by treatment with CD437. Caspase-3 and -9 were activated by CD437, suggesting that the apoptosis is mediated by mitochondrial pathways. Consistent with these findings, the treatment with CD437 upregulated Bax protein, downregulated Bcl-2 protein and released cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Moreover, rhodamine123 staining revealed mitochondrial depolarization in the cells treated with CD437. These data of the present study suggest that CD437 induces apoptosis in HCC cells via mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Gonda
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine and regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 86, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
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24
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Zanotto-Filho A, Cammarota M, Gelain DP, Oliveira RB, Delgado-Cañedo A, Dalmolin RJS, Pasquali MAB, Moreira JCF. Retinoic acid induces apoptosis by a non-classical mechanism of ERK1/2 activation. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1205-12. [PMID: 18474417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though RA is involved in differentiation and apoptosis of normal and cancer cells, being sometimes used as adjuvant in chemotherapy, its mechanisms of action involve multiple overlapping pathways that still remain unclear. Recent studies point out that RA exerts rapid and non-genomic effects, which are independent of RAR/RXR-mediated gene transcription. In this work, we reported that RA treatment for 24 h decreases cell viability, induces apoptosis dependent on caspase-3 activation, and activates the transcription factor AP-1 in cultured Sertoli cells. Moreover, RA induced a rapid and non-classical stimulation of ERK1/2. ERK1/2 activation was mediated by MEK1/2, and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide did not alter the pattern of RA-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway with UO126 blocked caspase-3 activation, decreased AP-1 binding to DNA and inhibited apoptosis. Overall, our data suggest that a rapid and non-genomic effect of RA upon MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway leads to caspase-3 activation and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in cultured Sertoli cells. The non-canonical RA signaling presented in this work evokes new perspectives of RA action, which may play an important role in mediating early biological effects of RA modulating cell death in normal and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfeu Zanotto-Filho
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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25
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Tanabe K, Utsunomiya H, Tamura M, Niikura H, Takano T, Yoshinaga K, Nagase S, Suzuki T, Ito K, Matsumoto M, Hayashi SI, Yaegashi N. Expression of retinoic acid receptors in human endometrial carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:267-71. [PMID: 18271925 PMCID: PMC11158523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoids (vitamin A and its biologically active derivatives) are essential for the health and survival of the individual. Several studies have reported a strong rationale for the use of retinoids in cancer treatment and chemoprevention. It has been discovered that expression of retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta is frequently silenced in epithelial carcinogenesis, which has led to the hypothesis that RAR beta could act as a tumor suppressor. However, the status of RAR beta in human endometrial carcinoma has not been examined. In the present study, we initially studied the effects of retinoic acid on cell proliferation and the expression of RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma using AM580 (a RAR-specific agonist) in the Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell line. We also examined the expression of RAR in human eutopic endometrium (30 cases), endometrial hyperplasia (28 cases), and endometrial carcinoma (103 cases) using immunohistochemistry. Finally, we correlated these findings with the clinicopathological parameters. In vitro, cell growth was inhibited and RAR beta and RAR gamma mRNA was significantly induced by AM580, compared with vehicle controls, whereas RAR alpha mRNA was significantly attenuated by AM580, compared with vehicle. RAR beta was detected predominantly in endometrial hyperplasia, compared with endometrial carcinoma. No statistically significant correlation was obtained between the expression of any other RAR subtypes and clinicopathological parameters in human endometrial carcinoma. The results of our study demonstrate that AM580 inhibits cell growth and induces RAR beta mRNA expression in the Ishikawa cell line, and the expression level of RAR beta in endometrial carcinoma is significantly lower than that in endometrial hyperplasia. AM580 might therefore be considered as a potential treatment for endometrial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Tanabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Ryu M, Kim EH, Chun M, Kang S, Shim B, Yu YB, Jeong G, Lee JS. Astragali Radix elicits anti-inflammation via activation of MKP-1, concomitant with attenuation of p38 and Erk. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 115:184-193. [PMID: 17996413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although Astragali Radix (Astragalus, AR), the root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bunge, is widely used in oriental medicine for tonifying the immune response and improving circulation, the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains unclear. Here, we report that AR displays anti-inflammatory effects in zymosan air-pouch mice by reducing the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha and by decreasing the production of nitric oxide (NO). In a similar manner, AR reduces the expression of IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated Raw 264.7 cells. We further demonstrate that AR attenuates the activity of p38 and Erk1/2 and stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) in LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. Additionally, AR interferes with the translocation of NFkappaB to the nucleus, subsequently resulting in NFkappaB-dependent transcriptional repression. Taken together, these data reveal that AR has an anti-inflammatory effect that is mediated by the MKP-1-dependent inactivation of p38 and Erk1/2 and inhibition of NFkappaB-mediated transcription. These results imply that the AR herb has a potential anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Republic of Korea
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27
