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Sunitinib Combined with Th1 Cytokines Potentiates Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells and Suppresses Tumor Growth in a Murine Model of HER-2 pos Breast Cancer. Int J Breast Cancer 2021; 2021:8818393. [PMID: 33936816 PMCID: PMC8062178 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8818393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although immune-based therapies have made remarkable inroads in cancer treatment, they usually must be combined with standard treatment modalities, including cytotoxic drugs, to achieve maximal clinical benefits. As immunotherapies are further advanced and refined, considerable efforts will be required to identify combination therapies that will maximize clinical responses while simultaneously decreasing the unpleasant and sometimes life-threatening side effects of standard therapy. Over the last two decades, evidence has emerged that Th1 cytokines can play a central role in protective antitumor immunity and that combinations of Th1 cytokines can induce senescence and apoptosis in cancer cells. To explore the possibility of combining targeted drugs with Th1-polarizing vaccines, we undertook a study to examine the impact of combining Th1 cytokines with the relatively broad-spectrum receptor tyrosine kinase antagonist, sunitinib. We found that when a panel of five phenotypically diverse human breast cancer cell lines was subjected to treatment with sunitinib plus recombinant Th1 cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, synergistic effects were observed across a number of parameters including different aspects of apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, sunitinib was found to have a profoundly suppressive effect of T cell's capacity to secrete IFN-γ, indicating that in vivo use of this drug may hinder robust Th1 responses. Nonetheless, this suppression was circumvented in a mouse model of HER-2pos breast disease by supplying recombinant interferon-gamma to achieve a combination therapy significantly more potent than either agent.
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Gene expression profile of renal cell carcinomas after neoadjuvant treatment with sunitinib: new pathways revealed. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e210-e217. [PMID: 27834463 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the clear cell type, inactivity of the VHL gene induces overexpression of HIF1 α and its targets, the tyrosine kinase receptors, promoting RCC development and progression. The discovery of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) changed the treatment of these tumors. Other molecular pathways involved in the TKI mechanisms of action have not been described in the literature. The aim of our study was to elucidate alternative mechanisms of action of sunitinib in tumor tissue after neoadjuvant treatment of RCC. METHODS The gene expression profile was accessed using microarray (Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 platform) and frozen RCC tissues collected from 5 patients with locally advanced non-metastatic tumors who underwent nephrectomy after being treated with 2 cycles of neoadjuvant sunitinib. The results were compared with matched controls comprising 6 patients with no neoadjuvant intervention. RESULTS There was underexpression of the majority of genes after sunitinib treatment. The lower expression levels of IGFBP1, CCL20, CXCL6 and FGB were confirmed by qRT-PCR in all cases. The downregulation of gene expression leads us to search for methylation as a mechanism of action of the TKI. IGFBP1 was shown to be methylated by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting technique. CONCLUSIONS The ultimate genetic effects of sunitinib may explain its actions as an antitumor drug that apparently suppresses the expression of important genes related to cell survival, adhesion, invasion and immunomodulation. The methylation of gene promoters was shown to be part of the mechanism of action of this class of drugs.
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Huang JY, Zhang K, Chen DQ, Chen J, Feng B, Song H, Chen Y, Zhu Z, Lu L, De W, Wang R, Chen LB. MicroRNA-451: epithelial-mesenchymal transition inhibitor and prognostic biomarker of hepatocelluar carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18613-30. [PMID: 26164082 PMCID: PMC4621914 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays critical roles in malignant transformation and tumor progression. Previously, we have shown that microRNA-451 (miR-451) inhibits growth, increases chemo- or radiosensitivity and reverses epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung cancer. However, the roles of miR-451 in hepatocelluar carcinoma (HCC) progression and metastasis are still largely unknown. Reduced miR-451 in HCC tissues was observed to be significantly correlated with advanced clinical stage, metastasis and worse disease-free or overall survival. Through gain- and loss-of function experiments, we demonstrated that miR-451 inhibited cell growth, induced G0/G1 arrest and promoted apoptosis in HCC cells. Importantly, miR-451 could inhibit the migration and invasion in vitro, as well as in vivo metastasis of HCC cells through regulating EMT process. Moreover, the oncogene c-Myc was identified as a direct and functional target of miR-451 in HCC cells. Knockdown of c-Myc phenocopied the effects of miR-451 on EMT and metastasis of HCC cells, whereas overexpression of c-Myc partially attenuated the functions of miR-451 restoration. Furthermore, miR-451 downregulation-induced c-Myc overexpression leads to the activation of Erk1/2 signaling, which induces acquisition of EMT phenotype through regulation of GSK-3β/snail/E-cadherin and the increased expression of MMPs family members in HCC cells. Collectively, these data demonstrated that miR-451 is a novel prognostic biomarker for HCC patients and that function as a potential metastasis inhibitor in HCC cells through activation of the Erk1/2 signaling, at least partially by targeting c-Myc. Thus, targeting miR-451/c-Myc/Erk1/2 axis may be a potential strategy for the treatment of metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong-Qin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haizhu Song
