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Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
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Fan C, Wu Y, Rui X, Yang Y, Ling C, Liu S, Liu S, Wang Y. Animal models for COVID-19: advances, gaps and perspectives. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:220. [PMID: 35798699 PMCID: PMC9261903 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is the most consequential pandemic of this century. Since the outbreak in late 2019, animal models have been playing crucial roles in aiding the rapid development of vaccines/drugs for prevention and therapy, as well as understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses of hosts. However, the current animal models have some deficits and there is an urgent need for novel models to evaluate the virulence of variants of concerns (VOC), antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and various comorbidities of COVID-19. This review summarizes the clinical features of COVID-19 in different populations, and the characteristics of the major animal models of SARS-CoV-2, including those naturally susceptible animals, such as non-human primates, Syrian hamster, ferret, minks, poultry, livestock, and mouse models sensitized by genetically modified, AAV/adenoviral transduced, mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, and by engraftment of human tissues or cells. Since understanding the host receptors and proteases is essential for designing advanced genetically modified animal models, successful studies on receptors and proteases are also reviewed. Several improved alternatives for future mouse models are proposed, including the reselection of alternative receptor genes or multiple gene combinations, the use of transgenic or knock-in method, and different strains for establishing the next generation of genetically modified mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Xiong Rui
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuansong Yang
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Chen Ling
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University; Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Susu Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Shunan Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China.
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3
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Masato M, Miyata Y, Kurata H, Ito H, Mitsunari K, Asai A, Nakamura Y, Araki K, Mukae Y, Matsuda T, Harada J, Matsuo T, Ohba K, Sakai H. Oral administration of E-type prostanoid (EP) 1 receptor antagonist suppresses carcinogenesis and development of prostate cancer via upregulation of apoptosis in an animal model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20279. [PMID: 34645904 PMCID: PMC8514456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 plays an important role in carcinogenesis and malignant potential of prostate cancer (PC) cells by binding to its specific receptors, E-type prostanoid (EP) receptors. However, anti-carcinogenic effects of the EP receptor antagonist are unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of PC. The mice were provided standard feed (control) or feed containing the EP1 receptor antagonist and were sacrificed at 10, 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. Apoptosis was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis using a cleaved caspase-3 assay. The incidence of cancer in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. The percentage of poorly differentiated PC cells was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group at 30 and 52 weeks of age. The percentage of apoptotic cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 15, 30, and 52 weeks of age. These findings indicate that feeding with the addition of EP1 receptor antagonist delayed PC progression via the upregulation of apoptosis. We suggest that the EP1 receptor antagonist may be a novel chemopreventive agent for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Masato
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kurata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Nakamura
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kyohei Araki
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yuta Mukae
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsuda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Junki Harada
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsuo
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ohba
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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4
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Biology and evolution of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Nat Med 2017; 23:1-10. [PMID: 28586335 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are a diverse group of neoplasms typically diagnosed and treated on the basis of their site of origin. This Perspective focuses on advances in our understanding of the tumorigenesis and treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors. Recent evidence from sequencing indicates that, although neuroendocrine tumors can arise de novo, they can also develop as a result of lineage plasticity in response to pressure from targeted therapies. We discuss the shared genomic alterations of these tumors independently of their site of origin, and we explore potential therapeutic strategies on the basis of recent biological findings.
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5
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Barry Delongchamps N, Boutillon F, Verkarre V, Camparo P, Reyes-Gomez E, Méjean A, Oudard SM, Lepicard EM, Viltard M, Souberbielle JC, Friedlander G, Capiod T, Goffin V. Vitamin D3 Prevents Calcium-Induced Progression of Early-Stage Prostate Tumors by Counteracting TRPC6 and Calcium Sensing Receptor Upregulation. Cancer Res 2016; 77:355-365. [PMID: 27879271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Active surveillance has emerged as an alternative to immediate treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Accordingly, identification of environmental factors that facilitate progression to more aggressive stages is critical for disease prevention. Although calcium-enriched diets have been speculated to increase prostate cancer risk, their impact on early-stage tumors remains unexplored. In this study, we addressed this issue with a large interventional animal study. Mouse models of fully penetrant and slowly evolving prostate tumorigenesis showed that a high calcium diet dramatically accelerated the progression of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, by promoting cell proliferation, micro-invasion, tissue inflammation, and expression of acknowledged prostate cancer markers. Strikingly, dietary vitamin D prevented these calcium-triggered tumorigenic effects. Expression profiling and in vitro mechanistic studies showed that stimulation of PC-3 cells with extracellular Ca2+ resulted in an increase in cell proliferation rate, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) amplitude, cationic channel TRPC6, and calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) expression. Notably, administration of the active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol reversed all these effects. Silencing CaSR or TRPC6 expression in calcium-stimulated PC3 cells decreased cell proliferation and SOCE. Overall, our results demonstrate the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation in blocking the progression of early-stage prostate lesions induced by a calcium-rich diet. Cancer Res; 77(2); 355-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernichtein