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Pisano C, Vesci L, Foderà R, Ferrara FF, Rossi C, De Cesare M, Zuco V, Pratesi G, Supino R, Zunino F. Antitumor activity of the combination of synthetic retinoid ST1926 and cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma models. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:1500-5. [PMID: 17698835 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel adamantyl retinoid ST1926 is a potent inducer of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cells. Since the pro-apoptotic effect is associated with activation of p53, in this study we have investigated the efficacy of combination of ST1926 with cisplatin, a DNA-damaging agent that is known to induce p53-dependent apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The efficacy of ST1926 and its combination with cisplatin was evaluated in human ovarian carcinoma models, including resistant tumors. RESULTS Oral treatment with ST1926 alone caused a marginal tumor growth inhibition (<50%), but the combination with cisplatin resulted in an improved efficacy, most evident in terms of tumor growth delay without a substantial increase of toxicity. The combination therapy achieved the best effects against the HOC18 ovarian carcinoma tumor, resulting in an appreciable number of animals without evidence of disease at the end of the experiment. In contrast to the marginal effect of ST1926 alone against the subcutaneous-growing tumors, loco-regional (intraperitoneal) treatment achieved a marked increase of survival of animals with ascitic IGROV-1 tumor. CONCLUSIONS The present results document the efficacy of the combination of cisplatin with ST1926 and provide a rational basis for the design of novel, well-tolerated platinum-based treatment approaches in human ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pisano
- Research and Development, Sigma-Tau, Pomezia (Rome), Italy
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28
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Kada N, Suzuki T, Aizawa K, Matsumura T, Ishibashi N, Suzuki N, Takeda N, Munemasa Y, Sawaki D, Ishikawa T, Nagai R. Acyclic Retinoid Inhibits Neointima Formation Through Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta-Induced Apoptosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1535-41. [PMID: 17478760 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.106.134114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives—
Acyclic retinoid (ACR) is a synthetic retinoid with a high safety profile that has been pursued with high expectations for therapeutic use in prevention (recurrence) and treatment of malignancies. With the objective of addressing the therapeutic potential in the cardiovasculature, namely neointima formation, effects of ACR on neointima formation and the involved mechanisms were investigated.
Methods and Results—
ACR was administered to cuff-injured mice which showed inhibition of neointima formation. Investigation of involved mechanisms at the cellular and molecular levels showed that ACR induces apoptosis of neointimal cells and this to be mediated by selective induction of retinoic-acid receptor β (RARβ) which shows growth inhibitory and proapoptotic effects on smooth muscle cells.
Conclusion—
We show that ACR inhibits neointima formation by inducing RARβ which in turn inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis. The retinoid, ACR, may be potentially exploitable for treatment and prevention of neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanae Kada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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29
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Johnston PA, Foster CA, Shun TY, Skoko JJ, Shinde S, Wipf P, Lazo JS. Development and Implementation of a 384-Well Homogeneous Fluorescence Intensity High-Throughput Screening Assay to Identify Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase-1 Dual-Specificity Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2007; 5:319-32. [PMID: 17638532 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2007.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report here the miniaturization, development, and implementation of a homogeneous 384-well fluorescence intensity high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for identifying mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) dual-specificity phosphatase inhibitors. As part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network (MLSCN), the MKP-1 assay was utilized to screen an NIH diversity library of 65,239 compounds for inhibitors of MKP-1 activity at 10 microM and was also used to confirm the concentration dependence of active agents identified in the primary screen. We observed 100 (0.15%) compounds that inhibited MKP-1 in vitro by > or =50% at 10 microM in the primary assay, and 46 of the 100 compounds were confirmed as concentration-dependent inhibitors of MKP-1 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of <50 microM; four exhibited IC(50) values <1.0 microM, six produced IC(50) values in the 1-10 microM range, and 36 produced IC(50) values in the 10-50 microM range. A clustering and classification analysis of the compound structures of the 46 confirmed MKP-1 inhibitors produced 29 singleton structures and seven clusters of related structures. Some MKP-1 inhibitors were members of structural classes or contained substructure pharmacophores that previously were reported to inhibit either MKP-1 or other protein tyrosine phosphatases, validating the HTS assay. Importantly, we have identified several attractive and novel MKP-1 inhibitor structures that warrant further investigation as potential probes to study the biology of MKP-1 and its role in controlling the amplitude and/or duration of MAPK signaling, cell survival, and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Johnston
- Pittsburgh Molecular Libraries Screening Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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30
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Dawson MI, Xia Z, Liu G, Ye M, Fontana JA, Farhana L, Patel BB, Arumugarajah S, Bhuiyan M, Zhang XK, Han YH, Stallcup WB, Fukushi JI, Mustelin T, Tautz L, Su Y, Harris DL, Waleh N, Hobbs PD, Jong L, Chao WR, Schiff LJ, Sani BP. An adamantyl-substituted retinoid-derived molecule that inhibits cancer cell growth and angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis and binds to small heterodimer partner nuclear receptor: effects of modifying its carboxylate group on apoptosis, proliferation, and protein-tyrosine phosphatase activity. J Med Chem 2007; 50:2622-39. [PMID: 17489579 PMCID: PMC2528874 DOI: 10.1021/jm0613323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic and antiproliferative activities of small heterodimer partner (SHP) nuclear receptor ligand (E)-4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC), which was derived from 6-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (AHPN), and several carboxyl isosteric or hydrogen bond-accepting analogues were examined. 