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Vo HVT, Nguyen YT, Kim N, Lee HJ. Vitamin A, D, E, and K as Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/9 Regulators That Affect Expression and Enzymatic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17038. [PMID: 38069361 PMCID: PMC10707015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, D, E, and K) assume a pivotal role in maintaining human homeostasis by virtue of their enzymatic functions. The daily inclusion of these vitamins is imperative to the upkeep of various physiological processes including vision, bone health, immunity, and protection against oxidative stress. Current research highlights fat-soluble vitamins as potential therapeutics for human diseases, especially cancer. Fat-soluble vitamins exert their therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, including regulation of matrix metalloproteinases' (MMPs) expression and enzymatic activity. As MMPs have been reported to be involved in the pathology of various diseases, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders, regulating the expression and/or activity of MMPs could be considered as a potent therapeutic strategy. Here, we summarize the properties of fat-soluble vitamins and their potential as promising candidates capable of effectively modulating MMPs through multiple pathways to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Vy Thi Vo
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Namdoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea;
- Kongju National University Institute of Science Education, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
- Kongju National University’s Physical Fitness for Health Research Lab (KNUPFHR), Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Republic of Korea
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2
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Vitamin E succinate with multiple functions: A versatile agent in nanomedicine-based cancer therapy and its delivery strategies. Int J Pharm 2021; 600:120457. [PMID: 33676991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E succinate (VES), a succinic acid ester of vitamin E, is one of the most effective anticancer compounds of the vitamin E family. VES can inhibit tumor growth by multiple pathways mainly involve tumor proliferation inhibition, apoptosis induction, and metastasis prevention. More importantly, the mitochondrial targeting and damaging property of VES endows it with great potential in exhibiting synergetic effect with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR). Given the lipophilicity of VES that hinders its bioavailability and therapeutic activity, nanotechnology with multiple advantages has been widely explored to deliver VES and opened up new avenues for its in vivo application. This review aims to introduce the anticancer mechanisms of VES and summarize its delivery strategies using nano-drug delivery systems. Specifically, VES-based combination therapy for synergetic anticancer effect, MDR-reversal, and oral chemotherapy improvement are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and perspectives are discussed.
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Tras B, Eser Faki H, Ozdemir Kutahya Z, Bahcivan E, Dik B, Bozkurt B, Uney K. Treatment and protective effects of metalloproteinase inhibitors alone and in combination with N-Acetyl cysteine plus vitamin E in rats exposed to aflatoxin B 1. Toxicon 2021; 194:79-85. [PMID: 33617885 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors dexamethasone and minocycline administrations -both single and in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin E-on the tissue distribution and lethal dose (LD)50 of aflatoxin (AF)B1 in rats. We performed this study on male Wistar rats (8-10 weeks) in two phases. In the first phase, rats were administered dexamethasone (5 and 20 mg/kg) and minocycline (45 and 90 mg/kg), both as single treatments and in combination with NAC (200 mg/kg) and vitamin E (600 mg/kg); these treatments followed AFB1 administration (2 mg/kg). In the second phase, the therapeutic effect value (TEV) was calculated to determine the treatment effect on the LD50 level of AFB1. The tissue affinity of AFB1 from high to low was liver, kidney, intestine, brain, heart, spleen, lung, testis, and vitreous humor, respectively. Dexamethasone at the 20 mg/kg dose significantly reduced AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and the other tissues, except for the vitreous humor. The effects of minocycline on the plasma and tissue concentrations of AFB1 varied by dose and tissue. The combinations of dexamethasone or minocycline with NAC and vitamin E increased the AFB1 concentrations in the plasma and all tissues, except for vitreous humor and liver. In male rats, the LD50 value of AFB1 was 11.86 mg/kg. The TEV of dexamethasone (20 mg/kg) was calculated to be 1.5. Dexamethasone can be administered in repeated doses at ≥20 mg/kg to increase survival in AFB1 poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunyamin Tras
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Eser Faki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Ozdemir Kutahya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cukurova, 01930, Adana, Turkey
| | - Emre Bahcivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, 36000, Kars, Turkey
| | - Burak Dik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Banu Bozkurt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kamil Uney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, 42031, Konya, Turkey
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Boratto FA, Franco MS, Barros ALB, Cassali GD, Malachias A, Ferreira LAM, Leite EA. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate improves encapsulation, pH-sensitivity, antitumor activity and reduces toxicity of doxorubicin-loaded liposomes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 144:105205. [PMID: 31874285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) plays an important role in cancer treatment; however, high cardiotoxicity and low penetration in solid tumors are the main limitations of its use. Liposomal formulations have been developed to attenuate the DOX toxicity, but the technological enhancement of the liposomal formulation as well as the addition of another agent with antitumor properties, like alpha-tocopheryl succinate (TS), a semi-synthetic analog of vitamin E, could certainly bring benefits. Thus, in this study, it was proposed the development of liposomes composed of DOX and TS (pHSL-TS-DOX). A new DOX encapsulation method, without using the classic ammonium sulfate gradient with high encapsulation percentage was developed. Analysis of Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and release study proved the pH-sensitivity of the developed formulation. It was observed stabilization of tumor growth using pHSL-TS-DOX when compared to free DOX. The toxicity tests showed the safety of this formulation since it allowed body weight initial recovery after the treatment and harmless to heart and liver, main target organs of DOX toxicity. The developed formulation also avoided the occurrence of myelosuppression, a typical adverse effect of DOX. Therefore, pHSL-TS-DOX is a promising alternative for the treatment of breast cancer since it has adequate antitumor activity and a safe toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Boratto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - M S Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - A L B Barros
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - G D Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A Malachias
- Department of Physics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L A M Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - E A Leite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil.
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Wei J, Long Y, Guo R, Liu X, Tang X, Rao J, Yin S, Zhang Z, Li M, He Q. Multifunctional polymeric micelle-based chemo-immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade for efficient treatment of orthotopic and metastatic breast cancer. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:819-831. [PMID: 31384541 PMCID: PMC6664045 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has become a highly promising paradigm for cancer treatment. Herein, a chemo-immunotherapy was developed by encapsulating chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (DOX) and Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) in low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)-d-α-tocopheryl succinate (TOS) micelles (LT). In this process, LMWH and TOS were conjugated by ester bond and they were not only served as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments of the carrier, but also exhibited strong anti-metastasis effect. The direct killing of tumor cells mediated by DOX-loaded micelles (LT-DOX) generated tumor-associated antigens, initiating tumor-specific immune responses in combination with IMQ-loaded micelles (LT-IMQ). Furthermore, the blockade of immune checkpoint with programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody further elevated the immune responses by up-regulating the maturation of DCs as well as the ratios of CD8+ CTLs/Treg and CD4+ Teff/Treg. Therefore, such a multifunctional strategy exhibited great potential for inhibiting the growth of orthotopic and metastatic breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Song M, Wang J, Lei J, Peng G, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Yin M, Li J, Liu Y, Wei X, Li X, Li G. Preparation and Evaluation of Liposomes Co-Loaded with Doxorubicin, Phospholipase D Inhibitor 5-Fluoro-2-Indolyl Deschlorohalopemide (FIPI) and D-Alpha Tocopheryl Acid Succinate (α-TOS) for Anti-Metastasis. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:138. [PMID: 31001703 PMCID: PMC6473021 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-2964-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis has become a key obstacle to cancer treatment, which causes high mortality. Nowadays, it involves multiple complex pathways, and conventional treatments are not effective due to fewer targets. The aims of the present study were to construct a novel liposome delivery system co-loading a specific PLD inhibitor 5-fluoro-2-indolyldes-chlorohalopemide (FIPI) in combination with antitumor drug doxorubicin (DOX) and functional excipient D-alpha tocopheryl acid succinate (α-TOS) for anti-metastasis. In this study, the liposomes containing three components (DFT-Lip) with different physicochemical properties were successfully prepared by film dispersion method combined with pH-gradient method. Physicochemical parameters such as particles size, potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and release profiles were investigated. In vitro and in vivo anti-metastasis effectiveness against highly metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line was evaluated. The liposomes showed uniform particle size (approximately 119 nm), high drug encapsulation efficiency (> 90%), slow release characteristics and stability. In vitro anti-tumor cell metastasis study demonstrated DFT-Lip could greatly inhibit motility, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells compared to other liposomes, predicting a synergistic anti-tumor metastasis effect between FIPI with α-TOS in liposomes. In vivo anti-metastasis study showed that DFT-Lip prevented the initiation and the progression of metastasis of high metastatic breast cancer. These results suggested that the liposomes containing DOX, FIPI, and α-TOS might be a promising strategy for metastatic tumor therapy in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jiongxi Lei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guanghua Peng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wenxi Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mengya Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jiajia Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xiaomeng Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xinru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guiling Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