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barry Delongchamps
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Urology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'anatomo-cytopathologie, Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Urology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane M Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eve M Lepicard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Viltard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Capiod T, Boutillon F, Verkarre V, Camparo P, Viltard M, Méjean A, Oudard S, Souberbielle JC, Friedlander G, Goffin V. High milk consumption does not affect prostate tumor progression in two mouse models of benign and neoplastic lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125423. [PMID: 25938513 PMCID: PMC4418739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies that have investigated whether dairy (mainly milk) diets are associated with prostate cancer risk have led to controversial conclusions. In addition, no existing study clearly evaluated the effects of dairy/milk diets on prostate tumor progression, which is clinically highly relevant in view of the millions of men presenting with prostate pathologies worldwide, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). We report here a unique interventional animal study to address this issue. We used two mouse models of fully penetrant genetically-induced prostate tumorigenesis that were investigated at the stages of benign hyperplasia (probasin-Prl mice, Pb-Prl) or pre-cancerous PIN lesions (KIMAP mice). Mice were fed high milk diets (skim or whole) for 15 to 27 weeks of time depending on the kinetics of prostate tumor development in each model. Prostate tumor progression was assessed by tissue histopathology examination, epithelial proliferation, stromal inflammation and fibrosis, tumor invasiveness potency and expression of various tumor markers relevant for each model (c-Fes, Gprc6a, activated Stat5 and p63). Our results show that high milk consumption (either skim or whole) did not promote progression of existing prostate tumors when assessed at early stages of tumorigenesis (hyperplasia and neoplasia). For some parameters, and depending on milk type, milk regimen could even exhibit slight protective effects towards prostate tumor progression by decreasing the expression of tumor-related markers like Ki-67 and Gprc6a. In conclusion, our study suggests that regular milk consumption should not be considered detrimental for patients presenting with early-stage prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernichtein
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Camparo
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Viltard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Urology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Prostate cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the USA and most western countries. Prostatic acinar adenocarcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed form of prostate cancer. Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is less frequently identified at the time of initial diagnosis, but this highly aggressive form of prostate cancer is increasingly observed in patients who have failed first- and second-line hormone therapy. Thus, developing and exploring models of neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NePC) are of increasing importance. This review examines the relevant xenograft tumor and genetically engineered mouse models of NePC, with the aim of addressing salient features and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Berman-Booty
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA Department of Cancer BiologyKimmel Cancer CenterDepartments of UrologyRadiation OncologyThomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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8
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Li J, Xuan JW, Khatamianfar V, Valiyeva F, Moussa M, Sadek A, Yang BB, Dong BJ, Huang YR, Gao WQ. SKA1 over-expression promotes centriole over-duplication, centrosome amplification and prostate tumourigenesis. J Pathol 2014; 234:178-89. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Centre; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
| | - Jim W Xuan
- Department of Surgery, Pathology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Vida Khatamianfar
- Department of Surgery, Pathology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- Department of Surgery, Pathology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- Department of Surgery, Pathology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Andrew Sadek
- Department of Surgery, Pathology; Western University; London ON Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Bai-Jun Dong
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Centre; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; People's Republic of China
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Irshad S, Abate-Shen C. Modeling prostate cancer in mice: something old, something new, something premalignant, something metastatic. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 32:109-22. [PMID: 23114843 PMCID: PMC3584242 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
More than 15 years ago, the first generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer was introduced. These transgenic models utilized prostate-specific promoters to express SV40 oncogenes specifically in prostate epithelium. Since the description of these initial models, there have been a plethora of GEM models of prostate cancer representing various perturbations of oncogenes or tumor suppressors, either alone or in combination. This review describes these GEM models, focusing on their relevance for human prostate cancer and highlighting their strengths and limitations, as well as opportunities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Irshad
