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Deng W, Liu X, Huang S, Wu Z, Alessandro F, Lin Q, Cai Z, Zhang Z, Huang Y, Wang H, Yuan Z. CXCL16 promotes tumor metastasis by regulating angiogenesis in the tumor micro-environment of BRAF V600E mutant colorectal cancer. Transl Oncol 2024; 41:101854. [PMID: 38232513 PMCID: PMC10827530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients of colorectal cancer (CRC) with BRAF V600E mutation obtain poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of BRAF V600E mutation in angiogenesis of tumor micro-environment (TME). It has been reported that CXCL16 expression in TME is closely related to BRAF mutation. Clinicopathological features of CRC with BRAF V600E mutant or wild type were collected in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were conducted to test the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD31 and CXCL16. ROC curve was used to determine the optimal cut off values of CXCL16. A total of 680 patients including 141 BRAF V600E type and 679 wild type were included. BRAF V600E mutant tumors were presented with significant worse clinicopathological features and a shorter overall survival (OS) than wild-type. Besides, chemokines CXCL16 was up-regulated in BRAF V600E mutant tissues and was associated with poorer prognosis. In addition, VEGF levels and vascular endothelial cell density was significantly increased in BRAF mutation. At last, CXCL16 was positively correlated with VEGF expression and vascular endothelial cell density. In conclusion, BRAF V600E mutations may promote metastasis of CRC by regulating CXCL16 expression and promoting angiogenesis in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Deng
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Shuhui Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Fichera Alessandro
- Colon and Rectal Surgery, Baylor University Medical Center, TX, United States of America
| | - Qingfeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Zonglu Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Zitong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Houjie Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China.
| | - Zixu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China; Department of General Surgery, Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China.
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2
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Jagirdar K, Portuallo ME, Wei M, Wilhide M, Bravo Narula JA, Robertson BM, Alicea GM, Aguh C, Xiao M, Godok T, Fingerman D, Brown GS, Herlyn M, Elad VM, Guo X, Toska E, Zabransky DJ, Wubbenhorst B, Nathanson KL, Kwatra S, Goyal Y, Ji H, Liu Q, Rebecca VW. ERK hyperactivation serves as a unified mechanism of escape in intrinsic and acquired CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in acral lentiginous melanoma. Oncogene 2024; 43:395-405. [PMID: 38066089 PMCID: PMC10837073 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) suffer worse outcomes relative to patients with other forms of cutaneous melanoma (CM), and do not benefit as well to approved melanoma therapies. Identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) pathway gene alterations in >60% of ALMs has led to clinical trials of the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4i/6i) palbociclib for ALM; however, median progression free survival with CDK4i/6i treatment was only 2.2 months, suggesting existence of resistance mechanisms. Therapy resistance in ALM remains poorly understood; here we report hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and elevated cyclin D1 expression serve as a mechanism of intrinsic early/adaptive CDK4i/6i resistance. ALM cells that have acquired CDK4i/6i resistance following chronic treatment exposure also exhibit hyperactivation of the MAPK pathway. MEK and/or ERK inhibition increases CDK4i/6i efficacy against therapy naïve and CDK4i/6i-resistant AM cells in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and promotes a defective DNA repair, cell cycle arrested and apoptotic program. Notably, gene alterations poorly correlate with protein expression of cell cycle proteins in ALM or efficacy of CDK4i/6i, urging additional strategies when stratifying patients for CDK4i/6i trial inclusion. Concurrent targeting of the MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 represents a new approach for patients with metastatic ALM to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturee Jagirdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie E Portuallo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meihan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Wilhide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A Bravo Narula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bailey M Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gretchen M Alicea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Crystal Aguh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tetiana Godok
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dylan Fingerman
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gregory Schuyler Brown
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vissy M Elad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eneda Toska
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel J Zabransky
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bradley Wubbenhorst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katherine L Nathanson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shawn Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- The Wistar Institute, Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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Phadke MS, Smalley KS. Targeting NRAS Mutations in Advanced Melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:2661-2664. [PMID: 36947724 PMCID: PMC10414701 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manali S. Phadke
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Keiran S.M. Smalley
- Department of Tumor Biology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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4
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Rebecca V, Jagirdar K, Portuallo M, Wei M, Wilhide M, Bravo J, Robertson B, Alicea G, Aguh C, Xiao M, Godok T, Fingerman D, Brown G, Herlyn M, Guo B, Toska E, Zabransky D, Wubbenhorst B, Nathanson K, Kwatra S, Goyal Y, Ji H, Liu Q. ERK Hyperactivation Serves as a Unified Mechanism of Escape in Intrinsic and Acquired CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance in Acral Lentiginous Melanoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2817876. [PMID: 37131684 PMCID: PMC10153386 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2817876/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) suffer worse outcomes relative to patients with other forms of cutaneous melanoma (CM), and do not benefit as well to approved melanoma therapies. Identification of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) pathway gene alterations in > 60% of ALMs has led to clinical trials of the CDK4/6 inhibitor (CDK4i/6i) palbociclib for ALM; however, median progression free survival with CDK4i/6i treatment was only 2.2 months, suggesting existence of resistance mechanisms. Therapy resistance in ALM remains poorly understood; here we report hyperactivation of MAPK signaling and elevated cyclin D1 expression are a unified mechanism of both intrinsic and acquired CDK4i/6i resistance. MEK and/or ERK inhibition increases CDK4i/6i efficacy in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of ALM and promotes a defective DNA repair, cell cycle arrested and apoptotic program. Notably, gene alterations poorly correlate with protein expression of cell cycle proteins in ALM or efficacy of CDK4i/6i, urging additional strategies when stratifying patients for CDK4i/6i trial inclusion. Concurrent targeting of the MAPK pathway and CDK4/6 represents a new approach to improve outcomes for patients with advanced ALM.
