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Schreiber A, Rodner F, Oberberg N, Anhlan D, Bletz S, Mellmann A, Planz O, Ludwig S. The host-targeted antiviral drug Zapnometinib exhibits a high barrier to the development of SARS-CoV-2 resistance. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105840. [PMID: 38438015 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Host targeting antiviral drugs (HTA) are directed against cellular mechanisms which can be exploited by viruses. These mechanisms are essential for viral replication, because missing functions cannot be compensated by the virus. However, this assumption needs experimental proof. Here we compared the HTA Zapnometinib (ZMN), with direct acting antivirals (DAA) (Remdesivir (RDV), Molnupiravir (MPV), Nirmatrelvir (NTV), Ritonavir (RTV), Paxlovid PAX)), in terms of their potency to induce reduced drug susceptibilities in SARS-CoV-2. During serial passage of δ-B1.617.2 adaptation to all DAAs occurred, while the inhibitory capacity of ZMN was not altered. Known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) responsible for partial resistances were found for RDV, NTV and PAX. Additionally, the high mutagenic potential of MPV was confirmed and decreased drug efficacies were found for the first time. Reduced DAA efficacy did not alter the inhibitory potential of ZMN. These results show that ZMN confers a high barrier towards the development of viral resistance and has the potential to act against partially DAA-insensitive viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Rodner
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole Oberberg
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Darisuren Anhlan
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stefan Bletz
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Mellmann
- Institute of Hygiene, University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IVM), University Hospital Muenster, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Meissner R, Wixler V, Wulfert FP, Jacob JC, Hale BG, Robeck T, Masemann D, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Replication-incompetent influenza A viruses armed with IFN-γ effectively mediate immune modulation and tumor destruction in mice harboring lung cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 31:100741. [PMID: 38020062 PMCID: PMC10679949 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAVs) have shown promising oncolytic potential in lung cancer-bearing mice. However, as replication-competent pathogens, they may cause side effects in immunocompromised cancer patients. To circumvent this problem, we genetically engineered nonreplicating IAVs lacking the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (ΔHA IAVs), but reconstituted the viral envelope with recombinant HA proteins to allow a single infection cycle. To optimize the therapeutic potential and improve immunomodulatory properties, these replication-incompetent IAVs were complemented with a murine interferon-gamma (mIFN-γ) gene. After intratracheal administration to transgenic mice that develop non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the ΔHA IAVs induced potent tumor destruction. However, ΔHA IAVs armed with mIFN-γ exhibited an even stronger and more sustained effect, achieving 85% tumor reduction at day 12 postinfection. In addition, ΔHA-mIFN-γ viruses were proven to be efficient in recruiting and activating natural killer cells and macrophages from the periphery and in inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Most important, both viruses, and particularly IFN-γ-encoding viruses, activated tumor-associated alveolar macrophages toward a proinflammatory M1-like phenotype. Therefore, replication-incompetent ΔHA-mIFN-γ-IAVs are safe and efficient oncolytic viruses that additionally exhibit immune cell activating properties and thus represent a promising innovative therapeutic option in the fight against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Meissner
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Paulina Wulfert
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jasmin Carina Jacob
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin G. Hale
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Robeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dörthe Masemann
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Westfaelische Wilhelms University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Koch-Heier J, Schönsiegel A, Waidele LM, Volk J, Füll Y, Wallasch C, Canisius S, Burnet M, Planz O. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Antiviral Efficacy of the MEK Inhibitor Zapnometinib in Animal Models and in Humans. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:893635. [PMID: 35784712 PMCID: PMC9240354 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.893635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor zapnometinib is in development to treat acute viral infections like COVID-19 and influenza. While the antiviral efficacy of zapnometinib is well documented, further data on target engagement/pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) are needed. Here, we report zapnometinib PK and PD parameters in mice, hamsters, dogs, and healthy human volunteers. Mice received 25 mg/kg/day zapnometinib (12.5 mg/kg p. o. twice daily, 8 h interval). Syrian hamsters received 30 mg/kg (15 mg/kg twice daily) or 60 mg/kg/day once daily. Beagle dogs were administered 300 mg/kg/day, and healthy human volunteers were administered 100, 300, 600 and 900 mg zapnometinib (once daily p. o.). Regardless of species or formulation, zapnometinib maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached between 2–4 h after administration with an elimination half-life of 4–5 h in dogs, 8 h in mice or hamsters and 19 h in human subjects. Doses were sufficient to cause up to 80% MEK inhibition. Across all species approximately 10 μg/ml zapnometinib was appropriate to inhibit 50% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) MEK activity. In mice, a 50%–80% reduction of MEK activity was sufficient to reduce influenza virus titer in the lungs by more than 90%. In general, while >50% MEK inhibition was reached in vivo at most doses, 80% inhibition in PBMCs required significantly higher doses and appeared to be the practical maximal level obtained in vivo. However, the period of reduced phosphorylated extracellular-signal regulated kinase (pERK), a measure of MEK inhibition, was maintained even after elimination of zapnometinib from plasma, suggesting a sustained effect on MEK consistent with regulatory effects or a slow off-rate. These data suggest a target plasma Cmax of at least 10 μg/ml zapnometinib in further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Koch-Heier
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annika Schönsiegel
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lara Maria Waidele
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Volk
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Füll
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Oliver Planz
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Oliver Planz,
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Ramana CV, Das B. Regulation of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) gene expression by Stat1-independent type I interferon signaling and respiratory viruses. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/cmb-2020-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Respiratory virus infection is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Activation of the Jak-Stat pathway by Interferon-alpha/beta (IFN-α/β) in lung epithelial cells is critical for innate immunity to respiratory viruses. Transcriptional factor profiling in the transcriptome and RNA analysis revealed that Early growth response-1 (EGR1/Egr-1) was rapidly induced by IFN-α/β and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in multiple cell types. Studies in mutant cell lines lacking components of the interferon-stimulated gene factor complex (ISGF-3) revealed that IFN-β induction of Egr-1 was independent of Stat1, Stat2, or Irf9. Activation of the Mek/Erk-1/2 pathway was implicated in the rapid induction of Egr-1 by IFN-β in serum-starved mouse lung epithelial cells. Interrogation of multiple microarray datasets revealed that respiratory viruses including coronaviruses induced IFN-β and regulated Egr-1 expression in human lung cell lines. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis revealed that type I interferon-stimulated genes and Egr-1 inducible genes including transcription factors, mediators of cell growth, and chemokines were differentially regulated in the human lung cell lines after coronavirus infection, and in the lung biopsies of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilakamarti V. Ramana
