1
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Kolawole OR, Kashfi K. NSAIDs and Cancer Resolution: New Paradigms beyond Cyclooxygenase. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1432. [PMID: 35163356 PMCID: PMC8836048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation or resolved inflammation is an adaptive host defense mechanism and is self-limiting, which returns the body to a state of homeostasis. However, unresolved, uncontrolled, or chronic inflammation may lead to various maladies, including cancer. Important evidence that links inflammation and cancer is that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin, reduce the risk and mortality from many cancers. The fact that NSAIDs inhibit the eicosanoid pathway prompted mechanistic drug developmental work focusing on cyclooxygenase (COX) and its products. The increased prostaglandin E2 levels and the overexpression of COX-2 in the colon and many other cancers provided the rationale for clinical trials with COX-2 inhibitors for cancer prevention or treatment. However, NSAIDs do not require the presence of COX-2 to prevent cancer. In this review, we highlight the effects of NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) on targets beyond COX-2 that have shown to be important against many cancers. Finally, we hone in on specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that are biosynthesized locally and, in a time, -dependent manner to promote the resolution of inflammation and subsequent tissue healing. Different classes of SPMs are reviewed, highlighting aspirin's potential in triggering the production of these resolution-promoting mediators (resolvins, lipoxins, protectins, and maresins), which show promise in inhibiting cancer growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwafunke R. Kolawole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA;
- Graduate Program in Biology, City University of New York Graduate Center, New York, NY 10091, USA
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2
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Dixit G, Prabhu A. The pleiotropic peroxisome proliferator activated receptors: Regulation and therapeutics. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 124:104723. [PMID: 34822814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are key regulators of metabolic events in our body. Owing to their implication in maintenance of homeostasis, both PPAR agonists and antagonists assume therapeutic significance. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of each of the PPAR isotypes in the healthy body and during disease is crucial to exploiting their full therapeutic potential. This article is an attempt to present a rational analysis of the multifaceted therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of isotype-specific PPAR agonists, dual PPAR agonists, pan PPAR agonists as well as PPAR antagonists. A holistic understanding of the mechanistic dimensions of these key metabolic regulators will guide future efforts to identify novel molecules in the realm of metabolic, inflammatory and immunotherapeutic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Dixit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Arati Prabhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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3
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Luo W, He D, Zhang J, Ma Z, Chen K, Lv Z, Fan C, Yang L, Li Y, Zhou Z. Knockdown of PPARδ Induces VEGFA-Mediated Angiogenesis via Interaction With ERO1A in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:713892. [PMID: 34712608 PMCID: PMC8546184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.713892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an important mechanism underlying the development and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and has emerged as a therapeutic target for metastatic CRC (mCRC). Our recent studies found that Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ/D (PPARδ) regulates vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) secretion and the sensitivity to bevacizumab in CRC. However, its exact effect and underlying mechanisms remain unidentified. In this study, we showed that PPARδ expression was inversely associated with the microvascular density in human CRC tissues. Knockdown of PPARδ enhanced VEGFA expression in HCT116 cells and HUVEC angiogenesis in vitro; these phenomena were replicated in the experimental in vivo studies. By tandem mass tag (TMT)-labeling proteomics and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses, endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha (ERO1A) was screened and predicted as a target gene of PPARδ. This was verified by exploring the effect of coregulation of PPARδ and ERO1A on the VEGFA expression in HCT116 cells. The results revealed that PPARδ induced VEGFA by interacting with ERO1A. In conclusion, our results suggest that knockdown of PPARδ can promote CRC angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA through ERO1A. This pathway may be a potential target for mCRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Diao He
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zida Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keling Chen
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhaoying Lv
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Digestive Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Basson AR, Chen C, Sagl F, Trotter A, Bederman I, Gomez-Nguyen A, Sundrud MS, Ilic S, Cominelli F, Rodriguez-Palacios A. Regulation of Intestinal Inflammation by Dietary Fats. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604989. [PMID: 33603741 PMCID: PMC7884479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the epidemic of human obesity, dietary fats have increasingly become a focal point of biomedical research. Epidemiological studies indicate that high-fat diets (HFDs), especially those rich in long-chain saturated fatty acids (e.g., Western Diet, National Health Examination survey; NHANES 'What We Eat in America' report) have multi-organ pro-inflammatory effects. Experimental studies have confirmed some of these disease associations, and have begun to elaborate mechanisms of disease induction. However, many of the observed effects from epidemiological studies appear to be an over-simplification of the mechanistic complexity that depends on dynamic interactions between the host, the particular fatty acid, and the rather personalized genetics and variability of the gut microbiota. Of interest, experimental studies have shown that certain saturated fats (e.g., lauric and myristic fatty acid-rich coconut oil) could exert the opposite effect; that is, desirable anti-inflammatory and protective mechanisms promoting gut health by unanticipated pathways. Owing to the experimental advantages of laboratory animals for the study of mechanisms under well-controlled dietary settings, we focus this review on the current understanding of how dietary fatty acids impact intestinal biology. We center this discussion on studies from mice and rats, with validation in cell culture systems or human studies. We provide a scoping overview of the most studied diseases mechanisms associated with the induction or prevention of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in rodent models relevant to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis after feeding either high-fat diet (HFD) or feed containing specific fatty acid or other target dietary molecule. Finally, we provide a general outlook on areas that have been largely or scarcely studied, and assess the effects of HFDs on acute and chronic forms of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Basson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Christy Chen
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Filip Sagl
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ashley Trotter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, NorthShore University Health System, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Adrian Gomez-Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark S. Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Department of Human Sciences, Human Nutrition, College of Education and Human Ecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Cleveland Digestive Diseases Research Core, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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5
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Schwarzmueller L, Bril O, Vermeulen L, Léveillé N. Emerging Role and Therapeutic Potential of lncRNAs in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3843. [PMID: 33352769 PMCID: PMC7767007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on the control of stem cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation. The fine regulation of these cellular processes requires a complex dynamic interplay between several signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch, Hippo, EGF, Ephrin, and BMP/TGF-β. During the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), key events, such as oncogenic mutations, influence these signaling pathways, and tilt the homeostatic balance towards proliferation and dedifferentiation. Therapeutic strategies to specifically target these deregulated signaling pathways are of particular interest. However, systemic blocking or activation of these pathways poses major risks for normal stem cell function and tissue homeostasis. Interestingly, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as potent regulators of key cellular processes often deregulated in cancer. Because of their exceptional tissue and tumor specificity, these regulatory RNAs represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. Here, we discuss how lncRNAs participate in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and how they can contribute to the deregulation of each signaling pathway in CRC. Finally, we describe currently available molecular tools to develop lncRNA-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Schwarzmueller
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Bril
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Léveillé
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (L.S.); (O.B.); (L.V.)