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5
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Oscier D, Stamatopoulos K, Mirandari A, Strefford J. The Genomics of Hairy Cell Leukaemia and Splenic Diffuse Red Pulp Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:697. [PMID: 35158965 PMCID: PMC8833447 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical hairy cell leukaemia (HCLc), its variant form (HCLv), and splenic diffuse red pulp lymphoma (SDRPL) constitute a subset of relatively indolent B cell tumours, with low incidence rates of high-grade transformations, which primarily involve the spleen and bone marrow and are usually associated with circulating tumour cells characterised by villous or irregular cytoplasmic borders. The primary aim of this review is to summarise their cytogenetic, genomic, immunogenetic, and epigenetic features, with a particular focus on the clonal BRAFV600E mutation, present in most cases currently diagnosed with HCLc. We then reflect on their cell of origin and pathogenesis as well as present the clinical implications of improved biological understanding, extending from diagnosis to prognosis assessment and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Oscier
- Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch NHS Trust, Bournemouth BH7 7DW, UK
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Amatta Mirandari
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jonathan Strefford
- Cancer Genomics Group, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.M.); (J.S.)
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6
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Zhi J, Jia XJ, Yan J, Wang HC, Feng B, Xing HY, Jia YT. BRAF V600E mutant colorectal cancer cells mediate local immunosuppressive microenvironment through exosomal long noncoding RNAs. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:2129-2148. [PMID: 35070047 PMCID: PMC8713331 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i12.2129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAFV600E mutated colorectal cancer (CRC) is prone to peritoneal and distant lymph node metastasis and this correlates with a poor prognosis. The BRAFV600E mutation is closely related to the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, the correlation between BRAFV600E mutation and changes in local immune microenvironment of CRC is not clear.
AIM To explore the effect and mechanism of BRAFV600E mutant on the immune microenvironment of CRC.
METHODS Thirty patients with CRC were included in this study: 20 in a control group and 10 in a treatment group. The density of microvessels and microlymphatic vessels, and M2 subtype macrophages in tumor tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Screening and functional analysis of exosomal long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were performed by transcriptomics. The proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) were detected by CCK-8 assay and scratch test, respectively. The tube-forming ability of endothelial cells was detected by tube formation assay. The macrophage subtypes were obtained by flow cytometry. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, VEGF-C, claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens (ZO)-1, fibroblast activation protein, and α-smooth muscle actin was assessed by western blot analysis. The levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, TGF-β1, and VEGF were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
RESULTS BRAFV600E mutation was positively correlated with the increase of preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (P < 0.05), and with poor tumor tissue differentiation in CRC (P < 0.01). Microvascular density and microlymphatic vessel density in BRAFV600E mutant CRC tissues were higher than those in BRAF wild-type CRC (P < 0.05). The number of CD163+ M2 macrophages in BRAFV600E mutant CRC tumor tissue was markedly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with exosomes from CRC cells with BRAF gene silencing, the expression of 13 lncRNAs and 192 mRNAs in the exosomes from BRAFV600E mutant CRC cells was upregulated, and the expression of 22 lncRNAs and 236 mRNAs was downregulated (P < 0.05). The biological functions and signaling pathways predicted by differential lncRNA target genes and differential mRNAs were closely related to angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and changes in the microenvironment. The proliferation, migration, and tube formation ability of HUVECs and HLECs induced by exosomes in the 1627 cell group (HT29 cells with BRAF gene silencing) was greatly reduced compared with the HT29 cell group (P < 0.05). Compared with the HT29 cell group, the expression levels of VEGF-A, bFGF, TGF-β1, and VEGF-C in the exosomes derived from 1627 cells were reduced. The expression of ZO-1 in HUVECs, and claudin-5, occludin, and ZO-1 in HLECs of the 1627 cell group was higher. Compared with the 1627 cell group, the exosomes of the HT29 cell group promoted the expression of CD163 in macrophages (P < 0.05). IL-6 secretion by macrophages in the HT29 cell group was markedly elevated (P < 0.05), whereas TGF-β1 was decreased (P < 0.05). The levels of IL-6, TGF-β1, and VEGF secreted by fibroblasts in the 1627 cell group decreased, compared with the HT29 cell group (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION BRAFV600E mutant CRC cells can reach the tumor microenvironment by releasing exosomal lncRNAs, and induce the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhi
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Jia
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Oncology, Puyang People’s Hospital, Puyang 457000, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Han-Ying Xing
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi-Tao Jia
- Department of Oncology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, Hebei Province, China
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7
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Zhao Z, Liao N. Bergamottin Induces DNA Damage and Inhibits Malignant Progression in Melanoma by Modulating miR-145/Cyclin D1 Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3769-3781. [PMID: 34168462 PMCID: PMC8216741 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s275322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is a prevalent skin cancer with the high rate of metastasis and mortality, affecting the increasing number of people worldwide. Bergamottin (BGM) is a natural furanocoumarin derived from grapefruits and presents the potential anti-cancer activity in several tumor models. However, the role of BGM in the development of melanoma remains unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of BGM on the DNA damage and progression of melanoma. Methods The effect of BGM on the melanoma progression was analyzed by CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays, transwell assays, Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit, cell-cycle analysis, in vivo tumorigenicity analysis. The mechanism investigation was performed using luciferase reporter gene assays, qPCR assays, and Western blot analysis. Results We identified that BGM repressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of melanoma cells. BGM induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and enhanced apoptosis of melanoma cells. The DNA damage in the melanoma cells was stimulated by the BGM treatment. Meanwhile, BGM was able to up-regulate the expression of miR-145 and miR-145 targeted Cyclin D1 in the melanoma cells. Furthermore, BGM inhibited the progression of melanoma by targeting miR-145/Cyclin D1 axis in vitro. BGM attenuated the tumor growth of melanoma in vivo. Conclusion Thus, we conclude that BGM induces DNA damage and inhibits tumor progression in melanoma by modulating the miR-145/Cyclin D1 axis. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism by which BGM modulates the development of melanoma. BGM may be applied as a potential anti-tumor candidate for the clinical treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
| | - Nong Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, 510150, People's Republic of China
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8
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Garutti M, Targato G, Buriolla S, Palmero L, Minisini AM, Puglisi F. CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061334. [PMID: 34071228 PMCID: PMC8227121 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, metastatic melanoma was considered a highly lethal disease. However, recent advances in drug development have allowed a significative improvement in prognosis. In particular, BRAF/MEK inhibitors and anti-PD1 antibodies have completely revolutionized the management of this disease. Nonetheless, not all patients derive a benefit or a durable benefit from these therapies. To overtake this challenges, new clinically active compounds are being tested in the context of clinical trials. CDK4/6 inhibitors are drugs already available in clinical practice and preliminary evidence showed a promising activity also in melanoma. Herein we review the available literature to depict a comprehensive landscape about CDK4/6 inhibitors in melanoma. We present the molecular and genetic background that might justify the usage of these drugs, the preclinical evidence, the clinical available data, and the most promising ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giada Targato
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Silvia Buriolla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Lorenza Palmero
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
| | | | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (L.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.T.); (S.B.); (A.M.M.)