- Department of Medicine , Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH 03766, USA ; Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases , KaviKrishna Laboratory , Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology , Guwahati , India ; Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health , University of Massachusetts , Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases , KaviKrishna Laboratory , Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology , Guwahati , India ; Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health , University of Massachusetts , Lowell, MA 01854, USA
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Yarovaya OI, Salakhutdinov NF. Mono- and sesquiterpenes as a starting platform for the development of antiviral drugs. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ehrlich M, Bacharach E. Oncolytic Virotherapy: The Cancer Cell Side. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050939. [PMID: 33668131 PMCID: PMC7956656 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a promising immunotherapy that specifically target and kill cancer cells and stimulate anti-tumor immunity. While different OVs are endowed with distinct features, which enhance their specificity towards tumor cells; attributes of the cancer cell also critically contribute to this specificity. Such features comprise defects in innate immunity, including antiviral responses, and the metabolic reprogramming of the malignant cell. The tumorigenic features which support OV replication can be intrinsic to the transformation process (e.g., a direct consequence of the activity of a given oncogene), or acquired in the course of tumor immunoediting—the selection process applied by antitumor immunity. Oncogene-induced epigenetic silencing plays an important role in negative regulation of immunostimulatory antiviral responses in the cancer cells. Reversal of such silencing may also provide a strong immunostimulant in the form of viral mimicry by activation of endogenous retroelements. Here we review features of the cancer cell that support viral replication, tumor immunoediting and the connection between oncogenic signaling, DNA methylation and viral oncolysis. As such, this review concentrates on the malignant cell, while detailed description of different OVs can be found in the accompanied reviews of this issue. Abstract Cell autonomous immunity genes mediate the multiple stages of anti-viral defenses, including recognition of invading pathogens, inhibition of viral replication, reprogramming of cellular metabolism, programmed-cell-death, paracrine induction of antiviral state, and activation of immunostimulatory inflammation. In tumor development and/or immunotherapy settings, selective pressure applied by the immune system results in tumor immunoediting, a reduction in the immunostimulatory potential of the cancer cell. This editing process comprises the reduced expression and/or function of cell autonomous immunity genes, allowing for immune-evasion of the tumor while concomitantly attenuating anti-viral defenses. Combined with the oncogene-enhanced anabolic nature of cancer-cell metabolism, this attenuation of antiviral defenses contributes to viral replication and to the selectivity of oncolytic viruses (OVs) towards malignant cells. Here, we review the manners by which oncogene-mediated transformation and tumor immunoediting combine to alter the intracellular milieu of tumor cells, for the benefit of OV replication. We also explore the functional connection between oncogenic signaling and epigenetic silencing, and the way by which restriction of such silencing results in immune activation. Together, the picture that emerges is one in which OVs and epigenetic modifiers are part of a growing therapeutic toolbox that employs activation of anti-tumor immunity for cancer therapy.
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Enriched-Baicalein Attenuates Allergy in Cells and Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/4780210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enriched-baicalein (baicalein) from baicalin was prepared by fermentation of an SB extract with mycelium of Laetiporus sulphureus. To investigate the pharmacologic effects of baicalein, its antiallergic effect was measured in vitro and in vivo. Allergy was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) into Balb/c mice. As a result, baicalein showed antiallergic effects by inhibiting the release of β-hexosaminidase from immunoglobulin E- (IgE-) stimulated rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) mast cells without cytotoxicity after the methodology. After four weeks, the decrease of OVA-specific IgE level, decrease of histamine and tryptase level in serum, and then the decrease of the levels of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-derived cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 4 and IL-13 in the splenocyte were observed. In a histological analysis for lung, baicalein excellently reduced eosinophil infiltration with the inhibition of characteristic lesions and inflammation including OVA-induced necrosis, numbers of inflammatory cells, and pulmonary edema. Therefore, these results showed that baicalein had excellent efficacy in the antiallergic activity.
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Laure M, Hamza H, Koch-Heier J, Quernheim M, Müller C, Schreiber A, Müller G, Pleschka S, Ludwig S, Planz O. Antiviral efficacy against influenza virus and pharmacokinetic analysis of a novel MEK-inhibitor, ATR-002, in cell culture and in the mouse model. Antiviral Res 2020; 178:104806. [PMID: 32304723 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral therapies against influenza are required, especially for high-risk patients, severe influenza and in case of highly pathogenic influenza virus (IV) strains. However, currently, licensed drugs that target the virus directly are not very effective and often lead to the development of resistant IV variants. This may be overcome by targeting host cell factors that are required for IV propagation. IV induces a variety of host cell signaling cascades, such as the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase pathway. The activation of this pathway is necessary for IV propagation. MEK-inhibitors block the activation of the pathway on the bottleneck of the signaling cascade leading to impaired virus propagation. In the present study, we aimed to compare the antiviral potency and bioavailability of the MEK-inhibitor CI-1040 versus its major active metabolite ATR-002, in vitro as well as in the mouse model. In cell culture assays, an approximately 10-fold higher concentration of ATR-002 is required to generate the same antiviral activity as for CI-1040. Interestingly, we observed that considerably lower concentrations of ATR-002 were required to achieve a reduction of the viral load in vivo. Pharmacokinetic studies with ATR-002 and CI-1040 in mice have found the Cmax and AUC to be far higher for ATR-002 than for CI-1040. Our results thereby demonstrate the in vivo superiority of the active metabolite ATR-002 over CI-1040 as an antiviral agent despite its weaker cell membrane permeability. Therefore, ATR-002 is an attractive candidate for development as an efficient antiviral agent, especially given the fact that a treatment based on cellular pathway inhibition would be far less likely to lead to viral drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Laure
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Christophstr. 32, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hazem Hamza
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Christophstr. 32, 72072, Tübingen, Germany; Virology Laboratory, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Julia Koch-Heier
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Christophstr. 32, 72072, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Quernheim
- Chemcon GmbH, Engesserstr. 4B, 79108, Freiburg I. Brsg., Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andre Schreiber
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; Atriva Therapeutics GmbH, Christophstr. 32, 72072, Tübingen, Germany.
