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Barman P, Basu S, Goyal T, Sharma S, Siniah S, Tyagi R, Sharma K, Jindal AK, Pilania RK, Vignesh P, Dhaliwal M, Suri D, Rawat A, Singh S. Epstein-Barr virus-driven lymphoproliferation in inborn errors of immunity: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39066572 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2024.2386427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a group of genetically heterogeneous disorders with a wide-ranging clinical phenotype, varying from increased predisposition to infections to dysregulation of the immune system, including autoimmune phenomena, autoinflammatory disorders, lymphoproliferation, and malignancy. Lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD) in IEI refers to the nodal or extra-nodal and persistent or recurrent clonal or non-clonal proliferation of lymphoid cells in the clinical context of an inherited immunodeficiency or immune dysregulation. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of LPD in IEIs. In patients with specific IEIs, lack of immune surveillance can lead to an uninhibited proliferation of EBV-infected cells that may result in chronic active EBV infection, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and LPD, particularly lymphomas. AREAS COVERED We intend to discuss the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment modalities directed toward EBV-associated LPD in patients with distinct IEIs. EXPERT OPINION EBV-driven lymphoproliferation in IEIs presents a diagnostic and therapeutic problem that necessitates a comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions, immune dysregulation, and personalized treatment approaches. A multidisciplinary approach involving immunologists, hematologists, infectious disease specialists, and geneticists is paramount to addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by this intriguing yet formidable clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Barman
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suprit Basu
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Saniya Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sangeetha Siniah
- Pediatric Infectious Disease and Immunology Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Tunku, Azizah Women and Children Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kaushal Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur K Jindal
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh K Pilania
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manpreet Dhaliwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Immunology Unit, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Sun Y, Shi D, Sun J, Zhang Y, Liu W, Luo B. Regulation mechanism of EBV-encoded EBER1 and LMP2A on YAP1 and the impact of YAP1 on the EBV infection status in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Res 2024; 343:199352. [PMID: 38462175 PMCID: PMC10982081 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the role and regulatory mechanism of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in the development of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Here we showed that EBV can upregulate the expression and activity of YAP1 protein through its encoded latent products EBV-encoded small RNA 1 (EBER1) and latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), enhancing the malignant characteristics of EBVaGC cells. In addition, we also showed that overexpression of YAP1 induced the expression of EBV encoding latent and lytic phase genes and proteins in the epithelial cell line AGS-EBV infected with EBV, and increased the copy number of the EBV genome, while loss of YAP1 expression reduced the aforementioned indicators. Moreover, we found that YAP1 enhanced EBV lytic reactivation induced by two known activators, 12-O-tetradecanoylhorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and sodium butyrate (NaB). These results indicated a bidirectional regulatory mechanism between EBV and YAP1 proteins, providing new experimental evidence for further understanding the regulation of EBV infection patterns and carcinogenic mechanisms in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiting Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, ZiBo 255036, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Incrocci R, Monroy Del Toro R, Devitt G, Salimian M, Braich K, Swanson-Mungerson M. Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) Enhances ATP Production in B Cell Tumors through mTOR and HIF-1α. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3944. [PMID: 38612754 PMCID: PMC11012313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) exists in a latent state in 90% of the world's population and is linked to numerous cancers, such as Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's, and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. One EBV latency protein, latency membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), is expressed in multiple latency phenotypes. LMP2A signaling has been extensively studied and one target of LMP2A is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Since mTOR has been linked to reprogramming tumor metabolism and increasing levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF-1α), we hypothesized that LMP2A would increase HIF-1α levels to enhance ATP generation in B lymphoma cell lines. Our data indicate that LMP2A increases ATP generation in multiple Burkitt lymphoma cell lines that were dependent on HIF-1α. Subsequent studies indicate that the addition of the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, blocked the LMP2A-dependent increase in HIF-1α. Further studies demonstrate that LMP2A does not increase HIF-1α levels by increasing HIF-1α RNA or STAT3 activation. In contrast, LMP2A and mTOR-dependent increase in HIF-1α required mTOR-dependent phosphorylation of p70 S6 Kinase and 4E-BP1. These findings implicate the importance of LMP2A in promoting B cell lymphoma survival by increasing ATP generation and identifying potential pharmaceutical targets to treat EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Incrocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Rosalinda Monroy Del Toro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Grace Devitt
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Melody Salimian
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Kamaljit Braich
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; (G.D.); (M.S.)
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Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Costa M, Venuti A, Tamburello MP, Sciortino MT. Update of Natural Products and Their Derivatives Targeting Epstein-Barr Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:124. [PMID: 38257824 PMCID: PMC10818872 DOI: 10.3390/v16010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr (EBV) is a human γ-herpesvirus that undergoes both a productive (lytic) cycle and a non-productive (latent) phase. The virus establishes enduring latent infection in B lymphocytes and productive infection in the oral mucosal epithelium. Like other herpesviruses, EBV expresses its genes in a coordinated pattern during acute infection. Unlike others, it replicates its DNA during latency to maintain the viral genome in an expanding pool of B lymphocytes, which are stimulated to divide upon infection. The reactivation from the latent state is associated with a productive gene expression pattern mediated by virus-encoded transcriptional activators BZLF-1 and BRLF-1. EBV is a highly transforming virus that contributes to the development of human lymphomas. Though viral vectors and mRNA platforms have been used to develop an EBV prophylactic vaccine, currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection and EBV-associated cancers. Natural products and bioactive compounds are widely studied for their antiviral potential and capability to modulate intracellular signaling pathways. This review was intended to collect information on plant-derived products showing their antiviral activity against EBV and evaluate their feasibility as an alternative or adjuvant therapy against EBV infections and correlated oncogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marianna Costa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, 69366 Lyon, CEDEX 07, France;
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.C.); (M.P.T.)
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Li Y, Xue M, Dai Y, Xie Y, Wei Y, Wang C, Tian M, Fan Y, Jiang N, Xu C, Liu W, Meng Y, Zhou Y. Chinese giant salamander Bcl-w: An inhibitory role in iridovirus-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and virus replication. Virus Res 2023; 335:199196. [PMID: 37597665 PMCID: PMC10445403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) superfamily molecules play crucial roles in mitochondrial apoptosis induced by Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV). As an anti-apoptotic molecule in the BCL-2 family, the molecular mechanism of Bcl-w during GSIV infection remains unknown. In this study, we characterized for the first time an amphibian Bcl-w from Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus (AdBcl-w), and its function and regulatory mechanism during GSIV infection were investigated. AdBcl-w possesses the conserved structural features of Bcl-w and shares 35-54% sequence identities with other Bcl-w. mRNA expression of AdBcl-w was most abundant in liver and muscle. The AdBcl-w mRNA expression was regulated during GSIV infection. Western blotting assays revealed that the level of Bcl-w protein was downregulated markedly as the infection progresses. Confocal microscopy showed that overexpressed AdBcl-w was translocated to the mitochondria after infection with GSIV. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that compared with control, the apoptotic progress in cells transfected with AdBcl-w was reduced while that in cells transfected with AdBcl-w siRNA was enhanced. The number of virus major capsid protein gene copies was lower and protein synthesis was reduced in AdBcl-w overexpressing cells. In addition, AdBcl-w could bind directly to the pro-apoptotic molecule AdBak, while this interaction was weakened with GSIV infection. Moreover, p53 level was reduced and the mRNA expression levels of crucial regulatory molecules in the p53 pathway were regulated in AdBcl-w overexpressing cells during GSIV infection. These results suggested that AdBcl-w inhibit GSIV replication by regulating the virus induced mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yanlin Dai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yixing Xie
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Mingzhu Tian
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China.