3-Cl-AHPC continued to be the most effective apoptotic agent, whereas tetrazole, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, methyldinitrile, hydroxamic acid, boronic acid, 2-oxoaldehyde, and ethyl phosphonic acid hydrogen bond-acceptor analogues were inactive or less efficient inducers of KG-1 acute myeloid leukemia and MDA-MB-231 breast, H292 lung, and DU-145 prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Similarly, 3-Cl-AHPC was the most potent inhibitor of cell proliferation. 4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorophenyltetrazole, (2E)-5-{2-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-2-chloro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl]ethenyl}-1H-tetrazole, 5-{4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorobenzylidene}thiazolidine-2,4-dione, and (3E)-4-[3'-(1-adamantyl)-2-chloro-4'-hydroxy-4-biphenyl]-2-oxobut-3-enal were very modest inhibitors of KG-1 proliferation. The other analogues were minimal inhibitors. Fragment-based QSAR analyses relating the polar termini with cancer cell growth inhibition revealed that length and van der Waals electrostatic surface potential were the most influential features on activity. 3-Cl-AHPC and the 3-chlorophenyltetrazole and 3-chlorobenzylidenethiazolidine-2,4-dione analogues were also able to inhibit SHP-2 protein-tyrosine phosphatase, which is elevated in some leukemias. 3-Cl-AHPC at 1.0 microM induced human microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis but did not inhibit cell migration or tube formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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31
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Abstract
The ultimate growth of a tumour depends on not only the rate of tumour cell proliferation, but also the rate of tumour cell death (apoptosis). Nur77 (also known as TR3 or NGFI-B), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, controls both survival and death of cancer cells. A wealth of recent experimental data demonstrates that the Nur77 activities are regulated through its subcellular localisation. In the nucleus, Nur77 functions as an oncogenic survival factor, promoting cancer cell growth. In contrast, it is a potent killer when migrating to mitochondria, where it binds to Bcl-2 and converts its survival phenotype, triggering cytochrome c release and apoptosis. Agents, such as 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (AHPN/CD437), which induce Nur77 migration from the nucleus to mitochondria, effectively induce apoptosis of cancer cells. Moreover, Nur77 translocation is highly controlled by retinoid X receptor (RXR), suggesting a role of RXR ligands in regulating the process. Thus, translocation of Nur77 from the nucleus to mitochondria represents a new paradigm in cancer cell apoptosis, and targeting the Nur77 translocation by AHPN/CD437 or RXR ligands promises to effectively restrict cancer cell growth by simultaneously promoting cancer cell death and suppressing cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-kun Zhang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Center, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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32
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Farhana L, Dawson MI, Leid M, Wang L, Moore DD, Liu G, Xia Z, Fontana JA. Adamantyl-substituted retinoid-related molecules bind small heterodimer partner and modulate the Sin3A repressor. Cancer Res 2007; 67:318-25. [PMID: 17210713 PMCID: PMC2833172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (CD437/AHPN) and 4-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-chlorocinnamic acid (3-Cl-AHPC/MM002) are inducers of apoptosis of malignant cells both in vitro and in vivo. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed for how these compounds exert this effect. This report shows that AHPN/3-Cl-AHPC binds specifically to the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2), and this binding promotes interaction of the receptor with a corepressor complex that minimally contains Sin3A, N-CoR, histone deacetylase 4, and HSP90. Formation of the SHP-Sin3A complex is essential for the ability of AHPN and 3-Cl-AHPC to induce apoptosis, as both knockout SHP and knockdown of Sin3A compromise the proapoptotic activity of these compounds but not other apoptosis inducers. These results suggest that AHPN/3-Cl-AHPC and their analogues are SHP ligands and their induction of apoptosis is mediated by their binding to the SHP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Farhana
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Mark Leid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - David D. Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gang Liu
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Zeben Xia
- Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph A. Fontana
- John D. Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Wayne State University and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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33
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López-Hernández FJ, Ortiz MA, Piedrafita FJ. The extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways are differentially affected by temperature upstream of mitochondrial damage. Apoptosis 2007; 11:1339-47. [PMID: 16703261 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-7689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that mild hypothermia prevents neuronal cell death following cerebral ischemia, although it can also cause apoptosis in other cell types. Thus, incubation at room temperature (RT) has been shown to induce apoptosis in hematopoietic cells, including Jurkat T leukemia cells. To further understand the apoptotic events that can be activated at RT, we compared the induction of apoptosis by several apoptotic insults in Jurkat cells stimulated at 37 degrees C or RT. Retinoid-related molecules, which induce apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway, failed to induce apoptosis when cells were treated at RT, as determined by various apoptotic parameters including cytochrome c release and activation of caspase 3. In contrast, most apoptotic events were enhanced by lower temperatures when cells were stimulated with anti-Fas antibody via the extrinsic pathway. Ultraviolet radiation produced partial effects at RT, correlating with its capacity to activate both pathways. Our results indicate that the core caspase machinery is operational under mild hypothermia conditions. Experiments using purified recombinant caspases and cell-free assays confirmed that caspases are fully functional at RT. Other hallmark events of apoptosis, such as phosphatidylserine externalization and formation of apoptotic bodies were variably affected by RT in a stimulus-dependent manner, suggesting the existence of critical steps that are sensitive to temperature. Thus, analysis of apoptosis at RT might be useful to (i) discriminate between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in Jurkat cells treated with prospective stimuli, and (ii) to unravel temperature-sensitive steps of apoptotic signaling cascades.