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The Dietary Restriction-Like Gene drl-1, Which Encodes a Putative Serine/Threonine Kinase, Is Essential for Orsay Virus Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01400-18. [PMID: 30429346 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01400-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orsay virus is the only known natural virus pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans, and its discovery has enabled virus-host interaction studies in this model organism. Host genes required for viral infection remain understudied. We previously established a forward genetic screen based on a virus-inducible green fluorescent protein transcriptional reporter to identify novel host factors essential for virus infection. Here, we report the essential role in Orsay virus infection of the dietary restriction-like (drl-1) gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase similar to the mammalian MEKK3 kinase. Ablation of drl-1 led to a >10,000-fold reduction in Orsay virus RNA levels, which could be rescued by ectopic expression of DRL-1. DRL-1 was dispensable for Orsay replication from an endogenous transgene replicon, suggesting that DRL-1 affects a prereplication stage of the Orsay life cycle. Thus, this study demonstrates the power of C. elegans as a model to identify novel virus-host interactions essential for virus infection.IMPORTANCE The recent discovery of Orsay virus, the only known natural virus of Caenorhabditis elegans, provides a unique opportunity to study virus-host interactions that mediate infection in a genetically tractable multicellular model organism. As viruses remain a global threat to human health, better insights into cellular components that enable virus infection and replication can ultimately lead to the development of new targets for antiviral therapeutics.
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Masemann D, Köther K, Kuhlencord M, Varga G, Roth J, Lichty BD, Rapp UR, Wixler V, Ludwig S. Oncolytic influenza virus infection restores immunocompetence of lung tumor-associated alveolar macrophages. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423171. [PMID: 29721377 PMCID: PMC5927530 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most frequent type of lung cancer and demonstrates high resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. These tumors evade immune system detection by promoting an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Genetic analysis has revealed oncogenic activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to be a hallmark of NSCLCs, which promotes influenza A virus (IAV) infection and replication in these cells. Thus, we aimed to unravel the oncolytic properties of IAV infection against NSCLCs in an immunocompetent model in vivo. Using Raf-BxB transgenic mice that spontaneously develop NSCLCs, we demonstrated that infection with low-pathogenic IAV leads to rapid and efficient oncolysis, eliminating 70% of the initial tumor mass. Interestingly, IAV infection of Raf-BxB mice caused a functional reversion of immunosuppressed tumor-associated lung macrophages into a M1-like pro-inflammatory active phenotype that additionally supported virus-induced oncolysis of cancer cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate for the first time in an immunocompetent in vivo model that oncolytic IAV infection is capable of restoring and redirecting immune cell functions within the tumor microenvironment of NSCLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dörthe Masemann
- Institute of Virology (IMV), Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Köther
- Institute of Virology (IMV), Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
- Rentschler Biotechnologie GmbH, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Meike Kuhlencord
- Institute of Immunology, Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Georg Varga
- Department of Pediatric, Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children´s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Brian Dennis Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulf Rüdiger Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Viktor Wixler
- Institute of Virology (IMV), Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology (IMV), Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Cells in Motion”, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Holzberg M, Boergeling Y, Schräder T, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Vemurafenib Limits Influenza A Virus Propagation by Targeting Multiple Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2426. [PMID: 29312159 PMCID: PMC5735105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can cause severe global pandemic outbreaks. The currently licensed antiviral drugs are not very effective and prone to viral resistance. Thus, novel effective and broadly active drugs are urgently needed. We have identified the cellular Raf/MEK/ERK signaling cascade as crucial for IAV replication and suitable target for an antiviral intervention. Since this signaling cascade is aberrantly activated in many human cancers, several clinically approved inhibitors of Raf and MEK are now available. Here we explored the anti-IAV action of the licensed B-RafV600E inhibitor Vemurafenib. Treatment of B-RafWT cells with Vemurafenib induced a hyperactivation of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade rather than inhibiting its activation upon IAV infection. Despite this hyperactivation, which has also been confirmed by others, Vemurafenib still strongly limited IAV-induced activation of other signaling cascades especially of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Most interestingly, Vemurafenib inhibited virus-induced apoptosis via impaired expression of apoptosis-inducing cytokines and led to hampered viral protein expression most likely due to the decreased activation of p38 and JNK MAPK. These multiple actions resulted in a profound and broadly active inhibition of viral replication, up to a titer reduction of three orders of a magnitude. Thus, while Vemurafenib did not act similar to MEK inhibitors, it displays strong antiviral properties via a distinct and multi-target mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Holzberg
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Schräder
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Cells in Motion, Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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12
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The MEK-inhibitor CI-1040 displays a broad anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and provides a prolonged treatment window compared to standard of care in vivo. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:178-184. [PMID: 28377100 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses (IV) continue to pose an imminent threat to human welfare. Yearly re-occurring seasonal epidemic outbreaks and pandemics with high mortality can occur. Besides vaccination against a limited number of viral strains only a few antiviral drugs are available, which are losing their effectiveness as more and more IV strains become resistant. Thus, new antiviral approaches that omit IV resistance are urgently needed. Here, the dependency on the cellular Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway for IV replication opens a new perspective. In consequence, we studied the antiviral potential of the MEK inhibitor Cl-1040 (PD184352). We show that Cl-1040 significantly reduces virus titers in vitro via retention of viral RNP complexes in the cell nucleus. Furthermore, Cl-1040 is effective against a broad range of IV strains, including highly pathogenic avian IV, as well as against a Tamiflu®-resistant IV strain. Using a mouse model, we demonstrate that Cl-1040 can reduce IV lung titers in vivo. Importantly, the treatment window for Cl-1040 expands up to 48 h post infection when Tamiflu® treatment has no effect. In conclusion, Cl-1040 offers an interesting perspective for anti-IV approaches.