- Oncode Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Peters JM, Walter V, Patterson AD, Gonzalez FJ. Unraveling the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) expression in colon carcinogenesis. NPJ Precis Oncol 2019; 3:26. [PMID: 31602402 PMCID: PMC6779880 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-019-0098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) was identified in 1994, but not until 1999 was PPARβ/δ suggested to be involved in carcinogenesis. Initially, it was hypothesized that expression of PPARβ/δ was increased during colon cancer progression, which led to increased transcription of yet-to-be confirmed target genes that promote cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. It was also hypothesized at this time that lipid-metabolizing enzymes generated lipid metabolites that served as ligands for PPARβ/δ. These hypothetical mechanisms were attractive because they potentially explained how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited tumorigenesis by potentially limiting the concentration of endogenous PPARβ/δ ligands that could activate this receptor that was increased in cancer cells. However, during the last 20 years, considerable research was undertaken describing expression of PPARβ/δ in normal and cancer cells that has led to a significant impact on the mechanisms by which PPARβ/δ functions in carcinogenesis. Whereas results from earlier studies led to much uncertainty about the role of PPARβ/δ in cancer, more recent analyses of large databases have revealed a more consistent understanding. The focus of this review is on the fundamental level of PPARβ/δ expression in normal tissues and cancerous tissue as described by studies during the past two decades and what has been delineated during this timeframe about how PPARβ/δ expression influences carcinogenesis, with an emphasis on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16801 USA
| | - Vonn Walter
- Departments of Public Health Sciences and Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, State College, PA 16801 USA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center of Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16801 USA
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA
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7
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Wang D, Fu L, Wei J, Xiong Y, DuBois RN. PPARδ Mediates the Effect of Dietary Fat in Promoting Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4480-4490. [PMID: 31239272 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor involved in fatty acid metabolism, obesity, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. Although PPARδ has been shown to promote intestinal adenoma formation and growth, the molecular mechanisms underlying the contribution of PPARδ to colorectal cancer remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that activation of PPARδ induces expansion of colonic cancer stem cells (CSC) and promotes colorectal cancer liver metastasis by binding to the Nanog promoter and enhancing Nanog expression. Moreover, PPARδ mediated the effect of a high-fat diet in promoting liver metastasis and induction of colonic CSC expansion. Our findings uncover a novel role of dietary fats in colorectal cancer metastasis and reveal novel mechanisms underlying PPARδ-mediated induction of CSCs and those responsible for the contribution of dietary fats to colorectal cancer progression. These findings may provide a rationale for developing PPARδ antagonists to therapeutically target CSCs in colorectal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that PPARδ contributes to colorectal cancer metastasis by expanding the CSC population, indicating that antagonists that target PPARδ may be beneficial in treating colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lingchen Fu
- Laboratory for Inflammation and Cancer, Biodesign Institute of Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. .,Department of Research and Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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8
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Müller R. PPARβ/δ in human cancer. Biochimie 2016; 136:90-99. [PMID: 27916645 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARβ/δ) can regulate its target genes by transcriptional activation or repression through both ligand-dependent and independent mechanism as well as by interactions with other transcription factors. PPARβ/δ exerts essential regulatory functions in intermediary metabolism that have been elucidated in detail, but clearly also plays a role in inflammation, differentiation, apoptosis and other cancer-associated processes, which is, however, mechanistically only partly understood. Consistent with these functions clinical associations link the expression of PPARβ/δ and its target genes to an unfavorable outcome of several human cancers. However, the available data do not yield a clear picture of PPARβ/δ's role in cancer-associated processes and are in fact partly controversial. This article provides an overview of this research area and discusses the role of PPARβ/δ in cancer in light of the complex mechanisms of its transcriptional regulation and its potential as a druggable anti-cancer target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
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9
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Beyaz S, Yilmaz ÖH. Molecular Pathways: Dietary Regulation of Stemness and Tumor Initiation by the PPAR-δ Pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5636-5641. [PMID: 27702819 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that regulates gene expression during development and disease states, such as cancer. However, the precise role of PPAR-δ during tumorigenesis is not well understood. Recent data suggest that PPAR-δ may have context-specific oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles depending on the tissue, cell-type, or diet-induced physiology in question. For example, in the intestine, pro-obesity diets, such as a high-fat diet (HFD), are associated with increased colorectal cancer incidence. Interestingly, many of the effects of an HFD in the stem and progenitor cell compartment are driven by a robust PPAR-δ program and contribute to the early steps of intestinal tumorigenesis. Importantly, the PPAR-δ pathway or its downstream mediators may serve as therapeutic intervention points or biomarkers in colon cancer that arise in patients who are obese. Although potent PPAR-δ agonists and antagonists exist, their clinical utility may be enhanced by uncovering how PPAR-δ mediates tumorigenesis in diverse tissues and cell types as well as in response to diet. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5636-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Beyaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts. .,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Tan NS, Vázquez-Carrera M, Montagner A, Sng MK, Guillou H, Wahli W. Transcriptional control of physiological and pathological processes by the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:98-122. [PMID: 27665713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 138673, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Giordano Attianese GMP, Desvergne B. Integrative and systemic approaches for evaluating PPARβ/δ (PPARD) function. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e001. [PMID: 25945080 PMCID: PMC4419664 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes involved in cellular differentiation, development, metabolism and also tumorigenesis. Three PPAR isotypes (α, β/δ and γ) have been identified, among which PPARβ/δ is the most difficult to functionally examine due to its tissue-specific diversity in cell fate determination, energy metabolism and housekeeping activities. PPARβ/δ acts both in a ligand-dependent and -independent manner. The specific type of regulation, activation or repression, is determined by many factors, among which the type of ligand, the presence/absence of PPARβ/δ-interacting corepressor or coactivator complexes and PPARβ/δ protein post-translational modifications play major roles. Recently, new global approaches to the study of nuclear receptors have made it possible to evaluate their molecular activity in a more systemic fashion, rather than deeply digging into a single pathway/function. This systemic approach is ideally suited for studying PPARβ/δ, due to its ubiquitous expression in various organs and its overlapping and tissue-specific transcriptomic signatures. The aim of the present review is to present in detail the diversity of PPARβ/δ function, focusing on the different information gained at the systemic level, and describing the global and unbiased approaches that combine a systems view with molecular understanding.