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Urology and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Saxena M, Christofori G. Rebuilding cancer metastasis in the mouse. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:283-96. [PMID: 23474222 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to the systemic dissemination of cancer cells and the formation of secondary tumors (metastasis) in distant organs. Recent years have brought impressive progress in metastasis research, yet we still lack sufficient insights into how cancer cells migrate out of primary tumors and invade into neighboring tissue, intravasate into the blood or the lymphatic circulation, survive in the blood stream, and target specific organs to initiate metastatic outgrowth. While a large number of cellular and animal models of cancer have been crucial in delineating the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor initiation and progression, experimental models that faithfully recapitulate the multiple stages of metastatic disease are still scarce. The advent of sophisticated genetic engineering in mice, in particular the ability to manipulate gene expression in specific tissue and at desired time points at will, have allowed to rebuild the metastatic process in mice. Here, we describe a selection of cellular experimental systems, tumor transplantation mouse models and genetically engineered mouse models that are used for monitoring specific processes involved in metastasis, such as cell migration and invasion, and for investigating the full metastatic process. Such models not only aid in deciphering the pathomechanisms of metastasis, but are also instrumental for the preclinical testing of anti-metastatic therapies and further refinement and generation of improved models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Saxena
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 28, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Khatamianfar V, Valiyeva F, Rennie PS, Lu WY, Yang BB, Bauman GS, Moussa M, Xuan JW. TRIM59, a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of tumorigenesis. BMJ Open 2012; 2:e001410. [PMID: 23048060 PMCID: PMC3488719 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN We identified a novel TRIM59 gene, as an early signal transducer in two (SV40Tag and Ras) oncogene pathways in murine prostate cancer (CaP) models. We explore its clinical applications as a multitumour marker detecting early tumorigenesis by immunohistochemistry (IHC). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 88 CaP patients were from a tissue microarray (TMA) of radical prostatectomy specimen, 42 patients from a 35 multiple tumour TMA, 75 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 92 patients from eight different tumour groups (breast, lung, parotid, gastrointestinal, female genital tract, bladder, kidney and prostate cancer). RESULTS TRIM59 upregulation specifically in tumour area was determined by IHC in 291 cases of 37 tumour types. To demonstrate that TRIM59 upregulation is 'tumour-specific', we characterised a significant correlation of TRIM59 IHC signals with tumorigenesis and progression, while in control and normal area, TRIM59 IHC signal was all negative or significantly low. TRIM59 protein upregulation in prostate and kidney cancers was detectable in both intensity and extent in early tumorigenesis of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (p<0.05) and grade 1 of RCC (p<0.05), and stopped until high grades cancer. The results of the correlation in these two large cohorts of tumour types confirmed and repeated murine CaP model studies. Enhanced TRIM59 expression was identified in most of the 37 different tumours, while the highest intensities were in lung, breast, liver, skin, tongue and mouth (squamous cell cancer) and endometrial cancers. Multiple tumour upregulation was further confirmed by comparing relative scores of TRIM59 IHC signals in eight tumours with a larger patient population; and by a mouse whole-mount embryo (14.5 days post conception) test on the origin of TRIM59 upregulation in epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS TRIM59 may be used a novel multiple tumour marker for immunohistochemical detecting early tumorigenesis and could direct a novel strategy for molecular-targeted diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Khatamianfar
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancovour, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei-yang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathbiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenn S Bauman
- London Regional Cancer Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim W Xuan
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Miyata Y, Watanabe SI, Matsuo T, Hayashi T, Sakai H, Xuan JW, Greer PA, Kanda S. Pathological significance and predictive value for biochemical recurrence of c-Fes expression in prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:201-8. [PMID: 21563194 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND c-Fes is a proto-oncogene encoded non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK). However, genetic studies have indicated that it has anti-tumorigenic effects in certain cancers. The pathological and clinical significance of c-Fes in prostate cancer are unknown. METHODS Expression of c-Fes was evaluated in normal glands, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), cancer cells in tissues of knock-in mouse adenocarcinoma prostate (KIMAP) model, and prostate cancer patients free of metastasis. Expression of c-Fes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and quantified by using the immunoreactivity score (IRS) (staining intensity × percentage of positive cells). Relationships between c-Fes expression and pT stage, Gleason's score (GS), and biochemical recurrence in patients who underwent radical surgery were also investigated. RESULTS In KIMAP, the percentage in normal glands, PIN and cancer cells positive for c-Fes expression were 0 (0/7), 25.0 (2/8), and 100% (7/7), respectively. In human tissues, c-Fes expression was also significantly higher in cancer cells than in normal cells and PIN, and it correlated with pT stage (P < 0.001) and GS (P = 0.047). Multivariate analysis showed that c-Fes expression was an independent predictor of poor outcome poor prognosis (hazard ratio = 3.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.11-9.37, P = 0.032). CONCLUSION The results suggested that c-Fes expression is a useful predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical surgery. The results also suggested that c-Fes is a potentially useful therapeutic target in prostate cancer and a predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
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13
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Abstract
Tumor invasion and metastasis is a multi-step process that requires adaptation of cancer cells to conditions that they encounter during their journey to distant body sites. Understanding the molecular processes that underlie this adaptation is of exceeding importance because most cancer patients die because of metastases rather than primary tumors. In this review we assess genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that have been established to investigate mechanisms of cancer invasion and metastasis.