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yitian Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziman Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Hospital Affiliated to The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Lu
- Liver Disease Center of PLA, The 81th Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei De
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Long-Bang Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Gotink KJ, Broxterman HJ, Honeywell RJ, Dekker H, de Haas RR, Miles KM, Adelaiye R, Griffioen AW, Peters GJ, Pili R, Verheul HMW. Acquired tumor cell resistance to sunitinib causes resistance in a HT-29 human colon cancer xenograft mouse model without affecting sunitinib biodistribution or the tumor microvasculature. Oncoscience 2014; 1:844-53. [PMID: 25621299 PMCID: PMC4303892 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors is an important clinical problem in treating various cancers. To what extent acquired resistance is determined by microenvironmental host-factors or by tumor cells directly is unknown. We previously found that tumor cells can become resistant to sunitinib in vitro. Here, we studied to what extent in vitro induced resistance of tumor cells determines in vivo resistance to sunitinib. In severe combined immunodeficient mice, tumors were established from HT-29 parental colon cancer cells (HT-29PAR) or the in vitro induced sunitinib resistant HT-29 cells (HT-29SUN). Treatment with sunitinib (40mg/kg/day) inhibited tumor growth of HT-29PAR tumors by 71±5%, while no inhibition of HT-29SUN tumor growth was observed. Intratumoral sunitinib concentrations and reduced MVD were similar in both groups. Ki67 staining revealed that tumor cell proliferation was significantly reduced with 30% in HT-29PAR tumors, but unaffected in HT-29SUN tumors upon sunitinib treatment. The lysosomal capacity reflected by LAMP-1 and -2 expression was higher in HT-29SUN compared to HT-29PAR tumors indicating an increased sequestration of sunitinib in lysosomes of resistant tumors. In conclusion, we demonstrate that tumor cells rather than host-factors may play a crucial role in acquired resistance to sunitinib in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy J Gotink
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Henk J Broxterman
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Honeywell
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Dekker
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard R de Haas
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kiersten M Miles
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Remi Adelaiye
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Section, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Henk M W Verheul
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Yang X, Huang Y, Lee Y, Gardeux V, Achour I, Regan K, Rebman E, Li H, Lussier YA. In Silico cancer cell versus stroma cellularity index computed from species-specific human and mouse transcriptome of xenograft models: towards accurate stroma targeting therapy assessment. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7 Suppl 1:S2. [PMID: 25079962 PMCID: PMC4101338 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-s1-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current state of the art for measuring stromal response to targeted therapy requires burdensome and rate limiting quantitative histology. Transcriptome measures are increasingly affordable and provide an opportunity for developing a stromal versus cancer ratio in xenograft models. In these models, human cancer cells are transplanted into mouse host tissues (stroma) and together coevolve into a tumour microenvironment. However, profiling the mouse or human component separately remains problematic. Indeed, laser capture microdissection is labour intensive. Moreover, gene expression using commercial microarrays introduces significant and underreported cross-species hybridization errors that are commonly overlooked by biologists. Method We developed a customized dual-species array, H&M array, and performed cross-species and species-specific hybridization measurements. We validated a new methodology for establishing the stroma vs cancer ratio using transcriptomic data. Results In the biological validation of the H&M array, cross-species hybridization of human and mouse probes was significantly reduced (4.5 and 9.4 fold reduction, respectively; p < 2x10-16 for both, Mann-Whitney test). We confirmed the capability of the H&M array to determine the stromal to cancer cells ratio based on the estimation of cellularity index of mouse/human mRNA content in vitro. This new metrics enable to investigate more efficiently the stroma-cancer cell interactions (e.g. cellularity) bypassing labour intensive requirement and biases of laser capture microdissection. Conclusion These results provide the initial evidence of improved and cost-efficient analytics for the investigation of cancer cell microenvironment, using species-specificity arrays specifically designed for xenografts models.