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12
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Byagowi S, Naserpour Farivar T, Najafipour R, Sahmani M, Darabi M, Fayezi S, Mirshahvaladi S, Darabi M. Effect of PPARδ agonist on stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in human pancreatic cancer cells: role of MEK/ERK1/2 pathway. Can J Diabetes 2015; 39:123-7. [PMID: 25575964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), also known as Δ9-desaturase, is a regulatory enzyme in the cellular lipid modification process that has been linked to pancreatic cancer and diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) agonist and ERK1/2- and EGF receptor (EGFR)-dependent pathways on the expression of SCD1 in human pancreatic carcinoma cell line PANC-1. METHODS PANC-1 cells cultured in RPMI-1640 were exposed to the commonly used MEK inhibitor PD98059, EGFR-selective inhibitor AG1478, and PPARδ agonist GW0742. Changes in mRNA, protein expression and activity index of SCD1 were then determined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and gas liquid chromatography, respectively. RESULTS The activity index and expression of SCD1 (p<0.01) decreased following treatment with PPARδ agonist at both mRNA and protein levels, whereas significant increases were observed after treatment with MEK or EGFR inhibitor. It was also found that the activity index of SCD1 were lower (p<0.01) in the combined treatment compared to the incubation with either inhibitor alone. CONCLUSIONS PPARδ and MEK/ERK1/2- and EGFR-dependent pathways affect the expression and activity of SCD1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Furthermore, the aforementioned kinase signalling pathways were involved in an inhibitory effect on the expression and activity of SCD1 in these cells, possibly via PPARδ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Byagowi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Taghi Naserpour Farivar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Najafipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Fayezi
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Mirshahvaladi
- Department of Biotechnology, Cellular and Molecular and Burns Research Centers, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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13
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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14
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Montagner A, Delgado MB, Tallichet-Blanc C, Chan JSK, Sng MK, Mottaz H, Degueurce G, Lippi Y, Moret C, Baruchet M, Antsiferova M, Werner S, Hohl D, Al Saati T, Farmer PJ, Tan NS, Michalik L, Wahli W. Src is activated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:80-98. [PMID: 24203162 PMCID: PMC3936491 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common human cancer and its incidence continues to rise worldwide, the mechanisms underlying its development remain incompletely understood. Here, we unveil a cascade of events involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and the oncogene Src, which promotes the development of ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin cancer in mice. UV-induced PPARβ/δ activity, which directly stimulated Src expression, increased Src kinase activity and enhanced the EGFR/Erk1/2 signalling pathway, resulting in increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Consistent with these observations, PPARβ/δ-null mice developed fewer and smaller skin tumours, and a PPARβ/δ antagonist prevented UV-dependent Src stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of PPARβ/δ positively correlated with the expression of SRC and EMT markers in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and critically, linear models applied to several human epithelial cancers revealed an interaction between PPARβ/δ and SRC and TGFβ1 transcriptional levels. Taken together, these observations motivate the future evaluation of PPARβ/δ modulators to attenuate the development of several epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Montagner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria B Delgado
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Tallichet-Blanc
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S K Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming K Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hélène Mottaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Degueurce
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Lippi
- GeT-TRiX Facility, INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Moret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Baruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Antsiferova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS, US006/CREFRE, Histopathology Facility, Place du Docteur BaylacCHU Purpan, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre J Farmer
- Exploratory Biomarker Analysis, Biomarker Technologies, Bioinformatics, Non Clinical Development, Merck Serono International S.A. SwitzerlandChemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nguan S Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis DriveProteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
- **Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
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15
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Jeon C, Chang SC, Mu L, Zhao J, Rao JY, Lu QY, Zhang ZF. Genetic variants of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ are associated with gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2881-6. [PMID: 23907334 PMCID: PMC3783538 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are implicated in pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cancers of the digestive system. AIM We investigated the associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PPAR δ and γ with gastric cancer and explored interactions with risk factors of gastric cancer. METHODS We conducted our analysis in a case-control study of 196 gastric cancer patients and 397 controls residing in the Taixing region of Jiangsu, China. Six SNPs in the PPARδ (rs2076167, rs3734254) and PPARγ genes (rs10865710, rs1801282, rs3856806, rs13306747) were genotyped. We employed logistic regression to evaluate the association between each genotype and gastric cancer and tested for gene-environment interaction with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, smoking status, and meat and salt intake. RESULTS We found that the G/G variant rs2076167, in tight linkage disequilibrium with rs3734254 (R (2) = 0.97), was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in a recessive model (OR 2.20, 95 % CI 1.12, 4.32). The association between G/G variant of rs2016167 and gastric cancer was particularly strong among those with higher salt intake (OR 5.11, 95 % CI 1.11, 23.5), but did not vary by H. pylori infection or smoking status. CONCLUSION We found that genetic variants of PPARδ were associated with gastric cancer. If the association is confirmed in larger studies, it may implicate a role for PPARδ activators, such as insulin-sensitizing agents, in prevention of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Jeon
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen-Chih Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, 73-271 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, 273A Farber Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Jinkou Zhao
- Department of Non-communicable Chronic Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Rd. Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China 210009
| | - Jian-Yu Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave 13-188 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 900 Veteran Ave., 14-165, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, A2-125 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive South, 73-271 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Jiang X, Yang X, Han Y, Lu S. Transcription factor AP1 binds the functional region of the promoter and regulates gene expression of human PPARdelta in LoVo cell. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3619-25. [PMID: 23832539 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ gene (PPARδ) is correlated with carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer, but the regulation of its gene transcription remains unclear. We herein report that AP1 binds the promoter and regulates PPARδ gene expression. With a luciferase reporter system, we identified a functional promoter region of 30 bp of PPARδ gene by deletion and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). Using site-directed mutagenesis and decoy analyses, we demonstrated that AP1 bound the functional transcriptional factor binding site in a region extending from -176 to -73 of the PPARδ promoter, which was confirmed using EMSA and supershift assays. Consequently, inhibition of the AP1 binding site led to decreased PPARδ mRNA. Our study demonstrated that AP1 is the transcriptional factor that contributes to PPARδ expression in LoVo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Jiang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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17