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14
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Valiyeva F, Jiang F, Elmaadawi A, Moussa M, Yee SP, Raptis L, Izawa JI, Yang BB, Greenberg NM, Wang F, Xuan JW. Characterization of the oncogenic activity of the novel TRIM59 gene in mouse cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1229-40. [PMID: 21593385 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel TRIM family member, TRIM59 gene was characterized to be upregulated in SV40 Tag oncogene-directed transgenic and knockout mouse prostate cancer models as a signaling pathway effector. We identified two phosphorylated forms of TRIM59 (p53 and p55) and characterized them using purified TRIM59 proteins from mouse prostate cancer models at different stages with wild-type mice and NIH3T3 cells as controls. p53/p55-TRIM59 proteins possibly represent Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphorylation modifications, respectively. Quantitative measurements by ELISA showed that the p-Ser/Thr TRIM59 correlated with tumorigenesis, whereas the p-Tyr-TRIM59 protein correlated with advanced cancer of the prostate (CaP). The function of TRIM59 was elucidated using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of the gene in human CaP cells, which caused S-phase cell-cycle arrest and cell growth retardation. A hit-and-run effect of TRIM59 shRNA knockdown was observed 24 hours posttransfection. Differential cDNA microarrray analysis was conducted, which showed that the initial and rapid knockdown occurred early in the Ras signaling pathway. To confirm the proto-oncogenic function of TRIM59 in the Ras signaling pathway, we generated a transgenic mouse model using a prostate tissue-specific gene (PSP94) to direct the upregulation of the TRIM59 gene. Restricted TRIM59 gene upregulation in the prostate revealed the full potential for inducing tumorigenesis, similar to the expression of SV40 Tag, and coincided with the upregulation of genes specific to the Ras signaling pathway and bridging genes for SV40 Tag-mediated oncogenesis. The finding of a possible novel oncogene in animal models will implicate a novel strategy for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Valiyeva
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 375 South Street, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
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15
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Luk SU, Lee TKW, Liu J, Lee DTW, Chiu YT, Ma S, Ng IOL, Wong YC, Chan FL, Ling MT. Chemopreventive effect of PSP through targeting of prostate cancer stem cell-like population. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19804. [PMID: 21603625 PMCID: PMC3095629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested that prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells (CSC) are responsible for cancer initiation as well as disease progression. Unfortunately, conventional therapies are only effective in targeting the more differentiated cancer cells and spare the CSCs. Here, we report that PSP, an active component extracted from the mushroom Turkey tail (also known as Coriolus versicolor), is effective in targeting prostate CSCs. We found that treatment of the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 with PSP led to the down-regulation of CSC markers (CD133 and CD44) in a time and dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, PSP treatment not only suppressed the ability of PC-3 cells to form prostaspheres under non-adherent culture conditions, but also inhibited their tumorigenicity in vivo, further proving that PSP can suppress prostate CSC properties. To investigate if the anti-CSC effect of PSP may lead to prostate cancer chemoprevention, transgenic mice (TgMAP) that spontaneously develop prostate tumors were orally fed with PSP for 20 weeks. Whereas 100% of the mice that fed with water only developed prostate tumors at the end of experiment, no tumors could be found in any of the mice fed with PSP, suggesting that PSP treatment can completely inhibit prostate tumor formation. Our results not only demonstrated the intriguing anti-CSC effect of PSP, but also revealed, for the first time, the surprising chemopreventive property of oral PSP consumption against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze-Ue Luk
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Terence Kin-Wah Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ji Liu
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Davy Tak-Wing Lee
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yung-Tuen Chiu
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yong-Chuan Wong
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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16
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Mouse models of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:895238. [PMID: 22111002 PMCID: PMC3221286 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and optimization of high-throughput screening methods has identified a multitude of genetic changes associated with human disease. The use of immunodeficient and genetically engineered mouse models that mimic the human disease has been crucial in validating the importance of these genetic pathways in prostate cancer. These models provide a platform for finding novel therapies to treat human patients afflicted with prostate cancer as well as those who have debilitating bone metastases. In this paper, we focus on the historical development and phenotypic descriptions of mouse models used to study prostate cancer. We also comment on how closely each model recapitulates human prostate cancer.
