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Barnawi I, Hawsawi Y, Dash P, Oyouni AAA, Mustafa SK, Hussien NA, Al-Amer O, Alomar S, Mansour L. Nitric Oxide Synthase Potentiates the Resistance of Cancer Cell Lines to Anticancer Chemotherapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1397-1406. [PMID: 34165414 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210623094526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advancement in the fields of medical science and molecular biology, cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy is a choice for treatment; however, the acquisition of chemo-resistance is a major impediment to cancer management. Many mechanisms have been postulated regarding the acquisition of chemo-resistance in breast cancer the impact on cellular signaling and the induction of apoptosis in tumour cells. The mechanism of the apoptotic mutation of p53 and bcl-2 proteins is commonly associated with increased resistance to apoptosis and, therein, to chemotherapy. OBJECTIVES The current study was aimed to investigate A172 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells' sensitivity against chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel with different doses. Moreover, it estimates the resistance of cancer cells by evaluating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and evaluate its correlation with the expression profile proteins of the apoptosis regulating Bcl-2 family. METHODS Dose-dependent sensitivity to cisplatin, doxorubicin, or paclitaxel was evaluated on spheroid cultured A172 and MDA-MB-231 cells lines as measured by time-lapse microscopy over a 72h period. Expressions of two nitric oxides (NO) synthases isoforms (iNOS, eNOS), anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, phospho-Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL), and pro-apoptotic (BID, Bim, Bok, Bad, Puma, and Bax) were evaluated by Western blot. The effect of NO modulation on anti- and pro-apoptotic molecule expression was also studied using Western blot. RESULT A172 cells show more resistance to chemotherapy drugs than MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Therefore, they need higher doses for apoptosis. Resistance of gliomas might be returned to the higher significant expression of endothelial eNOS expression. It was clear that there is not a significant effect of NO modulation on the expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins on both cell lines. CONCLUSION The present work provides a putative mechanism for the acquisition of drug resistance in breast cancer and glioma, which might be significant for clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Barnawi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Taiba, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef Hawsawi
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, P.O. Box 40047, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip Dash
- University of Reading Faculty of Life Sciences, school of science, Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Syed Khalid Mustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahed A Hussien
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Osama Al-Amer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University PO. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamjed Mansour
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University PO. Box: 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Martini S, Figini M, Croce A, Frigerio B, Pennati M, Gianni AM, De Marco C, Daidone MG, Argueta C, Landesman Y, Zaffaroni N, Satta A. Selinexor Sensitizes TRAIL-R2-Positive TNBC Cells to the Activity of TRAIL-R2xCD3 Bispecific Antibody. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102231. [PMID: 33023194 PMCID: PMC7599683 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Recent advances in the immunotherapy field have enabled the development of new treatment strategies, among which the use of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), able to redirect T cells against tumors, has shown promising results. In particular, a BsAb that uses TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2) as a target was constructed and demonstrated good results in redirecting CD3+ T cells to kill TRAIL-R2-expressing TNBC cells. In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with selinexor, a selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) targeting exportin-1/chromosome maintenance protein 1 (XPO1/CRM1), could potentiate the antitumor activity of this BsAb. In combination experiments, we found that selinexor-exposed TNBC cells exhibited greater growth inhibition when treated with the TRAIL-R2xCD3 BsAb than that expected by simple additivity. Similarly, the apoptosis rate in selinexor/TRAIL-R2xCD3 BsAb-treated TNBC cells was significantly higher than that observed after exposure to either single agent. Together, our results suggest that the combination of selinexor and TRAIL-R2xCD3 BsAb can be a viable anticancer strategy and indicate this treatment as a promising therapeutic option for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martini
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (A.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Mariangela Figini
- Biomarkers Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (B.F.); (C.D.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Aurora Croce
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (A.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Barbara Frigerio
- Biomarkers Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (B.F.); (C.D.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Marzia Pennati
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (A.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Alessandro Massimo Gianni
- Medical Oncology C Unit, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Biomarkers Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (B.F.); (C.D.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | - Maria Grazia Daidone
- Biomarkers Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (B.F.); (C.D.M.); (M.G.D.)
| | | | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, MA 02459, USA; (C.A.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (A.C.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-02-23903260 (N.Z.); +39-02-23905110 (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Satta
- Biomarkers Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technical Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.F.); (B.F.); (C.D.M.); (M.G.D.)
- Correspondence: (N.Z.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-02-23903260 (N.Z.); +39-02-23905110 (A.S.)