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Jo HA, Hyun SJ, Hyun YS, Lee YH, Kim SM, Baek IC, Sohn HJ, Kim TG. Comprehensive Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus LMP2A-Specific CD8 + and CD4 + T Cell Responses Restricted to Each HLA Class I and II Allotype Within an Individual. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e17. [PMID: 37179751 PMCID: PMC10166658 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), a latent Ag commonly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected host cells, is a target for adoptive T cell therapy in EBV-associated malignancies. To define whether individual human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allotypes are used preferentially in EBV-specific T lymphocyte responses, LMP2A-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in 50 healthy donors were analyzed by ELISPOT assay using artificial Ag-presenting cells expressing a single allotype. CD8+ T cell responses were significantly higher than CD4+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cell responses were ranked from highest to lowest in the order HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C loci, and CD4+ T cell responses were ranked in the order HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ loci. Among the 32 HLA class I and 56 HLA class II allotypes, 6 HLA-A, 7 HLA-B, 5 HLA-C, 10 HLA-DR, 2 HLA-DQ, and 2 HLA-DP allotypes showed T cell responses higher than 50 spot-forming cells (SFCs)/5×105 CD8+ or CD4+ T cells. Twenty-nine donors (58%) showed a high T cell response to at least one allotype of HLA class I or class II, and 4 donors (8%) had a high response to both HLA class I and class II allotypes. Interestingly, we observed an inverse correlation between the proportion of LMP2A-specific T cell responses and the frequency of HLA class I and II allotypes. These data demonstrate the allele dominance of LMP2A-specific T cell responses among HLA allotypes and their intra-individual dominance in response to only a few allotypes in an individual, which may provide useful information for genetic, pathogenic, and immunotherapeutic approaches to EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-A Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seung-Joo Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - You-Seok Hyun
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yong-Hun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Kim
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Sohn
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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Liang Y, Liu W, Zhao M, Shi D, Zhang Y, Luo B. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 promotes the progression of EBV-associated gastric cancer and maintains EBV latent infection. Virus Genes 2023; 59:204-214. [PMID: 36738378 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-01970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and the biological function of NRF1 in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). Western blot and qRT-PCR were used to assess the effect of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) on NRF1 expression after transfection with LMP2A plasmid or siLMP2A. The effects of NRF1 on the migration and apoptosis ability of GC cells were investigated by transwell assay and flow cytometry apoptosis analysis in vitro, respectively. In addition, we determined the regulatory role of NRF1 in EBV latent infection by western blot and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). LMP2A upregulated NRF1 expression by activating the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, NRF1 upregulated the expression of N-Cadherin and ZEB1 to promote cell migration. NRF1 promoted the expression of Bcl-2 to increase the anti-apoptotic ability of cells. In addition, NRF1 maintained latent infection of EBV by promoting the expression of the latent protein Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and inhibiting the expression of the lytic proteins. Our data indicated the role of NRF1 in EBVaGC progression and the maintenance of EBV latent infection. This provided a new theoretical basis for further NRF1-based anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Menghe Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Duo Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, ZiBo, 255036, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, No.308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Liu W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Sun L, Xiao H, Luo B. Epstein-Barr Virus Regulates Endothelin-1 Expression through the ERK/FOXO1 Pathway in EBV-Associated Gastric Cancer. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0089822. [PMID: 36475746 PMCID: PMC9927292 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00898-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) is one of the four subtypes of gastric carcinoma and its unique clinicopathological mechanism is unclear. Herein, the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in EBVaGC was lower than of Epstein-Barr virus-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) and associated with a low frequency of lymph node metastasis of EBVaGC. Functional studies showed that the activation of ET-1/endothelin receptor type A (ETAR) axis could promote cell growth, migration, and antiapoptosis. The expression of the ET-1 gene was unrelated to methylation of its promoter region and miRNAs (-1, -125a, -125b). After being treated with MEK1/2 inhibitor (PD0325901), the inactivation of ERK1/2 pathway resulted in downregulation of ET-1 and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) expression. Further, FOXO1 knockdown decreased the ET-1 expression. These findings indicated that ET-1 could be involved in development of gastric cancer and EBV could suppress the expression of ET-1 via the regulation of the transcription factor FOXO1 through the MAPK/ERK pathway. IMPORTANCE The relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and gastric cancer has been relatively clear. However, there are still many unresolved mechanisms of the virus in tumorigenesis. In recent years, activation of the endothelin-1 signaling axis has been found to play an important role in tumorigenesis, which is involved in tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. EBV genes. In our study, we found that ET-1 was low-expressed in EBV-positive gastric cancer cells, which was due to the inhibition of ERK signaling by EBNA1 through the repression of FOXO1 expression. The low expression of ET-1 limits the proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptotic ability of tumor cells. These findings contribute to further understanding of the role of EBV in EBV-associated gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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9
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The lytic phase of Epstein-Barr virus plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Virus Genes 2023; 59:1-12. [PMID: 36242711 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a recognized oncogenic virus that is related to the occurrence of lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and approximately 10% of gastric cancer (GC). EBV is a herpesvirus, and like other herpesviruses, EBV has a biphasic infection mode made up of latent and lytic infections. It has been established that latent infection promotes tumorigenesis in previous research, but in recent years, there has been new evidence that suggests that the lytic infection mode could also promote tumorigenesis. In this review, we mainly discuss the contribution of the EBV lytic phase to tumorigenesis, and graphically illustrate their relationship in detail. In addition, we described the relationship between the lytic cycle of EBV and autophagy. Finally, we also preliminarily explored the influence of the tumorigenesis effect of the EBV lytic phase on the future treatment of EBV-associated tumors.
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10
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Eladwy RA, Vu HT, Shah R, Li CG, Chang D, Bhuyan DJ. The Fight against the Carcinogenic Epstein-Barr Virus: Gut Microbiota, Natural Medicines, and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1716. [PMID: 36675232 PMCID: PMC9862477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in oncology, cancer has remained an enormous global health burden, accounting for about 10 million deaths in 2020. A third of the cancer cases in developing counties are caused by microbial infections such as human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), and hepatitis B and C viruses. EBV, a member of the human gamma herpesvirus family, is a double-stranded DNA virus and the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis. Most EBV infections cause no long-term complications. However, it was reported that EBV infection is responsible for around 200,000 malignancies worldwide every year. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral drugs for the prophylaxis or treatment of EBV infection. Recently, the gut microbiota has been investigated for its pivotal roles in pathogen protection and regulating metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of antiviral agents, gut microbial metabolites, and natural products against EBV infection. In this review, we aim to summarise and analyse the reported molecular mechanistic and clinical studies on the activities of gut microbial metabolites and natural medicines against carcinogenic viruses, with a particular emphasis on EBV. Gut microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids were reported to activate the EBV lytic cycle, while bacteriocins, produced by Enterococcus durans strains, have shown antiviral properties. Furthermore, several natural products and dietary bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, moronic acid, and andrographolide, have shown antiviral activity against EBV. In this review, we proposed several exciting future directions for research on carcinogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa A. Eladwy
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Hang Thi Vu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ravi Shah
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Deep Jyoti Bhuyan
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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11
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Wen KW, Wang L, Menke JR, Damania B. Cancers associated with human gammaherpesviruses. FEBS J 2022; 289:7631-7669. [PMID: 34536980 PMCID: PMC9019786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4; HHV-4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8; HHV-8) are human gammaherpesviruses that have oncogenic properties. EBV is a lymphocryptovirus, whereas HHV-8/KSHV is a rhadinovirus. As lymphotropic viruses, EBV and KSHV are associated with several lymphoproliferative diseases or plasmacytic/plasmablastic neoplasms. Interestingly, these viruses can also infect epithelial cells causing carcinomas and, in the case of KSHV, endothelial cells, causing sarcoma. EBV is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, leiomyosarcoma, and subsets of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and gastric carcinoma. KSHV is implicated in Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and KSHV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathogenesis by these two herpesviruses is intrinsically linked to viral proteins expressed during the lytic and latent lifecycles. This comprehensive review intends to provide an overview of the EBV and KSHV viral cycles, viral proteins that contribute to oncogenesis, and the current understanding of the pathogenesis and clinicopathology of their related neoplastic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Wah Wen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joshua R. Menke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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12