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Meloxicam synergistically enhances the in vitro effects of sunitinib malate on bladder-cancer cells. J Appl Biomed 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10136-012-0034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Cohen G, Lecht S, Oron-Herman M, Momic T, Nissan A, Lazarovici P. Near infrared optical visualization of epidermal growth factor receptors levels in COLO205 colorectal cell line, orthotopic tumor in mice and human biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14669-88. [PMID: 23857061 PMCID: PMC3742266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present the applicability of imaging epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor levels in preclinical models of COLO205 carcinoma cells in vitro, mice with orthotopic tumors and ex vivo colorectal tumor biopsies, using EGF-labeled with IRDye800CW (EGF-NIR). The near infrared (NIR) bio-imaging of COLO205 cultures indicated specific and selective binding, reflecting EGF receptors levels. In vivo imaging of tumors in mice showed that the highest signal/background ratio between tumor and adjacent tissue was achieved 48 hours post-injection. Dissected colorectal cancer tissues from different patients demonstrated ex vivo specific imaging using the NIR bio-imaging platform of the heterogeneous distributed EGF receptors. Moreover, in the adjacent gastrointestinal tissue of the same patients, which by Western blotting was demonstrated as EGF receptor negative, no labeling with EGF-NIR probe was detected. Present results support the concept of tumor imaging by measuring EGF receptor levels using EGF-NIR probe. This platform is advantageous for EGF receptor bio-imaging of the NCI-60 recommended panel of tumor cell lines including 6-9 colorectal cell lines, since it avoids radioactive probes and is appropriate for use in the clinical setting using NIR technologies in a real-time manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Cohen
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mails: (G.C.); (S.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Shimon Lecht
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mails: (G.C.); (S.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Mor Oron-Herman
- Advanced Technology Center, the Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel; E-Mail:
| | - Tatjana Momic
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mails: (G.C.); (S.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Aviram Nissan
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 24035, Israel; E-Mail:
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; E-Mails: (G.C.); (S.L.); (T.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +972-2-675-8729; Fax: +972-2-675-7490
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Bisht S, Feldmann G, Brossart P. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sunitinib for the treatment of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:777-88. [PMID: 23590356 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.791281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite being the second most common malignancy of the pancreas, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) have long been understudied due to their low incidence and heterogeneous clinical presentation. Emerging data from a Phase III trial demonstrates improved progression-free survival of patients with advanced PNET on treatment with sunitinib . AREAS COVERED This article reviews the role of sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent antiangiogenic and antitumor effects, in the clinical management of PNET. Furthermore, the authors also discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as other clinically relevant aspects regarding sunitinib. EXPERT OPINION A recent Phase III clinical trial of sunitinib demonstrated significant improvement of progression-free survival in patients with advanced or metastatic well-differentiated PNET that led to its approval in several countries, including Europe and United States. This marks a significant step forward in the clinical management of this disease and spurs hopes to further improve overall survival in this once difficult-to-treat set of patients in the coming years. Fields of future interest will include evaluation of combinatorial regimens, including conventional cytotoxic agents as well as additional targeted drugs in order to overcome resistance to sunitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bisht
- University Hospital of Bonn, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Bonn, Germany.
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Delbaldo C, Faivre S, Dreyer C, Raymond E. Sunitinib in advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: latest evidence and clinical potential. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2012; 4:9-18. [PMID: 22229044 DOI: 10.1177/1758834011428147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on preclinical data available in the RIP1-Tag2 transgenic mouse model, sunitinib is an inhibitor of angiogenesis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors blocking vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors in endothelial cells and pericytes, respectively. Evidence of objective response in phase I trials justified the initiation of a large phase II/III program using sunitinib in patients with advanced/metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. In the phase II study, sunitinib showed potent antitumor activity and a safe toxicity profile. In a recent double-blind placebo-controlled randomized phase III trial, sunitinib doubled the progression-free survival of patients, induced objective responses, and reduced the risk of death of patients with advanced/metastatic well-differentiated tumors. These data allowed the approval of sunitinib in several countries including Europe and the United States of America. These recent data provide hope for patients with well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and will change standards of care in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Delbaldo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM U728, and Beaujon and Louis Mourier University Hospital (Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Paris 7 Diderot), Clichy, France
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Martin B, Edeline J, Patard JJ, Oger E, Jouan F, Boulanger G, Zerrouki S, Vigneau C, Rioux-Leclercq N. Combination of Temsirolimus and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in renal carcinoma and endothelial cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:907-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wacheck V, Lahn M, Dickinson G, Füreder W, Meyer R, Herndlhofer S, Füreder T, Dorfner G, Pillay S, André V, Burkholder TP, Akunda JK, Flye-Blakemore L, Van Bockstaele D, Schlenk RF, Sperr WR, Valent P. Dose study of the multikinase inhibitor, LY2457546, in patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Manag Res 2011; 3:157-75. [PMID: 21625399 PMCID: PMC3101112 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s19341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a life-threatening malignancy with limited treatment options in chemotherapy-refractory patients. A first-in-human dose study was designed to investigate a safe and biologically effective dose range for LY2457546, a novel multikinase inhibitor, in patients with relapsed