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34
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Hormi-Carver K, Feagins LA, Spechler SJ, Souza RF. All trans-retinoic acid induces apoptosis via p38 and caspase pathways in metaplastic Barrett's cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G18-27. [PMID: 16935849 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00237.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids such as all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) have been used as chemopreventive agents for a number of premalignant conditions. To explore a potential role for retinoids as chemopreventive agents for Barrett's esophagus, we studied ATRA's effects on apoptosis in a nonneoplastic, telomerase-immortalized, metaplastic Barrett's cell line. We treated the Barrett's cells with ATRA in the presence and absence of inhibitors to p53 (pSRZ-siRNA-p53), p38 (SB-203580 and p38 siRNA), and the caspase cascade (z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone). We determined the effects of ATRA and the various inhibitors on apoptosis using cell morphology, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence, and Annexin V staining. We also determined how ATRA in the presence and absence of the inhibitors affected apoptosis following low-dose UV-B irradiation. ATRA induced apoptosis and increased the expression of p53 protein in a dose-dependent fashion. The apoptotic effect of ATRA was abolished by treatment with inhibitors of both p38 and caspase, but not by p53 interfering RNA (RNAi). Inhibition of p38 also prevented expression of cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that ATRA activates p38 upstream of the caspase cascade. We found that ATRA sensitized immortalized Barrett's cells to apoptosis induced by low-dose UV-B irradiation via a similar mechanism. ATRA induces apoptosis in Barrett's epithelial cells and sensitizes them to apoptosis induced by UV-B irradiation via activation of p38 and the caspase cascade, but not through p53. This study elucidates molecular pathways whereby retinoid treatment might prevent carcinogenesis in Barrett's metaplasia and suggests a potential role for the use of safer retinoids for chemoprevention in Barrett's esophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Hormi-Carver
- 1Departments of Medicine, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas 75216, USA
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35
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Reed JC. Drug insight: cancer therapy strategies based on restoration of endogenous cell death mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 3:388-98. [PMID: 16826219 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a normal facet of human physiology, ensuring tissue homeostasis by offsetting cell production with cell demise. Neoplasms arise in part because of defects in physiological cell death mechanisms, contributing to pathological cell expansion. Defects in normal cell death pathways also contribute to cancer progression by permitting progressively aberrant cell behaviors, while also desensitizing tumor cells to immune-mediated attack, radiation, and chemotherapy. Through basic research, much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms responsible for cell turnover and how tumors escape cell death. By exploiting this knowledge base, several innovative strategies for eradicating malignancies have materialized that are based on restoration of natural pathways for cell autodestruction. Some of these strategies have advanced into human clinical trials. Several of the current strategies based on targeting core components of the cell death machinery for cancer therapy are reviewed here, and a summary of progress toward clinical applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Reed
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Di Francesco AM, Meco D, Torella AR, Barone G, D'Incalci M, Pisano C, Carminati P, Riccardi R. The novel atypical retinoid ST1926 is active in ATRA resistant neuroblastoma cells acting by a different mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:643-55. [PMID: 17150196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 10/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
E-3-(4'-Hydroxy-3'-adamantylbiphenyl-4-yl)acrylic acid (ST1926) is a novel orally available compound belonging to the class of synthetic atypical retinoids. These agents are attracting growing attention because of their unique mechanism of antitumor action that appears different from that of classical retinoic acid. This study aims at investigating the antitumor activity of ST1926 in neuroblastoma (NB) preclinical models. In vitro, ST1926 was more cytotoxic than both its prototype, CD437 and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and it was active in the SK-N-AS cell line, which is refractory to ATRA. We showed that unlike ATRA, ST1926 does not induce morphological differentiation in NB cells where it produces indirect DNA damage, cell cycle arrest in late S-G2 phases and p53-independent programmed cell death. DNA damage was not mediated by oxidative stress and was repaired by 24h after drug removal. The SK-N-DZ cell line appeared the most sensitive to the proapoptotic activity of ST1926, probably because both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways appear involved in the process. Studies with Z-VAD-FMK, suggested that ST1926 might also mediate caspase-independent apoptosis in NB cells. In vivo, orally administered ST1926, appeared to inhibit tumor growth of NB xenografts with tolerable toxicity. Overall, our results support the view that ST1926 might represent a good drug candidate in this pediatric tumor.