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Madayag K, Incrocci R, Swanson‐Mungerson M. The impact of Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2A on the production of B cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), APRIL and their receptors. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e729. [PMID: 36301035 PMCID: PMC9597489 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) establishes a lifelong infection in human B cells where the virus consistently expresses Latent Membrane Protein 2A (LMP2A) to promote B cell survival. A prior study indicates that LMP2A may increase the production of the pro‐survival factor, B cell Activating Factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF), which could also indirectly increase B cell survival. The current study sought to extend these findings and determine if LMP2A increased BAFF production and/or the responsiveness of LMP2A‐expressing cells to this cytokine. Methods Four independently derived LMP2A‐negative and ‐positive B cell lymphoma cell lines were analyzed for BAFF and APRIL levels by both ELISA and Western Blot analysis. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis measured any LMP2A‐dependent changes in the receptors for BAFF and APRIL (BAFF‐R, transmembrane activator and calcium‐modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor [TACI], B cell maturation antigen [BCMA]) in both LMP2A‐negative and ‐positive B cell lymphoma cell lines. Results In contrast to previous reports, our data indicate that LMP2A does not increase the expression of BAFF or APRIL by Western blot analysis or ELISA. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis indicates that LMP2A does not influence the expression of the receptors for BAFF and APRIL: TACI, BAFF‐R, and BCMA. Conclusion Therefore, these data suggest that while EBV utilizes other latency proteins to regulate BAFF production, EBV does not appear to use LMP2A to enhance BAFF‐or APRIL‐dependent survival to promote EBV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Madayag
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Graduate StudiesDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Ryan Incrocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate StudiesMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Michelle Swanson‐Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate StudiesMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
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13
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SoRelle ED, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Horn GQ, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus perpetuates B cell germinal center dynamics and generation of autoimmune-associated phenotypes in vitro. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001145. [PMID: 36248899 PMCID: PMC9554744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human B cells encompass functionally diverse lineages and phenotypic states that contribute to protective as well as pathogenic responses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) provides a unique lens for studying heterogeneous B cell responses, given its adaptation to manipulate intrinsic cell programming. EBV promotes the activation, proliferation, and eventual outgrowth of host B cells as immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro, which provide a foundational model of viral latency and lymphomagenesis. Although cellular responses and outcomes of infection can vary significantly within populations, investigations that capture genome-wide perspectives of this variation at single-cell resolution are in nascent stages. We have recently used single-cell approaches to identify EBV-mediated B cell heterogeneity in de novo infection and within LCLs, underscoring the dynamic and complex qualities of latent infection rather than a singular, static infection state. Here, we expand upon these findings with functional characterizations of EBV-induced dynamic phenotypes that mimic B cell immune responses. We found that distinct subpopulations isolated from LCLs could completely reconstitute the full phenotypic spectrum of their parental lines. In conjunction with conserved patterns of cell state diversity identified within scRNA-seq data, these data support a model in which EBV continuously drives recurrent B cell entry, progression through, and egress from the Germinal Center (GC) reaction. This "perpetual GC" also generates tangent cell fate trajectories including terminal plasmablast differentiation, which constitutes a replicative cul-de-sac for EBV from which lytic reactivation provides escape. Furthermore, we found that both established EBV latency and de novo infection support the development of cells with features of atypical memory B cells, which have been broadly associated with autoimmune disorders. Treatment of LCLs with TLR7 agonist or IL-21 was sufficient to generate an increased frequency of IgD-/CD27-/CD23-/CD38+/CD138+ plasmablasts. Separately, de novo EBV infection led to the development of CXCR3+/CD11c+/FCRL4+ B cells within days, providing evidence for possible T cell-independent origins of a recently described EBV-associated neuroinvasive CXCR3+ B cell subset in patients with multiple sclerosis. Collectively, this work reveals unexpected virus-driven complexity across infected cell populations and highlights potential roles of EBV in mediating or priming foundational aspects of virus-associated immune cell dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Gillian Q. Horn
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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14
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SoRelle ED, Dai J, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Time-resolved transcriptomes reveal diverse B cell fate trajectories in the early response to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111286. [PMID: 36044865 PMCID: PMC9879279 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection of B lymphocytes elicits diverse host responses via well-adapted transcriptional control dynamics. Consequently, this host-pathogen interaction provides a powerful system to explore fundamental processes leading to consensus fate decisions. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomics to construct a genome-wide multistate model of B cell fates upon EBV infection. Additional single-cell data from human tonsils reveal correspondence of model states to analogous in vivo phenotypes within secondary lymphoid tissue, including an EBV+ analog of multipotent activated precursors that can yield early memory B cells. These resources yield exquisitely detailed perspectives of the transforming cellular landscape during an oncogenic viral infection that simulates antigen-induced B cell activation and differentiation. Thus, they support investigations of state-specific EBV-host dynamics, effector B cell fates, and lymphomagenesis. To demonstrate this potential, we identify EBV infection dynamics in FCRL4+/TBX21+ atypical memory B cells that are pathogenically associated with numerous immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D. SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Current address: Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Blvd, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicolás M. Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ashley P. Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710,Corresponding Authors: Elliott D. SoRelle () & Micah A. Luftig ()
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15
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Camponeschi A, Kläsener K, Sundell T, Lundqvist C, Manna PT, Ayoubzadeh N, Sundqvist M, Thorarinsdottir K, Gatto M, Visentini M, Önnheim K, Aranburu A, Forsman H, Ekwall O, Fogelstrand L, Gjertsson I, Reth M, Mårtensson IL. Human CD38 regulates B cell antigen receptor dynamic organization in normal and malignant B cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213348. [PMID: 35819358 PMCID: PMC9280193 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional protein expressed on the surface of B cells in healthy individuals but also in B cell malignancies. Previous studies have suggested a connection between CD38 and components of the IgM class B cell antigen receptor (IgM-BCR) and its coreceptor complex. Here, we provide evidence that CD38 is closely associated with CD19 in resting B cells and with the IgM-BCR upon engagement. We show that targeting CD38 with an antibody, or removing this molecule with CRISPR/Cas9, inhibits the association of CD19 with the IgM-BCR, impairing BCR signaling in normal and malignant B cells. Together, our data suggest that CD38 is a new member of the BCR coreceptor complex, where it exerts a modulatory effect on B cell activation upon antigen recognition by regulating CD19. Our study also reveals a new mechanism where α-CD38 antibodies could be a valuable option in therapeutic approaches to B cell malignancies driven by aberrant BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kathrin Kläsener
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Signalling Research Centres Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Sundell
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christina Lundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul T. Manna
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Negar Ayoubzadeh
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martina Sundqvist
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Unit of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marcella Visentini
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Önnheim
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alaitz Aranburu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linda Fogelstrand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Reth
- Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Signalling Research Centres Biological Signalling Studies and Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Wyżewski Z, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP, Myszka A. Virus-Mediated Inhibition of Apoptosis in the Context of EBV-Associated Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137265. [PMID: 35806271 PMCID: PMC9266970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the representative of the Herpesviridae family, is a pathogen extensively distributed in the human population. One of its most characteristic features is the capability to establish latent infection in the host. The infected cells serve as a sanctuary for the dormant virus, and therefore their desensitization to apoptotic stimuli is part of the viral strategy for long-term survival. For this reason, EBV encodes a set of anti-apoptotic products. They may increase the viability of infected cells and enhance their resistance to chemotherapy, thereby contributing to the development of EBV-associated diseases, including Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), gastric cancer (GC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and several other malignancies. In this paper, we have described the molecular mechanism of anti-apoptotic actions of a set of EBV proteins. Moreover, we have reviewed the pro-survival role of non-coding viral transcripts: EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), in EBV-carrying malignant cells. The influence of EBV on the expression, activity and/or intracellular distribution of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family members, has been presented. Finally, we have also discussed therapeutic perspectives of targeting viral anti-apoptotic products or their molecular partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-208-338
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
| | | | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Dewajtis 5, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland;
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17
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Iwata S, Tanaka Y. Association of Viral Infection With the Development and Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849120. [PMID: 35280878 PMCID: PMC8914279 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that causes multiple organ damage in women of childbearing age and has a relapsing-remitting course. SLE is caused by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, however, its underlying triggers remain unknown. Among the environmental factors, the involvement of infections as a trigger for SLE, especially those of viral etiology, has been widely reported. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) may put patients at a genetic predisposition to SLE, while the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may play a role as an environmental factor that triggers the development of SLE. It has been suggested that EBV-infected B-cells may become resistant to apoptosis, resulting in the activation, proliferation, and antibody production of autoreactive B-cells, which cause tissue damage in SLE. However, the interaction between the virus and immune cells, as well as the impact of the virus on the differentiation and dysfunction of immune cells, remain unclear. In this review, we focus on the relationship between the development and pathogenesis of SLE and viral infections, as well as the mechanism of SLE exacerbation via activation of immune cells, such as B-cells, based on the latest findings.