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Her NG, Jeong SI, Cho K, Ha TK, Han J, Ko KP, Park SK, Lee JH, Lee MG, Ryu BK, Chi SG. PPARδ promotes oncogenic redirection of TGF-β1 signaling through the activation of the ABCA1-Cav1 pathway. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1521-35. [PMID: 23598720 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 plays biphasic functions in prostate tumorigenesis, inhibiting cell growth at early stages but promoting malignant progression at later stages. However, the molecular basis for the oncogenic conversion of TGF-β1 function remains largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that PPARδ is a direct transcription target of TGF-β1 and plays a critical role in oncogenic redirection of TGF-β1 signaling. Blockade of PPARδ induction enhances tumor cell response to TGF-β1-mediated growth inhibition, while its activation promotes TGF-β1-induced tumor growth, migration and invasion. PPARδ-mediated switch of TGF-β1 function is associated with down- and upregulation of Smad and ERK signaling, respectively, and tightly linked to its function to activate ABCA1 cholesterol transporter followed by caveolin-1 (Cav1) induction. Intriguingly, TGF-β1 activation of the PPARδ-ABCA1-Cav1 pathway facilitates degradation of TGF-β receptors (TβRs) and attenuates Smad but enhances ERK response to TGF-β1. Expression of PPARδ and Cav1 is tightly correlated in both prostate tissues and cell lines and significantly higher in cancer vs. normal tissues. Collectively, our study shows that PPARδ is a transcription target of TGF-β1 and contributes to the oncogenic conversion of TGF-β1 function through activation of the ABCA1-Cav1-TβR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gu Her
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Young M, Ordonez L, Clarke AR. What are the best routes to effectively model human colorectal cancer? Mol Oncol 2013; 7:178-89. [PMID: 23465602 PMCID: PMC5528414 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the UK, with over 37,500 people being diagnosed every year. Survival rates for CRC have doubled in the last 30 years and it is now curable if diagnosed early, but still over half of all sufferers do not survive for longer than 5 years after diagnosis. The major complication to treating this disease is that of metastasis, specifically to the liver, which is associated with a 5 year survival of less than 5%. These statistics highlight the importance of the development of earlier detection techniques and more targeted therapeutics. The future of treating this disease therefore lies in increasing understanding of the mutations which cause tumourigenesis, and insight into the development and progression of this complex disease. This can only be achieved through the use of functional models which recapitulate all aspects of the human disease. There is a wide range of models of CRC available to researchers, but all have their own strengths and weaknesses. Here we review how CRC can be modelled and discuss the future of modelling this complex disease, with a particular focus on how genetically engineered mouse models have revolutionised this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Young
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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19
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Hwang I, Kim J, Jeong S. β-Catenin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ coordinate dynamic chromatin loops for the transcription of vascular endothelial growth factor A gene in colon cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41364-73. [PMID: 23086933 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA is regulated by β-catenin and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ) activation in colon cancer cells, but the detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated. As chromatin loops are generally hubs for transcription factors, we tested here whether β-catenin could modulate chromatin looping near the VEGFA gene and play any important role for PPAR-δ activated VEGFA transcription. First, we identified the far upstream site as an important site for VEGFA transcription by luciferase assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Chromatin conformation capture analysis also revealed the chromatin loops formed by the β-catenin bindings on these sites near the VEGFA gene. Dynamic association and dissociation of β-catenin/TCF-4/PPAR-δ on the far upstream site and β-catenin/NF-κB p65 on the downstream site were also detected depending on PPAR-δ activation. Interestingly, β-catenin-mediated chromatin loops were relieved by PPAR-δ activation, suggesting a regulatory role of β-catenin for VEGFA transcription. Based on these data, we propose a model for PPAR-δ-activated VEGFA transcription that relies on β-catenin-mediated chromatin looping as a prerequisite for the activation. Our findings could extend to other β-catenin regulated target genes and could provide a general mechanism and novel paradigm for β-catenin-mediated oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Injoo Hwang
- National Research Lab for RNA Cell Biology, BK21 Graduate Program for RNA Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, and Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Republic of Korea
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20
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Genini D, Garcia-Escudero R, Carbone GM, Catapano CV. Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Functions of PPARβ/δ in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46009. [PMID: 23049921 PMCID: PMC3457940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a nuclear receptor involved in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, wound healing and inflammation. PPARβ/δ has been associated also with cancer. Here we investigated the expression of PPARβ/δ and components of the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found increased expression of PPARβ/δ, Cox-2, cPLA2, PGES and VEGF in human NSCLC compared to normal lung. In NSCLC cell lines PPARβ/δ activation increased proliferation and survival, while PPARβ/δ knock-down reduced viability and increased apoptosis. PPARβ/δ agonists induced Cox-2 and VEGF transcription, suggesting the existence of feed-forward loops promoting cell survival, inflammation and angiogenesis. These effects were seen only in high PPARβ/δ expressing cells, while low expressing cells were less or not affected. The effects were also abolished by PPARβ/δ knock-down or incubation with a PPARβ/δ antagonist. Induction of VEGF was due to both binding of PPARβ/δ to the VEGF promoter and PI3K activation through a non-genomic mechanism. We found that PPARβ/δ interacted with the PI3K regulatory subunit p85α leading to PI3K activation and Akt phosphorylation. Collectively, these data indicate that PPARβ/δ might be a central element in lung carcinogenesis controlling multiple pathways and representing a potential target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Genini
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Garcia-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Giuseppina M. Carbone
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Carlo V. Catapano
- Institute of Oncology Research (IOR) and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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21
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The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in colorectal cancer. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:876418. [PMID: 23024650 PMCID: PMC3447370 DOI: 10.1155/2012/876418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dietary fat intake is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer. Some nuclear hormone receptors play an important role in regulating nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. Among these receptors, special attention has been focused on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in colorectal cancer, because PPARs are involved in regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. PPARs are ligand-activated intracellular transcription factors. The PPAR subfamily consists of three subtypes encoded by distinct genes named PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPARγ is the most extensively studied subtype of PPARs. Even though many investigators have studied the expression and clinical implications of PPARs in colorectal cancer, there are still many controversies about the role of PPARs in colorectal cancer. In this paper, the recent progresses in understanding the role of PPARs in colorectal cancer are summarized.
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22
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PPARG Epigenetic Deregulation and Its Role in Colorectal Tumorigenesis. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:687492. [PMID: 22848209 PMCID: PMC3405724 DOI: 10.1155/2012/687492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays critical roles in lipid storage, glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, and cancer. Its function in colon carcinogenesis has largely been debated; accumulating evidence, however, supports a role as tumor suppressor through modulation of crucial pathways in cell differentiation, apoptosis, and metastatic dissemination. Epigenetics adds a further layer of complexity to gene regulation in several biological processes. In cancer, the relationship with epigenetic modifications has provided important insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms. These studies have highlighted how epigenetic modifications influence PPARG gene expression in colorectal tumorigenesis. In this paper, we take a comprehensive look at the current understanding of the relationship between PPARγ and cancer development. The role that epigenetic mechanisms play is also addressed disclosing novel crosstalks between PPARG signaling and the epigenetic machinery and suggesting how this dysregulation may contribute to colon cancer development.