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Rathee D, Lather V, Grewal AS, Dureja H. Enzymatic inhibitory activity of iridoid glycosides from Picrorrhiza kurroa against matrix metalloproteinases: Correlating in vitro targeted screening and docking. Comput Biol Chem 2018; 78:28-36. [PMID: 30497018 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One specific group of MMPs; gelatinases A (MMP-2) and B (MMP-9) are of precise interest in view of the development and progression of cancer. In the current work, an attempt was made to investigate the enzymatic inhibitory activity of Kutkin (KT), Kutkoside (KS), and Picroside I (PS) by inhibition assay and to further check the downregulation of the expression of mRNA levels of MMP-2 and -9. Further in silico docking studies were performed to investigate the interaction of KT, KS and PS with MMP-2 and MMP-9. The results revealed a dose dependent cytotoxic activity of the compounds under investigation and showed a significant inhibition of MMP-9 in comparison to the activity against MMP-2. In addition, a considerable decrease in expression of mRNA levels (MMP-9) was observed in KT, KS, and PS-treated MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cancer cells as was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (semi-quantitative RT-PCR). The molecular docking studies between KT, KS, PS with MMPs revealed that KT, KS, PS occupied the active site of MMP-9 and showed better binding interactions in comparison to MMP-2. The binding energies of the complexes were -7.4, -7.1 and -7.2 kJ/mol for KT, KS and PS with MMP-9, respectively and -8.9, -8.0 and -8.0 kJ/mol for KT, KS and PS with MMP-2, respectively. The findings from the in vitro studies revealed that KT, KS and PS exhibited significant anti-proliferative effects on both MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. In addition, the results of inhibition assay showed that MMP-9 activity was significantly inhibited by KT, KS and PS and the results were consistent with in silico assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmender Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MaharshiDayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, U.P., India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MaharshiDayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Rathee D, Lather V, Grewal AS, Dureja H. Targeting matrix metalloproteinases with novel diazepine substituted cinnamic acid derivatives: design, synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:41. [PMID: 29679218 PMCID: PMC5910448 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the notable cause of cancer associated deaths worldwide. Recent studies revealed that the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is extremely high in lung tumors compared with non-malignant lung tissue. MMPs (-2 and -9) play an important part in tumor development and angiogenesis, which suggests that creating potent MMP-2 and -9 inhibitors, should be an important goal in lung cancer therapy. In the present study, an effort has been made to develop new anti-metastatic and anti-invasive agents, wherein a series of novel diazepine substituted cinnamic acid derivatives were designed, synthesized and assayed for their inhibitory activities on MMP-2 and MMP-9. These derivatives were prepared via microwave assisted reaction of tert-butyl (3-cinnamamidopropyl)carbamate derivatives mixed with 2,3-dibromopropanoic acid and potassium carbonate was added to obtain 4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1-cinnamoyl-1,4-diazepane-2-carboxylic acid derivatives. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. All the tested compounds showed good to excellent cytotoxic potential against A549 human lung cancer cells. The active compounds displaying good activity were further examined for the inhibitory activity against MMPs (-2 and -9). In addition, the structure and anticancer activity relationship were further supported by in silico docking studies of the active compounds against MMP-2 and MMP-9.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmender Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JCDM College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, Haryana, 125055, India
| | - Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Patiala, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India.
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Tumor-specific penetrating peptides-functionalized hyaluronic acid- d -α-tocopheryl succinate based nanoparticles for multi-task delivery to invasive cancers. Biomaterials 2015; 71:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhu J, Fu F, Xiong Z, Shen M, Shi X. Dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles modified with RGD peptide and alpha-tocopheryl succinate enable targeted theranostics of cancer cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:36-42. [PMID: 26070049 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) modified with alpha-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) and arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide for targeted chemotherapy and computed tomography (CT) imaging of cancer cells. In this work, generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers pre-conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI), RGD peptide via a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer, and PEG-linked α-TOS were used as templates to synthesize AuNPs. Followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines, multifunctional Au DENPs with an Au core size of 4.0nm were generated. The formed multifunctional Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the multifunctional Au DENPs are stable at different pH (5-8) and temperature (4-50°C) conditions and display enhanced efficacy in the generation of reactive oxygen species, which is associated with their increased ability to induce apoptosis. Thanks to the role played by RGD-mediated targeting, the multifunctional Au DENPs are able to target cancer cells overexpressing αvβ3 integrin and specifically inhibit the growth of the cancer cells. Likewise, the existence of AuNPs enabled the multifunctional Au DENPs to have a better X-ray attenuation property than clinically used iodinated CT contrast agents (e.g., Omnipaque) and the use of them as a nanoprobe for targeted CT imaging of cancer cells in vitro. The formed multifunctional Au DENPs may hold great promise to be used as a theranostic platform for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanfan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijuan Xiong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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Laudadio V, Lorusso V, Lastella N, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Alam GM, Tufarelli V. Enhancement of Nutraceutical Value of Table Eggs Through Poultry Feeding Strategies. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.201.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of peroxiredoxin 1 (Prdx1) in the invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to determine overexpression of Prdx1 in human PDAC tissues. Immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the interaction and intracellular distribution of Prdx1 and a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family protein, p38 MAPK, in PDAC cells. Finally, immunocytochemistry and Matrigel invasion assay were used to examine the effects of Prdx1 and p38 MAPK on the formation of cell protrusions and PDAC cell invasion. RESULTS Prdx1 is overexpressed in human PDAC tissues. Peroxiredoxin 1 interacts with active forms of p38 MAPK, and complexes of Prdx1 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK localize at the leading edges of migrating PDAC cells. Suppression of Prdx1 decreases active p38 MAPK localized in cell protrusions and inhibits the invasiveness of PDAC cells. Consequently, suppression of Prdx1 inhibits membrane ruffling and protrusions. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 also decreases the formation of membrane protrusions and inhibits invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS Prdx1 associates with the formation of membrane protrusions through modulation of the activity of p38 MAPK, which in turn promotes PDAC cell invasion.
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Zhang QY, Li R, Zeng GF, Liu B, Liu J, Shu Y, Liu ZK, Qiu ZD, Wang DJ, Miao HL, Li MY, Zhu RZ. Dihydromyricetin inhibits migration and invasion of hepatoma cells through regulation of MMP-9 expression. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10082-10093. [PMID: 25110435 PMCID: PMC4123337 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.10082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of dihydromyricetin (DHM) on the migration and invasion of human hepatic cancer cells.
METHODS: The hepatoma cell lines SK-Hep-1 and MHCC97L were used in this study. The cells were cultured in RPIM-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator. DHM was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and diluted to various concentrations in medium before applying to cells. MTT assays were performed to measure the viability of the cells after DHM treatment. Wound healing and Boyden transwell assays were used to assess cancer cell motility. The invasive capacity of cancer cells was measured using Matrigel-coated transwell chambers. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/9 activity was examined by fluorescence analysis. Western blot was carried out to analyze the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, p-38, JNK, ERK1/2 and PKC-δ proteins. All data were analyzed by Student’s t tests in GraphPad prism 5.0 software and are presented as mean ± SD.
RESULTS: DHM was found to strongly inhibit the migration of the hepatoma cell lines SK-Hep-1 (without DHM, 24 h: 120 ± 8 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM, 24 h: 65 ± 10 μmol/L, P < 0.001) and MHCC97L (without DHM, 24 h: 126 ± 7 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM, 24 h: 74 ± 6 μmol/L, P < 0.001). The invasive capacity of the cells was reduced by DHM treatment (SK-Hep-1 cells without DHM, 24 h: 67 ± 4 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM, 24 h: 9 ± 3 μmol/L, P < 0.001; MHCC97L cells without DHM, 24 h: 117 ± 8 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM, 24 h: 45 ± 2 μmol/L, P < 0.001). MMP2/9 activity was also inhibited by DHM exposure (SK-Hep-1 cells without DHM, 24 h: 600 ± 26 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM, 24 h: 100 ± 6 μmol/L, P < 0.001; MHCC97L cells without DHM, 24 h: 504 ± 32 μmol/L vs 100 μmol/L DHM 24 h: 156 ± 10 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Western blot analysis showed that DHM decreased the expression level of MMP-9 but had little effect on MMP-2. Further investigation indicated that DHM markedly reduced the phosphorylation levels of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK in a concentration-dependent manner but had no impact on the total protein levels. In addition, PKC-δ protein, a key protein in the regulation of MMP family protein expression, was up-regulated with DHM treatment.
CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that DHM inhibits the migration and invasion of hepatoma cells and may serve as a potential candidate agent for the prevention of HCC metastasis.
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Xu P, Yu H, Zhang Z, Meng Q, Sun H, Chen X, Yin Q, Li Y. Hydrogen-bonded and reduction-responsive micelles loading atorvastatin for therapy of breast cancer metastasis. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7574-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Zhu J, Zheng L, Wen S, Tang Y, Shen M, Zhang G, Shi X. Targeted cancer theranostics using alpha-tocopheryl succinate-conjugated multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7635-46. [PMID: 24927683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms for targeted cancer imaging and therapy still remains a great challenge. Herein, we report the use of multifunctional dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) covalently linked with α-tocopheryl succinate (α-TOS) as a platform for targeted cancer computed tomography (CT) imaging and therapy. In this study, amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers of generation 5 (G5.NH2) conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FI), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified α-TOS, and PEGylated folic acid (FA) were used as templates to synthesize Au DENPs, followed by acetylation of the remaining dendrimer terminal amines. The formed multifunctional Au DENPs were characterized via different techniques. We show that the Au DENPs conjugated with approximately 9.8 α-TOS molecules per dendrimer and with an Au core size of 3.3 nm are water-dispersible, and stable under different pH and temperature conditions and in different aqueous media. The FA modification onto the Au DENPs enables efficient targeting of the particles to cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors (FAR), and effective targeted CT imaging of the cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. Likewise, the covalent conjugation of α-TOS does not compromise its therapeutic activity, instead significantly improves its water solubility. Importantly, thanks to the role of FA-directed targeting, the formed multifunctional Au DENPs are able to exert the specific therapeutic efficacy of α-TOS to the FAR-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and the xenografted tumor model in vivo. The developed multifunctional Au DENPs may hold a great promise to be used as a unique theranostic nanoplatform for targeted CT imaging and therapy of different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihui Wen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Tang
- Experiment Center, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Sanches LD, Santos SAA, Carvalho JR, Jeronimo GDM, Favaro WJ, Reis MDG, Felisbino SL, Justulin LA. Protective effect of γ-tocopherol-enriched diet on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced epithelial dysplasia in rat ventral prostate. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:362-72. [PMID: 24205794 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer (PCa), the management of this disease remains a challenge. Chemoprotective agents have been used to protect against or eradicate prostate malignancies. Here, we investigated the protective effect of γ-tocopherol on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced epithelial dysplasia in the rat ventral prostate (VP). Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n = 8): control (CT): healthy control animals fed a standard diet; control+γ-tocopherol (CT+γT): healthy control animals without intervention fed a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg); N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU): rats that received a single dose of MNU (30 mg/kg) plus testosterone propionate (100 mg/kg) and were fed a standard diet; and MNU+γ-tocopherol (MNU+γT): rats that received the same treatment of MNU plus testosterone and were fed with a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet (20 mg/kg). After 4 months, the VPs were excised to evaluate morphology, cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) and androgen receptor (AR) protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity. An increase in the incidence of epithelial dysplasias, such as stratified epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia, in the MNU group was accompanied by augmented cell proliferation, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression and pro-MMP-9 activity. Stromal thickening and inflammatory foci were also observed. The administration of a γ-tocopherol-enriched diet significantly attenuated the adverse effects of MNU in the VP. The incidence of epithelial dysplasia decreased, along with the cell proliferation index, GST-pi and Cox-2 immunoexpression. The gelatinolytic activity of pro-MMP-9 returned to the levels observed for the CT group. These results suggest that γ-tocopherol acts as a protective agent against MNU-induced prostatic disorders in the rat ventral prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Sanches
- Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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17
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Xu P, Yin Q, Shen J, Chen L, Yu H, Zhang Z, Li Y. Synergistic inhibition of breast cancer metastasis by silibinin-loaded lipid nanoparticles containing TPGS. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Rathee D, Thanki M, Bhuva S, Anandjiwala S, Agrawal R. Iridoid glycosides-Kutkin, Picroside I, and Kutkoside from Picrorrhiza kurroa Benth inhibits the invasion and migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells through the down regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. ARAB J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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19
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Kao SJ, Su JL, Chen CK, Yu MC, Bai KJ, Chang JH, Bien MY, Yang SF, Chien MH. Osthole inhibits the invasive ability of human lung adenocarcinoma cells via suppression of NF-κB-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:105-15. [PMID: 22503731 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is particularly important for the invasiveness of various cancer cells. Osthole, a natural coumarin derivative extracted from traditional Chinese medicines, is known to inhibit the proliferation of a variety of tumor cells, but the effect of osthole on the invasiveness of tumor cells is largely unknown. This study determines whether and by what mechanism osthole inhibits invasion in CL1-5 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Herein, we found that osthole effectively inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of CL1-5 cells. A zymographic assay showed that osthole inhibited the proteolytic activity of MMP-9 in CL1-5 cells. Inhibition of migration, invasion, and MMP2 and/or MMP-9 proteolytic activities was also observed in other lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (H1299 and A549). We further found that osthole inhibited MMP-9 expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Moreover, a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that osthole inhibited the transcriptional activity of MMP-9 by suppressing the DNA binding activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in the MMP-9 promoter. Using reporter assays with point-mutated promoter constructs further confirmed that the inhibitory effect of osthole requires an NF-κB binding site on the MMP-9 promoter. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that osthole inhibited NF-κB activity by inhibiting IκB-α degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that osthole inhibits NF-κB-mediated MMP-9 expression, resulting in suppression of lung cancer cell invasion and migration, and osthole might be a potential agent for preventing the invasion and metastasis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jyh Kao
- Department of Chest Medicine, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Archile-Contreras AC, Cha MC, Mandell IB, Miller SP, Purslow PP. Vitamins E and C may increase collagen turnover by intramuscular fibroblasts. Potential for improved meat quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:608-614. [PMID: 21175176 DOI: 10.1021/jf103696t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamins influence collagen metabolism in animals grown for meat. This study investigated whether vitamins E and C regulate collagen turnover in muscle by the balance of effects on the synthesis of collagen and its degradation by secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by bovine intramuscular fibroblasts. Fibroblasts isolated from longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscle were treated with different concentrations of vitamins. Pro-MMP-2, MMP-2, and total soluble collagen (TSC) synthesis were determined. Vitamins E and C each preferentially increased (P < 0.05) MMP-2 in cells derived from LD relative to those derived from ST. Higher TSC values (P < 0.05) were found for ST cells than for LD cells. Both vitamins may increase collagen turnover exerted by intramuscular connective tissue fibroblasts. These results may have implications in vivo on animal production, as a high rate of collagen turnover may lead to increased collagen solubility in muscles, which can affect meat tenderness.