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Söderholm S, Fu Y, Gaelings L, Belanov S, Yetukuri L, Berlinkov M, Cheltsov AV, Anders S, Aittokallio T, Nyman TA, Matikainen S, Kainov DE. Multi-Omics Studies towards Novel Modulators of Influenza A Virus-Host Interaction. Viruses 2016; 8:v8100269. [PMID: 27690086 PMCID: PMC5086605 DOI: 10.3390/v8100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause global pandemics and epidemics. These viruses evolve rapidly, making current treatment options ineffective. To identify novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, we re-analyzed our recent transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, phosphoproteomics, and genomics/virtual ligand screening data. We identified 713 potential modulators targeting 199 cellular and two viral proteins. Anti-influenza activity for 48 of them has been reported previously, whereas the antiviral efficacy of the 665 remains unknown. Studying anti-influenza efficacy and immuno/neuro-modulating properties of these compounds and their combinations as well as potential viral and host resistance to them may lead to the discovery of novel modulators of IAV–host interactions, which might be more effective than the currently available anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Söderholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
| | - Yu Fu
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Lana Gaelings
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Sergey Belanov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Laxman Yetukuri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mikhail Berlinkov
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620083, Russia.
| | - Anton V Cheltsov
- Q-Mol L.L.C. in Silico Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Simon Anders
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | | | - Sampsa Matikainen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki 00250, Finland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00015, Finland.
| | - Denis E Kainov
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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Kuriakose T, Tripp RA, Watford WT. Tumor Progression Locus 2 Promotes Induction of IFNλ, Interferon Stimulated Genes and Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses and Protects against Influenza Virus. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005038. [PMID: 26241898 PMCID: PMC4524623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP) cascades are important in antiviral immunity through their regulation of interferon (IFN) production as well as virus replication. Although the serine-threonine MAP kinase tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2/MAP3K8) has been implicated as a key regulator of Type I (IFNα/β) and Type II (IFNγ) IFNs, remarkably little is known about how Tpl2 might contribute to host defense against viruses. Herein, we investigated the role of Tpl2 in antiviral immune responses against influenza virus. We demonstrate that Tpl2 is an integral component of multiple virus sensing pathways, differentially regulating the induction of IFNα/β and IFNλ in a cell-type specific manner. Although Tpl2 is important in the regulation of both IFNα/β and IFNλ, only IFNλ required Tpl2 for its induction during influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo. Further studies revealed an unanticipated function for Tpl2 in transducing Type I IFN signals and promoting expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Importantly, Tpl2 signaling in nonhematopoietic cells is necessary to limit early virus replication. In addition to early innate alterations, impaired expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells accompanied delayed viral clearance in Tpl2-/- mice at late time points. Consistent with its critical role in facilitating both innate and adaptive antiviral responses, Tpl2 is required for restricting morbidity and mortality associated with influenza virus infection. Collectively, these findings establish an essential role for Tpl2 in antiviral host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Functional variants regulating LGALS1 (Galectin 1) expression affect human susceptibility to influenza A(H7N9). Sci Rep 2015; 5:8517. [PMID: 25687228 PMCID: PMC4649671 DOI: 10.1038/srep08517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatality of avian influenza A(H7N9) infection in humans was over 30%. To identify human genetic susceptibility to A(H7N9) infection, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 102 A(H7N9) patients and 106 heavily-exposed healthy poultry workers, a sample size critically restricted by the small number of human A(H7N9) cases. To tackle the stringent significance cutoff of GWAS, we utilized an artificial imputation program SnipSnip to improve the association signals. In single-SNP analysis, one of the top SNPs was rs13057866 of LGALS1. The artificial imputation (AI) identified three non-genotyped causal variants, which can be represented by three anchor/partner SNP pairs rs13057866/rs9622682 (AI P = 1.81 × 10−7), rs4820294/rs2899292 (2.13 × 10−7) and rs62236673/rs2899292 (4.25 × 10−7) respectively. Haplotype analysis of rs4820294 and rs2899292 could simulate the signal of a causal variant. The rs4820294/rs2899292 haplotype GG, in association with protection from A(H7N9) infection (OR = 0.26, P = 5.92 × 10−7) correlated to significantly higher levels of LGALS1 mRNA (P = 0.050) and protein expression (P = 0.025) in lymphoblast cell lines. Additionally, rs4820294 was mapped as an eQTL in human primary monocytes and lung tissues. In conclusion, functional variants of LGALS1 causing the expression variations are contributable to the differential susceptibility to influenza A(H7N9).