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18
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Duan X, Chen H, Zhou X, Liu P, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Zhong L, Zhang W, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Yang C, Feng QS, Zeng YX, Xu M, Xiang T. EBV infection in epithelial malignancies induces resistance to antitumor natural killer cells via F3-mediated platelet aggregation. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1070-1083. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Zhu QY, Zhao GX, Li Y, Talakatta G, Mai HQ, Le QT, Young LS, Zeng MS. Advances in pathogenesis and precision medicine for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:175-206. [PMID: 34766141 PMCID: PMC8491203 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a squamous carcinoma with apparent geographical and racial distribution, mostly prevalent in East and Southeast Asia, particularly concentrated in southern China. The epidemiological trend over the past decades has suggested a substantial reduction in the incidence rate and mortality rate due to NPC. These results may reflect changes in lifestyle and environment, and more importantly, a deeper comprehension of the pathogenic mechanism of NPC, leading to much progress in the preventing, screening, and treating for this cancer. Herein, we present the recent advances on the key signal pathways involved in pathogenesis of NPC, the mechanism of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) entry into the cell, and the progress of EBV vaccine and screening biomarkers. We will also discuss in depth the development of various therapeutic approaches including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. These research advancements have led to a new era of precision medicine in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Ge-Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Girish Talakatta
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford California
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School University of Warwick Coventry United Kingdom
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) Guangzhou China
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20
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Abstract
Cellular activities are finely regulated by numerous signaling pathways to support specific functions of complex life processes. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Each step of viral replication is ultimately governed by the interaction of a virus with its host cells. Because of the demands of viral replication, the nutritional needs of virus-infected cells differ from those of uninfected cells. To improve their chances of survival and replication, viruses have evolved to commandeer cellular processes, including cell metabolism, augmenting these processes to support their needs. This article summarizes recent findings regarding virus-induced alterations to major cellular metabolic pathways focusing on how viruses modulate various signaling cascades to induce these changes. We begin with a general introduction describing the role played by signaling pathways in cellular metabolism. We then discuss how different viruses target these signaling pathways to reprogram host metabolism to favor the viral needs. We highlight the gaps in understanding metabolism-related virus-host interactions and discuss how studying these changes will enhance our understanding of fundamental processes involved in metabolic regulation. Finally, we discuss the potential to harness these processes to combat viral diseases, as well as other diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancers.
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21
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Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu S, Luo B. The role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded latent membrane proteins in host immune escape. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a type IV herpesvirus that widely infects the vast majority of adults, and establishes a latent infection pattern in host cells to escape the clearance of immune system. The virus is intimately associated with the occurrence and progression of lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) can assist its immune escape by downregulating host immune response. Besides EBV, LMPs have important effects on the functions of exosomes and autophagy, which also help EBV to escape immune surveillance. These escape mechanisms may provide conditions for further development of EBV-associated tumors. In this article, we discussed the potential functions of EBV-encoded LMPs in promoting immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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22
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Wyżewski Z, Świtlik W, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. The Role of Bcl-xL Protein in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041956. [PMID: 33669408 PMCID: PMC7920434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL represents a family of proteins responsible for the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Due to its anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-xL co-determines the viability of various virally infected cells. Their survival may determine the effectiveness of viral replication and spread, dynamics of systemic infection, and viral pathogenesis. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of Bcl-xL in the context of host infection by eight different RNA and DNA viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Maraba virus (MRBV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and coronavirus (CoV). We have described an influence of viral infection on the intracellular level of Bcl-xL and discussed the impact of Bcl-xL-dependent cell survival control on infection-accompanying pathogenic events such as tissue damage or oncogenesis. We have also presented anti-viral treatment strategies based on the pharmacological regulation of Bcl-xL expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 728-208-338
| | - Weronika Świtlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
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Bayda N, Tilloy V, Chaunavel A, Bahri R, Halabi MA, Feuillard J, Jaccard A, Ranger-Rogez S. Comprehensive Epstein-Barr Virus Transcriptome by RNA-Sequencing in Angioimmunoblastic T Cell Lymphoma (AITL) and Other Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:610. [PMID: 33557089 PMCID: PMC7913808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) in more than 80% of cases. Few studies have focused on this association and it is not clear now what role the virus plays in this pathology. We used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to study EBV transcriptome in 14 AITLs compared to 21 other lymphoma samples and 11 cell lines including 4 lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Viral transcripts were recovered using capture probes and sequencing was performed on Illumina. Bam-HI A rightward transcripts (BARTs) were the most latency transcripts expressed in AITLs, suggesting they may play a role in this pathology. Thus, BARTs, already described as highly expressed in carcinoma cells, are also very present in AITLs and other lymphomas. They were poorly expressed in cell lines other than LCLs. AITLs showed a latency IIc, with BNLF2a gene expression. For most AITLs, BCRF1, which encodes a homologous protein of human interleukin 10, vIL-10, was in addition expressed. This co-expression can contribute to immune escape and survival of infected cells. Considering these results, it can be assumed that EBV plays a pathogenic role in AITLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Bayda
- Microbiology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Faculty of Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France; (N.B.); (R.B.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Public Health, Jinan University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Valentin Tilloy
- National Reference Center for Herpesviruses, Bioinformatics, Centre de Biologie Recherche et Santé, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Alain Chaunavel
- Pathology Department, Centre de Biologie Recherche et Santé, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Racha Bahri
- Microbiology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Faculty of Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France; (N.B.); (R.B.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mohamad Adnan Halabi
- Microbiology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Faculty of Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France; (N.B.); (R.B.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Jean Feuillard
- Biological Hematology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Centre de Biologie Recherche et Santé, 87000 Limoges, France;
| | - Arnaud Jaccard
- Clinical Hematology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, University Hospital Dupuytren, 87042 Limoges, France;
| | - Sylvie Ranger-Rogez
- Microbiology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Faculty of Pharmacy, 87025 Limoges, France; (N.B.); (R.B.); (M.A.H.)
- Virology Department, UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Centre de Biologie Recherche et Santé, 87000 Limoges, France
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Hutcheson RL, Chakravorty A, Sugden B. Burkitt Lymphomas Evolve to Escape Dependencies on Epstein-Barr Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:606412. [PMID: 33505922 PMCID: PMC7829347 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.606412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) can transform B cells and contributes to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and other cancers. Through decades of study, we now recognize that many of the viral genes required to transform cells are not expressed in EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumors, likely due to the immune pressure exerted on infected cells. This recognition has led to the hypothesis that the loss of expression of these viral genes must be compensated through some mechanisms. Recent progress in genome-wide mutational analysis of tumors provides a wealth of data about the cellular mutations found in EBV-positive BLs. Here, we review common cellular mutations found in these tumors and consider how they may compensate for the viral genes that are no longer expressed. Understanding these mutations and how they may substitute for EBV's genes and contribute to lymphomagenesis can serve as a launchpad for more mechanistic studies, which will help us navigate the sea of genomic data available today, and direct the discoveries necessary to improve the treatment of EBV-positive BLs.