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21
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Dunn BK, Richmond ES, Minasian LM, Ryan AM, Ford LG. A nutrient approach to prostate cancer prevention: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Nutr Cancer 2011; 62:896-918. [PMID: 20924966 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2010.509833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) randomized 35,533 healthy men, >55 yr old (>50 yr if African American), with normal digital rectal exams and prostate specific antigens <4 ng/ml to 1) 200 μg/day l-selenomethionine, 2) 400 IU/day all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E), 3) both supplements, or 4) placebo for 7 to 12 yr. The hypotheses underlying SELECT, that selenium and vitamin E individually and together decrease prostate cancer incidence, derived from epidemiologic and laboratory evidence and significant secondary endpoints in the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer (selenium) and Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (vitamin E) trials. In SELECT, prostate cancer incidence did not differ among the 4 arms: hazard ratios [99% confidence intervals (CIs)] for prostate cancer were 1.13 (99% CI = 0.95-1.35, P = 0.06; n = 473) for vitamin E, 1.04 (99% CI = 0.87-1.24, P = 0.62; n = 432) for selenium, and 1.05 (99% CI = 0.88-1.25, P = 0.52; n = 437) for selenium + vitamin E vs. 1.00 (n = 416) for placebo. Statistically nonsignificant increased risks of prostate cancer with vitamin E alone [relative risk (RR) = 1.13, P = 0.06) and newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus with selenium alone (RR = 1.07, P = 0.16) were observed. SELECT data show that neither selenium nor vitamin E, alone or together, in the doses and formulations used, prevented prostate cancer in this heterogeneous population of healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K Dunn
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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22
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Augustyniak A, Bartosz G, Čipak A, Duburs G, Horáková L, Łuczaj W, Majekova M, Odysseos AD, Rackova L, Skrzydlewska E, Stefek M, Štrosová M, Tirzitis G, Venskutonis PR, Viskupicova J, Vraka PS, Žarković N. Natural and synthetic antioxidants: An updated overview. Free Radic Res 2010; 44:1216-62. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2010.508495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Zhang M, Coen JJ, Suzuki Y, Siedow MR, Niemierko A, Khor LY, Pollack A, Zhang Y, Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Chakravarti A. Survivin is a potential mediator of prostate cancer metastasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:1095-103. [PMID: 20231071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether Survivin expression is associated with an increased risk of metastasis in prostate cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 205 patients with T1 (23%) and T2 (77%) prostate cancer were treated with conventional external beam radiation therapy from 1991 to 1993 at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Of the patients, 62 had adequate and suitable-stained tumor material for Survivin analysis. Median follow-up was 102 months (range, 5-127 months). Distant failure was determined on the basis of clinical criteria. In preclinical studies, replication-deficient adenovirus encoding phosphorylation-defective Survivin Thr34→Ala dominant-negative mutant pAd-S(T34A) or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to inhibit Survivin in prostate cancer models, and the cell motility, morphology, and metastasis were investigated. RESULTS Our correlative data on men with early-stage (T1/T2) prostate cancers treated at Massachusetts General Hospital by definitive radiotherapy indicated that overexpression of Survivin (positive staining in ≥10% cells) was associated with a significantly increased risk for the subsequent development of distant metastasis (p = 0.016) in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, overexpression of Survivin remained an independent predictor of distant metastasis (p = 0.008). The inhibition of Survivin dramatically inhibited invasiveness of prostate cancer cells in the in vitro invasion assay and spontaneous metastasis in the Dunning prostate cancer in vivo model. Furthermore, attenuation of Survivin resulted in changes in the microtubule cytoskeleton, loss of cellular polarity, and loss of motility. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Survivin may be a potentially important prognostic marker and promising therapeutic target in metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical School, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Drissi A, Bennani H, Giton F, Charrouf Z, Fiet J, Adlouni A. Tocopherols and Saponins Derived fromArgania spinosaExert, an Antiproliferative Effect on Human Prostate Cancer. Cancer Invest 2009; 24:588-92. [PMID: 16982463 DOI: 10.1080/07357900600894815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study is to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of tocopherols obtained from alimentary virgin argan oil extracted from the endemic argan tree of Morocco and of saponins extracted from argan press cake on three human prostatic cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC3). The results were compared to 2-methoxyestradiol as antiproliferative drug candidates. Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effects were investigated after cells' treatment with tocopherols and saponins compared to 2-Methoxyoestradiol as the positive control. Tocopherols and saponins extracted from argan tree and 2-methoxyestradiol exhibit a dose-response cytotoxic effect and an antiproliferative action on the tested cell lines. The best antiproliferative effect of tocopherols is obtained with DU145 and LNCaP cell lines (28 microg/ml and 32 microg/ml, respectively, as GI50). The saponins fraction displayed the best antiproliferative effect on the PC3 cell line with 18 microg/ml as GI50. Our results confirm the antiproliferative effect of 2-methoxyestradiol and show for the first time the antiproliferative effect of tocopherols and saponins extracted from the argan tree on hormone-dependent and hormone-independent prostate cancer cell lines. These data suggest that argan oil is of potential interest in developing new strategies for prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Drissi
- Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sik, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Lipoprotéines, Casablanca, Morocco
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25
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Yin Y, Ni J, Chen M, Guo Y, Yeh S. RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate potentiates the antitumor effect of calcitriol in prostate cancer without overt side effects. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:190-200. [PMID: 19118046 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the antitumor efficacy of using calcitriol combined with RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES) on prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The effects of VES or VES in combination with calcitriol on the calcitriol target genes were evaluated by Western blot and real-time PCR. The antiproliferation effect of the combination in prostate cancer cells was evaluated by the combination index method. The role of the vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) in the enhanced antitumor effects of the combination was confirmed by small interfering RNA knockdown strategy. Xenograft-bearing mice were used to reaffirm the antitumor efficacy of this combination. Pathohistology analyses and expressions of VDR and its target genes were analyzed in untreated and treated tumors. RESULTS VES selectively increased VDR protein in different prostate cancer cells. Low doses of calcitriol combined with VES were significantly superior to the additive effect of individual treatments against prostate cancer cell proliferation. The expression of VDR target genes involved in antiproliferation were further sensitized in the presence of VES. Knockdown of VDR expression abolished the combination benefits in LNCaP and PC3 cells. Consistently, in prostate cancer xenograft models, VES enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of a tolerated dose of calcitriol yet without overt evidence of systemic toxicity and hypercalcemia. This notable in vivo effect was also accompanied by up-regulation of VDR target genes. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose calcitriol combined with vitamin E analogue could be a solution to the calcemic side effect. The demonstration of superior antitumor activity of low-dose calcitriol plus VES provides the preclinical basis for developing a useful therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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26
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Dong LF, Freeman R, Liu J, Zobalova R, Marin-Hernandez A, Stantic M, Rohlena J, Valis K, Rodriguez-Enriquez S, Butcher B, Goodwin J, Brunk UT, Witting PK, Moreno-Sanchez R, Scheffler IE, Ralph SJ, Neuzil J. Suppression of Tumor Growth In vivo by the Mitocan α-tocopheryl Succinate Requires Respiratory Complex II. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1593-600. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen M, Hsu I, Wolfe A, Radovick S, Huang K, Yu S, Chang C, Messing EM, Yeh S. Defects of prostate development and reproductive system in the estrogen receptor-alpha null male mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150:251-9. [PMID: 18755802 PMCID: PMC5398428 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-alpha knockout (ERalphaKO, ERalpha-/-) mice were generated via the Cre-loxP system by mating floxed ERalpha mice with beta-actin (ACTB)-Cre mice. The impact of ERalpha gene deletion in the male reproductive system was investigated. The ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) male mice are infertile and have lost 90% of epididymal sperm when compared with wild-type mice. Serum testosterone levels in ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) male mice are 2-fold elevated. The ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) testes consist of atrophic and degenerating seminiferous tubules with less cellularity in the disorganized seminiferous epithelia. Furthermore, the ventral and dorsal-lateral prostates of ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) mice display reduced branching morphogenesis. Loss of ERalpha could also be responsible for the decreased fibroblast proliferation and changes in the stromal content. In addition, we found bone morphogenetic protein, a mesenchymal inhibitor of prostatic branching morphogenesis, is significantly up-regulated in the ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) prostates. Collectively, these results suggest that ERalpha is required for male fertility, acts through a paracrine mechanism to regulate prostatic branching morphogenesis, and is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of prostatic stromal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 656, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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28