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Chen X, Dong Y, Wang J. The Practical Total Synthesis of Rottlerin and Rottlerone. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Ling Chen
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yu Dong
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ji‐Yu Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
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Yin X, Zhang Y, Su J, Hou Y, Wang L, Ye X, Zhao Z, Zhou X, Li Y, Wang Z. Rottlerin exerts its anti-tumor activity through inhibition of Skp2 in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66512-66524. [PMID: 27582552 PMCID: PMC5341817 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have investigated the tumor suppressive role of rottlerin in carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms of rottlerin-induced anti-tumor activity are largely unclear. Skp2 (S-phase kinase associated protein 2) has been validated to play an oncogenic role in a variety of human malignancies. Therefore, inactivation of Skp2 could be helpful for the treatment of human cancers. In the current study, we explore whether rottlerin could inhibit Skp2 expression, leading to inhibition of cell growth, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. We found that rottlerin treatment inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. We also revealed that rottlerin suppressed cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Mechanically, we observed that rottlerin significantly down-regulated the expression of Skp2 in breast cancer cells. Importantly, overexpression of Skp2 abrogated rottlerin-mediated tumor suppressive activity, whereas down-regulation of Skp2 enhanced rottlerin-triggered anti-tumor function. Strikingly, we identified that rottlerin exhibited its anti-tumor potential partly through inactivation of Skp2 in breast cancer. Our findings indicate that rottlerin could be a potential safe agent for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyuan Yin
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingna Su
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Hou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiantao Ye
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Zhou
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yali Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen Anesthesiology Engineering Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- The Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Christofides A, Kosmopoulos M, Piperi C. Pathophysiological mechanisms regulated by cytokines in gliomas. Cytokine 2014; 71:377-84. [PMID: 25458967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma, a neuroglia originated malignancy, consists of one of the most aggressive primary tumors of the central nervous system with poor prognosis and lack of efficient treatment strategy. Cytokines have been implicated in several stages of glioma progression, participating in tumor onset, growth enhancement, angiogenesis and aggressiveness. Interestingly, cytokines have also the ability to inhibit glioma growth upon specific regulation or interplay with other molecules. This review addresses the dual role of major cytokines implicated in glioma pathology, pointing toward promising therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthos Christofides
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Marinos Kosmopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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Medicarpin, a legume phytoalexin sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of DR5 and activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1465. [PMID: 25321472 PMCID: PMC4237253 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent with cancer cell-selective cell death inducing effect. However, the major limitation in the usage of TRAIL as a chemotherapeutic agent is the development of TRAIL resistance in many cancer types including myeloid leukemia. In this study, we report for the first time that Medicarpin (Med), a naturally occurring phytoalexin sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Combination of Med and TRAIL induced significantly higher apoptosis compared with that of the individual treatments of either agent alone through activation of both the extrinsic and the intrinsic cell death pathways characterized by the activation of caspases 8, 9, 3, and 7. Med treatment downregulated antiapoptotic proteins (Survivin, Bcl2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, and c-FLIP), upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Cytochrome C, Smac/Diablo, Bid, truncated Bid (tBid), p-eIF2α, Bip, and CHOP (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein)), induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and increased the expression of the functional TRAIL receptor DR5 through activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway. Gain and loss of function studies clearly indicated that DR5 expression was critical for Med-induced TRAIL sensitization. The Med-induced TRAIL sensitization did not involve the NFkB signaling pathway or redistribution of DR5 in lipid rafts. The concomitant treatment with Med and TRAIL showed robust apoptotic effects in primary myeloid leukemia cells but had no toxic effects in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In conclusion, our results suggest that Med sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the upregulation of DR5 through activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway.
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The Gβ5 protein regulates sensitivity to TRAIL-induced cell death in colon carcinoma. Oncogene 2014; 34:2753-63. [PMID: 25043307 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is implicated in numerous diseases including colon cancer. The heterotrimeric G proteins transduce signals from GPCRs to various effectors. So far, the G protein subunit Gβ5 has not been studied in the context of cancer. Here we demonstrate that Gβ5 protects colon carcinoma cells from apoptosis induced by the death ligand TRAIL via different routes. The Gβ5 protein (i) causes a decrease in the cell surface expression of the TRAIL-R2 death receptor, (ii) induces the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein XIAP and (iii) activates the NF-κB signaling pathway. The intrinsic resistance to TRAIL-triggered apoptosis of colon cancer cells is overcome by antagonization of Gβ5. Based on these results, targeting of G proteins emerges as a novel therapeutic approach in the experimental treatment of colon cancer.