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9
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Han S, Yan Y, Ren Y, Hu Y, Wang Y, Chen L, Zhi Z, Zheng Y, Shao Y, Liu J. LncRNA SAMMSON Mediates Adaptive Resistance to RAF Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Melanoma Cells. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2918-2929. [PMID: 34087780 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) SAMMSON is required for human melanoma cell growth and survival. However, whether SAMMSON regulates the response of mutant BRAF melanoma cells to RAF inhibitors remains unknown. In this work, we showed that SAMMSON is rapidly induced upon inhibition of ERK signaling, and SAMMSON overexpression conferred resistance to vemurafenib-induced cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. SOX10 mediated transcriptional induction of SAMMSON by vemurafenib, and SOX10 sumoylation at K55 was essential for this function. In addition, depletion of SAMMSON activated p53 signaling, which is dependent on the SAMMSON-interacting protein CARF. Depletion of SAMMSON sensitized mutant BRAF melanoma cells to RAF inhibitors in vitro and in vivo, while CARF knockdown reversed the enhanced sensitivity. In summary, these findings suggest that SAMMSON may function as a new mediator of adaptive resistance to RAF inhibitors in melanoma by modulating CARF-p53 signaling. SIGNIFICANCE: This study highlights the role of a SAMMSON/CARF/p53 signaling axis in modulating the adaptive resistance of mutant BRAF melanoma to RAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Han
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuwei Yan
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yibo Ren
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Zhi
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yongping Shao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. .,Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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10
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González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ramos-García P. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of CCND1/Cyclin D1 Upregulation in Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1314. [PMID: 33804108 PMCID: PMC7999631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cyclin D1 (CD1) overexpression/CCND1 amplification in melanomas. We searched studies published before September 2019 (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (QUIPS tool). The impact of CD1 overexpression/CCND1 amplification on overall survival and relevant clinicopathological characteristic were meta-analyzed. We performed heterogeneity, sensitivity, small-study effects, and subgroup analyses. Forty-one studies and 3451 patients met inclusion criteria. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated that not all studies were performed with the same rigor, finding the greatest risk of bias in the study confounding domain. Quantitative evaluation showed that immunohistochemical CD1 overexpression had a statistical association with Breslow thickness (p = 0.007; OR = 2.09,95% CI = 1.23-3.57), significantly higher frequency of CCND1/cyclin D1 abnormalities has been observed in the primary tumor compared to distant metastases (p = 0.004), revealed also by immunohistochemical overexpression of the protein (p < 0.001; OR = 0.53,95% CI = 0.40-0.71), while the CCND1 gene amplification does not show association (p = 0.43); while gene amplification, on the contrary, appeared more frequently in distant metastases (p = 0.04; OR = 1.70,95% CI = 1.01-2.85) and not in the primary tumor. In conclusion, CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion of the primary tumor. This upregulation is mainly consequence to the overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein, and not to gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- WHO Collaborating Group for Oral Cancer, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabel González-Ruiz
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
- Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain; (I.G.-R.); (P.R.-G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain;
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11
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González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ayén Á, Ramos-García P. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:788-805. [PMID: 32147907 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a protein encoded by the CCND1 gene, located on 11q13 chromosome, which is a key component of the physiological regulation of the cell cycle. CCND1/cyclin D1 is upregulated in several types of human tumors including melanoma and is currently classified as an oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation. Despite the demonstrated importance of CCND1/cyclin D1 as a central oncogene in several types of human tumors, its knowledge in melanoma is still limited. This review examines data published on upregulation of the CCND1 gene and cyclin D1 protein in the melanoma setting, focusing on the pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the gene and on the clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Biohealth Research Institute, Granada, Spain.,Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela Ayén
- Dermatology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
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12
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Mechanisms of suppression of cell growth by dual inhibition of ALK and MEK in ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18842. [PMID: 31827192 PMCID: PMC6906283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, a key oncogenic driver in a small subset of non-small cell lung cancers, confers sensitivity to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Crizotinib, a first generation ALK-TKI, has superiority to standard chemotherapy with longer progression-free survival and higher objective response rate. However, clinical benefit is limited by development of resistance, typically within a year of therapy. In this study the combined effect of crizotinib and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib was investigated in both crizotinib naïve (H3122) and crizotinib resistant (CR-H3122) ALK-positive lung cancer cells. Results showed that combination treatment potently inhibited the growth of both H3122 and CR-H3122 cells, resulting from increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation as a consequence of suppressed downstream RAS/MAPK signalling. The drug combination also elicited a greater than 3-fold increase in Bim, a mediator of apoptosis, and p27, a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor compared to crizotinib alone. The results support the hypothesis that combining MEK inhibitors with ALK inhibitor can overcome ALK inhibitor resistance, and identifies Bim, PARP and CDK1 as druggable targets for possible triple drug therapy.
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13
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Translational pathology, genomics and the development of systemic therapies for acral melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:149-157. [PMID: 31689494 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Acral melanomas arise on the non-hair bearing skin of the palms, soles and in the nail beds. These rare tumors comprise 2-3 % of all melanomas, are not linked to UV-exposure, and represent the most frequent subtype of melanomas in patients of Asian, African and Hispanic origin. Although recent work has revealed candidate molecular events that underlie acral melanoma development, this knowledge is not yet been translated into efficacious local, regional, or systemic therapies. In the current review, we describe the clinical characteristics of acral melanoma and outline the genetic basis of acral melanoma development. Further discussion is given to the current status of systemic therapy for acral melanoma with a focus on ongoing developments in both immunotherapy and targeted therapy for the treatment of advanced disease.