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Ludwig S, Zell R, Schwemmle M, Herold S. Influenza, a One Health paradigm--novel therapeutic strategies to fight a zoonotic pathogen with pandemic potential. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:894-901. [PMID: 25220817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a paradigm for a pathogen that frequently crosses the species barrier from animals to humans, causing severe disease in the human population. This ranges from frequent epidemics to occasional pandemic outbreaks with millions of death. All previous pandemics in humans were caused by animal viruses or virus reassortants carrying animal virus genes, underlining that the fight against influenza requires a One Health approach integrating human and veterinary medicine. Furthermore, the fundamental question of what enables a flu pathogen to jump from animals to humans can only be tackled in a transdisciplinary approach between virologists, immunologists and cell biologists. To address this need the German FluResearchNet was established as a first nationwide influenza research network that virtually integrates all national expertise in the field of influenza to unravel viral and host determinants of pathogenicity and species transmission and to explore novel avenues of antiviral intervention. Here we focus on the various novel anti-flu approaches that were developed as part of the FluResearchNet activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Roland Zell
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans Knoell Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Department of Internal Medicine II, Section of Infectious Diseases, Klinikstr. 33, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Matsuoka Y, Matsumae H, Katoh M, Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Hase T, Ghosh S, Shoemaker JE, Lopes TJS, Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Fukuyama S, Kitano H, Kawaoka Y. A comprehensive map of the influenza A virus replication cycle. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:97. [PMID: 24088197 PMCID: PMC3819658 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Influenza is a common infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Annual epidemics cause severe illnesses, deaths, and economic loss around the world. To better defend against influenza viral infection, it is essential to understand its mechanisms and associated host responses. Many studies have been conducted to elucidate these mechanisms, however, the overall picture remains incompletely understood. A systematic understanding of influenza viral infection in host cells is needed to facilitate the identification of influential host response mechanisms and potential drug targets. Description We constructed a comprehensive map of the influenza A virus (‘IAV’) life cycle (‘FluMap’) by undertaking a literature-based, manual curation approach. Based on information obtained from publicly available pathway databases, updated with literature-based information and input from expert virologists and immunologists, FluMap is currently composed of 960 factors (i.e., proteins, mRNAs etc.) and 456 reactions, and is annotated with ~500 papers and curation comments. In addition to detailing the type of molecular interactions, isolate/strain specific data are also available. The FluMap was built with the pathway editor CellDesigner in standard SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) format and visualized as an SBGN (Systems Biology Graphical Notation) diagram. It is also available as a web service (online map) based on the iPathways+ system to enable community discussion by influenza researchers. We also demonstrate computational network analyses to identify targets using the FluMap. Conclusion The FluMap is a comprehensive pathway map that can serve as a graphically presented knowledge-base and as a platform to analyze functional interactions between IAV and host factors. Publicly available webtools will allow continuous updating to ensure the most reliable representation of the host-virus interaction network. The FluMap is available at http://www.influenza-x.org/flumap/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsuoka
- JST ERATO Kawaoka infection-induced host responses project, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Michael P, Brabant D, Bleiblo F, Ramana CV, Rutherford M, Khurana S, Tai T, Kumar A, Kumar A. Influenza A induced cellular signal transduction pathways. J Thorac Dis 2013; 5 Suppl 2:S132-41. [PMID: 23977434 PMCID: PMC3747532 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.07.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A is a negative sense single stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae Family. This enveloped virus contains 8 segments of viral RNA which encodes 11 viral proteins. Influenza A infects humans and is the causative agent of the flu. Annually it infects approximately 5% to 15% of the population world wide and results in an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 deaths a year. The nature of influenza A replication results in a high mutation rate which results in the need for seasonal vaccinations. In addition the zoonotic nature of the influenza virus allows for recombination of viral segments from different strains creating new variants that have not been encountered before. This type of mutation is the method by which pandemic strains of the flu arises. Infection with influenza results in a respiratory illness that for most individuals is self limiting. However in susceptible populations which include individuals with pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac conditions, the very young and the elderly fatal complications may arise. The most serious of these is the development of viral pneumonia which may be accompanied by secondary bacterial infections. Progression of pneumonia leads to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute lung injury (ALI) and potentially respiratory failure. This progression is a combined effect of the host immune system response to influenza infection and the viral infection itself. This review will focus on molecular aspects of viral replication in alveolar cells and their response to infection. The response of select innate immune cells and their contribution to viral clearance and lung epithelial damage will also be discussed. Molecular aspects of antiviral response in the cells in particular the protein kinase RNA dependent response, and the oligoadenylate synthetase RNAse L system in relation to influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Michael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Brabant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Farag Bleiblo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | - Michael Rutherford
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences North, Sudbury, P3E 5J1, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - T.C. Tai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
| | - Anand Kumar
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3A 1R9, MB, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, P3E 2C6, ON, Canada
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Development of cellular signaling pathway inhibitors as new antivirals against influenza. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:457-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Song JH, Lee JS, Choi HJ. Hair growth promoting effect of essence manufactured with products fermented by Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Backryeoncho (Opuntia ficus-indica var. sarboten) fruits in mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Ludwig S. Disruption of virus-host cell interactions and cell signaling pathways as an anti-viral approach against influenza virus infections. Biol Chem 2011; 392:837-47. [PMID: 21823902 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is still one of the major plagues worldwide with the threatening potential to cause pandemics. In recent years, increasing levels of resistance to the four FDA approved anti-influenza virus drugs have been described. This situation underlines the urgent need for novel anti-virals in preparation for future influenza epidemics or pandemics. Although the anti-virals currently in use target viral factors such as the neuraminidase or the M2 ion channel, there is an increase in pre-clinical approaches that focus on cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with virus replication. This does not only include inhibitors of virus-supportive signaling cascades but also interaction blockers of viral proteins with host cell proteins. This review aims to highlight some of these novel approaches that represent a paradigm