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25
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Berditchevski F, Fennell E, Murray PG. Calcium-dependent signalling in B-cell lymphomas. Oncogene 2021; 40:6321-6328. [PMID: 34625709 PMCID: PMC8585665 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Induced waves of calcium fluxes initiate multiple signalling pathways that play an important role in the differentiation and maturation of B-cells. Finely tuned transient Ca+2 fluxes from the endoplasmic reticulum in response to B-cell receptor (BCR) or chemokine receptor activation are followed by more sustained calcium influxes from the extracellular environment and contribute to the mechanisms responsible for the proliferation of B-cells, their migration within lymphoid organs and their differentiation. Dysregulation of these well-balanced mechanisms in B-cell lymphomas results in uncontrolled cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Consequently, several cytotoxic drugs (and anti-proliferative compounds) used in standard chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of people with lymphoma target calcium-dependent pathways. Furthermore, ~10% of lymphoma associated mutations are found in genes with functions in calcium-dependent signalling, including those affecting B-cell receptor signalling pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of the Ca2+-dependent signalling network and outline the contribution of its key components to B cell lymphomagenesis. We also consider how the oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus, which is causally linked to the pathogenesis of a number of B-cell lymphomas, can modify Ca2+-dependent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Berditchevski
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Eanna Fennell
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland
| | - Paul G. Murray
- grid.10049.3c0000 0004 1936 9692Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94 T9PX Ireland ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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26
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Xuan J, Ji Z, Wang B, Zeng X, Chen R, He Y, Rao P, Wu P, Shi G. Serological Evidence for the Association Between Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2020; 11:590444. [PMID: 33193425 PMCID: PMC7662096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.590444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been hypothesized to be an important risk factor for multiple rheumatic diseases, but the serological evidence so far for its role in Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) is not clearly established yet. This study aimed to assess the seroepidemiological associations of antibodies to EBV with SjS. Methods A seroepidemiological study containing 119 patients with SjS and 65 healthy controls was first performed, in which the associations of SjS with four commonly studied EBV antibodies including IgM-anti-viral capsid antigen (anti-VCA) antibody, IgG-anti-VCA antibody, IgG-anti-early antigen (anti-EA) antibody, and IgG-anti-EBV nuclear antigen 1 (anti-EBNA1) antibody were evaluated. A systematic review and meta-analysis of eligible seroepidemiological studies was also carried out, and data syntheses were performed using random-effect meta-analysis. Results In the case-control study, the patients with SjS had both a significantly higher prevalence of IgG-anti-EA antibody positivity (31.9% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.001) and high titers of IgG-anti-EA antibody (P < 0.001) than healthy controls. The titer of IgG-anti-VCA antibody was significantly increased in the patients with SjS compared with healthy controls (P < 0.001). IgG-anti-EA antibody seropositive patients with SjS had lower levels of both C3 (P = 0.002) and C4 (P = 0.02), and the titer of IgG-anti-EA antibody was inversely related to the levels of both C3 (r = -0.31, P < 0.001) and C4 (r = -0.20, P = 0.03). A total of 14 eligible studies on the serological associations between EBV infection and SjS were finally included into the meta-analysis, which suggested obvious associations of SjS with IgM-anti-VCA antibody [Odds ratio (OR) = 5.77, 95%CI 1.73–19.25, P = 0.004] and IgG-anti-EA antibody (OR = 9.97, 95%CI 4.58-21.67, P < 0.00001). Conclusions The findings from this study provide strong serological evidence for the association between EBV infection and SjS. SjS has obvious associations with IgM-anti-VCA antibody and IgG-anti-EA antibody. IgG-anti-EA antibody is linked to low levels of C3 and C4 in the patients with SjS, the significance of which needs to be addressed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Xuan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhiqian Ji
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoli Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongjuan Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Peishi Rao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Puqi Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Department of Science & Technology, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, China
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27
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Stanland LJ, Luftig MA. The Role of EBV-Induced Hypermethylation in Gastric Cancer Tumorigenesis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111222. [PMID: 33126718 PMCID: PMC7693998 DOI: 10.3390/v12111222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr-virus-associated Gastric Cancer (EBVaGC) comprises approximately 10% of global gastric cancers and is known to be the most hypermethylated of all tumor types. EBV infection has been shown to directly induce the hypermethylation of both the host and viral genome following initial infection of gastric epithelial cells. Many studies have been completed in an attempt to identify genes that frequently become hypermethylated and therefore significant pathways that become silenced to promote tumorigenesis. It is clear that EBV-induced hypermethylation silences key tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle genes and cellular differentiation factors to promote a highly proliferative and poorly differentiated cell population. EBV infection has been shown to induce methylation in additional malignancies including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Burkitt’s Lymphoma though not to the same level as in EBVaGC. Lastly, some genes silenced in EBVaGC are common to other heavily methylated tumors such as colorectal and breast tumors; however, some genes are unique to EBVaGC and can provide insights into the major pathways involved in tumorigenesis.
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28
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects human B cells and reprograms them to allow virus replication and persistence. One key viral factor in this process is latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), which has been described as a B cell receptor (BCR) mimic promoting malignant transformation. However, how LMP2A signaling contributes to tumorigenesis remains elusive. By comparing LMP2A and BCR signaling in primary human B cells using phosphoproteomics and transcriptome profiling, we identified molecular mechanisms through which LMP2A affects B cell biology. Consistent with the literature, we found that LMP2A mimics a subset of BCR signaling events, including tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinase SYK, the calcium initiation complex consisting of BLNK, BTK, and PLCγ2, and its downstream transcription factor NFAT. However, the majority of LMP2A-induced signaling events markedly differed from those induced by BCR stimulation. These included differential phosphorylation of kinases, phosphatases, adaptor proteins, transcription factors such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and TCF3, as well as widespread changes in the transcriptional output of LMP2A-expressing B cells. LMP2A affected apoptosis and cell-cycle checkpoints by dysregulating the expression of apoptosis regulators such as BCl-xL and the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma-associated protein 1 (RB1). LMP2A cooperated with MYC and mutant cyclin D3, two oncogenic drivers of Burkitt lymphoma, to promote proliferation and survival of primary human B cells by counteracting MYC-induced apoptosis and by inhibiting RB1 function, thereby promoting cell-cycle progression. Our results indicate that LMP2A is not a pure BCR mimic but rather rewires intracellular signaling in EBV-infected B cells that optimizes cell survival and proliferation, setting the stage for oncogenic transformation.
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29
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Hoang HD, Neault S, Pelin A, Alain T. Emerging translation strategies during virus-host interaction. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1619. [PMID: 32757266 PMCID: PMC7435527 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Translation control is crucial during virus-host interaction. On one hand, viruses completely rely on the protein synthesis machinery of host cells to propagate and have evolved various mechanisms to redirect the host's ribosomes toward their viral mRNAs. On the other hand, the host rewires its translation program in an attempt to contain and suppress the virus early on during infection; the antiviral program includes specific control on protein synthesis to translate several antiviral mRNAs involved in quenching the infection. As the infection progresses, host translation is in turn inhibited in order to limit viral propagation. We have learnt of very diverse strategies that both parties utilize to gain or retain control over the protein synthesis machinery. Yet novel strategies continue to be discovered, attesting for the importance of mRNA translation in virus-host interaction. This review focuses on recently described translation strategies employed by both hosts and viruses. These discoveries provide additional pieces in the understanding of the complex virus-host translation landscape. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Mechanisms Translation > Translation Regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy-Dung Hoang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Neault
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Apoptosis Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H8L1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Wang L, Li LR, Zhang L, Wang JW. The landscape of new drugs in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 89:102065. [PMID: 32653806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, much progress has been made in early-stage extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), and risk-adapted therapy with radiotherapy (RT) alone for the low-risk group and RT combined with asparaginase-based chemotherapy (CT) for the high-risk group yields favorable outcomes. However, optimal treatment strategies have not been defined yet for advanced-stage ENKTCL. Historically, ENKTCL responded poorly to conventional anthracycline-based chemotherapy probably because of inherent multidrug resistance (MDR). The fact that ENKTCL cells lack asparagine synthetase (ASNS) activity warranted the use of L-asparaginase or pegaspargase as frontline chemotherapies. Even though, due to high mortality of the disease, approximately 50% patients failing the frontline therapy arrived at dismal clinical outcomes with a median progression-free survival (PFS) less than 8 months. As distinctive molecular and biological subgroups are increasingly discovered within the disease entity of ENKTCL, novel targeted therapies and immunotherapy are of the urgent need for those heterogeneous subgroups. In this review, we sought to summarize the preclinical and clinical results of 6 categories of promising targeted therapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of ENKTCL, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, small-molecular inhibitors, epigenetic therapy, immunomodulatory drugs, and adoptive T-cell therapy, and these might change the landscape of treatment for ENKTCL in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Lin-Rong Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100032, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Disease, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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31
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Li L, Möbitz S, Winter R. Characterization of the Spatial Organization of Raf Isoforms Interacting with K-Ras4B in the Lipid Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:5944-5953. [PMID: 32390436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Raf kinases by the membrane-anchored protein K-Ras4B is a key step of cellular signal regulation. As a predominant variant of the Ras family, K-Ras4B has been considered to be a major drug target in cancer therapy. Therefore, an integrated study of Raf interaction with membrane-associated K-Ras4B is essential. While the Ras-binding domain (RBD) of Raf contains the main binding interface to K-Ras4B, its cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is thought to be responsible for its association with the membrane interface. We applied time-lapse tapping-mode atomic force microscopy to visualize and characterize the interaction of these binding motifs of A-, B-, and C-Raf isoforms with K-Ras4B in a raft-like anionic model biomembrane. However, we found that the RBDs of the Raf isomers are readily recruited to K-Ras4B nanoclusters in the lipid membrane, with different efficiencies. Unexpectedly and different from A-Raf-RBD, B- and C-Raf-RBD are able to bind markedly also directly to the lipid membrane. We also found that Raf-RBD-CRD is readily recruited to the K-Ras4B forming nanoclusters in the fluid membrane phase, with the CRD domains binding to the lipid interface. The K-Ras4B-nanoclusters are likely to enhance Raf binding and activate signaling by enriching the Raf proteins and facilitating formation of Raf dimers. Interestingly, A-, B-, and C-Raf-RBD-CRD are also able to bind directly to the heterogeneous membrane surrounding the K-Ras4B nanoclusters, which could potentially enhance the overall affinity to K-Ras4B in a Raf-isoform-dependent manner. Overall, these results provide new insights into the spatial organization of the membrane-associated Raf-Ras signaling module for the various Raf isoforms, which is important for understanding the activation of Raf kinases and required for the development of drugs against cancers through targeting Raf-Ras interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Simone Möbitz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Winter
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Quassinoid analogs with enhanced efficacy for treatment of hematologic malignancies target the PI3Kγ isoform. Commun Biol 2020; 3:267. [PMID: 32461675 PMCID: PMC7253423 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel PI3K inhibitors is an important strategy to overcome their resistance and poor tolerability in clinical trials. The quassinoid family member Brusatol shows specific inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. However, the mechanism of its anti-cancer activity is unknown. We investigated the anti-cancer activity of Brusatol on multiple hematologic malignancies derived cell lines. The results demonstrated that the PI3Kγ isoform was identified as a direct target of Brusatol, and inhibition was dramatically reduced on cells with lower PI3Kγ levels. Novel synthetic analogs were also developed and tested in vitro and in vivo. They shared comparable or superior potency in their ability to inhibit malignant hematologic cell lines, and in a xenograft transplant mouse model. One unique analog had minimal toxicity to normal human cells and in a mouse model. These new analogs have enhanced potential for development as a new class of PI3K inhibitors for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Pei et al. demonstrate that PI3Kγ isoform is a direct target of Brusatol, a natural compound with inhibitory activity against hematologic malignancies. They further develop several Brusatol analogs with superior in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer activity.