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Lu W, Lin C, Li Y. Rottlerin induces Wnt co-receptor LRP6 degradation and suppresses both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1303-9. [PMID: 24607787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling can result in up-regulation of mTORC1 signaling in cancer cells. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is an essential Wnt co-receptor for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We found that rottlerin, a natural plant polyphenol, suppressed LRP6 expression and phosphorylation, and inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of rottlerin on LRP6 expression/phosphorylation and Wnt/β-catenin signaling were confirmed in human prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells. Mechanistically, rottlerin promoted LRP6 degradation, but had no effects on LRP6 transcriptional activity. In addition, rottlerin-mediated LRP6 down-regulation was unrelated to activation of 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Importantly, we also found that rottlerin inhibited mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrated that rottlerin was able to suppress the expression of cyclin D1 and survivin, two targets of both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling, in prostate and breast cancer cells, and displayed remarkable anticancer activity with IC(50) values between 0.7 and 1.7 μM for prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells and breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and T-47D cells. The IC(50) values are comparable to those shown to suppress the activities of Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that rottlerin is a novel LRP6 inhibitor and suppresses both Wnt/β-catenin and mTORC1 signaling in prostate and breast cancer cells, and that LRP6 represents a potential therapeutic target for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Cuihong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, 2000 Ninth Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA.
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most prevalent type of primary brain tumor in adults. Despite progress in brain tumor therapy, the prognosis of malignant glioma patients remains dismal. The median survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the most common grade of malignant glioma, is 10-12 months. Conventional therapy of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy is largely palliative. Essentially, tumor recurrence is inevitable. Salvage treatments upon recurrence are palliative at best and rarely provide significant survival benefit. Therapies targeting the underlying molecular pathogenesis of brain tumors are urgently required. Common genetic abnormalities in malignant glioma specimens are associated with aberrant activation or suppression of cellular signal transduction pathways and resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Several low molecular weight signal transduction inhibitors have been examined in preclinical and clinical malignant glioma trials. The efficacy of these agents as monotherapies has been modest, at best; however, small subsets of patients who harbor specific genetic changes in their tumors may display favorable clinical responses to defined small molecule inhibitors. Multitargeted kinase inhibitors or combinations of agents targeting different mitogenic pathways may overcome the resistance of tumors to single-agent targeted therapies. Well designed studies of small molecule kinase inhibitors will include assessment of safety, drug delivery, target inhibition and correlative biomarkers to define mechanisms of response or resistance to these agents. Predictive biomarkers will enrich for patients most likely to respond in future clinical trials. Additional clinical studies will combine novel targeted therapies with radiation, chemotherapies and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sith Sathornsumetee
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center Division of Neurosurgery/Neuro-Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 3624, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Lan Y, Liu X, Zhang R, Wang K, Wang Y, Hua ZC. Lithium enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Biometals 2013; 26:241-54. [PMID: 23378009 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells are resistant to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. Therefore, combination therapy using sensitizing agents to overcome TRAIL resistance may provide new strategies for treatment of NSCLC. Here, we investigated whether lithium chloride (LiCl), a drug for mental illness, could sensitize A549 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We observed that LiCl significantly enhanced A549 cells apoptosis through up-regulation of death receptors DR4 and DR5 and activation of caspase cascades. In addition, G2/M arrest induced by LiCl also contributed to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Concomitantly, LiCl strongly inhibited the activity of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and the inhibition of JNKs by SP600125 also induced G2/M arrest and augmented cell death caused by TRAIL or TRAIL plus LiCl. However, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) inhibition was not involved in TRAIL sensitization induced by LiCl. Collectively, these findings indicated that LiCl sensitized A549 cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through caspases-dependent apoptotic pathway via death receptors signaling and G2/M arrest induced by inhibition of JNK activation, but independent of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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Mellier G, Pervaiz S. The three Rs along the TRAIL: Resistance, re-sensitization and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Free Radic Res 2012; 46:996-1003. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.690514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hsu JL, Ho YF, Li TK, Chen CS, Hsu LC, Guh JH. Rottlerin potentiates camptothecin-induced cytotoxicity in human hormone refractory prostate cancers through increased formation and stabilization of topoisomerase I-DNA cleavage complexes in a PKCδ-independent pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:59-67. [PMID: 22490701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapy, which can optimize killing activity to cancers and minimize drug resistance, is a mainstream therapy against hormone-refractory prostate cancers (HRPCs). Rottlerin, a natural polyphenolic component, synergistically increased PC-3 (a HRPC cell line) apoptosis induced by camptothecin (a topoisomerase I inhibitor). Using siRNA technique to knockdown protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ), the data showed that rottlerin-mediated synergistic effect was PKCδ-independent, although rottlerin has been used as a PKCδ inhibitor. Rottlerin potentiated camptothecin-induced DNA fragmentation at S phase and ATM phosphorylation at Ser1981. The effect was correlated to apoptosis (r2 = 0.9). To detect upstream signals, the data showed that camptothecin acted on and stabilized topoisomerase I-DNA complex, leading to the formation of camptothecin-trapped cleavage complexes (TOP1cc). The effect was potentiated by rottlerin. To determine DNA repair capability, the time-related γH2A.X formation was examined after camptothecin removal. Consequently, rottlerin significantly inhibited camptothecin removal-mediated decline of γH2A.X formation at S phase, indicating the impairment of DNA repair activity in the presence of rottlerin. The combinatory treatment of camptothecin and rottlerin induced conformational change and activation of Bax and formation of truncated Bad, suggesting the contribution of mitochondria stress to apoptosis. In summary, the data suggest that rottlerin-mediated camptothecin sensitization is through the augmented stabilization of TOP1cc, leading to an increase of DNA damage stress and, possibly, an impairment of DNA repair capability. Subsequently, mitochondria-involved apoptosis is triggered through Bax activation and truncated Bad formation. The novel discovery may provide an anticancer approach of combinatory use between rottlerin and camptothecin for the treatment of HRPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Ling Hsu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Lim JH, Woo SM, Min KJ, Park EJ, Jang JH, Seo BR, Iqbal T, Lee TJ, Kim SH, Choi YH, Kwon TK. Rottlerin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through NAG-1 upregulation via an ERK and p38 MAPK-dependent and PKC δ-independent mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 197:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Maioli E, Torricelli C, Valacchi G. Rottlerin and cancer: novel evidence and mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:350826. [PMID: 22272173 PMCID: PMC3259573 DOI: 10.1100/2012/350826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cancers are caused by deregulation of hundreds of genes, an ideal anticancer agent should target multiple gene products or signaling pathways simultaneously. Recently, extensive research has addressed the chemotherapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds. Among the ever-increasing list of naturally occurring anticancer agents, Rottlerin appears to have great potentiality for being used in chemotherapy because it affects several cell machineries involved in survival, apoptosis, autophagy, and invasion. The underlying mechanisms that have been described are diverse, and the final, cell-specific, Rottlerin outcome appears to result from a combination of signaling pathways at multiple levels. This paper seeks to summarize the multifocal signal modulatory properties of Rottlerin, which merit to be further exploited for successful prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Aldo Moro Street, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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The cdk1-cyclin B complex is involved in everolimus triggered resistance in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Cancer Lett 2011; 313:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hwang J, Lee S, Lee JT, Kwon TK, Kim DR, Kim H, Park HC, Suk K. Gangliosides induce autophagic cell death in astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:586-603. [PMID: 20067473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, abundant in brain, are involved in neuronal function and disease, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their physiological or pathological activities are poorly understood. In this study, the pathological role of gangliosides in the extracellular milieu with respect to glial cell death and lipid raft/membrane disruption was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the effect of gangliosides on astrocyte death or survival using primary astrocyte cultures and astrocytoma/glioma cell lines as a model. Signalling pathways of ganglioside-induced autophagic cell death of astrocytes were examined using pharmacological inhibitors and biochemical and genetic assays. KEY RESULTS Gangliosides induced autophagic cell death in based on the following observations. Incubation of the cells with a mixture of gangliosides increased a punctate distribution of fluorescently labelled microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (GFP-LC3), the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I and LC3 flux. Gangliosides also increased the formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by monodansylcadaverine staining. Ganglioside-induced cell death was inhibited by either a knockdown of beclin-1/Atg-6 or Atg-7 gene expression or by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were involved in ganglioside-induced autophagic cell death of astrocytes, because gangliosides induced ROS production and ROS scavengers decreased autophagic cell death. In addition, lipid rafts played an important role in ganglioside-induced astrocyte death. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Gangliosides released under pathological conditions may induce autophagic cell death of astrocytes, identifying a neuropathological role for gangliosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaegyu Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Mellier G, Huang S, Shenoy K, Pervaiz S. TRAILing death in cancer. Mol Aspects Med 2009; 31:93-112. [PMID: 19995571 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The observation that certain types of cancer express death receptors on their cell surface has triggered heightened interest in exploring the potential of receptor ligation as a novel anti-cancer modality, and since the expression is somewhat restricted to cancer cells the therapeutic implications are very promising. One such death receptor ligand belonging to the tumor necrosis receptor (TNF) superfamily, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), has been in the limelight as a tumor selective molecule that transmits death signal via ligation to its receptors (TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 or death receptors 4 and 5; DR4 and DR5). Interestingly, TRAIL-induced apoptosis exhibits hallmarks of extrinsic as well as intrinsic death pathways, and, therefore, is subject to regulation both at the cell surface receptor level as well as more downstream at the post-mitochondrial level. Despite the remarkable selectivity of DR expression on cancer cell surface, development of resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis remains a major challenge. Therefore, unraveling the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TRAIL resistance as well as identifying strategies to overcome this problem for an effective therapeutic response remains the cornerstone of many research endeavors. This review aims at presenting an overview of the biology, function and translational relevance of TRAIL with a specific view to discussing the various regulatory mechanisms and the current trends in reverting TRAIL resistance of cancer cells with the obvious implication of an improved clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Mellier