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17
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Modeling Human Prostate Cancer in Genetically Engineered Mice. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:1-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Kitsios GD, Tangri N, Castaldi PJ, Ioannidis JPA. Laboratory mouse models for the human genome-wide associations. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13782. [PMID: 21072174 PMCID: PMC2967475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The agnostic screening performed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has uncovered associations for previously unsuspected genes. Knowledge about the functional role of these genes is crucial and laboratory mouse models can provide such information. Here, we describe a systematic juxtaposition of human GWAS-discovered loci versus mouse models in order to appreciate the availability of mouse models data, to gain biological insights for the role of these genes and to explore the extent of concordance between these two lines of evidence. We perused publicly available data (NHGRI database for human associations and Mouse Genome Informatics database for mouse models) and employed two alternative approaches for cross-species comparisons, phenotype- and gene-centric. A total of 293 single gene-phenotype human associations (262 unique genes and 69 unique phenotypes) were evaluated. In the phenotype-centric approach, we identified all mouse models and related ortholog genes for the 51 human phenotypes with a comparable phenotype in mice. A total of 27 ortholog genes were found to be associated with the same phenotype in humans and mice, a concordance that was significantly larger than expected by chance (p<0.001). In the gene-centric approach, we were able to locate at least 1 knockout model for 60% of the 262 genes. The knockouts for 35% of these orthologs displayed pre- or post-natal lethality. For the remaining non-lethal orthologs, the same organ system was involved in mice and humans in 71% of the cases (p<0.001). Our project highlights the wealth of available information from mouse models for human GWAS, catalogues extensive information on plausible physiologic implications for many genes, provides hypothesis-generating findings for additional GWAS analyses and documents that the concordance between human and mouse genetic association is larger than expected by chance and can be informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios D. Kitsios
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Navdeep Tangri
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Castaldi
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Ioannina, Greece
- Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Modeling, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
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19
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Xuan JW, Bygrave M, Valiyeva F, Moussa M, Izawa JI, Bauman GS, Klibanov A, Wang F, Greenberg NM, Fenster A. Molecular Targeted Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Flk1 Reveals Diagnosis and Prognosis Potential in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Prostate Cancer Model. Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2009.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jim W. Xuan
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Bygrave
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan I. Izawa
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Glenn S. Bauman
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexander Klibanov
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Fen Wang
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Norman M. Greenberg
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron Fenster
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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20
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Abstract
Advances in science and technology have allowed us to manipulate the mouse genome and analyse the effect of specific genetic alterations on the development of prostate cancer in vivo. We can now analyse the molecular basis of initiation, invasion and progression to metastatic disease. The current mouse models utilise knockout, knock-in or conditional regulation of expression using Cre-loxP technology. Genes that have been targeted include homeobox genes, tumour suppressors and oncogenes, growth factors (and their receptors), steroid hormones and cell-cycle regulators, as well as pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Bigenic models indicate that that two 'hits' are required for progression from intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN) to invasion carcinoma, and two to five hits are needed for metastasis. Here, we discuss the numerous models that mimic various aspects of the disease process, such as PIN, locally invasive adenocarcinoma and metastatic disease. Currently the PB-Cre4 x PTEN(loxP/loxP) mouse is the only model that spans the entire continuum from initiation to local invasion and metastasis. Such mouse models increase our understanding of the disease process and provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Hopefully, the transgenic models will become inducible and ultimately allow both temporal and spatial gene inactivation. Compound mutational models will also develop further, with double and triple knock-in or knockout systems adding to our knowledge of the interaction between different signalling cascades.
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21