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33
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Ewald PW, Swain Ewald HA. The scope of viral causation of human cancers: interpreting virus density from an evolutionary perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180304. [PMID: 30955500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most known oncogenic viruses of humans use DNA as their genomic material. Research over the past quarter century has revealed that their oncogenicity results largely from direct interference with barriers to oncogenesis. In contrast to viruses that have been accepted causes of particular cancers, candidate viral causes tend to have fewer viral than cellular genomes in the tumours. These low viral loads have caused researchers to conclude that the associated viruses are not primary causes of the associated cancers. Consideration of differential survival, reproduction and infiltration of cells in a tumour suggest, however, that viral loads could be low even when viruses are primary causes of cancer. Resolution of this issue has important implications for human health because medical research tends to be effective at preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Mathematical models may clarify the problem and help guide future research by assessing whether low viral loads are likely outcomes of the differential survival, reproduction, and infiltration of cells in a tumour and, more generally, the extent to which viruses contribute to cancer. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292 , USA
| | - Holly A Swain Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40292 , USA
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34
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Liu W, Song YY, Wang JY, Xiao H, Zhang Y, Luo B. Dysregulation of FOXO transcription factors in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Virus Res 2019; 276:197808. [PMID: 31712122 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with the development of gastric cancer (GC). Forkhead box class O (FOXO) transcription factors play important roles in tumor suppression. This study aims to investigate the interplay between EBV and FOXOs in EBV-associated GC (EBVaGC). The results showed that EBV infection of GC cells led to the downregulation of FOXO1 by the inhibition of its mRNA and protein expression. FOXO3 protein is repressed by EBV infection. FOXO4 mRNA is upregulated in EBV-positive cell lines, while its protein expression is downregulated. FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 proteins are upregulated following PI3K inhibition in GT39 cells, confirming that they are partially suppressed by the PI3K/AKT pathway. However, the upregulation of FOXO1 and FOXO3 by single transfection with LMP1 or LMP2A implies that the dysregulation of FOXOs in EBVaGC is affected by various EBV latent genes and that PI3K/AKT signaling is not the only mechanism of FOXO regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying-Ying Song
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOH/MOE), Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Zibo, 54 Gongqingtuan Road, ZiBo, 255036, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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Weed DJ, Damania B. Pathogenesis of Human Gammaherpesviruses: Recent Advances. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2019; 6:166-174. [PMID: 33134035 PMCID: PMC7597832 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-019-00127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW Human gammaherpesviruses have complex lifecycles that drive their pathogenesis. KSHV and EBV are the etiological agents of multiple cancers worldwide. There is no FDA-approved vaccine for either KSHV or EBV. This review will describe recent progress in understanding EBV and KSHV lifecycles during infection. RECENT FINDINGS Determining how latency is established, particularly how non-coding RNAs influence latent and lytic infection, is a rapidly growing area of investigation into how gammaherpesviruses successfully persist in the human population. Many factors have been identified as restrictors of reactivation from latency, especially innate immune antagonism. Finally, new host proteins that play a role in lytic replication have been identified. SUMMARY In this review we discuss recent findings over the last 5 years on both host and viral factors that are involved in EBV and KSHV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Weed
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
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36
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Rivera-Soto R, Damania B. Modulation of Angiogenic Processes by the Human Gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1544. [PMID: 31354653 PMCID: PMC6640166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is the biological process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It is considered one of the classic hallmarks of cancer, as pathological angiogenesis provides oxygen and essential nutrients to growing tumors. Two of the seven known human oncoviruses, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), belong to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Both viruses are associated with several malignancies including lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The viral genomes code for a plethora of viral factors, including proteins and non-coding RNAs, some of which have been shown to deregulate angiogenic pathways and promote tumor growth. In this review, we discuss the ability of both viruses to modulate the pro-angiogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rivera-Soto
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Reichert M, Lukasik A, Zielenkiewicz P, Matras M, Maj-Paluch J, Stachnik M, Borzym E. Host microRNA analysis in cyprinid Herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) infected common carp. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:46. [PMID: 30654758 PMCID: PMC6337785 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism of latency and the ability of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) to establish life-long infections in carp remains poorly understood. To explain the role of miRNAs in this process we applied a range of molecular tools including high-throughput sequencing of RNA libraries constructed from the blood samples of infected fish followed by bioinformatic and functional analyses which show that CyHV-3 profoundly influences the expression of host miRNAs in vivo. Results We demonstrated the changed expression of 27 miRNAs in the clinical phase and 5 in the latent phase of infection. We also identified 23 novel, not previously reported sequences, from which 8 showed altered expressions in control phase, 10 in clinical phase and 5 in latent phase of infection. Conclusions The results of our analysis expand the knowledge of common carp microRNAs engaged during CyHV-3 infection and provide a useful basis for the further study of the mechanism of CyHV-3 induced pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5266-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Reichert
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Anna Lukasik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Zielenkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Matras
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Joanna Maj-Paluch
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Magdalena Stachnik
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Ewa Borzym
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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38
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Incrocci R, McAloon J, Montesano M, Bardahl J, Vagvala S, Stone A, Swanson-Mungerson M. Epstein-Barr virus LMP2A utilizes Syk and PI3K to activate NF-κB in B-cell lymphomas to increase MIP-1α production. J Med Virol 2019; 91:845-855. [PMID: 30609049 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is growing due to an increase in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated HL in AIDS patients. The HL tumor microenvironment is vital for the survival of the malignant Hodgkin-Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells of HL, which express the EBV protein latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A). While previous work shows that LMP2A mimics B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling to promote the survival of HRS cells, the ability of LMP2A to establish and maintain the tumor microenvironment through the production of chemokines remains unknown. Since BCR signaling induces the production of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), and since LMP2A is a BCR mimic, we hypothesized that LMP2A increases MIP-1α levels. A comparison of multiple LMP2A-negative and -positive cell lines demonstrates that LMP2A increases MIP-1α. Additionally, LMP2A-mutant cell lines and pharmacologic inhibitors indicate that LMP2A activates a Syk/PI3K/NF-κB pathway to enhance MIP-1α. Finally, based on the finding that an NF-κB inhibitor decreased MIP-1α RNA/protein in LMP2A-positive cells, we are the first to demonstrate that LMP2A increases the nuclear localization of the NF-κB p65 subunit using DNA-binding assays and confocal microscopy in human B cells. These findings not only have implications for the treatment of HL, but also other LMP2A-expressing B-cell tumors that overexpress NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Incrocci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Jason McAloon
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Michael Montesano
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Jonathan Bardahl
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Saivenkat Vagvala
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Amanda Stone
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
| | - Michelle Swanson-Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois.,Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