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23
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Peters JM, Shah YM, Gonzalez FJ. The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Nat Rev Cancer 2012; 12:181-95. [PMID: 22318237 PMCID: PMC3322353 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation and differentiation. Although all of these functions might contribute to the influence of PPARs in carcinogenesis, there is a distinct need for a review of the literature and additional experimentation to determine the potential for targeting PPARs for cancer therapy and cancer chemoprevention. As PPAR agonists include drugs that are used for the treatment of metabolic diseases, a more complete understanding of the roles of PPARs in cancer will aid in determining any increased cancer risk for patients undergoing therapy with PPAR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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24
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Salvadó L, Serrano-Marco L, Barroso E, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. Targeting PPARβ/δ for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:209-23. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.658370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Monk JM, Kim W, Callaway E, Turk HF, Foreman JE, Peters JM, He W, Weeks B, Alaniz RC, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Immunomodulatory action of dietary fish oil and targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ in inflammation-induced colon carcinogenesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G153-67. [PMID: 21940900 PMCID: PMC3345959 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00315.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is highly expressed in colonic epithelial cells; however, the role of PPARδ ligands, such as fatty acids, in mucosal inflammation and malignant transformation has not been clarified. Recent evidence suggests that the anti-inflammatory/chemoprotective properties of fish oil (FO)-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be partly mediated by PPARδ. Therefore, we assessed the role of PPARδ in modulating the effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs by targeted deletion of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ (PPARδ(ΔIEpC)). Subsequently, we documented changes in colon tumorigenesis and the inflammatory microenvironment, i.e., local [mesenteric lymph node (MLN)] and systemic (spleen) T cell activation. Animals were fed chemopromotive [corn oil (CO)] or chemoprotective (FO) diets during the induction of chronic inflammation/carcinogenesis. Tumor incidence was similar in control and PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. FO reduced mucosal injury, tumor incidence, colonic STAT3 activation, and inflammatory cytokine gene expression, independent of PPARδ genotype. CD8(+) T cell recruitment into MLNs was suppressed in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Similarly, FO reduced CD8(+) T cell numbers in the MLN. Dietary FO independently modulated MLN CD4(+) T cell activation status by decreasing CD44 expression. CD11a expression by MLN CD4(+) T cells was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) mice. Lastly, splenic CD62L expression was downregulated in PPARδ(ΔIEpC) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. These data demonstrate that expression of intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ does not influence azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate-induced colon tumor incidence. Moreover, we provide new evidence that dietary n-3 PUFAs attenuate intestinal inflammation in an intestinal epithelial cell PPARδ-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Monk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Wooki Kim
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Harmony F. Turk
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
| | - Jennifer E. Foreman
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey M. Peters
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Weimin He
- 4Institute of Biosciences and Technology and
| | - Brad Weeks
- 5Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A & M University,
| | - Robert C. Alaniz
- 6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - David N. McMurray
- 2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and ,6Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A & M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Robert S. Chapkin
- 1Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, ,2Intercollegiate Faculty of Nutrition, and
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Peters JM, Morales JL, Gonzalez FJ. Modulation of gastrointestinal inflammation and colorectal tumorigenesis by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:e85-e93. [PMID: 22611424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Critical physiological roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) include the regulation glucose and lipid homeostasis, cellular differentiation, and modulation of inflammation. The potential for targeting PPARβ/δ for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases or cancer, is compromised because of major inconsistencies in the literature. This is due primarily to uncertainty regarding the effect of PPARβ/δ and its activation on cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell survival. This review summarizes both the confirmed and conflicting mechanisms that have been described for PPARβ/δ and the potential for targeting this nuclear receptor for the prevention and treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences and The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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NO-Donating NSAIDs, PPARdelta, and Cancer: Does PPARdelta Contribute to Colon Carcinogenesis? PPAR Res 2011; 2008:919572. [PMID: 18528523 PMCID: PMC2408682 DOI: 10.1155/2008/919572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemopreventive NO-donating NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs; NSAIDs with an NO-releasing moiety) modulate PPARδ and offer the opportunity to revisit the controversial role of PPARδ in carcinogenesis (several papers report that PPARδ either promotes or inhibits cancer). This review summarizes the pharmacology of NO-NSAIDs, PPARδ cancer biology, and the relationship between the two. In particular, a study of the chemopreventive effect of two isomers of NO-aspirin on intestinal neoplasia in Min mice showed that, compared to wild-type controls, PPARδ is overexpressed in the intestinal mucosa of Min mice; PPARδ responds to
m- and p-NO-ASA proportionally to their antitumor effect (p- > m-). This effect is accompanied by the induction of epithelial cell death, which correlates with the antineoplastic effect of NO-aspirin; and NO-aspirin's effect on PPARδ is specific (no changes in PPARα or PPARγ). Although these data support the notion that PPARδ promotes intestinal carcinogenesis and its inhibition could be therapeutically useful, more work is needed before a firm conclusion is reached.
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Multiple Interactions between Peroxisome Proliferators-Activated Receptors and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Implications for Cancer Pathogenesis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:195065. [PMID: 18551186 PMCID: PMC2423003 DOI: 10.1155/2008/195065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) α, β/δ, and γ are ligand-activated nuclear receptors involved in a number of physiological processes, including lipid and glucose homeostasis, inflammation, cell growth, differentiation, and death. PPAR agonists are used in the treatment of human diseases, like type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia, and PPARs appear as promising therapeutic targets in other conditions, including cancer. A better understanding of the functions and regulation of PPARs in normal and pathological processes is of primary importance to devise appropriate therapeutic strategies. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays an important role in controlling level and activity of many nuclear receptors and transcription factors. PPARs are subjected to UPS-dependent regulation. Interestingly, the three PPAR isotypes are differentially regulated by the UPS in response to ligand-dependent activation, a phenomenon that may be intrinsically connected to their distinct cellular functions and behaviors. In addition to their effects ongene expression, PPARs appear to affect protein levels and downstream pathways also by modulating the activity of the UPS in target-specific manners. Here we review the current knowledge of the interactions between the UPS and PPARs in light of the potential implications for their effects on cell fate and tumorigenesis.
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and progression of colorectal cancer. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:931074. [PMID: 18551185 PMCID: PMC2422873 DOI: 10.1155/2008/931074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors are also ligand-dependent transcription factors responsible for the regulation of cellular events that range from glucose and lipid homeostases to cell differentiation and apoptosis. The importance of these receptors in lipid homeostasis and energy balance is well established. In addition to these metabolic and anti-inflammatory properties, emerging evidence indicates that PPARs can function as either tumor suppressors or accelerators, suggesting that these receptors are potential candidates as drug targets for cancer prevention and treatment. However, conflicting results have emerged regarding the role of PPARs on colon carcinogenesis. Therefore, further investigation is warranted prior to considering modulation of PPARs as an efficacious therapy for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
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A Role for PPARbeta/delta in Tumor Stroma and Tumorigenesis. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:534294. [PMID: 18497874 PMCID: PMC2390718 DOI: 10.1155/2008/534294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) is a transcription factor that is activated by endogenous fatty acid ligands and by synthetic agonists. Its role in the regulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid catabolism, glucose homeostasis, and cellular differentiation has been established in multiple studies. On the contrary, a role for PPARβ/δ in tumorigenesis is less clear because there are contradictory reports in the literature. However, the majority of these studies have not examined the role of PPARβ/δ in the tumor stroma. Recent evidence suggests that stromal PPARβ/δ regulates tumor endothelial cell proliferation and promotes differentiation leading to the properly orchestrated events required for tumor blood vessel formation. This review briefly summarizes the significance of these studies that may provide clues to help explain the reported discrepancies in the literature regarding the role of PPARβ/δ in tumorigenesis.
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARalpha is mainly expressed in the liver, where it activates fatty acid catabolism. PPARalpha activators have been used to treat dyslipidemia, causing a reduction in plasma triglyceride and elevation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PPARdelta is expressed ubiquitously and is implicated in fatty acid oxidation and keratinocyte differentiation. PPARdelta activators have been proposed for the treatment of metabolic disease. PPARgamma2 is expressed exclusively in adipose tissue and plays a pivotal role in adipocyte differentiation. PPARgamma is involved in glucose metabolism through the improvement of insulin sensitivity and represents a potential therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes. Thus PPARs are molecular targets for the development of drugs treating metabolic syndrome. However, PPARs also play a role in the regulation of cancer cell growth. Here, we review the function of PPARs in tumor growth.