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore
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18
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Zhang HY, Du ZX, Liu BQ, Gao YY, Meng X, Guan Y, Deng WW, Wang HQ. Tunicamycin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis by inhibition of cyclin D1 and the subsequent downregulation of survivin. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:362-9. [PMID: 19307757 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.5.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been proposed as a promising cancer therapy that preferentially induces apoptosis in cancer cells, but not most normal tissues. However, many cancers are resistant to TRAIL by mechanisms that are poorly understood. In this study, we showed that tunicamycin, a naturally occurring antibiotic, was a potent enhancer of TRAIL-induced apoptosis through downregulation of survivin. The tunicamycin-mediated sensitization to TRAIL was efficiently reduced by forced expression of survivin, suggesting that the sensitization was mediated at least in part through inhibition of survivin expression. Tunicamycin also repressed expression of cyclin D1, a cell cycle regulator commonly overexpressed in thyroid carcinoma. Furthermore, silencing cyclin D1 by RNA interference reduced survivin expression and sensitized thyroid cancer cells to TRAIL; in contrast, forced expression of cyclin D1 attenuated tunicamycin-potentiated TRAIL-induced apoptosis via over-riding downregulation of survivin. Collectively, our results demonstrated that tunicamycin promoted TRAIL-induced apoptosis, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of cyclin D1 and subsequent survivin. Of note, tunicamycin did not sensitize the differentiated thyroid epithelial cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, combined treatment with tunicamycin and TRAIL may offer an attractive strategy for safely treating resistant thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Day TW, Wu CH, Safa AR. Etoposide induces protein kinase Cdelta- and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:632-40. [PMID: 19549763 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.054999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report, we reveal that etoposide inhibits the proliferation of SK-N-AS neuroblastoma cancer cells and promotes protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta)- and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Etoposide induces the caspase-3-dependent cleavage of PKCdelta to its active p40 fragment, and active PKCdelta triggers the processing of caspase-3 by a positive-feedback mechanism. Treatment of cells with the caspase-3-specific inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone or caspase-3-specific small interacting RNA (siRNA) prevented the etoposide-induced activation of caspase-8 and inhibited apoptosis. The silencing of the caspase-2 or caspase-8 genes using siRNAs did not affect the etoposide-induced processing of caspase-3, indicating that these caspases lie downstream of caspase-3 in this signaling pathway. Furthermore, the etoposide-induced processing of caspase-2 required the expression of caspase-8, and the etoposide-mediated processing of caspase-8 required the expression of caspase-2, indicating that these two caspases activate each other after etoposide treatment. We also observed that etoposide-mediated apoptosis was decreased by treating the cells with the caspase-6-specific inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Glu(OMe)-Ile-Asp-(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone and that caspase-6 was activated by a caspase-8-dependent mechanism. Finally, we show that rottlerin blocks etoposide-induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PKCdelta-mediated activation of caspase-3 and by degrading caspase-2, which prevents caspase-8 activation. Our results add important insights into how etoposide mediates apoptotic signaling and how targeting these pathways may lead to the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis W Day
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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20
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Huang JW, Zhang Z, Wu B, Cellitti JF, Zhang X, Dahl R, Shiau CW, Welsh K, Emdadi A, Stebbins JL, Reed JC, Pellecchia M. Fragment-based design of small molecule X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7111-8. [PMID: 18956862 DOI: 10.1021/jm8006992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on a general structure- and NMR-based approach to derive druglike small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions in a rapid and efficient manner. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by deriving novel and effective SMAC mimetics targeting the antiapoptotic protein X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). The XIAP baculovirus IAP repeat 3 (Bir3) domain binds directly to the N-terminal of caspase-9, thus inhibiting programmed cell death. It has been shown that in the cell this interaction can be displaced by the protein second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) and that its N-terminal tetrapeptide region (NH2-AVPI, Ala-Val-Pro-Ile) is responsible for this activity. However, because of their limited cell permeability, synthetic SMAC peptides are inefficient when tested in cultured cells, limiting their use as potential chemical tools or drug candidates against cancer cells. Hence, as an application, we report on the derivation of novel, selective, druglike, cell permeable SMAC mimics with cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Wen Huang
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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21