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Moll UM, Marchenko N, Zhang XK. p53 and Nur77/TR3 - transcription factors that directly target mitochondria for cell death induction. Oncogene 2006; 25:4725-43. [PMID: 16892086 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complex apoptotic functions of the p53 tumor suppressor are central to its antineoplastic activity in vivo. Conversely, p53 function is altered or attenuated in one way or another in the majority of human cancers. Besides its well-understood action as a transcriptional regulator of multiple apoptotic genes, p53 also exerts a direct pro-apoptotic role at the mitochondria by engaging in protein-protein interactions with anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family members, thereby executing the shortest known circuitry of p53 death signaling. Nur77, also known as TR3 or NGFI-B, is a unique transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. Even more extreme than p53, Nur77 can exert opposing biological activities of survival and death. Its activities are regulated by subcellular distribution, expression levels, protein modification and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor. In cancer cells, Nur77 functions in the nucleus as an oncogenic survival factor, but becomes a potent killer when certain death stimuli induce its migration to mitochondria, where it binds to Bcl2 and conformationally converts it to a killer that triggers cytochrome c release and apoptosis. This review focuses on their unexpected transcription-independent pro-death programs at mitochondria and highlights the remarkable mechanistic similarities between them. Moreover, an accumulating body of evidence provides ample rationale to further investigate how these mitochondrial p53 and Nur77 pathways could become exploitable targets for new cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Moll
- Department of Pathology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8691, USA.
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Abstract
Retinoids (vitamin A) are crucial for most forms of life. In chordates, they have important roles in the developing nervous system and notochord and many other embryonic structures, as well as in maintenance of epithelial surfaces, immune competence, and reproduction. The ability of all-trans retinoic acid to regulate expression of several hundred genes through binding to nuclear transcription factors is believed to mediate most of these functions. The role of all-trans retinoic may extend beyond the regulation of gene transcription because a large number of noncoding RNAs also are regulated by retinoic acid. Additionally, extra-nuclear mechanisms of action of retinoids are also being identified. In organisms ranging from prokaryotes to humans, retinal is covalently linked to G protein-coupled transmembrane receptors called opsins. These receptors function as light-driven ion pumps, mediators of phototaxis, or photosensory pigments. In vertebrates phototransduction is initiated by a photochemical reaction where opsin-bound 11-cis-retinal is isomerized to all-trans-retinal. The photosensitive receptor is restored via the retinoid visual cycle. Multiple genes encoding components of this cycle have been identified and linked to many human retinal diseases. Central aspects of vitamin A absorption, enzymatic oxidation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and all-trans retinoic acid, and esterification of all-trans retinol have been clarified. Furthermore, specific binding proteins are involved in several of these enzymatic processes as well as in delivery of all-trans retinoic acid to nuclear receptors. Thus, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of retinoid metabolism and function. This insight has improved our view of retinoids as critical molecules in vision, normal embryonic development, and in control of cellular growth, differentiation, and death throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Robert C, Delva L, Balitrand N, Nahajevszky S, Masszi T, Chomienne C, Papp B. Apoptosis Induction by Retinoids in Eosinophilic Leukemia Cells: Implication of Retinoic Acid Receptor-α Signaling in All-Trans-Retinoic Acid Hypersensitivity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6336-44. [PMID: 16778211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) has recently been recognized as a clonal leukemic lesion, which is due to a specific oncogenic event that generates hyperactive platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha-derived tyrosine kinase fusion proteins. In the present work, the effect of retinoids on the leukemic hypereosinophilia-derived EoL-1 cell line and on primary HES-derived cells has been investigated. We show that all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibits eosinophil colony formation of HES-derived bone marrow cells and is a powerful inducer of apoptosis of the EoL-1 cell line. Apoptosis was shown in the nanomolar concentration range by phosphatidylserine externalization, proapoptotic shift of the Bcl-2/Bak ratio, drop in mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspases, and cellular morphology. Unlike in other ATRA-sensitive myeloid leukemia models, apoptosis was rapid and was not preceded by terminal cell differentiation. Use of isoform-selective synthetic retinoids indicated that retinoic acid receptor-alpha-dependent signaling is sufficient to induce apoptosis of EoL-1 cells. Our work shows that the scope of ATRA-induced apoptosis of malignancies may be wider within the myeloid lineage than thought previously, that the EoL-1 cell line constitutes a new and unique model for the study of ATRA-induced cell death, and that ATRA may have potential for the management of clonal HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Robert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 718, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, University of Paris VII, Paris, France