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Xuan JW, Lacefield JC, Wirtzfeld LA, Bygrave M, Jiang H, Izawa JI, Moussa M, Chin JL, Fenster A. Prostatic Secretory Protein of 94 Amino Acids Gene-Directed Transgenic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374212-4.50142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Xuan JW, Bygrave M, Jiang H, Valiyeva F, Dunmore-Buyze J, Holdsworth DW, Izawa JI, Bauman G, Moussa M, Winter SF, Greenberg NM, Chin JL, Drangova M, Fenster A, Lacefield JC. Functional neoangiogenesis imaging of genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound. Cancer Res 2007; 67:2830-9. [PMID: 17363606 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first application of high-frequency three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasound imaging in a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) prostate cancer model. We show that the technology sensitively and specifically depicts functional neoangiogenic blood flow because little or no flow is measurable in normal prostate tissue or tumors smaller than 2-3 mm diameter, the neoangiogenesis "switch-on" size. Vascular structures depicted by power Doppler were verified using Microfil-enhanced micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and by correlation with microvessel distributions measured by immunohistochemistry and enhanced vascularity visualized by confocal microscopy in two GEM models [transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) and PSP94 gene-directed transgenic mouse adenocarcinoma of the prostate (PSP-TGMAP)]. Four distinct phases of neoangiogenesis in cancer development were observed, specifically, (a) an early latent phase; (b) establishment of a peripheral capsular vascular structure as a neoangiogenesis initiation site; (c) a peak in tumor vascularity that occurs before aggressive tumor growth; and (d) rapid tumor growth accompanied by decreasing vascularity. Microsurgical interventions mimicking local delivery of antiangiogenesis drugs were done by ligating arteries upstream from feeder vessels branching to the prostate. Microsurgery produced an immediate reduction of tumor blood flow, and flow remained low from 1 h to 2 weeks or longer after treatment. Power Doppler, in conjunction with micro-CT, showed that the tumors recruit secondary blood supplies from nearby vessels, which likely accounts for the continued growth of the tumors after surgery. The microsurgical model represents an advanced angiogenic prostate cancer stage in GEM mice corresponding to clinically defined hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging is completely noninvasive and will facilitate basic and preclinical research on neoangiogenesis in live animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim W Xuan
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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23
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Guo C, Wu G, Chin JL, Bauman G, Moussa M, Wang F, Greenberg NM, Taylor SS, Xuan JW. Bub1 up-regulation and hyperphosphorylation promote malignant transformation in SV40 tag-induced transgenic mouse models. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 4:957-69. [PMID: 17189386 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rodents do not naturally develop prostate cancer. Currently, most widely used genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer models use SV40 T/tag oncogene. To understand the mechanism underlying prostate cancer development in transgenic and knock-in SV40 Tag mouse models, we did cDNA microarray analyses, comparing gene expression profiles of prostate cancer tissues from early-, late-, and advance-stage androgen-independent prostate cancers. Of the 67 genes that were up-regulated by > or = 10-fold, 40 are known to be required for chromosome stability. In particular, the spindle checkpoint component Bub1 was persistently up-regulated from early to advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer lesions. Significantly, Bub1, which is required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis, has recently been reported to bind SV40 Tag. Consistent with a spindle checkpoint defect, flow cytometry experiments indicate that advanced androgen-independent prostate cancer tumors exhibit aneuploidy, along with up-regulation of levels of both Bub1 mRNA and Bub1 protein or hyperphosphorylation. Importantly, up-regulation and hyperphosphorylation of Bub1 were also observed in established human prostate cancer cell lines and in clinical studies. Furthermore, analysis of human prostate cancer lines showed impaired spindle checkpoint function and endoreduplication following exposure to spindle toxins. Small interfering RNA-mediated repression of Bub1 in the human prostate cancer line PC-3 restrained cell proliferation, an effect mimicked by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase, an upstream activator of Bub1. Thus, by perturbing Bub1 function, our observations suggest a new mechanism whereby the SV40 Tag oncoprotein promotes chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in transgenic mouse prostate cancer models. Whereas the exact details of this mechanism remain unclear, our novel findings raise the possibility of exploiting Bub1 as a new therapeutic target in the treatment of prostate cancer, the most common cancer in adult men in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Thielen JL, Volzing KG, Collier LS, Green LE, Largaespada DA, Marker PC. Markers of prostate region-specific epithelial identity define anatomical locations in the mouse prostate that are molecularly similar to human prostate cancers. Differentiation 2007; 75:49-61. [PMID: 17244021 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2006.00115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the basic functions of the prostate gland are conserved among mammals, its morphology varies greatly among species. Comparative studies between mouse and human are important because mice are widely used to study prostate cancer, a disease that occurs in a region-restricted manner within the human prostate. An informatics-based approach was used to identify prostate-specific human genes as candidate markers of region-specific identity that might distinguish prostatic ducts prone to prostate cancer from ducts that rarely give rise to cancer. Subsequent analysis of normal and cancerous human prostates demonstrated that the genes microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) and transglutaminase 4 (TGM4) were expressed in distinct groups of ducts in the normal human prostate, and only MSMB was detected in areas of prostate cancer. The mouse orthologs of MSMB and TGM4 were then used for expression studies in mice along with the mouse ventrally expressed gene spermine binding protein (SBP). All three genes were informative markers of region-specific epithelial identity with distinct expression patterns that collectively accounted for all ducts in the mouse prostate. Together with the human data, this suggested that MSMB expression defines an anatomical domain in the mouse prostate that is molecularly most similar to human prostate cancers. Computer-assisted serial section reconstruction was used to visualize the complete expression domains for MSMB, SBP, and TGM4 in the mouse prostate. This showed that MSMB is expressed in prostatic ducts that comprise 21% of the mouse dorso-lateral prostate. Finally, the expression of MSMB, SBP, and TGM4 was evaluated in a mouse prostate cancer model created by the prostate epithelium-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor PTEN. MSMB and TGM4 were rapidly and dramatically down-regulated in response to PTEN deletion suggesting that this model of prostate cancer includes a more rapid de-differentiation of the prostatic epithelium than is observed in organ-confined human prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Thielen