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14
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An HJ, Ryu M, Jeong HJ, Kang M, Jeon HM, Lee JO, Kim YS, Lee H. Higd-1a regulates the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through a pERK/p27 KIP1/pRB pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 461:78-89. [PMID: 31310799 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Higd-1a/HIMP1-a/HIG1, a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, promotes cell survival under low glucose and hypoxic conditions. We previously reported that it interacts with Opa1, a factor involved in mitochondrial fusion, to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. In the present study, we found that depletion of Higd-1a inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in mice xenografts. Higd-1a knockdown did not itself lead to cell death but it caused cell cycle arrest through induction of p27KIP1 and hypo-phosphorylation of RB protein. Knockdown of Higd-1a also induced cellular senescence as shown by increased granularity and SA-β-galactosidase activity. We further showed that the mitochondrial stress induced by Higd-1a led to reduced ERK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the ERK pathway with U0126 induced p27KIP1 expression in the pancreatic cancer cells, confirming that the cell cycle retardation was the result of inhibition of the ERK pathway. Array analysis of human pancreatic cancers revealed that expression of Higd-1a was significantly elevated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared to normal tissue. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Higd-1a plays an important role in the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by regulating the pERK/p27KIP1/pRB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung An
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRL & BK21 Plus Team, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyeun Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Kang
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Fisk HA, Thomas JL, Nguyen TB. Breaking Bad: Uncoupling of Modularity in Centriole Biogenesis and the Generation of Excess Centrioles in Cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 67:391-411. [PMID: 31435805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23173-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Centrosomes are tiny yet complex cytoplasmic structures that perform a variety of roles related to their ability to act as microtubule-organizing centers. Like the genome, centrosomes are single copy structures that undergo a precise semi-conservative replication once each cell cycle. Precise replication of the centrosome is essential for genome integrity, because the duplicated centrosomes will serve as the poles of a bipolar mitotic spindle, and any number of centrosomes other than two will lead to an aberrant spindle that mis-segregates chromosomes. Indeed, excess centrosomes are observed in a variety of human tumors where they generate abnormal spindles in situ that are thought to participate in tumorigenesis by driving genomic instability. At the heart of the centrosome is a pair of centrioles, and at the heart of centrosome duplication is the replication of this centriole pair. Centriole replication proceeds through a complex macromolecular assembly process. However, while centrosomes may contain as many as 500 proteins, only a handful of proteins have been shown to be essential for centriole replication. Our observations suggest that centriole replication is a modular, bottom-up process that we envision akin to building a house; the proper site of assembly is identified, a foundation is assembled at that site, and subsequent modules are added on top of the foundation. Here, we discuss the data underlying our view of modularity in the centriole assembly process, and suggest that non-essential centriole assembly factors take on greater importance in cancer cells due to their function in coordination between centriole modules, using the Monopolar spindles 1 protein kinase and its substrate Centrin 2 to illustrate our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Fisk
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tan B Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Torres-Collado AX, Knott J, Jazirehi AR. Reversal of Resistance in Targeted Therapy of Metastatic Melanoma: Lessons Learned from Vemurafenib (BRAF V600E-Specific Inhibitor). Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060157. [PMID: 29795041 PMCID: PMC6025215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has a very low survival rate. Over 50% of melanomas harbor various BRAF mutations with the most common being the V600E. BRAFV600E mutation that causes constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway leading to drug-, immune-resistance, apoptosis evasion, proliferation, survival, and metastasis of melanomas. The ATP competitive BRAFV600E selective inhibitor, vemurafenib, has shown dramatic success in clinical trials; promoting tumor regression and an increase in overall survival of patients with metastatic melanoma. Regrettably, vemurafenib-resistance develops over an average of six months, which renders melanomas resistant to other therapeutic strategies. Elucidation of the underlying mechanism(s) of acquisition of vemurafenib-resistance and design of novel approaches to override resistance is the subject of intense clinical and basic research. In this review, we summarize recent developments in therapeutic approaches and clinical investigations on melanomas with BRAFV600E mutation to establish a new platform for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Xavier Torres-Collado
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Knott
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Ali R Jazirehi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, and the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Wei YP, Wang XH, Liu G, Zhang JF, Yang YX, Zhang J, Song XL, Li ZD, Zhao LD. Matrine exerts inhibitory effects in melanoma through the regulation of miR-19b-3p/PTEN. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:791-800. [PMID: 29845233 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrine, one of the main alkaloid components extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Sophora flavescens Ait, has various pharmacological effects, and has been reported to exert antitumor activity in melanoma. In the current study, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of matrine were investigated in melanoma cell line. It was initially confirmed that matrine inhibited proliferation, invasion and induced apoptosis in human A375 and SK-MEL-2 melanoma cell lines in vitro. Subsequently, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the expression of microRNA (miR)-19b-3p was significantly increased in melanoma cells and was downregulated by treatment with matrine. Furthermore, downregulated miR-19b-3p exerted effects similar to 500 µg/ml matrine on cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA was identified as a direct target of miR-19b-3p through bioinformatics analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Additionally, western blotting and RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of PTEN protein and mRNA were increased by the treatment with matrine. Furthermore, silencing of PTEN expression reversed the effects of matrine and miR-19b-3p downregulation in A375 and SK-MEL-2 cells. Taken together, the results indicated that matrine may suppress cell proliferation and invasion and induce cell apoptosis partially via miR-19b-3p targeting of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ping Wei
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Hua Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Feng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xian Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li Song
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Dong Li
- Department of Hematology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Dong Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454000, P.R. China
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18