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Lim JH, Park JW, Choi KS, Park YB, Kwon TK. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via death receptor 5 (DR5) upregulation through CHOP-dependent and PKC delta-independent mechanism in human malignant tumor cells. Carcinogenesis 2008; 30:729-36. [PMID: 19037087 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgn265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rottlerin has been shown to induce antiproliferation and apoptosis of human cancer cell lines. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism of rottlerin-induced apoptosis via death receptor (DR) 5 upregulation. We found that treatment with rottlerin significantly induces DR5 expression both at its messenger RNA and protein levels. Downregulation of DR5 expression with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) efficiently attenuated rottlerin-induced apoptosis, showing that the critical role of DR5 in this cell death. Rottlerin-induced DR5 upregulation was accompanied by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP) protein expression and rottlerin-induced increase of DR5 promoter activity was diminished by mutation of a CHOP-binding site of DR5 promoter. Although rottlerin is known to be as an inhibitor of novel isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), specifically PKC delta, not only suppression of PKC delta expression by siRNA but also overexpression of wild-type-PKC delta or dominant-negative-PKC delta did not affect the rottlerin-mediated induction of DR5 in our study. These results suggest that rottlerin induces upregulation of DR5 via PKC delta-independent pathway. Furthermore, subtoxic dose of rottlerin sensitizes human cancer cells, but not normal cells, to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. Thus, DR5-mediated apoptosis, which is induced by rottlerin alone or by the combined treatment with rottlerin and TRAIL, may offer a new therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hee Lim
- Department of Immunology and Chronic Disease Research Center and Institute for Medical Science, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 194 DongSan-Dong Jung-Gu, Taegu 700-712, South Korea
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Triptolide sensitizes AML cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via decrease of XIAP and p53-mediated increase of DR5. Blood 2008; 111:3742-50. [PMID: 18187663 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells are relatively resistant to tumor necrosis factor alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We previously reported that triptolide, a potent anticancer agent from a Chinese herb, decreases XIAP in leukemic cells. We evaluated the combination of triptolide and TRAIL and found synergistic promotion of apoptosis in AML cells. XIAP-overexpressing U937 cells (U937XIAP) were more resistant to TRAIL than U937neo cells, and inhibition of XIAP with the small-molecule inhibitor 1396-11 enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, implying XIAP as a resistance factor in AML. Furthermore, triptolide increased DR5 levels in OCI-AML3, while the DR5 increase was blunted in p53-knockdown OCI-AML3 and p53-mutated U937 cells, confirming a role for p53 in the regulation of DR5. In support of this finding, disruption of MDM2-p53 binding with subsequent increase in p53 levels by nutlin3a increased DR5 levels and sensitized OCI-AML3 cells to TRAIL. The combination of 1396-11 plus nutlin3a plus TRAIL was more effective than either the 1396-11 and TRAIL or nutlin3a and TRAIL combinations in OCI-AML3 cells, further supporting the role of triptolide as a sensitizer to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in part by independent modulation of XIAP expression and p53 signaling. Thus, the combination of triptolide and TRAIL may provide a novel strategy for treating AML by overcoming critical mechanisms of apoptosis resistance.
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Trail Receptors: Targets for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 615:127-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6554-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yoo J, Lee YJ. Aspirin Enhances Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand-Mediated Apoptosis in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells through Survivin Down-Regulation. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 72:1586-92. [PMID: 17848598 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.039610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising cancer therapeutic agent because of its tumor selectivity. TRAIL is known to induce apoptosis in cancer cells but spare most normal cells. In this study, we examined whether acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), so-called aspirin, enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in androgen-dependent LNCaP and androgen-independent LNCaP-derived prostate cancer cells. To evaluate the cell death effects of TRAIL in combination with ASA on tumor cells, we performed DNA fragmentation assay and immunoblot analysis for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, caspases, and anti-apoptotic proteins. We observed that ASA promoted TRAIL-induced apoptotic death in both LNCaP and its derived cells (C4, C4-2, and C4-2B). These enhancements of TRAIL's effect were related to the decrease in survivin protein expression by pretreatment with ASA. We also confirmed that knockdown in survivin expression by transfecting survivin small interfering RNA increased TRAIL-induced apoptosis. To study the mechanism of survivin down-regulation, we determined the levels of mRNA and the activities of survivin promoter in the ASA-treated and untreated cells. Reduction of the intracellular levels of survivin protein was due to a decrease in transcriptional activity. Data from electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that ASA inhibited the transcription factor E2F-1 binding activity to the survivin promoter region, which is known to regulate survivin gene transcription. Taken together, our studies suggested that ASA-promoted TRAIL cytotoxicity is mediated by down-regulating survivin, and the down-regulation of survivin is due to inhibition of E2F-1 binding activity to the survivin promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsang Yoo