- Department of Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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25
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Wu G, Wang D, Wang H, Yuan J, Xuan JW. Histopathological characteristics of a novel knock-in mouse prostate cancer model. Braz J Med Biol Res 2006; 39:759-65. [PMID: 16751981 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2006000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is relatively unique to man. There is no naturally occurring prostate cancer in the mouse. Pre-clinical studies involve the establishment of a genetically engineered mouse prostate cancer model with features close to those of the human situation. A new knock-in mouse adenocarcinoma prostate (KIMAP) model was established, which showed close-to-human kinetics of tumor development. In order to determine if the similar kinetics is associated with heterogeneous tumor architecture similar to the human situation, we utilized a new mouse histological grading system (Gleason analogous grading system) similar to the Gleason human grading system and flow cytometry DNA analysis to measure and compare the adenocarcinoma of the KIMAP model with human prostate cancer. Sixty KIMAP prostate cancer samples from 60 mice were measured and compared with human prostate cancer. Flow cytometry DNA analysis was performed on malignant prostate tissues obtained from KIMAP models. Mice with prostate cancer from KIMAP models showed a 53.3% compound histological score rate, which was close to the human clinical average (50%) and showed a significant correlation with age (P = 0.001). Flow cytometry analyses demonstrated that most KIMAP tumor tissues were diploid, analogous to the human situation. The similarities of the KIMAP mouse model with tumors of the human prostate suggest the use of this experimental model to complement studies of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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26
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Huizen IV, Wu G, Moussa M, Chin JL, Fenster A, Lacefield JC, Sakai H, Greenberg NM, Xuan JW. Establishment of a serum tumor marker for preclinical trials of mouse prostate cancer models. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 11:7911-9. [PMID: 16278416 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current prostate cancer research in both basic and preclinical trial studies employ genetically engineered mouse models. However, unlike in human prostate cancer patients, rodents have no counterpart of prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) for monitoring prostate cancer initiation and progression. In this study, we established a mouse serum tumor marker from a mouse homologue of human prostate secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94). Immunohistochemistry studies on different histologic grades from both transgenic and knock-in mouse prostate cancer models showed the down-regulation of tissue PSP94 expression (P < 0.001), the same as for PSA and PSP94 in humans. The presence of mouse serum PSP94 was shown by affinity column and immunoprecipitation purification using a polyclonal mouse PSP94 antibody. A competitive ELISA protocol was established to quantify serum PSP94 levels with a sensitivity of 1 ng/mL. Quantified serum levels of mouse PSP94 ranged from 49.84 ng/mL in wild-type mice to 113.86, 400.45, and 930.90 ng/mL in mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia with microinvasion, well differentiated, moderately differentiated, and poorly differentiated prostate cancer genetically engineered prostate cancer mice, respectively (P < 0.01, n = 68). This increase in serum PSP94 is also well correlated with age and tumor weight. Through longitudinal monitoring of serum PSP94 levels of castrated mice (androgen ablation therapy), we found a correlation between responsiveness/refractory prostate tissues and serum PSP94 levels. The utility of mouse serum PSP94 as a marker in hormone therapy was further confirmed by three-dimensional ultrasound imaging. The establishment of the first rodent prostate cancer serum biomarker will greatly facilitate both basic and preclinical research on human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Van Huizen
- Department of Surgery, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Egwuagu CE, Li W, Yu CR, Che Mei Lin M, Chan CC, Nakamura T, Chepelinsky AB. Interferon-γ induces regression of epithelial cell carcinoma: critical roles of IRF-1 and ICSBP transcription factors. Oncogene 2006; 25:3670-9. [PMID: 16462767 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an epithelial cell carcinoma model for studying efficacy of IFNgamma gene therapy and have identified components of IFNgamma-signaling pathway responsible for its direct anti-tumor actions. The tumor results from ectopic expression of SV40 Large T-Antigen (SV40 T-Ag) oncogene in lens of transgenic mouse (alphaT3) and complete regression of the tumor is induced by targeting expression of IFNgamma into malignant lens cells. Inflammatory cells are absent in lens of alphaT3 or DT (co-expressing IFNgamma and SV40-T-Antigen) mice and the transformed lens cells are non-immunogenic, suggesting non-involvement of immunologic cells. We show that IFNgamma has direct growth-inhibitory effects on tumor cells, induces death of tumor cells by apoptosis and that these effects are mediated by two transcription factors, IRF-1 (interferon-regulatory factor-1) and ICSBP (interferon-consensus sequence-binding protein) induced by IFNgamma. Furthermore, stable transfection with ICSBP or IRF-1 construct inhibits lens carcinoma cell growth by upregulating Caspase-1, p21(WAF1) and p27 expression. In contrast, tumor progression in alphaT3 lens correlates with inhibition of IRF-1 and ICSBP expression. Our results suggest that IFNgamma gene therapy maybe effective in malignant diseases for which DNA tumor viruses are etiologic agents and that antitumor actions of IRF-1/ICSBP can be exploited therapeutically to circumvent adverse clinical effects associated with IFN therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Egwuagu
- Laboratories of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA.