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Brożyna AA, Aplin A, Cohen C, Carlson G, Page AJ, Murphy M, Slominski AT, Carlson JA. CKS1 expression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:4173-4187. [PMID: 29423113 PMCID: PMC5790530 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 1 (Cks1) regulates the degradation of p27, an important G1-S inhibitor, which is up regulated by MAPK pathway activation. In this study, we sought to determine whether Cks1 expression is increased in melanocytic tumors and correlates with outcome and/or other clinicopathologic prognostic markers. Cks1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 298 melanocytic lesions. The frequency and intensity of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression was scored as a labeling index and correlated with clinico-pathological data. Nuclear Cks1 protein was found in 63% of melanocytic nevi, 89% primary and 90% metastatic melanomas with mean labeling index of 7 ± 16, 19 ± 20, and 30 ± 29, respectively. While cytoplasmic Cks1 was found in 41% of melanocytic nevi, 84% primary and 95% metastatic melanomas with mean labeling index of 18 ± 34, 35 ± 34, and 52 ± 34, accordingly. Histologic stepwise model of tumor progression, defined as progression from benign nevi to primary melanomas, to melanoma metastases, revealed a significant increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic Cks1 expression with tumor progression. Nuclear and cytoplasmic Cks1 expression correlated with the presence of ulceration, increased mitotic rate, Breslow depth, Clark level, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and gender. However, other well-known prognostic factors (age, anatomic site, and regression) did not correlate with any type of Cks1 expression. Similarly, increasing nuclear expression of Cks1 significantly correlated with worse overall survival. Thus, Cks1 expression appears to play a role in the progression of melanoma, where high levels of expression are associated with poor outcome. Cytoplasmic expression of Cks1 might represent high turnover of protein via the ubiquination/proteosome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, Bydgoszcz 85-796, Poland
| | - Andrew Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, BLSB 524, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Cynthia Cohen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grant Carlson
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrew Joseph Page
- Pancreas, Liver, and Cancer Surgery, Piedmont Healthcare, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - J Andrew Carlson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical College MC-81, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Kim SA, Ryu YW, Kwon JI, Choe MS, Jung JW, Cho JW. Differential expression of cyclin D1, Ki‑67, pRb, and p53 in psoriatic skin lesions and normal skin. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:735-742. [PMID: 29115643 PMCID: PMC5780150 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a hyperproliferative inflammatory skin disease; therefore, it is highly likely that psoriatic skin lesions may transform into malignancies. However, malignant transformation is not common. We performed immunohistochemical studies using anti‑cyclin D1, anti‑cyclin E, anti‑pRb, anti‑p53, anti‑p16INK4a, and anti‑Ki‑67 antibodies in normal skin, psoriatic epidermal tissue, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue. Furthermore, western blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed to ascertain differences in cyclin D1, cyclin E, pRb, and Ki‑67 expression before and after treatment for psoriasis. Cyclin D1 expression was higher in chronic psoriatic lesions than that in normal epidermis. Psoriasis lesions showed a strong intensity of positive nuclear staining for cyclin D1 among several normally stained nuclei in the basal layer. Cyclin E expression in psoriasis was stronger in the granular and spinous layer than in the normal epidermis. Expression levels of pRb and p53 were found to be higher in the psoriasis group compared with the normal epidermis. Total basal layer cell counts for p53WT expression were found to be significantly higher in the psoriasis group compared with the normal group. However, p16 expression was very weak in the normal and psoriasis groups compared with that in the SCC group. Ki‑67 immunoreactivity was significantly higher in psoriasis compared with normal epidermis and was similar with that in the SCC group. According to immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis, the expression levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, pRb, and Ki‑67 in psoriasis lesions decreased after treatment and were similar with those in the normal group. Thus, increased expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E may be involved in cell cycle progression in psoriatic epidermis, and pRb and p53 may play important roles in the prevention of malignant transformation under the hyperproliferative state in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ae Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Wook Ryu
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Il Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Sun Choe
- Department of Pathology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woong Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae We Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Jung‑Gu, Daegu 41931, Republic of Korea
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20
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Chen SH, Gong X, Zhang Y, Van Horn RD, Yin T, Huber L, Burke TF, Manro J, Iversen PW, Wu W, Bhagwat SV, Beckmann RP, Tiu RV, Buchanan SG, Peng SB. RAF inhibitor LY3009120 sensitizes RAS or BRAF mutant cancer to CDK4/6 inhibition by abemaciclib via superior inhibition of phospho-RB and suppression of cyclin D1. Oncogene 2017; 37:821-832. [PMID: 29059158 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations are among the most important oncogenic drivers in many major cancer types, such as melanoma, lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancer. There is currently no effective therapy for the treatment of RAS mutant cancers. LY3009120, a pan-RAF and RAF dimer inhibitor advanced to clinical study has been shown to inhibit both RAS and BRAF mutant cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Abemaciclib, a CDK4/6-selective inhibitor, is currently in phase III studies for ER-positive breast cancer and KRAS mutant lung cancer. In this study, we found that combinatory treatment with LY3009120 and abemaciclib synergistically inhibited proliferation of tumor cells in vitro and led to tumor growth regression in xenograft models with a KRAS, NRAS or BRAF mutation at the doses of two drugs that were well tolerated in combination. Further in vitro screen in 328 tumor cell lines revealed that tumor cells with KRAS, NRAS or BRAF mutation, or cyclin D activation are more sensitive, whereas tumor cells with PTEN, PIK3CA, PIK3R1 or retinoblastoma (Rb) mutation are more resistant to this combination treatment. Molecular analysis revealed that abemaciclib alone inhibited Rb phosphorylation partially and caused an increase of cyclin D1. The combinatory treatment cooperatively demonstrated more complete inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, and LY3009120 suppressed the cyclin D1 upregulation mediated by abemaciclib. These results were further verified by CDK4/6 siRNA knockdown. Importantly, the more complete phospho-Rb inhibition and cyclin D1 suppression by LY3009120 and abemaciclib combination led to more significant cell cycle G0/G1 arrest of tumor cells. These preclinical findings suggest that combined inhibition of RAF and d-cyclin-dependent kinases might provide an effective approach to treat patients with tumors harboring mutations in RAS or RAF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Chen
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Gong
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R D Van Horn
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T Yin
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - L Huber
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - T F Burke
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Manro
- Statistics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P W Iversen
- Statistics, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Wu
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S V Bhagwat
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R P Beckmann
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R V Tiu
- Early Phase Oncology and Oncology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S G Buchanan
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S-B Peng
- Oncology Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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21