- Department of Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Nawrocki ST, Carew JS, Douglas L, Cleveland JL, Humphreys R, Houghton JA. Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance lexatumumab-induced apoptosis via a p21Cip1-dependent decrease in survivin levels. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6987-94. [PMID: 17638911 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) preferentially induces apoptosis in malignant cells by binding to the death receptors TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5). Several agents that therapeutically exploit this phenomenon are being developed. We investigated the anticancer activity of two novel, highly specific agonistic monoclonal antibodies to TRAIL-R1 (mapatumumab, HGS-ETR1) and TRAIL-R2 (lexatumumab, HGS-ETR2) in colon cancer cell lines. Our analyses revealed that colon cancer cells display significantly higher surface expressions of TRAIL-R2 than TRAIL-R1, and are more sensitive to lexatumumab-induced apoptosis. The proapoptotic effects of lexatumumab in TRAIL-resistant HCT8 and HT29 cells were dramatically augmented by the histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A or suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. The presence of p21, but not p53, was critical for the synergy between lexatumumab and histone deacetylase inhibitors. The absence of p21 did not interfere with the formation of the death-inducing signaling complex by lexatumumab, suggesting the involvement of other apoptotic and/or cell cycle regulators. Indeed, treatment with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid greatly reduced the expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin and cdc2 activity in HCT116 p21(+/+) cells but not in the HCT116 p21(-/-) cells. Inhibition of cdc2 activity with flavopiridol decreased survivin expression and sensitized the p21-deficient cells to lexatumumab-induced apoptosis. Similarly, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of survivin also enhanced lexatumumab-mediated cell death. Therefore, survivin expression plays a key role in lexatumumab resistance, and reducing survivin expression by inhibiting cdc2 activity is a promising strategy to enhance the anticancer activity of lexatumumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffan T Nawrocki
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 322 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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26
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Park KJ, Lee SH, Kim TI, Lee HW, Lee CH, Kim EH, Jang JY, Choi KS, Kwon MH, Kim YS. A human scFv antibody against TRAIL receptor 2 induces autophagic cell death in both TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007; 67:7327-34. [PMID: 17671202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of tumor cells without significant cytotoxicity on normal cells. However, many cancer cells with apoptotic defects are resistant to treatment with TRAIL alone, limiting its potential as an anticancer therapeutic. Here, we report on the tumoricidal activity of a human single-chain fragment variable, HW1, which specifically binds to TRAIL receptor 2 (TR2) without competing with TRAIL for the binding. HW1 treatment as a single agent induces autophagic cell death in a variety of both TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant cancer cells, but exhibits much less cytotoxicity on normal cells. The HW1-induced autophagic cell death was inhibited by an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, or by RNA interference knockdown of Beclin-1 and Atg7. We also show that the HW1-mediated autophagic cell death occurs predominantly via the c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase pathway in a caspase-independent manner. Analysis of the death-inducing signaling complex induced by HW1 binding to TR2 exhibits the recruitment of TNF receptor-associated death domain and TNF receptor-associated factor 2, but not Fas-associated death domain, caspase-8, or receptor-interacting protein, which is distinct from that induced by TRAIL. Our results reveal a novel TR2-mediated signaling pathway triggering autophagic cell death and provides a new strategy for the elimination of cancer cells, including TRAIL-resistant tumors, through nonapoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Korea
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27
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Liu B, Han M, Wen JK, Wang L. Livin/ML-IAP as a new target for cancer treatment. Cancer Lett 2007; 250:168-76. [PMID: 17218055 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Livin is a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP) gene family, which encodes negative regulatory proteins that prevent cell apoptosis. Livin is selectively expressed in the most common human neoplasms and appears to be involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Several studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that down-regulation of Livin expression increases the apoptotic rate, reduces tumor growth potential and sensitized tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. This review will focus on the role of this protein during cancer development and progression and will demonstrate possible targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Hebei Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, PR China
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28
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Cho NH, Choi YP, Moon DS, Kim H, Kang S, Ding O, Rha SY, Yang YJ, Cho SH. Induction of cell apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells by cyclin A1 small interfering RNA. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:1082-92. [PMID: 16984381 PMCID: PMC11158377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin A1 and cyclin B1 are overexpressed in various tumors but are present at low levels in normal tissues. Cyclin A1 is restricted to germ cells undergoing meiosis. In order to explore the possibility of using cyclin A1 and cyclin B1 as anticancer targets, we knocked them down in two lung cancer cell lines, H157 and H596, using siRNA. As with cyclin A1 siRNA in lung cancer cell lines, cyclin B1, Cdc2 and CDK2 were all significantly downregulated. The S phase fraction increased significantly, and they eventually underwent apoptosis by way of downregulated intrinsic apoptotic pathways and modulators with upregulated extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Our study suggests that cyclin A1 might be a promising anticancer target specific to lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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29