AML. Methods: In this nonrandomized, open-label, dose escalation Phase I study, LY2457546 was administered orally once a day. Safety, pharmacokinetics, changes in phosphorylation of target kinases in AML blasts, and risk of drug–drug interactions (DDI) were assessed. Results: Five patients were treated at the starting and predicted minimal biologically effective dose of 50 mg/day. The most commonly observed adverse events were febrile neutropenia, epistaxis, petechiae, and headache. The majority of adverse events (81%) were Grade 1 or 2. One patient had generalized muscle weakness (Grade 3), which was deemed to be a dose-limiting toxicity. Notably, the pharmacokinetic profile of LY2457546 showed virtually no elimination of LY2457546 within 24 hours, and thus prevented further dose escalation. No significant DDI were observed. Ex vivo flow cytometry studies showed downregulation of the phosphoproteins, pcKIT, pFLT3, and pS6, in AML blasts after LY2457546 administration. No medically relevant responses were observed in the five treated patients. Conclusion: No biologically effective dose could be established for LY2457546 in chemotherapy-resistant AML patients. Lack of drug clearance prevented safe dose escalation, and the study was terminated early. Future efforts should be made to develop derivatives with a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Wacheck
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel, Vienna, Austria
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Meisel JA, Fallon EM, Le HD, Nehra D, de Meijer VE, Rodig SJ, Puder M. Sunitinib inhibits postoperative adhesions in a rabbit model. Surgery 2011; 150:32-8. [PMID: 21507447 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative abdominal adhesions are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We previously demonstrated the inhibitory effect of sunitinib, a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on adhesion formation in a murine model, and now investigate its effects in a rabbit model. METHODS Forty New Zealand White rabbits underwent a standard adhesion procedure. Preoperatively, animals were randomized to treatment with sunitinib or saline (control). Animals were treated with a total of 11 daily doses, 1 preoperative and 10 postoperative. One group of 20 animals (group 1) was humanely killed on postoperative day 10, and the other (group 2) on postoperative day 30. After killing, adhesions were scored and abdominal wounds were collected for tensile strength and microvessel density measurements. RESULTS Sunitinib-treated animals in group 1 had a mean tenacity score of 1.67 ± 0.29 compared with 3.60 ± 0.16 in control animals (P < .01). Similarly, the mean tenacity scores for sunitinib-treated and control animals in group 2 were 0.20 ± 0.20 and 2.70 ± 0.37, respectively (P < .01). The mean uterine involvement scores for sunitinib-treated and control animals in group 1 were 1.44 ± 0.29 and 3.70 ± 0.15, respectively (P < .01), and in group 2 were 0.10 ± 0.10 and 2.70 ± 0.45, respectively (P < .01). There were no differences in ultimate or modular wound tensile strength between sunitinib-treated and control animals. CONCLUSION Sunitinib significantly reduces postoperative adhesions in a rabbit model. This therapy may improve postoperative adhesion-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Meisel
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Biology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Broutin S, Ameur N, Lacroix L, Robert T, Petit B, Oumata N, Talbot M, Caillou B, Schlumberger M, Dupuy C, Bidart JM. Identification of soluble candidate biomarkers of therapeutic response to sunitinib in medullary thyroid carcinoma in preclinical models. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2044-54. [PMID: 21325074 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), an aggressive rare tumor due to activating mutations in the proto-oncogene RET, requires new therapeutic strategies. Sunitinib, a potent inhibitor of RET, VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α/β, has been reported as clinically effective in some patients with advanced MTC. In this study, we examine molecular mechanisms of action of sunitinib and identify candidate soluble biomarkers of response. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Both in vitro and in vivo assays, using the human TT RET(C634W) MTC cell line, were done to assess the activity of sunitinib. Kinetic microarray studies were used to analyze molecular pathways modified by sunitinib and to identify candidate biomarkers that were subsequently investigated in the serum of patients. RESULTS Sunitinib displayed antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities and inhibited RET autophosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways. We showed that sunitinib treatment induced major changes in the expression of genes involved in tissue invasion and metastasis including vimentin (VIM), urokinase plasminogen (PLAU), tenascin-C (TN-C), SPARC, and CD44. Analyzing downregulated genes, we identified those encoding secreted proteins and, among them, interleukin (IL)-8 was found to be modulated in the serum of xenografted mice under sunitinib treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that metastatic MTC patients presented increased serum levels of IL-8 and TGF-β2. CONCLUSIONS Experimental models confirm the clinical efficacy of sunitinib observed in a few studies. Molecular pathways revealed by genomic signatures underline the impact of sunitinib on tissue invasion. Selected soluble candidate biomarkers could be of value for monitoring sunitinib response in metastatic MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Broutin
- Unité CNRS UMR8200, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy and Univ Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
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Niu G, Chen X. Vascular endothelial growth factor as an anti-angiogenic target for cancer therapy. Curr Drug Targets 2010; 11:1000-17. [PMID: 20426765 DOI: 10.2174/138945010791591395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New blood vessel formation (angiogenesis) is fundamental to tumor growth, invasion, and metastatic dissemination. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway plays pivotal roles in regulating tumor angiogenesis. VEGF as a therapeutic target has been validated in various types of human cancers. Different agents including antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and small molecules have been extensively investigated to block VEGF and its pro-angiogenic functions. Some of these agents have been approved by FDA and some are currently in clinical trials. Combination therapies are also being pursued for better tumor control. By providing comprehensive real-time information, molecular imaging of VEGF pathway may accelerate the drug development process. Moreover, the imaging will be of great help for patient stratification and therapeutic effect monitoring, which will promote effective personalized molecular cancer therapy. This review summarizes the current status of tumor therapeutic agents targeting to VEGF and the applications of VEGF related molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institute of Health, 9 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Qvortrup C, Jensen BV, Jorgensen TL, Nielsen D, Bjerregaard JK, Pfeiffer P. Addition of sunitinib to cetuximab and irinotecan in patients with heavily pre-treated advanced colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2010; 49:833-6. [PMID: 20615171 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2010.482104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Results of continuous sunitinib, in combination with cetuximab and irinotecan every other week (SIC) for compassionate use in heavily pre-treated patients with mCRC are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with mCRC resistant to oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-FU and cetuximab received SIC at two Danish oncologic departments. The regimen consisted of sunitinib given as a continuous-dosing in combination with cetuximab and irinotecan every other week (CetIri). The first six patients started with a daily oral dose of sunitinib of 12.5 mg. Subsequent patients started at a daily dose of 25 mg with the possibility to escalate to 37.5 mg. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients received SIC. No patient had an objective response, but 13 patients had subjective relief and 42% had stable disease. The median time to progression was 3.2 months and median overall survival was 7.4 months. Fatigue and leukopenia were the most frequently reported severe adverse event (18% grade 3 and 18% grade 3/4, respectively). DISCUSSION Sunitinib continuous-dosing with 25 mg/day can safely be combined with CetIri administered every other week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Qvortrup
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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Sablin MP, Dreyer C, Colichi C, Bouattour M, Delbaldo C, Faivre S, Raymond E. Benefits from pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of sunitinib for clinical development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:1005-15. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2010.506872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Understanding the molecular-based mechanism of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor: sunitinib. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21 Suppl 1:S3-11. [PMID: 20110785 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000361534.44052.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib is an orally available small-molecule multikinase inhibitor. This agent potently inhibits the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and c-Kit in addition to other kinases in biochemical and cell-based assays. In several relevant preclinical cancer models, sunitinib exerts significant antiangiogenesis and antitumor effects. In phase I studies, using intermittent dosing schedules, oral administration of doses up to 50 mg/day were reasonably well tolerated and resulted in plasma concentrations in the range of targeted levels needed for sustained kinase inhibition. Biomarker and functional imaging studies showed modulation of circulating markers of angiogenesis as well as a reduction in tumor metabolism. Sunitinib showed clinical activity in patients with renal cell cancer and in patients with imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Definitive randomized clinical trials showed significant clinical activity in these two indications leading to regulatory approval. In addition, this drug has showed activity in a variety of other tumor types such as breast, colon, and lung cancer and is being explored in combination with standard drugs in these diseases. The observation that biological and functional imaging effects are reduced during drug-free intervals has prompted the evaluation of protracted dosing schedules. A better understanding of mechanisms involved in resistance to sunitinib provides the rationale for combination strategies that hopefully will result in better clinical effect. Ongoing studies will elucidate the overall role of this drug in cancer treatment.
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Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction enables the accurate quantification of gene expression in cultured cells or small tissue samples. In this chapter, we describe the use of Taqman((R)) technology to measure expression of matrix metalloproteinases and related genes.
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Teicher BA. Human tumor xenografts and mouse models of human tumors: re-discovering the models. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903380430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kim S, Lee S, Greene AK, Arsenault DA, Le H, Meisel J, Novak K, Flynn E, Heymach JV, Puder M. Inhibition of Intra-Abdominal Adhesion Formation With the Angiogenesis Inhibitor Sunitinib. J Surg Res 2008; 149:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Prognosis is best when the disease is detected early; however, nearly two-thirds of newly diagnosed cases of CRC have lymph node involvement or metastatic disease. For years, 5-fluorouracil (FU)-based regimens represented the only viable treatment option for patients with metastatic CRC. However, in recent years several newer agents have been added to the treatment arsenal for this disease. These agents include oxaliplatin, irinotecan and newer monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (cetuximab and panitumumab) and VEGF (bevacizumab). This review aims to discuss current systemic and targeted therapies for metastatic colon cancer with a focus on mechanism of action, indications, toxicity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay R Hegde
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, 650 Clinical Research Building, 415 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Rojo F, Dalmases A, Corominas JM, Albanell J. Pharmacodynamics: biological activity of targeted therapies in clinical trials. Clin Transl Oncol 2008; 9:634-44. [PMID: 17974524 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-007-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer drug discovery and development in cancer are currently undergoing of fast transformation. The selection of a therapeutic and effective dose using conventional cytotoxic agents has been based on the consecution of the maximally tolerated dose. However, this principle does not apply for new targeted therapies, where the definition of the optimal biologic dose (OBD) should be preferred. The definition of OBD might be established based on pharmacokinetic endpoints and, ideally, on pharmacodynamic assays by demonstrating directly the biological effect on the target and its downstream molecules in normal or tumor tissues. Normal tissues, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells, skin or mucosa, may be excellent surrogates for explore the exposure of a drug and the dynamic target inhibition in vivo. In addition, tumor pharmacodynamic assays may determine the biologic effects of a therapy because tumor cells respond in a different way to targeted drugs than normal tissues, and to identify biomarkers that would permit to predict the individual response. In conclusion, these studies provide demonstration of proof of concept for biological and molecular mechanisms of selected drug, to select the appropriate population to be treated, to help the interpretation of clinical data, to inform the identification of optimal dose and schedule, to evaluate the clinical response and to contribute to take decisions for final approval by authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rojo
- Department of Pathology. Hospital del Mar-IMAS. Barcelona, Spain.