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Yang L, Zhang H, Zhou ZG, Yan H, Adell G, Sun XF. Biological function and prognostic significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ in rectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3760-70. [PMID: 21531809 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the expression significance of PPAR β/δ in relation to radiotherapy (RT), clinicopathologic, and prognostic variables of rectal cancer patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We included 141 primary rectal cancer patients who participated in a Swedish clinical trial of preoperative RT. Tissue microarray samples from the excised rectal cancers and the adjacent or distant normal mucosa and lymph node metastases were stained with PPAR δ antibody. Survival probability was computed by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. The proliferation of colon cancer cell lines KM12C, KM12SM, and KM12L4a was assayed after PPAR δ knockdown. RESULTS PPAR δ was increased from adjacent or distant normal mucosa to primary cancers, whereas it decreased from primary cancers to lymph node metastases. After RT, PPAR δ was increased in normal mucosa, whereas it decreased in primary cancers and lymph node metastases. In primary cancers, the high expression of PPAR δ was related to higher frequency of stage I cases, lower lymph node metastasis rate, and low expression of Ki-67 in the unirradiated cases, and related to favorable survival in the cases either with or without RT. The proliferation of the KM12C, KM12SM, or KM12L4a cells was significantly accelerated after PPAR δ knockdown. CONCLUSIONS RT decreases the PPAR δ expression in primary rectal cancers and lymph node metastases. PPAR δ is related to the early development of rectal cancer and inhibits the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. Increase of PPAR δ predicts favorable survival in the rectal cancer patients either with or without preoperative RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Yang
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Yoshinaga M, Taki K, Somada S, Sakiyama Y, Kubo N, Kaku T, Tsuruta S, Kusumoto T, Sakai H, Nakamura K, Takayanagi R, Muto Y. The expression of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cyclooxygenase-2 in tissues is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:1194-200. [PMID: 20824502 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR δ) in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) remains controversial. AIMS We investigated the impact of PPAR δ expression in tissues on liver metastasis of CRC. METHODS We analyzed samples of primary CRC and matched normal adjacent tissues from 52 patients for the expression of PPAR δ, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Correlations of the molecules expressions with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients were studied. RESULTS The number of patients positive for PPAR δ, COX-2, CXCR4, and VEGF-A was 25, 33, 18, and 19, respectively. Among the PPAR δ (+)/COX-2 (+), PPAR δ (-)/COX-2 (+), PPAR δ (+)/COX-2 (-), and PPAR δ (-)/COX-2 (-) patient groups, PPAR δ (+)/COX-2 (+) patients had the highest incidence of liver metastasis (p<0.01). PPAR δ (+)/COX-2 (+) expression was a significant independent prognostic factor (HR=7.108, 95% CI 1.231-41.029, p=0.0283) by Cox proportional analysis. PPAR δ (+)/COX-2 (+) patients had the highest positivity for CXCR4 or VEGF-A in tissues (p<0.01). Among the patients in the CXCR4 (+)/VEGF-A (+), CXCR4 (+)/VEGF-A (-), CXCR4 (-)/VEGF-A (+), and CXCR4 (-)/VEGF-A (-) groups, CXCR4 (+)/VEGF-A (+) patients had the highest incidence of liver metastasis (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The expression of both PPAR δ and COX-2 in tissues may lead to liver metastasis and consequent poor prognosis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita, 874-0011, Japan.
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Peroxisome proliferator activating receptor (PPAR) in cerebral malaria (CM): a novel target for an additional therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 30:483-98. [PMID: 21140187 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a global life-threatening complication of Plasmodium infection and represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality among severe forms of malaria. Despite developing knowledge in understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, the current anti-malarial agents are not sufficient due to drug resistance and various adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the novel target and additional therapy. Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) a nuclear receptors (NR) and agonists of its isoforms (PPARγ, PPARα and PPARβ/δ) have been demonstrated to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, which are driven to a new approach of research on inflammatory diseases. Although many studies on PPARs have confirmed their diverse biological role, there is a lack of knowledge of its therapeutic use in CM. The major objective of this review is to explore the possible experimental studies to link these two areas of research. We focus on the data describing the beneficial effects of this receptor in inflammation, which is observed as a basic pathology in CM. In conclusion, PPARs could be a novel target in treating inflammatory diseases, and continued work with the available and additional agonists screened from various sources may result in a potential new treatment for CM.
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Wang D, DuBois RN. Therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2010; 39:697-707. [PMID: 20951925 PMCID: PMC2957674 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferatoreactivated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and have been implicated in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes, such as nutrient metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. This article highlights breakthroughs in our understanding of the potential roles of PPARs in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. PPARs might hold the key to some of the questions that are pertinent to the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and colorectal cancer and could possibly serve as drug targets for new antiinflammatory therapeutic and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009
| | - Raymond N. DuBois
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030-4009,Correspondence to: Raymond N. DuBois, M.D., Ph. D. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Unit 118; 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Houston, TX 77030-4009 Phone: 713-745-4495 FAX: 713-745-1812
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The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor beta/delta on the Inflammatory Basis of Metabolic Disease. PPAR Res 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20706688 PMCID: PMC2913795 DOI: 10.1155/2010/368467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology underlying several metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis, involves a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Evidence is now emerging that the nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ ameliorates these pathologies partly through its anti-inflammatory effects. PPARβ/δ activation prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes, and it is involved in the acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages infiltrated in adipose tissue. Furthermore, PPARβ/δ ligands prevent fatty acid-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle cells, avoid the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and suppress macrophage-derived inflammation in atherosclerosis. These data are promising and suggest that PPARβ/δ ligands may become a therapeutic option for preventing the inflammatory basis of metabolic diseases.
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Ehrenborg E, Krook A. Regulation of skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. Pharmacol Rev 2010; 61:373-93. [PMID: 19805479 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonists directed against the alpha and gamma isoforms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have become important for the respective treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance associated with metabolic disease. PPARdelta is the least well characterized of the three PPAR isoforms. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is a primary risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. There is increasing evidence that PPARdelta is an important regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism, in particular, muscle lipid oxidation, highlighting the potential utility of this isoform as a drug target. In addition, PPARdelta seems to be a key regulator of skeletal muscle fiber type and a possible mediator of the adaptations noted in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. In this review we summarize the current status regarding the regulation, and the metabolic effects, of PPARdelta in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ehrenborg
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) acts as regulator of metabolism linked to multiple cellular functions. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:423-35. [PMID: 20026355 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors. They function as ligand activated transcription factors. They exist in three isoforms, PPARalpha, PPARbeta (formerly PPARdelta), and PPARgamma. For all PPARs lipids are endogenous ligands, linking them directly to metabolism. PPARs form heterodimers with retinoic X receptors, and, upon ligand binding, modulate gene expression of downstream target genes dependent on the presence of co-repressors or co-activators. This results in cell-type specific complex regulations of proliferation, differentiation and cell survival. Specific synthetic agonists for all PPARs are available. PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists are already in clinical use for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes, respectively. More recently, PPARbeta activation came into focus as an interesting novel approach for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular diseases. Although the initial notion was that PPARbeta is expressed ubiquitously, more recently extensive investigations have been performed demonstrating high PPARbeta expression in a variety of tissues, e.g. skin, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, inflammatory cells, heart, and various types of cancer. In addition, in vitro and in vivo studies using specific PPARbeta agonists, tissue-specific over-expression or knockout mouse models have demonstrated a variety of functions of PPARbeta in adipose tissue, muscle, skin, inflammation, and cancer. We will focus here on functions of PPARbeta in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, heart, angiogenesis and cancer related to modifications in metabolism and the identified underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta induces less differentiation and enhances cell-fibronectin adhesion of colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2009; 29:516-26. [PMID: 19935699 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPAR-beta/delta) in the pathogenesis of colon cancer remains highly controversial. This study specifically silenced the PPAR-beta expression in three colon cancer cell lines with different metastatic potentials. Although PPAR-beta knockdown resulted in more malignant morphological changes, bigger colony sizes and lower carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) secretion, and enhanced the cell-fibronectin adhesion, cell invasion and migration were unaffected. These effects were stronger in poorly metastatic cell lines compared with highly metastatic ones. Simultaneously, PPAR-beta knockdown decreased the mRNAs encoding adipocyte differentiation-related protein and liver fatty acid binding protein, and increased the mRNA of ILK, whereas the mRNAs encoding integrin-beta1 and angiopoietin-like 4 were unchanged. Using immunohistochemistry, we determined that the intensity of PPAR-beta expression was stronger in rectal cancers with better differentiation than in those with poor differentiation, and was stronger in early-stage tumors than in advanced ones. Together, these findings consistently indicate that PPAR-beta may facilitate differentiation and inhibit the cell-fibronectin adhesion of colon cancer, having a role as an inhibitor in the carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. Interestingly, PPAR-beta seems to have a more important role in poorly metastatic cells than in highly metastatic ones.