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Chuang CH, Hu ML. L-carnosine inhibits metastasis of SK-Hep-1 cells by inhibition of matrix metaoproteinase-9 expression and induction of an antimetastatic gene, nm23-H1. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:526-33. [PMID: 18584487 DOI: 10.1080/01635580801911787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants have been suggested to inhibit the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP-9, which plays a critical role in tumor metastasis. Because of its antioxidant activity and the ability to chelate divalent cations, L-carnosine (LC) was tested for inhibition of MMP-9 in a highly invasive hepatocarcinoma, SK-Hep-1 cells. We found that LC (50-1,000 microM) did not directly inhibit the activity of MMP-9 in a cell-free system. However, LC significantly inhibited the expression and activity of MMP-9 protein in SK-Hep-1 cells [inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC(50))| = 105 and 63 muM, respectively). Whereas LC did not inhibit the viability of SK-Hep-1 cells at concentrations up to 1,000 microM within 3 days of incubation, this dipeptide significantly inhibited cell migration (IC(50) = 82 microM) and invasion (IC(50) = 113 microM). LC significantly (P < 0.05) and dose dependently enhanced the expression of an antimetastatic gene, nonmetastatic cells 1, protein (nm23)-H1, at both protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. MMP-9 activity inversely correlated significantly with the expression of protein (r(2) = 0.77, P < 0.001) and mRNA (r(2) = 0.65, P < 0.001) of nm23-H1 in LC-treated cells. Thus, LC can inhibit the migration and invasion of SK-Hep-1 cells, and the effect is likely associated with upregulation of nm23-H1 and downregulation of MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chuang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung County, Taiwan, Republic of China
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29
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Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M, Ahsan H, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Combination of vitamin E and selenium causes an induction of apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells by enhancing Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Prostate 2008; 68:1624-34. [PMID: 18668529 PMCID: PMC2583090 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Selenium and Vitamin E Chemoprevention Trial (SELECT) is aimed at determining the usefulness of a combination of vitamin E and selenium for Prostate cancer (PCa) prevention in humans. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and mechanistic basis of this combination. METHODS We determined the effect of vitamin E (+-alpha-tocopheryl succinate, VES) and selenium (methylselenic acid, MSA), alone and in combination, on the proliferation of LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cells as well as normal prostate PrEC cells. We also determined the involvement of Bcl-2 family proteins as a mechanism of the biological effects of vitamin E and selenium combination. RESULTS VES or MSA alone led to a modest inhibition in the viability and growth of PCa cells. However, a combination of these two agents resulted in a dramatic increase in growth inhibition of PCa cells. Interestingly, VES and/or MSA were not found to have any effect on the growth or viability of normal PrEC cells. VES and MSA treatment to human PCa cells resulted in (i) induction of apoptosis, (ii) increase in Bax, Bak, and Bid proteins, and (iii) decrease in Bcl-2 protein. Furthermore, Bax knockdown via shRNA and Bcl-2 overexpression via Bcl-2 plasmid resulted in a rescue of PCa cells from apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that vitamin E and selenium combination may be more effective than either of these agents alone. Further, our data demonstrated a causal connection between Bax and Bcl-2 modulation and induction of apoptosis by VES and MSA combination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology
- University of Wisconsin Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center
- Correspondence to: Nihal Ahmad, Ph.D., Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, B-25 Medical Science Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706 Phone: (608) 263-5359; Fax: (608) 263-2919; E-mail:
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30
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Generation and characterization of a complete null estrogen receptor alpha mouse using Cre/LoxP technology. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 321:145-53. [PMID: 18953638 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional estrogen receptor alpha knockout (neo-ERalphaKO, neo-ERalpha(-/-)) mice contain a truncated and chimeric ERalpha fusion protein that retains 35% estrogen-dependent transactivation activity, and therefore the in vivo ERalpha function is difficult to study thoroughly. Furthermore, these neo-ERalpha(-/-) mice cannot be used for tissue and temporal specific ERalpha deletion. Therefore, there is a clear need to establish a floxed ERalpha mouse line that can knockout ERalpha specifically and completely in each selected cell type. Here we generated floxed ERalpha mice using a self-excising ACN (tACE-Cre/Neo) cassette. Mating the floxed ERalpha mice with ACTB-Cre mice produces a deletion of the floxed allele disrupting the reading frame of the ERalpha transcript so that no ERalpha protein is detected in the ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) mice. Expression of ERalpha target genes, such as G-6-PD and lactoferrin, is diminished by over 90% in the ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) uterus, but not in the neo-ERalpha(-/-) uterus. Furthermore, we also validated that ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) females have a hypoplastic internal genital tract, polycystic ovaries with hemorrhagic follicles, infertility, and higher body weight. Together, our data clearly demonstrate that the newly established floxed ERalpha mouse is a reliable mouse model for future studies of ERalpha roles in vivo in the selective estrogen target tissues. The complete knockout of ERalpha in the ACTB-Cre/ERalpha(-/-) mice will also provide an improved mouse model to study the role of ERalpha in vivo.
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Chen M, Ni J, Zhang Y, Muyan M, Yeh S. ERAP75 functions as a coactivator to enhance estrogen receptor alpha transactivation in prostate stromal cells. Prostate 2008; 68:1273-82. [PMID: 18563714 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) has been reported to be expressed and function in the prostate stromal cells, and numerous evidences indicated that the stromal ER alpha signal pathway plays critical roles in prostate development and cancer. ER alpha requires distinct coregulators for efficient transcriptional regulation. The goal of this study is to examine physical and functional interaction between ER alpha and ERAP75 in the context of prostate stromal cells. METHOD Yeast two-hybrid assays were used to screen novel ER alpha interaction proteins. The interaction between ER alpha and ERAP75 was confirmed by mammalian two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation methods. The interaction motif was examined by site-directed mutagenesis. The effect of ERAP75 on ER alpha transactivation and the expression of ER alpha target genes were determined by luciferase assay and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULT ER alpha can interact with the C terminus of ERAP75 via its ligand binding domain both in vivo and in vitro. The conserved LXXLL motif within the C terminus of ERAP75 is required for the interaction between ER alpha and ERAP75. ERAP75 can enhance ER alpha transactivation in a dose-dependent manner and up-regulate the expression of the endogenous ER alpha target gene, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), in the prostate stromal cells. CONCLUSION ERAP75 functions as a novel coactivator that can modulate ER alpha function in the prostate stromal cells. The understanding of the mechanism of ER alpha transactivation in prostate stromal cells could possibly help in the development of new strategies to control or treat prostate cancer by targeting its transactivation protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Shim M, Eling TE. Vitamin E succinate induces NAG-1 expression in a p38 kinase-dependent mechanism. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:961-71. [PMID: 18413810 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NAG-1 (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is involved in many cellular processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis/survival, and tumorigenesis. Vitamin E succinate (VES) is the succinate derivative of alpha-tocopherol and has antitumorigenic activity in a variety of cell culture and animal models. In the current study, the regulation and role of NAG-1 expression in PC-3 human prostate carcinoma cells by VES was examined. VES treatment induced growth arrest and apoptosis as well as an increase in NAG-1 protein and mRNA levels in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. VES treatment induced nuclear translocation and activation of p38 kinase. Pretreatment with p38 kinase inhibitor blocked the VES-induced increase in NAG-1 protein and mRNA levels, whereas an inhibition of protein kinase C, Akt, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, or MEK activity had no effect on VES-induced NAG-1 levels. Forced expression of constitutively active MKK6, an upstream kinase for p38, induced an increase in NAG-1 promoter activity, whereas p38 kinase inhibitor blocked MKK6-induced increase in NAG-1 promoter activity. VES treatment resulted in >3-fold increase in the half-life of NAG-1 mRNA in a p38 kinase-dependent manner and transient transfection experiment showed that VES stabilizes NAG-1 mRNA through AU-rich elements in 3'-untranslated region of NAG-1 mRNA. The inhibition of NAG-1 expression by small interfering RNA significantly blocked VES-induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, suggesting that NAG-1 may play an important role in VES-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that VES-induced expression of NAG-1 mRNA/protein is regulated by transcriptional/post-transcriptional mechanism in a p38 kinase-dependent manner and NAG-1 can be chemopreventive/therapeutic target in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsub Shim