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Wang JY, Liu GZ, Wilmott JS, La T, Feng YC, Yari H, Yan XG, Thorne RF, Scolyer RA, Zhang XD, Jin L. Skp2-Mediated Stabilization of MTH1 Promotes Survival of Melanoma Cells upon Oxidative Stress. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6226-6239. [PMID: 28947420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MTH1 helps prevent misincorporation of ROS-damaged dNTPs into genomic DNA; however, there is little understanding of how MTH1 itself is regulated. Here, we report that MTH1 is regulated by polyubiquitination mediated by the E3 ligase Skp2. In melanoma cells, MTH1 was upregulated commonly mainly due to its improved stability caused by K63-linked polyubiquitination. Although Skp2 along with other components of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complex was physically associated with MTH1, blocking the SCF function ablated MTH1 ubiquitination and expression. Conversely, overexpressing Skp2-elevated levels of MTH1 associated with an increase in its K63-linked ubiquitination. In melanoma cell lines and patient specimens, we observed a positive correlation of Skp2 and MTH1 expression. Mechanistic investigations showed that Skp2 limited DNA damage and apoptosis triggered by oxidative stress and that MAPK upregulated Skp2 and MTH1 to render cells more resistant to such stress. Collectively, our findings identify Skp2-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination as a critical regulatory mechanism responsible for MTH1 upregulation in melanoma, with potential implications to target the MAPK/Skp2/MTH1 pathway to improve its treatment. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6226-39. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu Wang
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guang Zhi Liu
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China
| | - James S Wilmott
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ting La
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yu Chen Feng
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hamed Yari
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Guang Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, and Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Jin
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan, China. .,School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Zalesna I, Osrodek M, Hartman ML, Rozanski M, Sztiller-Sikorska M, Niewinna K, Nejc D, Czyz M. Exogenous growth factors bFGF, EGF and HGF do not influence viability and phenotype of V600EBRAF melanoma cells and their response to vemurafenib and trametinib in vitro. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183498. [PMID: 28829835 PMCID: PMC5568748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that the response of V600EBRAF melanoma cells to targeted therapeutics is affected by growth factors. We have investigated the influence of three different growth factors, bFGF, EGF and HGF used either alone or in combination, on the response of V600EBRAF melanoma cell populations established from surgical specimens to vemurafenib and trametinib, targeting V600EBRAF and MEK1/2, respectively. We report that proliferation and phenotype of V600EBRAF melanoma cell populations were not detectably influenced by exogenous growth factors. Neither cell distribution in cell cycle and CCND1 expression nor activity of signaling pathways crucial for melanoma development and maintenance, including the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, WNT/β-catenin pathway and NF-κB signaling, were affected by the presence of different growth factors. We furthermore show that vemurafenib and trametinib abrogated the activity of ERK1/2, arrested cells in G0/G1 cell cycle phase, triggered apoptosis, induced changes in the expression of CXCL8, CCND1 and CTGF and the frequency of Ki-67high and CD271high cells. These effects were, however, similar in the presence of different growth factors. Interestingly, comparable results were also obtained for melanoma cells grown without exogenous growth factors bFGF, EGF and HGF for a period as long as 4 months prior the drug treatment. We conclude that the composition or lack of exogenous growth factors bFGF, EGF and HGF do not markedly influence viability and phenotype of V600EBRAF melanoma cells and their response to vemurafenib and trametinib in vitro. Our results question the necessity of these growth factors in the medium that is used for culturing V600EBRAF melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Zalesna
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Osrodek
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz L. Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michal Rozanski
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Karolina Niewinna
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Nejc
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czyz
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kurahara H, Bohl C, Natsugoe S, Nishizono Y, Harihar S, Sharma R, Iwakuma T, Welch DR. Suppression of pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis by HMP19 identified through genome-wide shRNA screen. Int J Cancer 2017; 139:628-38. [PMID: 27012470 PMCID: PMC4867126 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic effectiveness against metastatic or even locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal, with 5‐year survival less than 5%. Even in patients who undergo potentially curative resection, most patients' tumors recur in the liver. Improving therapies targeting or preventing liver metastases is crucial for improving prognosis. To identify genes suppressing metastasis, a genome‐wide shRNA screen was done using the human non‐metastatic PDAC cell line, S2‐028. After identification of candidates, functional validation was done using intrasplenic and orthotopic injections in athymic mice. HMP19 strongly inhibited metastasis but also partially attenuated tumor growth in the pancreas. Knockdown of HMP19 increased localization of activated ERK1/2 in the nucleus, corresponding to facilitated cell proliferation, decreased p27Kip1 and increased cyclin E1. Over‐expression of HMP19 exerted the opposite effects. Using a tissue microarray of 84 human PDAC, patients with low expression of HMP19 showed significantly higher incidence of liver metastasis (p = 0.0175) and worse prognosis (p = 0.018) after surgery. HMP19, a new metastasis/tumor suppressor in PDAC, appears to alter signaling that leads to cell proliferation and appears to offer prognostic value in human PDAC. What's new? Pancreatic cancer is a frequently intractable disease, due in part to its late diagnosis and propensity to metastasize. Indeed, potentially curative resection fails in more than half of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), owing to recurrence in the pancreas as well as to metastasis, particularly to the liver. Prognosis may be improved, however, by leveraging the inhibitory strength of novel metastasis suppressors. A promising candidate is HMP19, described in this study. In xenograft models, HMP19 overexpression significantly suppressed PDAC tumor growth and spread. Its elevated expression in clinical samples was associated with reduced liver metastasis and improved patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Christopher Bohl
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Nishizono
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS.,University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
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24
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Ostalecki C, Lee JH, Dindorf J, Collenburg L, Schierer S, Simon B, Schliep S, Kremmer E, Schuler G, Baur AS. Multiepitope tissue analysis reveals SPPL3-mediated ADAM10 activation as a key step in the transformation of melanocytes. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/470/eaai8288. [PMID: 28292959 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of cancer is characterized by the appearance of specific mutations, but these mutations are translated into proteins that must cooperate to induce malignant transformation. Using a systemic approach with the multiepitope ligand cartography (MELC) technology, we analyzed protein expression profiles (PEPs) in nevi and BRAFV600E-positive superficial spreading melanomas (SSMs) from patient tissues to identify key transformation events. The PEPs in nevi and SSMs differed predominantly in the abundance of specific antigens, but the PEPs of nevi- and melanoma-associated keratinocytes gradually changed during the transformation process. A stepwise change in PEP with similar properties occurred in keratinocytes cocultured with melanoma cells. Analysis of the individual steps indicated that activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM10 by signal peptide peptidase-like 3 (SPPL3) triggered by mutant BRAFV600E was a critical transformation event. SPPL3-mediated ADAM10 activation involved the translocation of SPPL3 and ADAM10 into Rab4- or Rab27-positive endosomal compartments. This endosomal translocation, and hence ADAM10 activation, was inhibited by the presence of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Our findings suggest that systematic tissue antigen analysis could complement whole-genome approaches to provide more insight into cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ostalecki