change in anti-viral strategies against the influenza virus. Although most of these approaches are still in an early phase of preclinical development they might be very promising particularly with respect to the prevention of viral resistance to potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Meier C, Anastasiadou S, Knöll B. Ephrin-A5 suppresses neurotrophin evoked neuronal motility, ERK activation and gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26089. [PMID: 22022520 PMCID: PMC3191169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, growth cones respond to attractive and repulsive axon guidance cues. How growth cones integrate guidance instructions is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate a link between BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor), promoting axonal branching and ephrin-A5, mediating axonal repulsion via Eph receptor tyrosine kinase activation. BDNF enhanced growth cone filopodial dynamics and neurite branching of primary neurons. We show that ephrin-A5 antagonized this BDNF-evoked neuronal motility. BDNF increased ERK phosphorylation (P-ERK) and nuclear ERK entry. Ephrin-A5 suppressed BDNF-induced ERK activity and might sequester P-ERK in the cytoplasm. Neurotrophins are well established stimulators of a neuronal immediate early gene (IEG) response. This is confirmed in this study by e.g. c-fos, Egr1 and Arc upregulation upon BDNF application. This BDNF-evoked IEG response required the transcription factor SRF (serum response factor). Notably, ephrin-A5 suppressed a BDNF-evoked neuronal IEG response, suggesting a role of Eph receptors in modulating gene expression. In opposite to IEGs, long-term ephrin-A5 application induced cytoskeletal gene expression of tropomyosin and actinin. To uncover specific Eph receptors mediating ephrin-As impact on neurotrophin signaling, EphA7 deficient mice were analyzed. In EphA7 deficient neurons alterations in growth cone morphology were observed. However, ephrin-A5 still counteracted neurotrophin signaling suggesting that EphA7 is not required for ephrin and BDNF crosstalk. In sum, our data suggest an interaction of ephrin-As and neurotrophin signaling pathways converging at ERK signaling and nuclear gene activity. As ephrins are involved in development and function of many organs, such modulation of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and gene expression by Ephs might not be limited to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Meier
- Neuronal Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sofia Anastasiadou
- Neuronal Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Knöll
- Neuronal Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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23
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Choi HJ, Song JH, Kwon DH. Quercetin 3-rhamnoside exerts antiinfluenza A virus activity in mice. Phytother Res 2011; 26:462-4. [PMID: 21728202 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Our previous report showed that quercetin 3-rhamnoside (Q3R) possessed antiviral activity against influenza A/WS/33 virus in vitro. The present study evaluated the effect of Q3R on influenza A/WS/33 virus infected mice. Mice orally treated with Q3R (6.25 mg/kg per dose) at 2 h before and once daily for 6 days after influenza virus infection showed significant decreases in weight loss, and decreased mortality. Lung virus titers of mice killed at 6 days after infection were about 2000 times lower than that of the placebo-treated control mice and about two times lower than that for the oseltamivir-treated mice. Furthermore, histological evaluation showed that administration of Q3R delayed the development and progression of pulmonary lesions. Therefore, Q3R could be an attractive lead for the development of antiviral agents against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Jung Choi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Daejeon Health Sciences College, 77-3 Gayang2-Dong, Dong-Gu, Daejeon 300-711, South Korea
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Haidari M, Zhang W, Ganjehei L, Ali M, Chen Z. Inhibition of MLC phosphorylation restricts replication of influenza virus--a mechanism of action for anti-influenza agents. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21444. [PMID: 21731751 PMCID: PMC3121769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are a severe threat worldwide, causing large epidemics that kill thousands every year. Prevention of influenza infection is complicated by continuous viral antigenic changes. Newer anti-influenza agents include MEK/ERK and protein kinase C inhibitors; however, the downstream effectors of these pathways have not been determined. In this study, we identified a common mechanism for the inhibitory effects of a significant group of anti-influenza agents. Our studies showed that influenza infection activates a series of signaling pathways that converge to induce myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibiting MLC phosphorylation by blocking RhoA/Rho kinase, phospholipase C/protein kinase C, and HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways with the use of genetic or chemical manipulation leads to the inhibition of influenza proliferation. In contrast, the induction of MLC phosphorylation enhances influenza proliferation, as does activation of the HRas/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. This effect is attenuated by inhibiting MLC phosphorylation. Additionally, in intracellular trafficking studies, we found that the nuclear export of influenza ribonucleoprotein depends on MLC phosphorylation. Our studies provide evidence that modulation of MLC phosphorylation is an underlying mechanism for the inhibitory effects of many anti-influenza compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Haidari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
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Pinto R, Herold S, Cakarova L, Hoegner K, Lohmeyer J, Planz O, Pleschka S. Inhibition of influenza virus-induced NF-kappaB and Raf/MEK/ERK activation can reduce both virus titers and cytokine expression simultaneously in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:45-56. [PMID: 21641936 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infection can cause severe pneumonia and death. Therapeutic actions are limited to vaccines and a few anti-viral drugs. These target viral functions thereby selecting resistant variants. During replication IV activates the Raf/MEK/ERK-cascade and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Both result in virus supportive and anti-viral effects by promoting viral genome transport for virus assembly and by inducing expression of pro-inflammatory host factors. Apart from tissue damage caused by the virus lytic replication, an imbalanced overproduction of anti-viral cytokines can cause severe lung damage as observed in human H5-type IV infections. Recently we showed that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity reduces the virus titer in vitro and in vivo. We have now analyzed whether inhibition of these pathways, allows simultaneous reduction of virus titers and virus-induced cytokines. The results show that inhibition of either pathway indeed leads to decreased virus titers and cytokine expression. This was not only true for infected permanent cells or primary mouse alveolar epithelial cells, but also in infected mice. Hereby we demonstrate for the first time in vitro and in vivo that virus titers and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression can be modulated simultaneously. This could provide a new rationale of future therapeutic strategies to treat IV pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pinto