- Eicosanoids Biochemistry Section, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Jia L, Yu W, Wang P, Li J, Sanders BG, Kline K. Critical roles for JNK, c-Jun, and Fas/FasL-Signaling in vitamin E analog-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2008; 68:427-41. [PMID: 18196534 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid (alpha-TEA), an analog of vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol), is a potent pro-apoptotic agent for human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. METHODS alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis was investigated in LNCaP and PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Apoptosis was measured by DAPI-staining and FACS analyses of the sub-G1 fraction. Signaling molecules involved in apoptosis were measured by Western immunoblot analyses with or without prior immunoprecipitation, FACS analyses of cell surface membrane expression, RT-PCR analyses of mRNA levels, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. Functional significance was determined using siRNAs, dominant negative mutant, chemical inhibitor, or neutralizing antibody. RESULTS Alpha-TEA treatment increased Fas and Fas ligand mRNA and protein levels; as well as, levels of cell surface membrane Fas in both cell lines. Blockage of Fas signaling attenuated alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis. alpha-TEA treatment also produced prolonged, elevated levels of activated (phosphorylated) c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its substrate c-Jun, both of which were demonstrated to be necessary for alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results showed binding of c-Jun to the promoters of both Fas and FasL in alpha-TEA treated cells. Investigations of alpha-TEA-triggered apoptosis showed dual signaling from Fas with essential roles for both FADD and Daxx with FADD initiating the classical pathway mediated by caspase-8 activation and Daxx initiating an alternate pathway involving activation of JNK, c-Jun, and increased levels of Fas and FasL. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, data support critical roles for JNK, c-Jun, and dual signaling from Fas/FasL via FADD and Daxx in alpha-TEA-induced apoptosis of human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Peters U, Littman AJ, Kristal AR, Patterson RE, Potter JD, White E. Vitamin E and selenium supplementation and risk of prostate cancer in the Vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) study cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2007; 19:75-87. [PMID: 17943452 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-007-9072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin E and selenium are promising nutrients for the prevention of prostate cancer, and both are currently being tested in a large randomized trial for prostate cancer. However, results are not expected for at least 6 years. We aimed to investigate the association of vitamin E and selenium supplementation with prostate cancer in the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) study, a cohort study specifically designed to examine supplement use and future cancer risk. METHODS In a prospective design, 35,242 men recruited between 2000 and 2002 from western Washington State completed a questionnaire, including detailed questions about vitamin E and selenium supplement intake during the past 10 years from brand-specific multivitamins and single supplements. Using linkage to the western Washington SEER cancer registry, we documented 830 new cases of prostate cancer from baseline through December 2004. RESULTS A 10-year average intake of supplemental vitamin E was not associated with a reduced prostate cancer risk overall [hazard ratio (HR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65-1.1 for > or =400 IU/day vs. non-use, p for trend 0.36]; however, risk for advanced prostate cancer (regionally invasive or distant metastatic, n = 123) decreased significantly with greater intake of supplemental vitamin E (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.19-1.0 for 10-year average intake > or =400 IU/day vs. non-use, p for trend 0.03). There was no association between selenium supplementation and prostate cancer risk (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.62-1.3 for 10-year average intake >50 microg/day vs. non-use, p for trend 0.97). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective cohort, long-term supplemental intake of vitamin E and selenium were not associated with prostate cancer risk overall; however, risk of clinically relevant advanced disease was reduced with greater long-term vitamin E supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Peters
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Huang CS, Fan YE, Lin CY, Hu ML. Lycopene inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and down-regulates the binding activity of nuclear factor-kappa B and stimulatory protein-1. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18:449-56. [PMID: 17049831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The carotenoid lycopene has been associated with decreased risks of several types of cancer, such as hepatoma. Although lycopene has been shown to inhibit metastasis, its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Here, we used SK-Hep-1 cells (from a human hepatoma) to test whether lycopene exerts its anti-invasion activity via down-regulation of the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, an important enzyme in the degradation of basement membrane in cancer invasion. The activity and expressions of MMP-9 protein and mRNA were detected by gelatin zymography, Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. The binding abilities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), activator protein-1 and stimulatory protein-1 (Sp1) to the binding sites in the MMP-9 promoter were measured by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We showed that lycopene (1-10 microM) significantly inhibited SK-Hep-1 invasion (P<.05) and that this effect correlated with the inhibition of MMP-9 at the levels of enzyme activity (r(2)=.94, P<.001), protein expression (r(2)=.80, P=.007) and mRNA expression (r(2)=.94, P<.001). Lycopene also significantly inhibited the binding abilities of NF-kappaB and Sp1 and decreased, to some extent, the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (P<.05). The antioxidant effect of lycopene appeared to play a minor role in its inhibition of MMP-9 and invasion activity of SK-Hep-1 cells because coincubation of cells with lycopene plus hydrogen peroxide abolished the antioxidant effect but did not significantly affect the anti-invasion ability of lycopene. Thus, lycopene decreases the invasive ability of SK-Hep-1 cells by inhibiting MMP-9 expression and suppressing the binding activity of NF-kappaB and Sp1. These effects of lycopene may be related to the down-regulation of IGF-1R, while the antioxidant activity of lycopene appears to play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Shiu Huang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Yin Y, Ni J, Chen M, DiMaggio MA, Guo Y, Yeh S. The therapeutic and preventive effect of RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate on prostate cancer via induction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2271-80. [PMID: 17404112 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a well-known antiproliferative and proapoptotic molecule in prostate cancer, suggesting that targeting IGFBP-3 might produce clinical benefits. In prostate cancer cells, RRR-alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES) inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, yet the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We hypothesize that the protective effects of VES in prostate cancer are mediated by IGFBP-3 up-regulation. Using prostate cancer models, the involvement of IGFBP-3 in the anticancer effect of VES was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting in prostate cancer cells, xenografted tumors of nude mice, and prostate tumors of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. The serum levels of IGFBP-3 were assessed by ELISA. The importance of IGFBP-3 in VES-mediated antitumor effects was confirmed by small interfering RNA knockdown strategy. RESULTS We found that VES induced IGFBP-3 mRNA and protein levels in human prostate cancer cell lines. Knockdown of IGFBP-3 by small interfering RNA attenuated VES-induced IGFBP-3 expression and VES-mediated antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions. Furthermore, administration of VES resulted in a significant therapeutic effect on LNCaP and PC3 xenografts and a preventive effect on tumorigenic progression in the TRAMP model without overt toxicity. Notably, the therapeutic and preventive efficacy of VES correlated with increased accumulation of IGFBP-3 in mouse serum as well as in the xenograft tumors and TRAMP prostate samples. Consequently, reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis were witnessed. CONCLUSIONS VES mediates its therapeutic and preventive effects against prostate cancer at least partially through up-regulating IGFBP-3, which inhibits cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology , George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Diaz LE, Chuan YC, Lewitt M, Fernandez-Perez L, Carrasco-Rodríguez S, Sanchez-Gomez M, Flores-Morales A. IGF-II regulates metastatic properties of choriocarcinoma cells through the activation of the insulin receptor. Mol Hum Reprod 2007; 13:567-76. [PMID: 17556377 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gam039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Choriocarcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that can arise from trophoblasts of any type of gestational event but most often from complete hydatidiform mole. IGF-II plays a fundamental role in placental development and may play a role in gestational trophoblastic diseases. Several studies have shown that IGF-II is expressed at high levels in hydatidiform moles and choriocarcinoma tissues; however, conflicting data exist on how IGF-II regulates the behaviour of choriocarcinoma cells. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the receptors for IGF-I and insulin to the actions of IGF-II on the regulation of choriocarcinoma cells metastasis. An Immuno Radio Metric Assay was used to analyse the circulating and tissue levels of IGF-I and IGF-II in 24 cases of hydatidiform mole, two cases of choriocarcinoma and eight cases of spontaneous abortion at the same gestational age. The JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cell line was used to investigate the role of IGF-II in the regulation of cell invasion. We found that mole and choriocarcinoma tissue express high levels of IGF-II compared to first trimester placenta. Both IGF-I and IGF-II regulate choriocarcinoma cell invasion in a dose dependent manner but through a different mechanism. IGF-II effects involve the activation of the InsR while IGF-I uses the IGF-IR. The positive effects of IGF-II on invasion are the result of enhanced cell adhesion and chemotaxis (specifically towards collagen IV). The actions of IGF-II but not those of IGF-I were sensitive to inhibition by the insulin receptor inhibitor HNMPA(AM)3. Our results demonstrate that the insulin receptor regulates choriocarcinoma cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Diaz
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Crispen PL, Uzzo RG, Golovine K, Makhov P, Pollack A, Horwitz EM, Greenberg RE, Kolenko VM. Vitamin E succinate inhibits NF-kappaB and prevents the development of a metastatic phenotype in prostate cancer cells: implications for chemoprevention. Prostate 2007; 67:582-90. [PMID: 17262802 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcriptional factors contribute to the development and progression of prostate malignancy by regulating the expression of genes involved in proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. METHODS NF-kappaB and AP-1 activities were examined by TransAm assay. Cytokines levels were assessed by ELISA. ICAM-1 and gp130 expression was examined by flow cytometry. Cell adhesion was examined by the ability of cells to adhere to fibronectin-coated plates. Cell viability was determined by propidium iodide staining. RESULTS Treatment with alpha-tocopherol succinate (VES) inhibits NF-kappaB but augments AP-1 activity, reduces expression of IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF, suppresses cell adhesion, ICAM-1 and gp130 expression in androgen-independent PC-3, DU-145, and CA-HPV-10 cells. VES supplementation also decreases the expression of anti-apoptotic XIAP and Bcl-X(L) proteins and sensitizes androgen-dependent LNCaP cells to androgen deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings propose a potential mechanism of VES-mediated anti-tumor activity and support the role of vitamin E analogs as potential chemopreventative agents against prostate cancer.