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Palha JA, Goodman AB. Thyroid hormones and retinoids: a possible link between genes and environment in schizophrenia. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2006; 51:61-71. [PMID: 16325258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2005] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic discordance for schizophrenia in monozygotic twins clearly indicates involvement of environmental factors as key determinants in disease development. Positive findings from genome scans, linkage and association studies apply in only a minority of those affected, while post-mortem brain investigations reveal altered expression of genes and proteins involved in numerous neurodevelopmental, metabolic and neurotransmitter pathways. Such altered expressions could result, on the one hand, from mutations in coding regions or polymorphisms in the promoter and regulatory regions in genes within those areas identified by gene searches or, on the other hand, from inadequate amounts of modulators, transporters and synthesizers of transcription factors necessary for regulation of the putative genes. Hormones and vitamins are such modulators. They could serve as bridges between genes and environment in schizophrenia. Multiple evidence supports the suggestion of retinoids and thyroid hormones as plausible actors in these roles. Both are not only essential for normal development of the central nervous system but also regulate the expression of many neurotransmitters, their synthesizing enzymes and receptors, and other genes in broader signaling transduction cascades affecting pathways that are altered in response to treatment. Functional and positional candidate genes include retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors, retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and deiodinases, which synthesize the powerful morphogens, retinoic acid and triiodothyronine, and the enzymes involved in their inactivation. This review highlights selective evidence supporting the retinoid and thyroid hormone hypotheses of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Almeida Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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41
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Norman P. Incyte. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Shiraishi-Yokoyama H, Yokoyama H, Matsumoto M, Imaeda H, Hibi T. Acetaldehyde inhibits the formation of retinoic acid from retinal in the rat esophagus. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:80-6. [PMID: 16373280 DOI: 10.1080/00365520510023936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has already been demonstrated that the rat esophagus produces retinoic acid from retinol. In this study, this process is further characterized and the effect of acetaldehyde examined to elucidate the possible mechanisms behind the epidemiological evidence that the incidence of esophageal cancer is higher in alcoholics. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rat esophageal samples were incubated with all-trans retinal and newly formed all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) was quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Furthermore, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent acetaldehyde oxidation by the rat esophagus was examined by tracing NAD reduction using a spectrophotometer. RESULTS Rat esophageal samples produced ATRA from all-trans retinal in a NAD-dependent manner and the potential was significantly attenuated by phenetyl isothiocynate, an ALDH inhibitor, or acetaldehyde depending on the concentration used. Rat esophageal samples also oxidized acetaldehyde of various concentrations NAD dependently. The ATRA formation potential that was temporarily inhibited by acetaldehyde was recovered to the control level by dialysis when the specimen was incubated with up to 50 microM of acetaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS The rat esophagus produces retinoic acid from retinal. An ALDH isoform(s) is responsible for this process and physiological concentration of acetaldehyde hampers the process, probably in a competitive manner. Since the disturbance of retinoic acid supply has been implicated in carcinogenicity, this finding may, at least in part, explain the high incidence of esophageal cancer in alcoholics, especially in those with inactive ALDH 2 whose blood acetaldehyde levels become higher than those with active ALDH 2.