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 107, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Heynisch B, Frensing T, Heinze K, Seitz C, Genzel Y, Reichl U. Differential activation of host cell signalling pathways through infection with two variants of influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) in MDCK cells. Vaccine 2010; 28:8210-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Luig C, Köther K, Dudek SE, Gaestel M, Hiscott J, Wixler V, Ludwig S. MAP kinase-activated protein kinases 2 and 3 are required for influenza A virus propagation and act via inhibition of PKR. FASEB J 2010; 24:4068-77. [PMID: 20484669 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-158766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses have to overcome the type I interferon induced antiviral response to successfully propagate in target cells. A major antiviral factor induced by interferons is the protein kinase R (PKR) that is further activated by dsRNA and phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). This results in inhibition of protein translation thereby limiting viral replication. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which influenza A viruses escape the antiviral action of PKR. We demonstrate that the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinases (MAPKAPKs) MK2 and MK3 are activated on virus infection and, in their active form, directly interact with the repressor of the inhibitor of PKR p88(rIPK). This leads to recruitment of a tetrameric protein complex consisting of p88(rIPK), the inhibitor of PKR p58(IPK) and PKR itself, and finally results in inhibition of the kinase. The importance of MKs for influenza virus propagation was further underscored by demonstrating reduced viral progeny in cells genetically deficient in MK2 or MK3 genes as well as in highly proliferating tumor cells, in which expression of MKs was diminished by specific small interfering RNA. Accordingly, knockdown of MKs resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of PKR and its substrate eIF2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Luig
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Westfälische-Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Schmolke M, Viemann D, Roth J, Ludwig S. Essential impact of NF-kappaB signaling on the H5N1 influenza A virus-induced transcriptome. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5180-9. [PMID: 19786538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infections of humans and birds with highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of the H5N1 subtype are characterized by inner bleedings and a massive overproduction of cytokines known as cytokine storm. Growing evidence supports the role of endothelial cells in these processes. The aim of this study was to elucidate determinants of this strong response in endothelial cells with a focus on the transcription factor NF-kappaB. This factor is known as a major regulator of inflammatory response; however, its role in influenza virus replication and virus-induced immune responses is controversially discussed. By global mRNA profiling of infected cells in the presence or absence of a dominant negative mutant of IkappaB kinase 2 that specifically blocks the pathway, we could show that almost all H5N1 virus-induced genes depend on functional NF-kappaB signaling. In particular, activation of NF-kappaB is a bottleneck for the expression of IFN-beta and thus influences the expression of IFN-dependent genes indirectly in the primary innate immune response against H5N1 influenza virus. Control experiments with a low pathogenic influenza strain revealed a much weaker and less NF-kappaB-dependent host cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Schmolke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Center of Molecular Biology of Inflammation and Interdisciplinary Center of Medical Research, Universitaetsklinikum Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Zhang L, Katz JM, Gwinn M, Dowling NF, Khoury MJ. Systems-based candidate genes for human response to influenza infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1148-57. [PMID: 19647099 PMCID: PMC7106103 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A is a serious respiratory illness that can be debilitating and may cause complications leading to hospitalization and death. The outcome of infection with the influenza A virus is determined by a complex interplay of viral and host factors. With the ongoing threat of seasonal influenza and the potential emergence of new, more virulent strains of influenza viruses, we need to develop a better understanding of genetic variation in the human population and its association with severe outcomes from influenza infection. We propose a list of approximately 100 systems-based candidate genes for future study of the genetic basis of influenza disease and immunity in humans, based on evidence in the published literature for their potential role in the pathogenesis of this infection: binding of the virus to receptors on the host cell surface; cleavability of HA by host proteases; virus replication in host cells; destruction of host cells by apoptosis; state of immunocompetence of the individual host; and viral infections predisposing to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyna Zhang
- Office of Public Health Genomics, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Ludwig S. Targeting cell signalling pathways to fight the flu: towards a paradigm change in anti-influenza therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 64:1-4. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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31
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Pleschka S. RNA viruses and the mitogenic Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction cascade. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1273-82. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Raf/MEK/ERK signal transduction cascade belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. Raf/MEK/ERK signaling leads to stimulus-specific changes in gene expression, alterations in cell metabolism or induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis), and thus controls cell differentiation and proliferation. It is induced by extracellular agents, including pathogens such as RNA viruses. Many DNA viruses are known to induce cellular signaling via this pathway. As these pathogens partly use the DNA synthesis machinery for their replication, they aim to drive cells into a proliferative state. In contrast, the consequences of RNA virus-induced Raf/MEK/ERK signaling were less clear for a long time, but since the turn of the century the number of publications on this topic has rapidly increased. Research on this virus/host-interaction will broaden our understanding of its relevance in viral replication. This important control center of cellular responses is differently employed to support the replication of several important human pathogenic RNA viruses including influenza, Ebola, hepatitis C and SARS corona viruses.
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Marjuki H, Yen HL, Franks J, Webster RG, Pleschka S, Hoffmann E. Higher polymerase activity of a human influenza virus enhances activation of the hemagglutinin-induced Raf/MEK/ERK signal cascade. Virol J 2007; 4:134. [PMID: 18053252 PMCID: PMC2222635 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of infected cells. Viral genomic RNA, three polymerase subunits (PB2, PB1, and PA), and the nucleoprotein (NP) form ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) that are exported from the nucleus late during the infectious cycle. The virus-induced Raf/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signal cascade is crucial for efficient virus replication. Blockade of this pathway retards RNP export and reduces virus titers. Hemagglutinin (HA) accumulation and its tight association with lipid rafts activate ERK and enhance localization of cytoplasmic RNPs. We studied the induction of MAPK signal cascade by two seasonal human influenza A viruses A/HK/218449/06 (H3N2) and A/HK/218847/06 (H1N1) that differed substantially in their replication efficiency in tissue culture. Infection with H3N2 virus, which replicates efficiently, resulted in higher HA expression and its accumulation on the cell membrane, leading to substantially increased activation of MAPK signaling compared to that caused by H1N1 subtype. More H3N2-HAs were expressed and accumulated on the cell membrane than did H1N1-HAs. Viral polymerase genes, particularly H3N2-PB1 and H3N2-PB2, were observed to contribute to increased viral polymerase activity. Applying plasmid-based reverse genetics to analyze the role of PB1 protein in activating HA-induced MAPK cascade showed that recombinant H1N1 virus possessing the H3N2-PB1 (rgH1N1/H3N2-PB1) induced greater ERK activation, resulting in increased nuclear export of the viral genome and higr virus titers. We conclude that enhanced viral polymerase activity promotes the replication and transcription of viral RNA leading to increased accumulation of HA on the cell surface and thereby resulting in an upregulation of the MAPK cascade and more efficient nuclear RNP-export as well as virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henju Marjuki