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Ni J, Pang ST, Yeh S. Differential retention of alpha-vitamin E is correlated with its transporter gene expression and growth inhibition efficacy in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67:463-71. [PMID: 17252538 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies showed Vit E has protective effects against prostate cancer (PCa). Interestingly, different prostate cancer cells have different sensitivity to alpha-Vit E or VES treatment. The goal of this study is to determine whether cellular Vit E bioavailability and its transport proteins are important contributing factors. METHODS alpha-Vit E and its ester form, VES, were used to treat prostate cancer LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 cells, and their growth rates were determined by MTT assay. Cellular levels of Vit E were quantified using HPLC as the index of bioavailability. The expression levels of Vit E transport proteins were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Among these PCa cells, only LNCaP cells were sensitive to 20 microM alpha-Vit E treatment, while both LNCaP and PC3 cells were sensitive to 20 microM VES treatment. Coordinately, cellular levels of alpha-Vit E and VES positively correlated to their inhibitory effects. Further study found expression levels of Vit E transport proteins, including tocopherol associated protein (TAP), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP), and ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), were different in various PCa cells, which may contribute to cellular Vit E bioavailability. This notion is further supported by the findings that overexpression or knockdown of TTP could coordinately alter cellular alpha-Vit E levels in PCa cells. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative efficacy of alpha-Vit E is correlated with its cellular bioavailability in PCa cells. Modulating the expression of the efflux or influx transporters could sensitize the growth inhibition efficacy of Vit E in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading fatal cancer in American men. Comprehensive studies from human epidemiological studies, animal tumor models, and cellular molecular levels suggested that alpha-vitamin E and its derivatives possess remarkable chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic against prostate cancer. This chapter details the facts of alpha-vitamin E and its nonantioxidant functions in prostate cancer, focuses on the biological mechanisms for the alpha-vitamin E and its ester analogue, alpha-vitamin E succinate (VES), in prevention and therapy of prostate cancer, and raises specific questions that remain for intensive investigation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
Perhaps not surprisingly, vitamin E which has been touted to be potentially beneficial for a variety of disorders, including cancer, heart disease, and even Alzheimer's disorder, based on its function as an antioxidant has failed to withstand the scrutiny of recent, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials, including failure to provide science-based support for vitamin E as a potent anticancer agent. Although less studied, vitamin E forms other than RRR-alpha-tocopherol or synthetic all-rac-alpha-tocopherol show promise as anticancer agents in preclinical studies. This chapter will (1) review basic information about natural and synthetic vitamin E compounds as well as vitamin E analogues, (2) summarize the current status of human intervention trials, (3) review data from preclinical cell culture and animal model studies of vitamin E compounds and novel vitamin E-based analogues in regards to future potential for cancer treatment, and (4) summarize some of the insights that have been gained into the anticancer mechanisms of action of vitamin E-based compounds which are providing interesting insights into their potent proapoptotic effects, which include restoration of apoptotic signaling pathways and blockage of prosurvival signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Kline
- Division of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Abstract
Vitamin E is a generic term that refers to a family of compounds that is further divided into two subgroups called tocopherols and tocotrienols. All natural forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols are potent antioxidants that regulate peroxidation reactions and controls free radical production within the body. However, it is now firmly established that many of the biological actions mediated by individual vitamin E isoforms are not dependent on their antioxidant activity. Furthermore, synthetic ether derivatives of vitamin E that no longer possess antioxidant activity also display a wide range of biological activities. One of the most intriguing therapeutic applications for natural vitamin E and vitamin E derivatives currently being investigated is their use as anticancer agents. Specific forms of vitamin E display potent apoptotic activity against a wide range of cancer cell types, while having little or no effect on normal cell function or viability. Experimental studies have also determined that the intracellular mechanisms mediating the apoptotic effects of specific vitamin E compounds display great diversity in different types of caner cells and has been found to restore multidrug resistant tumor cells sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. These findings strongly suggest that some natural and synthetic analogues of vitamin E can be used effectively as anticancer therapy either alone or in combination to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity of other anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sylvester
- College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA
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Chang E, Ni J, Yin Y, Lin CC, Chang P, James NS, Chemler SR, Yeh S. ?-Vitamin E derivative, RRR-?-tocopheryloxybutyric acid inhibits the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:31-9. [PMID: 17187157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the activity of RRR-alpha-tocopheryloxybutyric acid (TOB), an ether analog of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate (VES), in prostate cancer cells. METHODS VES and TOB were used to treat prostate cancer LNCaP, PC3, and 22Rv1 cells and primary-cultured prostate fibroblasts. The proliferation rates were determined by MTT assay, the cell viabilities were determined by trypan blue exclusion assay, and the cell deaths were evaluated by using Cell Death Detection ELISA kit. The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The MTT growth assay demonstrated that TOB could effectively suppress the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, but not normal prostate fibroblasts. Mechanism dissections revealed that TOB reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells similar to VES. In addition, both TOB and VES suppressed prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at the transcriptional level leading to reduced PSA protein expression. Furthermore, vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression increased after the addition of TOB. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the VES derivative, TOB, is effective in inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation, suggesting that TOB could be used for both chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chang
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Bermudez Y, Ahmadi S, Lowell NE, Kruk PA. Vitamin E suppresses telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 31:119-28. [PMID: 17335992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary factors influence tumor formation and progression. Vitamin E is a dietary anti-oxidant capable of eliminating free radical damage, inducing apoptosis and decreasing oncogene expression. Therefore, Vitamin E may be a strong candidate for cancer prevention and/or chemotherapeutic intervention. Since telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein uniquely expressed in over 95% of cancers, plays an important role in cellular immortalization, cell growth and tumor progression, the present study investigated the effects of Vitamin E on telomerase activity in human ovarian cancer. METHODS Normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells were cultured with and without D-alpha tocopheryl acetate (Vitamin E). MTS and Western immunoblot assays were used to examine the effect of Vitamin E on cell growth, survival and cytotoxicity. PCR-ELISA, RT-PCR and luciferase reporter assays were performed to determine the effect of Vitamin E on telomerase activity. RESULTS Vitamin E suppressed endogenous telomerase activity in ovarian cancer cells, but had no similar effects in telomerase-negative normal OSE cells. Vitamin E also reduced hTERT-mRNA transcript levels and reduced hTERT promoter activity maximally targeting the -976 to -578bp promoter regions. In addition, Vitamin E improved cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity as evidenced by reduced cancer cell growth and increased cleaved caspase 3 activity. In contrast, Vitamin E protected telomerase-negative OSE cells from cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity as evidenced by decreased cleaved caspase 3 activity. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that, by suppressing telomerase activity, Vitamin E may be an important protective agent against ovarian cancer cell growth as well as a potentially effective therapeutic adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yira Bermudez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Basu A, Grossie B, Bennett M, Mills N, Imrhan V. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) modulates human prostate LNCaP xenograft growth and gene expression in BALB/c nude mice fed two levels of dietary soybean oil. Eur J Nutr 2006; 46:34-43. [PMID: 17180484 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-006-0629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignancy of the prostate constitutes a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in America and Europe. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) has been shown to inhibit human prostate cancer growth in vitro, via several mechanisms, including inhibiting prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions. The route of alpha-TOS administration has a profound effect on its antitumor activity, and few studies have investigated its effects on prostate cancer growth in vivo. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study tested the hypothesis that alpha-TOS wil reduce the growth of human prostate LNCaP tumors in mice fed low (7%) and high (20%) levels of dietary soybean oil, compared to the controls receiving vehicle, by modulating PSA and VEGF gene expressions in the tumor tissue. METHODS BALB/c nude mice (n = 42) were subcutaneously inoculated with 1 x 10(6) LNCaP cells and assigned to one of four dietary groups; 7% or 20% soybean oil diet with or without alpha-TOS treatment. Three weeks later, mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of alpha-TOS (100 mg/kg body weight) in sesame seed oil (SSO) for two weeks; controls received SSO injections. Tumor volumes were recorded weekly. Sera, liver, and tumor tissues were collected at seven weeks for serum PSA, testosterone and alpha-tocopherol analyses, histopathological examination, and reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of PSA and VEGF gene fragments in tumors. Relative quantification of gene expression was performed using real-time PCR. P < or = 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Intraperitoneal injections of alpha-TOS caused decreased tumor growth in both groups (7% and 20% fat, P < 0.05), versus controls. alpha-TOS treatment significantly reduced serum PSA and testosterone levels in comparison to the SSO-treated controls (P < 0.05). Control tumors had a greater degree of angiogenesis than alpha-TOS tumors, as demonstrated by the greater number of blood-filled vessels. PSA and VEGF mRNA expressions, were also reduced with alpha-TOS treatment (P < 0.05), revealing the possible molecular mechanisms of growth inhibition of LNCaP xenografts by alpha-TOS. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows significant reduction in LNCaP xenograft growth with alpha-TOS treatment in nude mice fed a low (7%) and high (20%) fat soybean oil diets versus controls. Serum PSA and testosterone, tumor angiogenesis, and PSA and VEGF mRNA expressions were markedly reduced by alpha-TOS administration, suggesting a possible role of alpha-TOS as a chemotherapeutic agent in human prostate cancer, and warrants further investigations on the dose and delivery of alpha-TOS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Basu