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Jane EP, Premkumar DR, Pollack IF. Coadministration of Sorafenib with Rottlerin Potently Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration in Human Malignant Glioma Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:1070-80. [PMID: 16959960 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.108621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C (PKC) are activated in the majority of gliomas and contribute to tumor cell growth and survival. Sorafenib (Bay43-9006; Nexavar) is a dual-action Raf and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor that blocks receptor phosphorylation and MAPK-mediated signaling and inhibits growth in a number of tumor types. Because our initial studies of this agent in a series of glioma cell lines showed only partial growth inhibition at clinically achievable concentrations, we questioned whether inhibition of PKC signaling using the PKC-delta inhibitor rottlerin might potentiate therapeutic efficacy. Proliferation assays, apoptosis induction studies, and Western immunoblot analysis were conducted in cells treated with sorafenib and rottlerin as single agents or in combination. Sorafenib and rottlerin reduced proliferation in all cell lines when used as single agents, and the combination produced marked potentiation of growth inhibition. Flow-cytometric measurements of cells stained with Annexin V-propidium iodide and immunocytochemical assessment of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor release demonstrated that addition of rottlerin resulted in significantly higher levels of apoptosis than sorafenib alone. In addition, the combination of sorafenib and rottlerin reduced or completely inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt and down-regulated cell cycle regulatory proteins such as cyclin-D1, cyclin-D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)4, and cdk6 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Our results clearly indicate that inhibition of PKC-delta signaling enhances the antiproliferative effect of sorafenib in malignant human glioma cell lines and support the examination of combinations of signaling inhibitors in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther P Jane
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Brain Tumor Center, Pennsylvania, USA
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Pyrko P, Soriano N, Kardosh A, Liu YT, Uddin J, Petasis NA, Hofman FM, Chen CS, Chen TC, Schönthal AH. Downregulation of survivin expression and concomitant induction of apoptosis by celecoxib and its non-cyclooxygenase-2-inhibitory analog, dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC), in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:19. [PMID: 16707021 PMCID: PMC1479836 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2,5-Dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC) is a close structural analog of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib (Celebrex®) that lacks COX-2-inhibitory function. However, despite its inability to block COX-2 activity, DMC is able to potently mimic the anti-tumor effects of celecoxib in vitro and in vivo, indicating that both of these drugs are able to involve targets other than COX-2 to exert their recognized cytotoxic effects. However, the molecular components that are involved in mediating these drugs' apoptosis-stimulatory consequences are incompletely understood. Results We present evidence that celecoxib and DMC are able to down-regulate the expression of survivin, an anti-apoptotic protein that is highly expressed in tumor cells and known to confer resistance of such cells to anti-cancer treatments. Suppression of survivin is specific to these two drugs, as other coxibs (valdecoxib, rofecoxib) or traditional NSAIDs (flurbiprofen, indomethacin, sulindac) do not affect survivin expression at similar concentrations. The extent of survivin down-regulation by celecoxib and DMC in different tumor cell lines is somewhat variable, but closely correlates with the degree of drug-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. When combined with irinotecan, a widely used anticancer drug, celecoxib and DMC greatly enhance the cytotoxic effects of this drug, in keeping with a model that suppression of survivin may be beneficial to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. Remarkably, these effects are not restricted to in vitro conditions, but also take place in tumors from drug-treated animals, where both drugs similarly repress survivin, induce apoptosis, and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion In consideration of survivin's recognized role as a custodian of tumor cell survival, our results suggest that celecoxib and DMC might exert their cytotoxic anti-tumor effects at least in part via the down-regulation of survivin – in a manner that does not require the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Because inhibition of COX-2 appears to be negligible, it might be worthwhile to further evaluate DMC's potential as a non-coxib alternative to celecoxib for anti-cancer purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pyrko
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nathaniel Soriano
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Adel Kardosh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Yen-Ting Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jasim Uddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nicos A Petasis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Florence M Hofman
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Thomas C Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Carter BZ, Mak DH, Schober WD, McQueen T, Harris D, Estrov Z, Evans RL, Andreeff M. Triptolide induces caspase-dependent cell death mediated via the mitochondrial pathway in leukemic cells. Blood 2006; 108:630-7. [PMID: 16556893 PMCID: PMC1895484 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-09-3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a diterpenoid isolated from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f, has shown antitumor activities in a broad range of solid tumors. Here, we examined its effects on leukemic cells and found that, at 100 nM or less, it potently induced apoptosis in various leukemic cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. We then attempted to identify its mechanisms of action. Triptolide induced caspase-dependent cell death accompanied by a significant decrease in XIAP levels. Forced XIAP overexpression attenuated triptolide-induced cell death. Triptolide also decreased Mcl-1 but not Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) levels. Bcl-2 overexpression suppressed triptolide-induced apoptosis. Further, triptolide induced loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome C release. Caspase-9 knock-out cells were resistant, while caspase-8-deficient cells were sensitive to triptolide, suggesting criticality of the mitochondrial but not the death receptor pathway for triptolide-induced apoptosis. Triptolide also enhanced cell death induced by other anticancer agents. Collectively, our results demonstrate that triptolide decreases XIAP and potently induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in leukemic cells mediated through the mitochondrial pathway at low nanomolar concentrations. The potent antileukemic activity of triptolide in vitro warrants further investigation of this compound for the treatment of leukemias and other malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Z Carter
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030, USA
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