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St, Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Bourteele S, Oesterle K, Weinzierl AO, Paxian S, Riemann M, Schmid RM, Planz O. Alteration of NF-kappaB activity leads to mitochondrial apoptosis after infection with pathological prion protein. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:2202-17. [PMID: 17573907 PMCID: PMC2048569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is a key regulator of the immune response, but in almost the same manner it is involved in induction of inflammation, proliferation and regulation of apoptosis. In the central nervous system activated NF-kappaB plays a neuroprotective role. While in some neurodegenerative disorders the role of NF-kappaB is well characterized, there is poor knowledge on the role of NF-kappaB in prion disease. We found binding but no transcriptional activity of the transcription factor in vitro. Characterizing the mechanism of cell death after infection with pathological prion protein increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 activity was detected and the lack of NF-kappaB activity resulted in the inability to activate target genes that usually play an important role in neuroprotection. Additionally, we investigated the role of NF-kappaB after prion infection of Nfkb1(-/-), Nfkb2(-/-) and Bcl3(-/-) mice and central nervous system-specific p65-deleted mice revealing an accelerated prion disease in NF-kappaB2- and Bcl-3-deficient mice, which is in line with a reduced neuroprotective activity in prion infection. Based on our findings, we propose a model whereby the alteration of NF-kappaB activity at the early stages of infection with pathological prion protein leads to neuronal cell death mediated by mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Bourteele
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animals Health, Institute of Immunology TübingenGermany
| | - Katja Oesterle
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animals Health, Institute of Immunology TübingenGermany
| | - Andreas O Weinzierl
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard-Karls-University TübingenGermany
| | - Stephan Paxian
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Technical UniversityMunich, Germany
| | - Oliver Planz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animals Health, Institute of Immunology TübingenGermany
- For correspondence. E-mail ; Tel. (+49) 7071 967 254; Fax (+49) 7071 967 105
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Ludwig S. Influenza viruses and MAP kinase cascades – Novel targets for an antiviral intervention? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Efferson CL, Tsuda N, Kawano K, Nistal-Villán E, Sellappan S, Yu D, Murray JL, García-Sastre A, Ioannides CG. Prostate tumor cells infected with a recombinant influenza virus expressing a truncated NS1 protein activate cytolytic CD8+ cells to recognize noninfected tumor cells. J Virol 2007; 80:383-94. [PMID: 16352563 PMCID: PMC1317509 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.1.383-394.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viral oncolytic approaches against cancer are based on the ability of specific viruses to replicate in tumors expressing components of the constitutively activated Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and/or inhibited or dysregulated alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) response pathways. A major issue when considering these approaches is their applicability to tumors that lack activated Ras. To identify the effector mechanisms activated by oncolytic viruses, we investigated inhibition of proliferation of the prostate cancer line LNCap by the recombinant TR-NS1 influenza A virus, a genetically attenuated influenza A/PR8/34 virus expressing a truncated nonstructural protein (NS1) of 126 amino acids. LNCap cells lack constitutively activated MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and p38 and are resistant to death by IFN-alpha. Truncation of the NS1 protein of influenza viruses is known to result in viral attenuation due to a reduced ability of the NS1 to inhibit the IFN-alpha/beta response. Infection with TR-NS1 virus rapidly activated ERK-1 more than ERK-2 in LNCap cells. Importantly, TR-NS1 virus infection transiently inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in LNCap cells. Addition of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) to TR-NS1 virus-infected LNCap cells (TR-NS1-LNCap) resulted in faster elimination of TR-NS1-LNCap cells compared with LNCap cells. Moreover, TR-NS1-LNCap cells induced IFN-gamma in PBMC. The levels of IFN-gamma were amplified by IL-12. TR-NS1-LNCap cells also induced tumor-lytic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). These CTL lysed noninfected LNCap cells in a CD8-dependent manner. Activation of cellular immunity to tumor cells by viruses is an intriguing effector pathway, which should be especially significant for elimination of human tumors that lack activated Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clay L Efferson
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Surgical Oncology, Breast Medical Oncology and Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Gerits N, Kostenko S, Moens U. In vivo functions of mitogen-activated protein kinases: conclusions from knock-in and knock-out mice. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:281-314. [PMID: 17219248 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-006-9052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms achieve intercellular communication by means of signalling molecules whose effect on the target cell is mediated by signal transduction pathways. Such pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals to elicit appropriate biological responses. Protein kinases form crucial intermediate components of numerous signalling pathways. One group of protein kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) are kinases involved in signalling pathways that respond primarily to mitogens and stress stimuli. In vitro studies revealed that the MAP kinases are implicated in several cellular processes, including cell division, differentiation, cell survival/apoptosis, gene expression, motility and metabolism. As such, dysfunction of specific MAP kinases is associated with diseases such as cancer and immunological disorders. However, the genuine in vivo functions of many MAP kinases remain elusive. Genetically modified mouse models deficient in a specific MAP kinase or expressing a constitutive active or a dominant negative variant of a particular MAP kinase offer valuable tools for elucidating the biological role of these protein kinases. In this review, we focus on the current status of MAP kinase knock-in and knock-out mouse models and their phenotypes. Moreover, examples of the application of MAP kinase transgenic mice for validating therapeutic properties of specific MAP kinase inhibitors, and for investigating the role of MAP kinase in pathogen-host interactions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Gerits
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Ludwig S. Exploited defense: how influenza viruses take advantage of antiviral signaling responses. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.1.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection results in the activation of a variety of intracellular signaling responses. With regard to the function of these responses, the overall picture that has emerged suggests that most of the signaling events are initiated as a cellular response to defend the invading pathogen. While on the one hand influenza viruses have evolved strategies to keep these responses in a tolerable limit, there is accumulating evidence that the virus has also acquired the capability to exploit the remaining activities to ensure efficient replication. Here we will summarize the current knowledge on influenza virus-induced signaling processes and how these pathogens take advantage of some of these activities within the infected cell to support its propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV), ZMBE, Westfaelische-Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Ludwig S, Pleschka S, Planz O, Wolff T. Ringing the alarm bells: signalling and apoptosis in influenza virus infected cells. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:375-86. [PMID: 16469051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Small RNA viruses such as influenza viruses extensively manipulate host-cell functions to support their replication. At the same time the infected cell induces an array of defence mechanisms to fight the invader. These processes are mediated by a variety of intracellular signalling cascades. Here we will review the current knowledge of functional kinase signalling and apoptotic events in influenza virus infected cells and how these viruses have learned to misuse these cellular responses for efficient replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Virology (IMV) Westfaelische-Wilhelms-University, Von-Esmarch Str. 56, D-48161 Muenster, Germany.
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