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Lang F, Pei Y, Lamplugh ZL, Robertson ES. Molecular Biology of EBV in Relationship to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:81-103. [PMID: 30523622 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herpesvirus-induced disease is one of the most lethal factors which leads to high mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. EBV, also known as human herpesvirus 4, can transform naive B cells into immortalized cells in vitro through the regulation of cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. EBV infection is associated with several lymphoma and epithelial cancers in humans, which occurs at a much higher rate in immune deficient individuals than in healthy people, demonstrating that the immune system plays a vital role in inhibiting EBV activities. EBV latency infection proteins can mimic suppression cytokines or upregulate PD-1 on B cells to repress the cytotoxic T cells response. Many malignancies, including Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas occur at a much higher frequency in EBV positive individuals than in EBV negative people during the development of HIV infection. Importantly, understanding EBV pathogenesis at the molecular level will aid the development of novel therapies for EBV-induced diseases in HIV/AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Lang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yonggang Pei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary L Lamplugh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Tumor Virology and Global Cancer Programs, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, USA. .,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,, 3610 Hamilton Walk, 201E Johnson Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Stanland LJ, Luftig MA. Molecular features and translational outlook for Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric cancer. Future Virol 2018; 13:803-818. [PMID: 34367314 PMCID: PMC8345226 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) was the first discovered human tumor virus and is the etiological agent of B cell lymphomas and also epithelial cancers. Indeed, nearly 10% of gastric cancers worldwide are EBV-positive and display unique molecular, epigenetic, and clinicopathological features. EBV-positive gastric cancers display the highest rate of host genome methylation of all tumor types studied and harbor recurrent mutations activating PI3Kα, silencing ARID1A, and amplifying PD-L1. While EBV infection of B cells can be studied efficiently, de novo epithelial cell infection is much more difficult. We propose that new culture models including 3D-based gastric organoids and xenografts can bring new insight into EBV-induced gastric carcinogenesis and will lead to improved precision medicine-based therapies for patients with EBV-positive gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyla J. Stanland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAK-659 Prevents Splenomegaly and Tumor Development in a Murine Model of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. mSphere 2018; 3:3/4/e00378-18. [PMID: 30135222 PMCID: PMC6106053 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00378-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several B and epithelial cell cancers. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) contributes to cellular transformation by mimicking B cell receptor signaling. LMP2A/MYC double transgenic mice develop splenomegaly and B cell lymphoma much faster than MYC transgenic mice do. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic efficacy of a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 for development of a treatment option for EBV-associated malignancies. In our transgenic model, TAK-659 treatment totally abrogated splenomegaly and tumor development in LMP2A/MYC mice in both pretumor and tumor cell transfer experiments. TAK-659 treatment killed tumor cells, but not host cells within the spleen and tumors. Furthermore, TAK-659 treatment abrogated metastasis of tumor cells into bone marrow. Our data also show that TAK-659 inhibits SYK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in LMP2A/MYC tumor cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, TAK-659 may provide an effective therapeutic option for treatment of LMP2A-positive EBV-associated malignancies and should be explored further in clinical trials. IMPORTANCE The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies.
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42
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El-Sharkawy A, Al Zaidan L, Malki A. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies: Roles of Viral Oncoproteins in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:265. [PMID: 30116721 PMCID: PMC6082928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first herpesvirus identified to be associated with human cancers known to infect the majority of the world population. EBV-associated malignancies are associated with a latent form of infection, and several of the EBV-encoded latent proteins are known to mediate cellular transformation. These include six nuclear antigens and three latent membrane proteins (LMPs). In lymphoid and epithelial tumors, viral latent gene expressions have distinct pattern. In both primary and metastatic tumors, the constant expression of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) at the RNA level suggests that this protein is the key player in the EBV-associated tumorigenesis. While LMP2A contributing to the malignant transformation possibly by cooperating with the aberrant host genome. This can be done in part by dysregulating signaling pathways at multiple points, notably in the cell cycle and apoptotic pathways. Recent studies also have confirmed that LMP1 and LMP2 contribute to carcinoma progression and that this may reflect the combined effects of these proteins on activation of multiple signaling pathways. This review article aims to investigate the aforementioned EBV-encoded proteins that reveal established roles in tumor formation, with a greater emphasis on the oncogenic LMPs (LMP1 and LMP2A) and their roles in dysregulating signaling pathways. It also aims to provide a quick look on the six members of the EBV nuclear antigens and their roles in dysregulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sharkawy
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" (IGB)-CNR, Naples, Italy.,Biomolecular Science Programme, Università Degli Studi Della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lobna Al Zaidan
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Biomedical Science Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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43
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Kearns PKA, Casey HA, Leach JP. Hypothesis: Multiple sclerosis is caused by three-hits, strictly in order, in genetically susceptible persons. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 24:157-174. [PMID: 30015080 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, progressive and debilitating neurological disease which, despite extensive study for over 100 years, remains of enigmatic aetiology. Drawn from the epidemiological evidence, there exists a consensus that there are environmental (possibly infectious) factors that contribute to disease pathogenesis that have not yet been fully elucidated. Here we propose a three-tiered hypothesis: 1) a clinic-epidemiological model of multiple sclerosis as a rare late complication of two sequential infections (with the temporal sequence of infections being important); 2) a proposal that the first event is helminthic infection with Enterobius Vermicularis, and the second is Epstein Barr Virus infection; and 3) a proposal for a testable biological mechanism, involving T-Cell exhaustion for Epstein-Barr Virus protein LMP2A. We believe that this model satisfies some of the as-yet unexplained features of multiple sclerosis epidemiology, is consistent with the clinical and neuropathological features of the disease and is potentially testable by experiment. This model may be generalizable to other autoimmune diseases.
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44
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Bristol JA, Djavadian R, Albright ER, Coleman CB, Ohashi M, Hayes M, Romero-Masters JC, Barlow EA, Farrell PJ, Rochford R, Kalejta RF, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. A cancer-associated Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 promoter variant enhances lytic infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007179. [PMID: 30052684 PMCID: PMC6082571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection contributes to both B-cell and epithelial-cell malignancies. However, whether lytic EBV infection also contributes to tumors is unclear, although the association between malaria infection and Burkitt lymphomas (BLs) may involve excessive lytic EBV replication. A particular variant of the viral promoter (Zp) that controls lytic EBV reactivation is over-represented, relative to its frequency in non-malignant tissue, in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinomas and AIDS-related lymphomas. To date, no functional differences between the prototype Zp (Zp-P) and the cancer-associated variant (Zp-V3) have been identified. Here we show that a single nucleotide difference between the Zp-V3 and Zp-P promoters creates a binding site for the cellular transcription factor, NFATc1, in the Zp-V3 (but not Zp-P) variant, and greatly enhances Zp activity and lytic viral reactivation in response to NFATc1-inducing stimuli such as B-cell receptor activation and ionomycin. Furthermore, we demonstrate that restoring this NFATc1-motif to the Zp-P variant in the context of the intact EBV B95.8 strain genome greatly enhances lytic viral reactivation in response to the NFATc1-activating agent, ionomycin, and this effect is blocked by the NFAT inhibitory agent, cyclosporine, as well as NFATc1 siRNA. We also show that the Zp-V3 variant is over-represented in EBV-positive BLs and gastric cancers, and in EBV-transformed B-cell lines derived from EBV-infected breast milk of Kenyan mothers that had malaria during pregnancy. These results demonstrate that the Zp-V3 enhances EBV lytic reactivation to physiologically-relevant stimuli, and suggest that increased lytic infection may contribute to the increased prevalence of this variant in EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Reza Djavadian
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Albright
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Carrie B. Coleman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - James C. Romero-Masters
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Barlow
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Farrell
- Molecular Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kalejta
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology in Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Battling for Ribosomes: Translational Control at the Forefront of the Antiviral Response. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1965-1992. [PMID: 29746850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the early stages of infection, gaining control of the cellular protein synthesis machinery including its ribosomes is the ultimate combat objective for a virus. To successfully replicate, viruses unequivocally need to usurp and redeploy this machinery for translation of their own mRNA. In response, the host triggers global shutdown of translation while paradoxically allowing swift synthesis of antiviral proteins as a strategy to limit collateral damage. This fundamental conflict at the level of translational control defines the outcome of infection. As part of this special issue on molecular mechanisms of early virus-host cell interactions, we review the current state of knowledge regarding translational control during viral infection with specific emphasis on protein kinase RNA-activated and mammalian target of rapamycin-mediated mechanisms. We also describe recent technological advances that will allow unprecedented insight into how viruses and host cells battle for ribosomes.