- Nutritional Sciences, 301 Human Environmental Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Chuan YC, Pang ST, Cedazo-Minguez A, Norstedt G, Pousette A, Flores-Morales A. Androgen Induction of Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion Is Mediated by Ezrin. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29938-48. [PMID: 16873375 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602237200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is a key signaling molecule that regulates cell survival, adhesion migration, and invasion. We have previously shown that ezrin is regulated by androgen in rat prostate and that its expression is increased in prostate cancer and in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. We have used the androgen-sensitive cell line LNCaP-FGC to investigate the role of ezrin in androgen-induced cell invasion. We found that androgen treatment of LNCaP-FGC cells induces ezrin expression, an effect that is inhibited by the androgen receptor antagonist, bicalutamide. In addition, androgen treatment induces the phosphorylation of ezrin in Thr-567 and Tyr-353 in a sequential manner. This is mediated through protein kinase C alpha and Src tyrosine kinase, respectively. Androgen treatment induces the translocation of both protein kinase C alpha and ezrin to the cell membrane and their association. Inhibition of ezrin function using short interference RNA or the overexpression of T567A and Y353F-ezrin mutants significantly reduces androgen-induced Matrigel invasion but does not affect cell proliferation or cell adhesion. Matrigel invasion of the androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines PC-3 and LNCaP-R is also dependent on ezrin. In summary, we have shown that androgens regulate ezrin at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Hormonal regulation of ezrin phosphorylation is required for androgen-induced cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Choy Chuan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Experimental Geriatrics, Karolinska Institute, Neurotec, Stockholm, Sweden
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Attia S, Wilding G. Novel antioxidant technology for prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006; 16:1255-67. [PMID: 20144058 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.9.1255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis are not firmly elucidated. An exciting area of research in this regard asks whether prostate cancer results from the consequences of lifelong exposure of prostate tissue to oxidative stress. This article reviews the laboratory-based literature on oxidative stress and its possible role in prostate carcinogenesis. The progression of clinical studies focusing on the relationship between antioxidant supplementation and risk of developing prostate cancer are discussed, along with the patent literature since 2003 involving novel antioxidant technology applicable to prostate cancer prevention and treatment. In particular, recently published in vitro experiments with a novel alpha-tocopherol analogue, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromonal, which characterised its unique spectrum of antioxidant and antiandrogen properties in prostate cancer cell lines, is discussed. In addition, recent patent applications and supporting findings from the literature surrounding: i) cisplatin tocopherol compounds; ii) coix seed soft capsules with vitamin E; iii) vitamin E succinate (alpha-tocopheryl succinate); iv) lycopene preparations with other carotenoids; v) compounds of the ginger family; vi) novel aryl-carbaldehyde oxime derivatives; vii) novel phenyl quinoline derivatives; and viii) resveratrol, its derivatives and preparations thereof are discussed as they relate to prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Attia
- University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, 600 Highland Avenue, K6/5 CSC, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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Garcia GE, Wisniewski HG, Lucia MS, Arevalo N, Slaga TJ, Kraft SL, Strange R, Kumar AP. 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits prostate tumor development in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:980-8. [PMID: 16467113 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-Methoxyestradiol, an estrogenic metabolite, is in clinical trials for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. However, neither the chemopreventive role nor the mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced biological activities is fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Eight- and 24-week-old transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were fed a diet containing 50 mg 2-methoxyestradiol/kg body weight for 16 and 8 weeks, respectively. Chemopreventive efficacy was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, determining the prostate-seminal vesicle complex volume and histologic analysis of prostate tumor or tissue. Tumor invasion assays were used to show the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene (TSG-6), a 2-methoxyestradiol-up-regulated gene identified by DNA array analysis. Expression of TSG-6 was analyzed in a human tissue array containing different grades of prostate tumors. RESULTS Dietary administration of 2-methoxyestradiol prevented the development of preneoplastic lesions independent of progression stage. TSG-6 was low or undetectable in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145) and TRAMP tumors but up-regulated in response to 2-methoxyestradiol. Immunohistochemistry of the human prostate tumor array showed a decrease in TSG-6-positive cells with increasing grade relative to normal prostate (P = 0.0001). Although overexpression of TSG-6 inhibited invasion of androgen-independent cells (P = 0.007), antisense TSG-6 reversed this effect. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing the potential of 2-methoxyestradiol as a chemopreventive agent. We have also identified TSG-6 as a potential marker that could be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of cancerous or precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Garcia
- Departments of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Donapaty S, Louis S, Horvath E, Kun J, Sebti SM, Malafa MP. RRR-α-Tocopherol succinate down-regulates oncogenic Ras signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:309-16. [PMID: 16505104 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Tocopherol succinate (TS), an analogue of vitamin E, has growth-inhibitory activity in a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Here, we report that modulation of oncogenic Ras is associated with TS activity. TS inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of NIH3T3 cells stably transfected with oncogenic K-Ras and H-Ras, but not NIH3T3 cells expressing empty vector. TS treatment resulted in decreased Ras protein levels in oncogenic Ras expressing NIH3T3 cells but not in parental NIH3T3 cells. Treatment with TS suppressed the levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-Erk1/2 in oncogenic Ras expressing NIH3T3 cells. Overexpression of constitutively active phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Akt, and Mek1/2 significantly attenuated TS growth inhibition of oncogenic Ras-transformed NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines. In addition, transcriptional targets of oncogenic Ras such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, and E2F1 were down-regulated by TS in oncogenic Ras-expressing cells. The above TS effects on oncogenic Ras signaling were also observed in endogenous oncogenic K-Ras expressing HCT 116 (human colon cancer) and MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer) cells. Taken together, these data show that TS down-regulation of the Ras signaling pathways that are mediated by Mek/Erk and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt plays, at least in part, a critical role in TS inhibition of proliferation and survival of transformed cells. This data supports further investigation of the chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of TS in tumors that are dependent on activated Ras signaling and identifies phosphor-Erk and phosphor-Akt as potential biomarkers of TS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa Donapaty
- Gastrointestinal Tumor Program, Division of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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Ni J, Wen X, Yao J, Chang HC, Yin Y, Zhang M, Xie S, Chen M, Simons B, Chang P, di Sant'Agnese A, Messing EM, Yeh S. Tocopherol-associated protein suppresses prostate cancer cell growth by inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9807-16. [PMID: 16267002 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies suggested that vitamin E has a protective effect against prostate cancer. We showed here that tocopherol-associated protein (TAP), a vitamin E-binding protein, promoted vitamin E uptake and facilitated vitamin E antiproliferation effect in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, without vitamin E treatment, overexpression of TAP in prostate cancer cells significantly suppressed cell growth; knockdown of endogenous TAP by TAP small interfering RNA (siRNA) in nonmalignant prostate HPr-1 cells increased cell growth. Further mechanism dissection studies suggested that the tumor suppressor function of TAP was via down-regulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, but not by modulating cell cycle arrest or androgen receptor signaling. Immunoprecipitation results indicated that TAP inhibited the interaction of PI3K subunits, p110 with p85, and subsequently reduced Akt activity. Constitutively active Akt could negate the TAP-suppressive activity on prostate cancer cell growth. Moreover, stable transfection of TAP in LNCaP cells suppressed LNCaP tumor incidence and growth rate in nude mice. Furthermore, TAP mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly down-regulated in human prostate cancer tissue samples compared with benign prostate tissues as measured by reverse transcription-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Together, our data suggest that TAP not only mediates vitamin E absorption to facilitate vitamin E antiproliferation effect in prostate cancer cells, but also functions like a tumor suppressor gene to control cancer cell viability through a non-vitamin E manner. Therefore, TAP may represent a new prognostic marker for prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
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