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Foreman JE, Sorg JM, McGinnis KS, Rigas B, Williams JL, Clapper ML, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta by the APC/beta-CATENIN pathway and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:942-52. [PMID: 19415698 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta (PPAR beta/delta) can either attenuate or potentiate colon cancer. One hypothesis suggests that PPAR beta/delta is upregulated by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)/beta-CATENIN pathway and a related hypothesis suggests that PPAR beta/delta is downregulated by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The present study examined these possibilities using in vivo and in vitro models. While APC/beta-CATENIN-dependent expression of CYCLIN D1 was observed in vivo and in vitro, expression of PPAR beta/delta was not different in colon or intestinal polyps from wild-type or Apc(min) heterozygous mice or in human colon cancer cell lines with mutations in APC and/or beta-CATENIN. No difference in the level of PPAR beta/delta was found in colon from wild-type or Apc(min) heterozygous mice following treatment with NO-donating aspirin (NO-ASA). NSAIDs inhibited cell growth in RKO (wild-type APC) and DLD1 (mutant APC) human colon cancer cell lines but expression of PPAR beta/delta was not downregulated in these cell lines in response to a broad concentration range of celecoxib, indomethacin, NS-398, or nimesulide. However, indomethacin caused an increase in PPAR beta/delta mRNA and protein that was accompanied with increased expression of a known PPAR beta/delta target gene. Interestingly, expression of PPAR alpha was also increased in the human colon cancer cell lines by several NSAIDs at the highest concentration examined. Results from these studies provide additional evidence indicating that PPAR beta/delta is not upregulated by the APC/beta-CATENIN pathway. Further, these studies suggest that increased PPAR beta/delta and/or PPAR alpha by NSAIDs in human colon cancer cell lines could contribute to the mechanisms underlying the chemopreventive effects of NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Foreman
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Kwak H, Hwang I, Kim JH, Kim MY, Yang JS, Jeong S. Modulation of transcription by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta--binding RNA aptamer in colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2664-73. [PMID: 19723884 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-delta), one of three PPAR subtypes, is a lipid-sensing nuclear receptor that has been implicated in multiple processes, including inflammation and cancer. To directly establish the role of PPAR-delta in colon cancer development and progression, we selected high-affinity RNA aptamers and expressed them in several colon cancer cell lines. Nuclear-expressed aptamers efficiently inhibited PPAR-delta-dependent transcription from a synthetic peroxisome proliferator response element-driven luciferase reporter. PPAR-delta-specific aptamers suppressed transcription from natural promoters of vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA levels were significantly reduced by the PPAR-delta-specific aptamers in colon cancer cells. Most significantly, HCT116 colon cancer cells with high-level expression of PPAR-delta-specific aptamers exhibited a striking loss of tumorigenic potential. Further study on these RNA aptamers could provide an opportunity to modulate PPAR-delta-mediated colon cancer development and progression. Taken together, our results establish an important role for PPAR-delta in transcription of tumor-promoting genes, which can be specifically modulated by high-affinity RNA intramers in colon cancer cells. The RNA intramers may be further developed as specific inhibitors for cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoyun Kwak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 448-701, Republic of Korea
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Bishop-Bailey D, Bystrom J. Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:141-50. [PMID: 19615407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta is a member of the PPAR nuclear hormone receptor family. The PPARs are a family of 3 ligand-activated transcription factors: PPARalpha (NR1C1), PPARbeta/delta (NR1C2), and PPARgamma (NR1C3). All the PPARs play important roles in the regulation of metabolic pathways, including those of lipid of biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, as well as in a variety of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis pathways. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the involvement of PPARs in the inflammatory processes. In particular, PPARalpha and PPARgamma inhibit the activation of inflammatory gene expression and can negatively interfere with pro-inflammatory transcription factor signalling pathways in vascular and inflammatory cells. In contrast, the roles of PPARbeta/delta regulating inflammation and immunity are only just emerging. This review will focus on these emerging roles of PPARbeta/delta in regulating inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop-Bailey
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Luong KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The beneficial role of vitamin D and its analogs in cancer treatment and prevention. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 73:192-201. [PMID: 19446468 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States, and the probability of developing cancer increases dramatically with age. Interestingly, vitamin D deficiency is also recognized more often in people of advanced ages. A potential relationship between vitamin D deficiency and cancer has been reported in the literature. METHOD Review Medline database literature and discuss the relationship between vitamin D status and cancer. RESULTS Environmental (including seasonal and geographic) and genetic factors contribute to the development of both vitamin D deficiency and cancer. The vitamin D receptor is present in many tissues, especially in malignant cells, and may contribute to the successful use of vitamin D and its analogs in the treatment of some cancer patients. CONCLUSION Further investigation of the role of vitamin D in the treatment of cancer is warranted.
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Yoshinaga M, Kitamura Y, Chaen T, Yamashita S, Tsuruta S, Hisano T, Ikeda Y, Sakai H, Nakamura K, Takayanagi R, Muto Y. The simultaneous expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cyclooxygenase-2 may enhance angiogenesis and tumor venous invasion in tissues of colorectal cancers. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1108-14. [PMID: 18720000 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
We conducted this study to evaluate the impact of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta on angiogenesis in tissue samples of colorectal cancer. We examined 52 samples of primary human colorectal carcinomas and matched normal adjacent tissues to evaluate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, cyclooxygenase-2, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, and CD34 through immunohistochemical analysis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta was expressed in 25 (48.1%), and cyclooxygenase-2 was expressed in 26 (50.0%) of total colorectal cancer tissues. Tissue samples were divided into four groups, according to the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta and cyclooxygenase-2. The positive rate of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, the levels of microvascular density, and the incidence of venous vessel invasion in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (+)/cyclooxygenase-2 (+) samples exceeded significantly those in the other three groups of tissue samples (P<0.05). The results suggest that the axis of the cyclooxygenase-2/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta signal pathway might play a crucial role in the development of colorectal cancers by enhancing angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yoshinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepathology, and Nutrition, National Hospital Organization Beppu Medical Center, 1473 Uchikamado, Beppu, Oita 874-0011, Japan.