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46
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EBNA1: Oncogenic Activity, Immune Evasion and Biochemical Functions Provide Targets for Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Epstein-Barr Virus- Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10040109. [PMID: 29642420 PMCID: PMC5923364 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA1) protein in all EBV-carrying tumours constitutes a marker that distinguishes the virus-associated cancer cells from normal cells and thereby offers opportunities for targeted therapeutic intervention. EBNA1 is essential for viral genome maintenance and also for controlling viral gene expression and without EBNA1, the virus cannot persist. EBNA1 itself has been linked to cell transformation but the underlying mechanism of its oncogenic activity has been unclear. However, recent data are starting to shed light on its growth-promoting pathways, suggesting that targeting EBNA1 can have a direct growth suppressing effect. In order to carry out its tasks, EBNA1 interacts with cellular factors and these interactions are potential therapeutic targets, where the aim would be to cripple the virus and thereby rid the tumour cells of any oncogenic activity related to the virus. Another strategy to target EBNA1 is to interfere with its expression. Controlling the rate of EBNA1 synthesis is critical for the virus to maintain a sufficient level to support viral functions, while at the same time, restricting expression is equally important to prevent the immune system from detecting and destroying EBNA1-positive cells. To achieve this balance EBNA1 has evolved a unique repeat sequence of glycines and alanines that controls its own rate of mRNA translation. As the underlying molecular mechanisms for how this repeat suppresses its own rate of synthesis in cis are starting to be better understood, new therapeutic strategies are emerging that aim to modulate the translation of the EBNA1 mRNA. If translation is induced, it could increase the amount of EBNA1-derived antigenic peptides that are presented to the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I pathway and thus, make EBV-carrying cancers better targets for the immune system. If translation is further suppressed, this would provide another means to cripple the virus.
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47
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Abstract
Genetically engineered mice (GEMs) have provided valuable insights into the carcinogenic properties of various human tumor viruses, which, in aggregate, are etiologically associated with over 15% of all human cancers. This review provides an overview of seminal discoveries made through the use of GEM models for human DNA tumor viruses. Emphasis is placed on the discoveries made in the study of human papillomaviruses, Merkel cell carcinoma-associated polyomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, because GEMs have contributed extensively to our understanding of how these DNA tumor viruses directly contribute to human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Lambert
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705;
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48
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Zhou N, Fan C, Liu S, Zhou J, Jin Y, Zheng X, Wang Q, Liu J, Yang H, Gu J, Zhou J. Cellular proteomic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 and classical swine fever virus coinfection in porcine kidney-15 cells using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-coupled LC-MS/MS. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1276-1291. [PMID: 28247913 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral coinfection or superinfection in host has caused public health concern and huge economic losses of farming industry. The influence of viral coinfection on cellular protein abundance is essential for viral pathogenesis. Based on a coinfection model for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) developed previously by our laboratory, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-coupled LC-MS/MS proteomic profiling was performed to explore the host cell responses to PCV2-CSFV coinfection. Totally, 3932 proteins were identified in three independent mass spectrometry analyses. Compared with uninfected cells, 304 proteins increased (fold change >1.2) and 198 decreased (fold change <0.833) their abundance in PCV2-infected cells (p < 0.05), 60 and 61 were more and less abundant in CSFV-infected cells, and 196 and 158 were more and less abundant, respectively in cells coinfected with PCV2 and CSFV. Representative differentially abundant proteins were validated by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Bioinformatic analyses confirmed the dominant role of PCV2, and indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response and apoptosis signaling pathways might be the specifical targets during PCV2-CSFV coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chunmei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Song Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yulan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qin Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug and Control, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jue Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,State Key Laboratory and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) and LMP2A Collaborate To Promote Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced B Cell Lymphomas in a Cord Blood-Humanized Mouse Model but Are Not Essential. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01928-16. [PMID: 28077657 PMCID: PMC5355617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01928-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with B cell lymphomas in humans. The ability of EBV to convert human B cells into long-lived lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro requires the collaborative effects of EBNA2 (which hijacks Notch signaling), latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) (which mimics CD40 signaling), and EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 3A (EBNA3A) and EBNA3C (which inhibit oncogene-induced senescence and apoptosis). However, we recently showed that an LMP1-deleted EBV mutant induces B cell lymphomas in a newly developed cord blood-humanized mouse model that allows EBV-infected B cells to interact with CD4 T cells (the major source of CD40 ligand). Here we examined whether the EBV LMP2A protein, which mimics constitutively active B cell receptor signaling, is required for EBV-induced lymphomas in this model. We find that the deletion of LMP2A delays the onset of EBV-induced lymphomas but does not affect the tumor phenotype or the number of tumors. The simultaneous deletion of both LMP1 and LMP2A results in fewer tumors and a further delay in tumor onset. Nevertheless, the LMP1/LMP2A double mutant induces lymphomas in approximately half of the infected animals. These results indicate that neither LMP1 nor LMP2A is absolutely essential for the ability of EBV to induce B cell lymphomas in the cord blood-humanized mouse model, although the simultaneous loss of both LMP1 and LMP2A decreases the proportion of animals developing tumors and increases the time to tumor onset. Thus, the expression of either LMP1 or LMP2A may be sufficient to promote early-onset EBV-induced tumors in this model.IMPORTANCE EBV causes human lymphomas, but few models are available for dissecting how EBV causes lymphomas in vivo in the context of a host immune response. We recently used a newly developed cord blood-humanized mouse model to show that EBV can cooperate with human CD4 T cells to cause B cell lymphomas even when a major viral transforming protein, LMP1, is deleted. Here we examined whether the EBV protein LMP2A, which mimics B cell receptor signaling, is required for EBV-induced lymphomas in this model. We find that the deletion of LMP2A alone has little effect on the ability of EBV to cause lymphomas but delays tumor onset. The deletion of both LMP1 and LMP2A results in a smaller number of lymphomas in infected animals, with an even more delayed time to tumor onset. These results suggest that LMP1 and LMP2A collaborate to promote early-onset lymphomas in this model, but neither protein is absolutely essential.
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Wang F, Chen W, Liu P, Zhou J, Liu B, Ye W, Wang W, Shen X. Lentivirus-mediated RNAi knockdown of LMP2A inhibits the growth of the Epstein-Barr-associated gastric carcinoma cell line GT38 in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:187-193. [PMID: 28123488 PMCID: PMC5245129 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) was applied to inhibit latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) gene expression, in order to explore the effects of LMP2A silencing on the growth of an Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) cell line in vitro. Lentivirus-mediated RNAi technology was employed to specifically knock down the LMP2A gene in the EBV-positive gastric carcinoma cell line GT38. After infection, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, flow cytometry and colony formation assays were conducted to evaluate the expression of LMP2A and the biological behavior of the GT38 cell line in vitro. The results showed that the expression of the LMP2A gene was clearly downregulated in the infected cells, which indicated that a highly efficient and stable lentivirus vector was successfully constructed. In the GT38 cells in which the expression of LMP2A was downregulated, the proliferation and colony formation of the cells was significantly inhibited. In addition, it was found that the cell cycle of the GT38 cells was arrested in the G0/G1 phase and the apoptosis rate was increased. These results indicate that lentivirus-mediated RNAi knockdown of LMP2A inhibits the growth of the EBVaGC cell line GT38 in vitro, and suggests that LMP2A is a potential target for gene therapy in the treatment of EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangjun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China; Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- The Core Laboratory of Suzhou Cancer Center and Department of Radiotherapy, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215001, P.R. China
| | - Bingtuan Liu
- Department of Digestive Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wu Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Wenping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyun Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
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