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Liu B, Lee KW, Li H, Ma L, Lin GL, Chandraratna RAS, Cohen P. Combination therapy of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and retinoid X receptor ligands synergize on prostate cancer cell apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4851-6. [PMID: 16000583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously identified the retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha) as an insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) nuclear binding partner, which is required for IGFBP-3-induced apoptosis. In the current study, we investigated the biological interactions of the RXR ligand, VTP194204 and rhIGFBP-3, in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, IGFBP-3 and VTP194204 individually induced apoptosis, and suppressed cell growth in prostate cancer cell lines in an additive manner. In vivo, LAPC-4 xenograft-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency mice treated daily with saline, IGFBP-3, and/or VTP194204 for 3 weeks showed no effect of individual treatments with IGFBP-3 or VTP194204 on tumor growth. However, the combination of IGFBP-3 and VTP194204 treatments inhibited tumor growth by 50% and induced a significant reduction in serum prostate-specific antigen levels. In terminal nucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling immunohistochemistry of LAPC-4 xenografts, there was modest induction of apoptosis with either IGFBP-3 or VTP194204 individual treatment, but combination therapy resulted in massive cell death, indicating that IGFBP-3 and VTP194204 have a synergistic effect in preventing tumor growth by apoptosis induction. In summary, this is an initial description of the successful therapeutic use of IGFBP-3 as a cancer therapy in vivo, and shows that combination treatment of IGFBP-3 and RXR ligand has a synergistic effect on apoptosis induction leading to substantial inhibition of prostate cancer xenograft growth. Taken together, these observations suggest that combination therapy with IGFBP-3 and RXR ligands may have therapeutic potential for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrong Liu
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, California, USA
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44
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Benbrook DM, Kamelle SA, Guruswamy SB, Lightfoot SA, Rutledge TL, Gould NS, Hannafon BN, Dunn ST, Berlin KD. Flexible heteroarotinoids (Flex-Hets) exhibit improved therapeutic ratios as anti-cancer agents over retinoic acid receptor agonists. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:417-28. [PMID: 16133793 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-2901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The anti-cancer activities and toxicities of retinoic acid (RA) and synthetic retinoids are mediated through nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs) that act as transcription factors. Heteroarotinoids (Hets), which contain a heteroatom in the cyclic ring of an arotinoid structure, exhibit similar anti-cancer activities, but reduced toxicity in vivo, in comparison to parent retinoids and RA. A new class of Flexible Hets (Flex-Hets), which contain 3-atom urea or thiourea linkers, regulate growth and differentiation similar to RA, but do not activate RARs or RXRs. In addition, Flex-Hets induce potent apoptosis in ovarian cancer and in head and neck cancer cell lines through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. In this study, 4 cervical cancer cell lines were growth inhibited by micromolar concentrations of Flex-Hets to greater extents than RAR/RXR active retinoids. The most potent Flex-Het (SHetA2) inhibited each cell line of the National Cancer Institute's human tumor cell line panel at micromolar concentrations. Oral administration of Flex-Hets (SHetA2 and SHetA4) inhibited growth of OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer xenografts to similar extents as administration of a RAR/RXR-panagonist (SHet50) and Fenretinide (4-HPR) in vivo. None of these compounds induced evidence of skin, bone or liver toxicity, or increased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the treated mice. Topical application of Flex-Hets did not induce skin irritation in vivo, whereas a RAR/RXR-panagonist (NHet17) and a RARgamma-selective agonist (SHet65) induced similar irritancy as RA. In conclusion, Flex-Hets exhibit improved therapeutic ratios for multiple cancer types over RAR and/or RXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris M Benbrook
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA.
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46
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Klamt F, Roberto de Oliveira M, Moreira JCF. Retinol induces permeability transition and cytochrome c release from rat liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1726:14-20. [PMID: 16202537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biological actions of retinoids on modulation of cellular gene expression by nuclear receptors are widely known. Recently, extra-nuclear effects of retinoids have been proposed, but remain to be better elucidated. Considering that retinoids induce apoptosis in tumor cells by an unknown mechanism, and that mitochondria play a key role in controlling apoptosis via cytochrome c (cyt c) release, we exposed rat liver mitochondria to 3-40 microM of retinol (vitamin A), and observed that retinol causes mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and cyt c release, in a concentration-dependent pattern. Increased superoxide anion generation and lipoperoxidation were also observed. Cyclosporin A or trolox co-administration reverted all parameters tested. In view of these findings, we conclude that retinol induces mitochondria oxidative damage, leading to MPT and cyt c release by opening of the permeability transition pore, thus suggesting a putative mechanism of apoptosis activation by retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Klamt