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Greenhough A, Smartt HJM, Moore AE, Roberts HR, Williams AC, Paraskeva C, Kaidi A. The COX-2/PGE2 pathway: key roles in the hallmarks of cancer and adaptation to the tumour microenvironment. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:377-86. [PMID: 19136477 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 911] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that alterations to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the abundance of its enzymatic product prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) have key roles in influencing the development of colorectal cancer. Deregulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) pathway appears to affect colorectal tumorigenesis via a number of distinct mechanisms: promoting tumour maintenance and progression, encouraging metastatic spread, and perhaps even participating in tumour initiation. Here, we review the role of COX-2/PGE(2) signalling in colorectal tumorigenesis and highlight its ability to influence the hallmarks of cancer--attributes defined by Hanahan and Weinberg as being requisite for tumorigenesis. In addition, we consider components of the COX-prostaglandin pathway emerging as important regulators of tumorigenesis; namely, the prostanoid (EP) receptors, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and the prostaglandin transporter. Finally, based on recent findings, we propose a model for the cellular adaptation to the hypoxic tumour microenvironment that encompasses the interplay between COX-2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and dynamic switches in beta-catenin function that fine-tune signalling networks to meet the ever-changing demands of a tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Greenhough
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research UK Colorectal Tumour Biology Group, University of Bristol, University Walk, Clifton, Bristol, UK
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Sansom O. Tissue-Specific Tumour Suppression byAPC. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1145-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghosh M, Ai Y, Narko K, Wang Z, Peters JM, Hla T. PPARdelta is pro-tumorigenic in a mouse model of COX-2-induced mammary cancer. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2008; 88:97-100. [PMID: 19101649 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 11/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), overexpressed in inflammatory conditions and cancer, regulates angiogenesis and tumorigenesis via the production of biologically active prostanoids. Previously, we showed that COX-2 over-expression in the mammary gland of transgenic mice induces an angiogenic switch and transforms the mammary epithelium into invasive mammary carcinoma. Since COX-2-derived prostanoids can activate the nuclear receptor PPARdelta, we crossed Ppardelta(-/-) mice with COX-2 transgenic mice in the FVB/N background. PPARdelta was expressed constitutively in the mammary gland of virgin, pregnant and lactating mice. Mammary hyperplasia and tumorigenesis in the COX-2 transgenic mice was markedly reduced in the Ppardelta(-/-) mice compared to their wild type counterparts. Analysis of the mammary tissues indicated that immunoreactive Ki-67, cyclin D1 and phosphorylated histone 3 (Phospho H3) were reduced in Ppardelta(-/-) mice, suggesting that PPARdelta activation regulates cell proliferation in the mammary gland. We postulate that activation of the nuclear receptor PPARdelta by COX-2-derived prostanoids may be involved in the proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and therefore contribute to mammary cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Ghosh
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-3501, United States
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48
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The Role of PPARs in the Endothelium: Implications for Cancer Therapy. PPAR Res 2008; 2008:904251. [PMID: 19043612 PMCID: PMC2586817 DOI: 10.1155/2008/904251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and metastasis of cancers intimately involve the vasculature and in particular the endothelial cell layer. Tumours require new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis to support growth. In addition, inflammation, coagulation, and platelet activation are common signals in the growth and metastasis of tumour cells. The endothelium plays a central role in the homeostatic control of inflammatory cell recruitment, regulating platelet activation and coagulation pathways. PPARalpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma are all expressed in endothelial cells. This review will discuss the roles of PPARs in endothelial cells in relation to angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation, and platelet control pathways. In particular, we will discuss the recent evidence that supports the hypothesis that PPARalpha and PPARgamma are antiangiogenic receptors, while PPARbeta/delta is proangiogenic.
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Halberg RB, Larsen MC, Elmergreen TL, Ko AY, Irving AA, Clipson L, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 exerts opposing effects on intestinal tumorigenesis via exogenous and endogenous substrates. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7394-402. [PMID: 18794127 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1B1 (Cyp1b1) metabolism contributes to physiologic functions during embryogenesis but also to carcinogenic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). We generated Cyp1b1-deficient mice carrying the Min allele of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. These Cyp1b1-deficient Min mice developed twice as many tumors as Min controls, which, however, remained similar in size and histology. Tumors from older (130 days) Cyp1b1-deficient Min mice selectively exhibited focal areas of nuclear atypia associated with less organized epithelia. The metabolism of endogenous substrates by Cyp1b1, therefore, suppresses tumor initiation but also affects progression. Treatment of Min mice with 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) doubled both tumor multiplicity and size within 20 days but not when mice lacked Cyp1b1. This was paralleled by an abnormal staining of crypts with beta-catenin, phospho-IkappaB kinase, and RelA, which may represent an early stage of tumorigenesis similar to aberrant crypt formation. Cyp1b1 deletion did not affect circulating DMBA and metabolites. Cyp1b1 expression was higher in the tumors compared with normal small intestines. Increased tumorigenesis may, therefore, arise from generation of DMBA metabolites by Cyp1b1 in the developing tumors. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), which is similarly activated by Cyp1b1 in vitro, did not affect tumorigenesis in Min mice. By contrast, BP and DMBA each suppressed tumor multiplicity in the absence of Cyp1b1. Cyp1b1 metabolism of DMBA and endogenous oxygenation products may each affect a tumor-promoting nuclear factor-kappaB activation, whereas Ah receptor activation by PAH affects suppression. Tumorigenesis may, therefore, depend on activation of PAH by Cyp1b1 and on offsetting suppression by Cyp1b1 of endogenous tumor-enhancing substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Halberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Role of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARbeta/delta) in gastrointestinal tract function and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2008; 115:107-27. [PMID: 18616431 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PPARbeta/delta (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta) is one of three PPARs in the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that are collectively involved in the control of lipid homoeostasis among other functions. PPARbeta/delta not only acts as a ligand-activated transcription factor, but also affects signal transduction by interacting with other transcription factors such as NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB). Constitutive expression of PPARbeta/delta in the gastrointestinal tract is very high compared with other tissues and its potential physiological roles in this tissue include homoeostatic regulation of intestinal cell proliferation/differentiation and modulation of inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Analysis of mouse epithelial cells in the intestine and colon has clearly demonstrated that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta induces terminal differentiation. The PPARbeta/delta target genes mediating this effect are currently unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that PPARbeta/delta can suppress inflammatory bowel disease through PPARbeta/delta-dependent and ligand-independent down-regulation of inflammatory signalling. However, the role of PPARbeta/delta in colon carcinogenesis remains controversial, as conflicting evidence suggests that ligand activation of PPARbeta/delta can either potentiate or attenuate this disease. In the present review, we summarize the role of PPARbeta/delta in gastrointestinal physiology and disease with an emphasis on findings in experimental models using both high-affinity ligands and null-mouse models.
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