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Faivre S, Demetri G, Sargent W, Raymond E. Molecular basis for sunitinib efficacy and future clinical development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:734-45. [PMID: 17690708 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib malate (SU11248/Sutent; Pfizer) is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has potent anti-angiogenic and antitumour activities. Definitive efficacy has been demonstrated in advanced renal cell carcinoma and in gastrointestinal stromal tumours that are refractory or intolerant to imatinib (Gleevec; Novartis), which has provided the basis for the recent regulatory approvals for these indications. This article summarizes the discovery and development of sunitinib, and discusses key issues for the multitargeted approach in cancer treatment, such as markers of response and development of resistance, and their significance for the future development of sunitinib and other multikinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faivre
- Service Inter-Hospitalier de Cancérologie (SIHC) Beaujon-Bichat and RayLab, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP and Denis Diderot University, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92118 Clichy Cedex, France
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de Boüard S, Herlin P, Christensen JG, Lemoisson E, Gauduchon P, Raymond E, Guillamo JS. Antiangiogenic and anti-invasive effects of sunitinib on experimental human glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2007; 9:412-23. [PMID: 17622648 PMCID: PMC1994098 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors appear to be promising therapies for highly vascularized tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with both antiangiogenic and antitumor activities due to selective inhibition of various receptor tyrosine kinases, including those important for angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and platelet-derived growth factor receptors). Here we evaluated the antitumor activities of sunitinib on orthotopic models of GBM in vitro and in vivo. Sunitinib potently inhibited angiogenesis that was stimulated by implantation of U87MG and GL15 cells into organotypic brain slices at concentrations as low as 10 nM. At high dose (10 microM), sunitinib induced direct antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on GL15 cells and decreased invasion of these cells implanted into brain slices by 49% (p < 0.001). Treatment was associated with decreases in Src (35%) and focal adhesion kinase (44%) phosphorylation. However, anti-invasive activity was not observed in vivo at the highest dose level utilized (80 mg/kg per day). Survival experiments involving athymic mice bearing intracerebral U87MG GBM demonstrated that oral administration of 80 mg/kg sunitinib (five days on, two days off) improved median survival by 36% (p < 0.0001). Sunitinib treatment caused a 74% reduction in microvessel density (p < 0.05), an increase in tumor necrosis, and a decrease in number of GBM cells positive for MIB antibody. Sunitinib exhibited potent antiangiogenic activity that was associated with a meaningful prolongation of survival of mice bearing intracerebral GBM. These data support the potential utility of sunitinib in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Boüard
- GRECAN, Centre François Baclesse, Universié de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14076 Caen, France.
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Le Tourneau C, Raymond E, Faivre S. Sunitinib: a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor. A brief review of its therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal carcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007; 3:341-8. [PMID: 18360643 PMCID: PMC1936316 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.2007.3.2.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunitinib malate is a novel oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antitumor and antiangiogenic activities. Sunitinib was recently approved in first-line treatment for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and for the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) after disease progression or intolerance to imatinib mesylate therapy. We report the very interesting results of the phase II trials after cytokin failure and of the randomized recent trial of sunitinib versus cytokin-based therapy in first-line treatment for patients with metastatic RCC, as well as the promising results of the recent trials on patients with GIST after disease progression or intolerance to imatinib mesylate therapy. Oral sunitinib demonstrates a high level of efficacy with acceptable tolerability with the 50 mg daily for 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks off schedule; a continuous schedule could be of interest. Hypertension and asthenia are the most common side effects with sunitinib. Regardless of these encouraging results, studies investigating sunitinib in first-line treatment (for patients with GIST), adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings are awaited, as well as trials using sunitinb in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies. Clinical trials investigating sunitinib in other tumor types are ongoing.
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Baranda J, Williamson S. The new paradigm in the treatment of colorectal cancer: are we hitting the right target? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:311-24. [PMID: 17302526 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced colorectal cancer has definitely advanced in the last 10 years as newer and more active cytotoxic chemotherapy agents have become available. Better understanding of different fundamental molecular changes in carcinogenesis has resulted in the emergence of important therapeutic targets in colon cancer treatment. The era of nihilism has been replaced by a time of optimism with the development of targeted therapy, with the promise of agents with improved activity and a better toxicity profile in the management of colon cancer. This review focuses on novel agents, particularly targeted therapy in both earlier and more advanced phases of clinical investigations.