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS/Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Zuco V, Zanchi C, Lanzi C, Beretta GL, Supino R, Pisano C, Barbarino M, Zanier R, Bucci F, Aulicino C, Carminati P, Zunino F. Development of resistance to the atypical retinoid, ST1926, in the lung carcinoma cell line H460 is associated with reduced formation of DNA strand breaks and a defective DNA damage response. Neoplasia 2005; 7:667-77. [PMID: 16026646 PMCID: PMC1501428 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 03/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Atypical retinoids are potent inducers of apoptosis, but activation of the apoptotic pathway seems to be independent of retinoid receptors. Previous studies with a novel adamantyl retinoid, ST1926, have shown that apoptosis induction is associated with an early genotoxic stress. To better understand the relevance of these events, we have selected a subline of the H460 lung carcinoma cell line resistant to ST1926. Resistant cells exhibited cross-resistance to a related molecule, CD437, but not cross-resistance to agents with different mechanisms of action. In spite of a lack of defects in intracellular drug accumulation, induction of DNA strand breaks in resistant cells required exposure to a substantially higher concentration, which was consistent with the degree of resistance. At drug concentrations causing a similar antiproliferative effect (IC80) and a comparable extent of DNA lesions in sensitive and resistant cells, the apoptotic response was a delayed and less marked event in resistant cells, thus indicating a reduced susceptibility to apoptosis. In spite of recognition of DNA lesions in resistant cells, as supported by phosphorylation of p53 and histone H2AX, resistant cells exhibited no activation of the mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis. Following exposure to equitoxic drug concentrations, only sensitive cells exhibited a typical stress/DNA damage response, with activation of the S-phase checkpoint. The cellular resistance to ST1926 reflects alterations responsible for a reduced generation of DNA lesions and for an enhanced tolerance of the genotoxic stress, resulting in lack of activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The defective DNA damage response, accompanied by a reduced susceptibility to apoptosis in resistant cells, provides further support to the involvement of genotoxic stress as a critical event in mediating apoptosis induction by ST1926.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Zuco
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanchi
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lanzi
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Giovanni L Beretta
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Rosanna Supino
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Franco Zunino
- Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Milan 20133, Italy
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Jin F, Liu X, Zhou Z, Yue P, Lotan R, Khuri FR, Chung LWK, Sun SY. Activation of Nuclear Factor-κB Contributes to Induction of Death Receptors and Apoptosis by the Synthetic Retinoid CD437 in DU145 Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6354-63. [PMID: 16024638 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), results in up-regulation of not only antiapoptotic genes but also proapoptotic genes, including death receptor 4 (DR4) and death receptor 5 (DR5). Therefore, NF-kappaB activation either suppresses or promotes apoptosis depending on the type of stimulus or cell context. We showed previously that the synthetic retinoid, 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437), effectively induces apoptosis particularly in androgen-independent prostate carcinoma cells. This effect was associated with the ability of CD437 to induce the expression of DR4 and DR5. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that NF-kappaB activation plays a role in CD437-induced death receptor expression and apoptosis. Treatment of DU145 cells with CD437 resulted in a rapid decrease (> or = 3 hours) of IkappaBalpha, which was accompanied by increased translocation of the NF-kappaB subunit p65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and increased NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity (> or = 4 hours). The NF-kappaB inhibitor, helenalin, inhibited CD437-induced IkappaBalpha reduction and p65 nuclear translocation. Accordingly, it also abrogated CD437-induced up-regulation of DR4, activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3, and increased DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of an IkappaBalpha dominant-negative mutant blocked not only CD437-induced p65 nuclear translocation but also DR4 up-regulation, caspase activation, and DNA fragmentation. CD437 was unable to decrease IkappaBalpha protein levels and up-regulate DR4 expression in CD437-resistant DU145 cells. Moreover, knockdown of Fas-associated death domain, caspase-8, and DR4, respectively, suppressed CD437-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results indicate that CD437 activates NF-kappaB via decreasing IkappaBalpha protein and thereby induces DR4 expression and subsequent apoptosis in DU145 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuo Jin
- Department of Urology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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49
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Boisvieux-Ulrich E, Sourdeval M, Marano F. CD437, a synthetic retinoid, induces apoptosis in human respiratory epithelial cells via caspase-independent mitochondrial and caspase-8-dependent pathways both up-regulated by JNK signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2005; 307:76-90. [PMID: 15922728 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2004] [Revised: 01/30/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic retinoid-related molecule CD437-induced apoptosis in human epithelial airway respiratory cells: the 16HBE bronchial cell line and normal nasal epithelial cells. CD437 caused apoptosis in S-phase cells and cell cycle arrest in S phase. Apoptosis was abolished by caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk which preserved S-phase cells but was weakly inhibited by others selective caspase-inhibitors, indicating that caspase-8 activation was involved. z-VAD and z-IETD prevented the nuclear envelope fragmentation but did not block the chromatin condensation. The disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential was also induced by CD437 treatment. The translocation of Bax to mitochondria was demonstrated, as well as the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocated into the nucleus. z-VAD and z-IETD did not inhibit mitochondrial depolarization, Bax translocation or release of cytochrome c and AIF from mitochondria. These results suggest that CD437-induced apoptosis is executed by two converging pathways. AIF release is responsible for chromatin condensation, the first stage of apoptotic cell, via a mitochondrial pathway independent of caspase. But final stage of apoptosis requires the caspase-8-dependent nuclear envelope fragmentation. In addition, using SP600125, JNK inhibitor, we demonstrated that CD437 activates the JNK-MAP kinase signaling pathway upstream to mitochondrial and caspase-8 pathways. Conversely, JNK pathway inhibition, which suppresses S-phase apoptosis, did not prevent cell cycle arrest within S phase, confirming that these processes are triggered by distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Boisvieux-Ulrich
- Laboratoire de Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris7, Denis Diderot, case 70-73,2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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50
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Goodman AB. Microarray results suggest altered transport and lowered synthesis of retinoic acid in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:620-1. [PMID: 15838536 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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