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Wu G, Yu L, Wang L, Wang H, Xuan JW. Application of Gleason analogous grading system and flow cytometry DNA analysis in a novel knock-in mouse prostate cancer model. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82:40-5. [PMID: 16397079 PMCID: PMC2563736 DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.038042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A new knock-in mouse adenocarcinoma prostate model (KIMAP) was established, which showed a close to human kinetics of tumour development. This study used a new mouse histological grading system similar to the human Gleason grading system and flow cytometry DNA analysis to measure and compare the new KIMAP model with human CaP and transgenic mouse adenocarcinoma prostate (TGMAP) model. METHODS According to heterogeneity of the clinical standard for prostate cancer diagnosis, a close to human mouse standard for histological grading and scoring system, Gleason analogous grading system, was established in this study. Sixty KIMAP and 48 TGMAP prostate cancer samples were measured and compared with human CaP. Flow cytometry DNA analysis was performed on malignant prostate tissues obtained from both TGMAP and KIMAP models. RESULTS Mice with CaP from KIMAP (n = 60) and TGMAP (n = 48) models showed a different distribution of histological scores (p = 0.000). KIMAP mice showed higher percentage (53.3%) of compound histological score rate than TGMAP (25%), but closer to the human clinical average (50%), which showed significant correlation with age (p = 0.001), while TGMAP mice showed unbalanced and random score distribution in all age groups. Flow cytometry analyses showed that most tumour tissues in KIMAP were diploid, analogous to the human condition, while all the TGMAP mice showed aneuploid tumours. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study further show that KIMAP, a new generation of murine prostate cancer model, could be used as a supplementary model in addition to the currently widely used transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China, 710032.
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Wirtzfeld LA, Wu G, Bygrave M, Yamasaki Y, Sakai H, Moussa M, Izawa JI, Downey DB, Greenberg NM, Fenster A, Xuan JW, Lacefield JC. A new three-dimensional ultrasound microimaging technology for preclinical studies using a transgenic prostate cancer mouse model. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6337-45. [PMID: 16024636 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in adult men in North America. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer employ genetically engineered mouse models, because prostate cancer does not occur naturally in rodents. Widespread application of these models has been limited because autopsy was the only reliable method to evaluate treatment efficacy in longitudinal studies. This article reports the first use of three-dimensional ultrasound microimaging for measuring tumor progression in a genetically engineered mouse model, the 94-amino acid prostate secretory protein gene-directed transgenic prostate cancer model. Qualitative comparisons of three-dimensional ultrasound images with serial histology sections of prostate tumors show the ability of ultrasound to accurately depict the size and shape of malignant masses in live mice. Ultrasound imaging identified tumors ranging from 2.4 to 14 mm maximum diameter. The correlation coefficient of tumor diameter measurements done in vivo with three-dimensional ultrasound and at autopsy was 0.998. Prospective tumor detection sensitivity and specificity were both >90% when diagnoses were based on repeated ultrasound examinations done on separate days. Representative exponential growth curves constructed via longitudinal ultrasound imaging indicated volume doubling times of 5 and 13 days for two prostate tumors. Compared with other microimaging and molecular imaging modalities, the application of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging to prostate cancer in mice showed advantages, such as high spatial resolution and contrast in soft tissue, fast and uncomplicated protocols, and portable and economical equipment that will likely enable ultrasound to become a new microimaging modality for mouse preclinical trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Wirtzfeld
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Western Ontario, Canada
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Wu G, Wang L, Yu L, Wang H, Xuan JW. The Use of Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Micro-Imaging to Monitor Prostate Tumor Development in a Transgenic Prostate Cancer Mouse Model. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2005; 207:181-9. [PMID: 16210828 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.207.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of mouse cancer models required large cohorts since autopsy was the only reliable method to evaluate treatment efficacy. This paper reports the use of high-resolution three-dimensional ultrasound micro-imaging to monitor prostate tumor development in genetically engineered mice. Twenty-nine genetically engineered prostate cancer mice, including castrated and uncastrated mice, were imaged by three-dimensional ultrasound. Qualitative comparisons of three-dimensional ultrasound images with histology sections of prostate tumors demonstrate the ability of ultrasound to accurately depict the size and shape of malignant masses in live mice. The correlation coefficient of tumor diameter measurements performed in vivo with three-dimensional ultrasound and at autopsy was 0.997. Prospective tumor detection sensitivity and specificity were 91.7% and 100%. Representative exponential growth curves constructed via longitudinal ultrasound imaging indicated diameter doubling times from 10 to 37 days for four prostate tumors during an initial period of rapid progression. Three-dimensional ultrasound will likely become the micro-imaging modality most readily adopted for mouse pre-clinical trial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Wu
- Department of Urology, Xi-jing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an.
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