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Abstract
Sunitinib (SU011248) is an oral small molecular tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exhibits potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as SU6668 and SU5416 (semaxanib) demonstrated poor pharmacologic properties and limited efficacy; therefore, sunitinib was rationally designed and chosen for its high bioavailability and its nanomolar-range potency against the antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)--vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR). Sunitinib inhibits other tyrosine kinases including, KIT, FLT3, colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), and RET, which are involved in a number of malignancies including small-cell lung cancer, GI stromal tumors (GISTs), breast cancer, acute myelogenous leukemia, multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Sunitinib demonstrated robust antitumor activity in preclinical studies resulting not only in tumor growth inhibition, but tumor regression in models of colon cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma, renal carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma, which were associated with inhibition of VEGFR and PDGFR phosphorylation. Clinical activity was demonstrated in neuroendocrine, colon, and breast cancers in phase II studies, whereas definitive efficacy has been demonstrated in advanced renal cell carcinoma and in imatinib-refractory GISTs, leading to US Food and Drug Administration approval of sunitinib for treatment of these two diseases. Studies investigating sunitinib alone in various tumor types and in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing. The clinical benchmarking of this small-molecule inhibitor of members of the split-kinase domain family of RTKs will lead to additional insights regarding the biology, potential biomarkers, and clinical utility of agents that target multiple signaling pathways in tumor, stromal, and endothelial compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Q M Chow
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Jubb AM, Hurwitz HI, Bai W, Holmgren EB, Tobin P, Guerrero AS, Kabbinavar F, Holden SN, Novotny WF, Frantz GD, Hillan KJ, Koeppen H. Impact of vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression, thrombospondin-2 expression, and microvessel density on the treatment effect of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 24:217-27. [PMID: 16365183 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.01.5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF). In the pivotal trial in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), addition of bevacizumab to first-line irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) significantly prolonged median survival. The aim of these retrospective subset analyses was to evaluate VEGF, thrombospondin-2 (THBS-2), and microvessel density (MVD) as prognostic factors and/or predictors of benefit from bevacizumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the pivotal trial, 813 patients with untreated mCRC were randomly assigned to receive IFL plus bevacizumab or placebo. Of 312 tissue samples collected (285 primaries, 27 metastases), outcome data were available for 278 (153 bevacizumab, 125 placebo). Epithelial and stromal VEGF expression were assessed by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays and whole sections. Stromal THBS-2 expression was examined by ISH on tissue microarrays. MVD was quantified by Chalkley count. Overall survival was associated with these variables in retrospective subset analyses. RESULTS In all subgroups, estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of death were < 1 for bevacizumab-treated patients regardless of the level of VEGF or THBS-2 expression or MVD. Patients with a high THBS-2 score showed a nonsignificant improvement in survival following bevacizumab treatment (HR = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.51) compared to patients with a low score (HR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.41 to 1.02); interaction analysis P = .22. VEGF or THBS-2 expression and MVD were not significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSION These exploratory analyses suggest that in patients with mCRC addition of bevacizumab to IFL improves survival regardless of the level of VEGF or THBS-2 expression, or MVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian M Jubb
- Department of Pathology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Faivre S, Delbaldo C, Vera K, Robert C, Lozahic S, Lassau N, Bello C, Deprimo S, Brega N, Massimini G, Armand JP, Scigalla P, Raymond E. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and antitumor activity of SU11248, a novel oral multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 24:25-35. [PMID: 16314617 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish the safety, pharmacokinetics, and recommended dose of sunitinib, a novel oral multitargeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor properties, in patients with advanced malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sunitinib was given orally for 4 weeks every 6 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients received doses ranging from 15 to 59 mg/m2 (ranging from 50 mg every other day to 150 mg/d). Dose-limiting toxicities reported at the maximum-tolerated doses > or = 75 mg/d were reversible grade 3 fatigue, grade 3 hypertension, and grade 2 bullous skin toxicity. Therefore, the recommended dose was 50 mg/d. At this dose, the main adverse effects were sore mouth, edema, and thrombocytopenia. Hair discoloration and yellow coloration of the skin were observed at doses > or = 50 mg/d. Pharmacokinetic data indicate that potentially active target plasma concentrations > or = 50 ng/mL can be achieved with moderate interpatient variability and a long half-life compatible with a single daily dosing. Six objective responses were observed in three renal cell carcinomas, one neuroendocrine tumor, one stromal tumor, and one unknown primary adenocarcinoma patient. At higher doses (> or = 75 mg/d), tumor responses were often associated with reduced intratumoral vascularization and central tumor necrosis, eventually resulting in organ perforation or fistula. CONCLUSION At the dose of 50 mg/d (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off), sunitinib displays manageable toxicity. Antitumor activity supports further studies in patients with renal cell carcinoma, gastrointestinal, neuroendocrine, and stromal tumors. Future studies may consider including prospective imaging techniques such as high frequency ultrasound to monitor tumor density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Faivre
- Department of Medicine, Gustave-Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
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Kéri G, Székelyhidi Z, Bánhegyi P, Varga Z, Hegymegi-Barakonyi B, Szántai-Kis C, Hafenbradl D, Klebl B, Muller G, Ullrich A, Erös D, Horváth Z, Greff Z, Marosfalvi J, Pató J, Szabadkai I, Szilágyi I, Szegedi Z, Varga I, Wáczek F, Orfi L. Drug Discovery in the Kinase Inhibitory Field Using the Nested Chemical Library™ Technology. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2005; 3:543-51. [PMID: 16305311 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2005.3.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase inhibitors are at the forefront of modern drug research, where mostly three technologies are used for hit-and-lead finding: high throughput screening of random libraries, three-dimensional structure-based drug design based on X-ray data, and focused libraries around limited number of new cores. Our novel Nested Chemical Library (NCL) (Vichem Chemie Research Ltd., Budapest, Hungary) technology is based on a knowledge base approach, where focused libraries around selected cores are used to generate pharmacophore models. NCL was designed on the platform of a diverse kinase inhibitory library organized around 97 core structures. We have established a unique, proprietary kinase inhibitory chemistry around these core structures with small focused sublibraries around each core. All the compounds in our NCL library are stored in a big unified Structured Query Language database along with their measured and calculated physicochemical and ADME/toxicity (ADMET) properties, together with thousands of molecular descriptors calculated for each compound. Biochemical kinase inhibitory assays on selected, cloned kinase enzymes for a few hundred NCL compound sets can provide sufficient biological data for rational computerized design of new analogues, based on our pharmacophore model-generating 3DNET4W QSPAR (quantitative structure-property/activity relationships) approach. Using this pharmacophore modeling approach and the ADMET filters, we can preselect synthesizable compounds for hit-and-lead optimization. Starting from this point and integrating the information from QSPAR, high-quality leads can be generated within a small number of optimization cycles. Applying NCL technology we have developed lead compounds for several validated kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Kéri
- Peptide Biochemistry Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry and Rational Drug Design Laboratory Cooperative Research Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Marzola P, Degrassi A, Calderan L, Farace P, Nicolato E, Crescimanno C, Sandri M, Giusti A, Pesenti E, Terron A, Sbarbati A, Osculati F. Early Antiangiogenic Activity of SU11248 Evaluated In vivo by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an Experimental Model of Colon Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5827-32. [PMID: 16115922 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare two dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) techniques in terms of their ability in assessing the early antiangiogenic effect of SU11248, a novel selective multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, that exhibits direct antitumor and antiangiogenic activity via inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases platelet-derived growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, KIT, and FLT3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A s.c. tumor model of HT29 human colon carcinoma in athymic mice was used. Two DCE-MRI techniques were used based, respectively, on macromolecular [Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-albumin] and low molecular weight (Gd-DTPA) contrast agents. The first technique provided a quantitative measurement of transendothelial permeability and fractional plasma volume, accepted surrogate markers of tumor angiogenesis. With the second technique, we quantified the initial area under the concentration-time curve, which gives information related to tumor perfusion and vascular permeability. Experiments were done before and 24 hours after a single dose administration of SU11248. RESULTS The early antiangiogenic effect of SU11248 was detected by DCE-MRI with macromolecular contrast agent as a 42% decrease in vascular permeability measured in the tumor rim. The effect was also detected by DCE-MRI done with Gd-DTPA as a 31% decrease in the initial area under the concentration-time curve. Histologic slices showed a statistically significant difference in mean vessel density between the treated and control groups. CONCLUSIONS The early antiangiogenic activity of SU11248 was detected in vivo by DCE-MRI techniques using either macromolecular or low molecular weight contrast agents. Because DCE-MRI techniques with low molecular weight contrast agents can be used in clinical studies, these results could be relevant for the design of clinical trials based on new paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquina Marzola
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologico-Biomediche, Sezione di Anatomia ed Istologia, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Yingling JM, Blanchard KL, Sawyer JS. Development of TGF-beta signalling inhibitors for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005; 3:1011-22. [PMID: 15573100 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of ligands has a pivotal role in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes from development to pathogenesis. Since the discovery of the prototypic member, TGF-beta, almost 20 years ago, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the complex biology of this superfamily. Deregulation of TGF-beta has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases, including cancer and fibrosis. Here we present the rationale for evaluating TGF-beta signalling inhibitors as cancer therapeutics, the structures of small-molecule inhibitors that are in development and the targeted drug discovery model that is being applied to their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Yingling
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA.
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Mazitschek R, Giannis A. Inhibitors of angiogenesis and cancer-related receptor tyrosine kinases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 8:432-41. [PMID: 15288254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis is an attractive target in cancer therapy. In this context, receptor tyrosine kinases play a pivotal role. Extensive efforts have been made to identify and develop small-molecule inhibitors of these central signaling proteins. Some of these compounds have already passed or are currently in clinical trials to investigate their applicability as anti-cancer drugs. However, the high expectations that are set in antiangiogenic therapy have not yet been accomplished. But there are also new and exciting opportunities for cancer treatment by combining antiangiogenic molecules with newly emerging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Mazitschek
- Institute for Chemistry and Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Whitney JA. Reference Systems for Kinase Drug Discovery: Chemical Genetic Approaches to Cell-Based Assays. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2004; 2:417-29. [PMID: 15357923 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2004.2.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play key roles in a number of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and diabetes. Disregulation of kinase-based signal transduction networks results in aberrant cell differentiation, activation, proliferation, and invasion. The growing importance of kinases as a major class of drug targets across multiple large clinical indications, together with the large number of kinases in the genome (~518), has generated a critical need for technologies that enable the identification of potent and selective kinase inhibitors with good drug-like properties. In this review, we describe methods used for developing cell-based assays for kinase inhibitors, discuss advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and describe new chemical genetic methods as reference systems for establishing cell-based assays and their use for functional selectivity profiling of kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Whitney
- Department of Research Informatics, Cellular Genomics, Inc., Branford, CT, USA.
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