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Dindorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lena Collenburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schierer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Simon
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schliep
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Marchioninistraße 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Translational Research Center, Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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25
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Seo SB, Lee JJ, Yun HH, Im CN, Kim YS, Ko JH, Lee JH. 14-3-3β Depletion Drives a Senescence Program in Glioblastoma Cells Through the ERK/SKP2/p27 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1259-1270. [PMID: 28116547 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The induction of senescence in cancer cells has recently been implicated as a mechanism of tumor regression in response to various modes of stress. 14-3-3 proteins are conserved scaffolding molecules that are involved in various cellular functions. Among the seven isoforms, 14-3-3β is specifically expressed in astrocytoma in correlation with the malignancy grade. We investigated the possible role of 14-3-3β in the regulation of senescence induction in A172 glioblastoma cells. The knockdown of 14-3-3β by specific small interfering RNA resulted in a significant change in cellular phenotypes and an increase in cells staining positive for senescence-associated β-galactosidase. Western blotting of the 14-3-3β-depleted A172 cells revealed increased p27 expression and decreased SKP2 expression, while the expression of p53 and p21 was not altered. Subsequently, we demonstrated that ERK is a key modulator of SKP2/p27 axis activity in 14-3-3β-mediated senescence based on the following: (1) 14-3-3β knockdown decreased p-ERK levels; (2) treatment with U0126, an MEK inhibitor, completely reproduced the senescence morphology as well as the expression profiles of p27 and SKP2; and (3) the senescence phenotypes induced by 14-3-3β depletion were considerably recovered by constitutively active ERK expression. Our results indicate that 14-3-3β negatively regulates senescence in glioblastoma cells via the ERK/SKP2/p27 pathway. Furthermore, 14-3-3β depletion also resulted in senescence phenotypes in U87 glioblastoma cells, suggesting that 14-3-3β could be targeted to induce premature senescence as a therapeutic strategy against glioblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bin Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Tunneling Nanotube Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyeon Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Nim Im
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sam Kim
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Ko
- Genome Editing Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea. .,The Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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26
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BRAF V600E mutation in hairy cell leukemia: from bench to bedside. Blood 2016; 128:1918-1927. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-418434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a distinct clinicopathological entity whose underlying genetic lesion has remained a mystery for over half a century. The BRAF V600E mutation is now recognized as the causal genetic event of HCL because it is somatic, present in the entire tumor clone, detectable in almost all cases at diagnosis (encompassing the whole disease spectrum), and stable at relapse. BRAF V600E leads to the constitutive activation of the RAF-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway which represents the key event in the molecular pathogenesis of HCL. KLF2 and CDNK1B (p27) mutations may cooperate with BRAF V600E in promoting leukemic transformation. Sensitive molecular assays for detecting BRAF V600E allow HCL (highly responsive to purine analogs) to be better distinguished from HCL-like disorders, which are treated differently. In vitro preclinical studies on purified HCL cells proved that BRAF and MEK inhibitors can induce marked dephosphorylation of MEK/ERK, silencing of RAF-MEK-ERK pathway transcriptional output, loss of the HCL-specific gene expression profile signature, change of morphology from “hairy” to “smooth,” and eventually apoptosis. The overall response rate of refractory/relapsed HCL patients to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib approached 100%, with 35% to 40% complete remissions (CRs). The median relapse free-survival was about 19 months in patients who had achieved CR and 6 months in those who had obtained a partial response. Future therapeutic perspectives include: (1) combining BRAF inhibitors with MEK inhibitors or immunotherapy (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) to increase the percentage of CRs and (2) better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance of HCL cells to BRAF inhibitors.
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27
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A Pilot Study of Galectin-3, HBME-1, and p27 Triple Immunostaining Pattern for Diagnosis of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules in Cytology With Correlation to Histology. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 23:481-90. [PMID: 25221953 PMCID: PMC4530731 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Indeterminate thyroid nodules form a heterogenous group of lesions that constitute 5% to 30% of thyroid cytology diagnoses. We introduce a triple immunostaining protocol for subtyping. Galectin-3, HBME-1, and p27 triple immunostaining, performed on destained cytology slides and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, was developed and applied to 51 patients retrospectively with preoperative cytologic diagnoses of follicular lesion of undetermined significance (n=40), atypia of undetermined significance (n=6), and suspicious for follicular neoplasm (n=5). The malignant rate in this series was 43.1% (22/51). A hierarchal evaluation algorithm was generated based on digital image quantitation of triple-stained histologic sections, and applied to both cytology and histology specimens. Fifty of 51 cytology cases have triple staining validated by internal controls. In cytology specimens, the individual sensitivities and specificities of p27, Galectin3, and HBME1 for cancer with 95% confidence interval are: 86.2% (0.674, 0.955)/66.7% (0.431, 0.845); 77.3% (0.542, 0.913)/72.4% (0.525, 0.866); and 72.7% (0.496, 0.884)/93.1% (0.758, 0.988), respectively. Sensitivity is increased to 95.5% (0.751, 0.998), but specificity is decreased to 69.0% (0.490, 0.840), if Galectin3 and HBME1 are both used in combination as markers for malignancy. However, the level of specificity is increased to 86.2% (0.674, 0.955) and sensitivity remains high 100% (0.808, 1) if in addition, using the Galectin3/HBME1:p27 ratio (ratio ≥2 indicating malignancy) for 2 or 3 markers positive cases. Thus, the triple staining method on cytology slides and histology sections shows a similar sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value/negative predictive value of 100.0%/86.2%/84.0%/100.0% and 95.5%/86.2%/84.0%/96.2%, respectively (P=0.92). Overall, p27 is the most frequent single positive marker (19/50, 38% in cytology), consistent with benign nature of most indeterminate thyroid nodules. Galectin-3 and HBME-1 colocalization (positive in the same cell) was demonstrated in thyroid cancer in 45.5% (10/22) of histology sections, but in none of the normal thyroid tissues and benign thyroid lesions. This supports the notion that synchronous activation of Galectin-3 and HBME-1 occurs in thyroid malignancy and is highly specific for malignancy. We have demonstrated the performance and pattern of triple immunostaining for subtyping indeterminate thyroid nodules. Further studies and validation in different larger populations are warranted.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Fiskus
- Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center; and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Nicholas Mitsiades
- Department of Medicine; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center; and Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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29
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Zhang P, Feng S, Liu G, Wang H, Zhu H, Ren Q, Bai H, Fu C, Dong C. Mutant B-Raf(V600E) Promotes Melanoma Paracellular Transmigration by Inducing Thrombin-mediated Endothelial Junction Breakdown. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2087-106. [PMID: 26504080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.696419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor invasiveness depends on the ability of tumor cells to breach endothelial barriers. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the adhesion of melanoma cells to endothelium regulates adherens junction integrity and modulates tumor transendothelial migration (TEM) by initiating thrombin generation. We found that the B-Raf(V600E) mutation in metastatic melanoma cells up-regulated tissue factor (TF) expression on cell membranes and promoted thrombin production. Co-culture of endothelial monolayers with metastatic melanoma cells mediated the opening of inter-endothelial spaces near melanoma cell contact sites in the presence of platelet-free plasma (PFP). By using small interfering RNA (siRNA), we demonstrated that B-Raf(V600E) and TF silencing attenuated the focal disassembly of adherens junction induced by tumor contact. Vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) disassembly was dependent on phosphorylation of p120-catenin on Ser-879 and VE-cadherin on Tyr-658, Tyr-685, and Tyr-731, which can be prevented by treatment with the thrombin inhibitor, hirudin, or by silencing the thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, in endothelial cells. We also provided strong evidence that tumor-derived thrombin enhanced melanoma TEM by inducing ubiquitination-coupled VE-cadherin internalization, focal adhesion formation, and actin assembly in endothelium. Confocal microscopic analysis of tumor TEM revealed that junctions transiently opened and resealed as tumor cells accomplished TEM. In addition, in the presence of PFP, tumor cells preferentially transmigrated via paracellular routes. PFP supported melanoma transmigration under shear conditions via a B-Raf(V600E)-thrombin-dependent mechanism. We concluded that the activation of thrombin generation by cancer cells in plasma is an important process regulating melanoma extravasation by disrupting endothelial junction integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, the Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, and
| | - Shan Feng
- From the Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Gentao Liu
- the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heyong Wang
- the Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 507 Zhengmin Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- From the Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiao Ren
- From the Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huiyuan Bai
- From the Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real Time Analytical Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changliang Fu
- the Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, and
| | - Cheng Dong
- the Department of Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16801, and
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30
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Pan L, Ma X, Wen B, Su Z, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li H, Chen Y, Wang J, Lu F, Qu J, Hou L. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor/T-box factor-2 axis acts through Cyclin D1 to regulate melanocyte proliferation. Cell Prolif 2015; 48:631-42. [PMID: 26486273 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Control of cell proliferation is critical for accurate cell differentiation and tissue formation, during development and regeneration. Here, we have analysed the role of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor MITF and its direct target, T-box factor TBX2, in regulating proliferation of mammalian neural crest-derived melanocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to examine spatial and temporal expression of TBX2 in melanocytes in vivo. RNAi and cell proliferation analysis were used to investigate functional roles of TBX2. Furthermore, quantitative RT-PCR, western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to further scrutinize molecular mechanisms underlying TBX2-dependent cell proliferation. RESULTS TBX2 was found to be co-expressed with MITF in melanocytes of mouse hair follicles. Specific Tbx2 knockdown in primary neural crest cells led to inhibition MITF-positive melanoblast proliferation. Tbx2 knockdown in melan-a cells led to reduction in Cyclin D1 expression and G1-phase cell cycle arrest. TBX2 directly activated Ccnd1 transcription by binding to a specific sequence in the Ccnd1 promoter, and the defect in cell proliferation could be rescued partially by overexpression of Cyclin D1 in Tbx2 knockdown melanocytes. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the Mitf-Tbx2-Cyclin D1 pathway played an important role in regulation of melanocyte proliferation, and provided novel insights into the complex physiology of melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pan
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - X Ma
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - B Wen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Z Su
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - X Zheng
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Y Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - H Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - Y Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - J Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - F Lu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - J Qu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
| | - L Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science of Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325003, China
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31
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Unozawa M, Kasamatsu A, Higo M, Fukumoto C, Koyama T, Sakazume T, Nakashima D, Ogawara K, Yokoe H, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Cavin-2 in oral cancer: A potential predictor for tumor progression. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1037-47. [PMID: 26086332 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cavin-2 (CVN2) affects formation of large caveolae, which are membrane-rich cholesterol domains associated with several functions in signal transduction. Accumulating evidence suggests that CVN2 is present in many cellular types; however, the molecular mechanisms of CVN2 in cancers and its clinical relevance are unknown. We proposed a mechanism by which CVN2 regulates caveolin-1 expression leading to slow cellular proliferation by inactivation of the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analyses were used to assess the CVN2 regulation mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to analyze the correlation between CVN2 expression and clinical behavior in 115 patients with OSCC. A CVN2 overexpressed model of OSCC cells (oeCVN2 cells) was used for functional experiments. CVN2 expression was down-regulated significantly (P < 0.05) in OSCCs compared with normal counterparts in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the findings that a serum deprivation culture induced up-regulation of CVN2 and slowed cellular proliferation, oeCVN2 cell growth decreased because of cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase resulting from up-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) ) and down-regulated cyclins (cyclin D1, cyclin E) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6). Interestingly, CVN2 overexpression facilitated caveolin-1 recruitment and colocalization with each other. We also found decreased ERK phosphorylation levels, an upstream event in cell-cycle arrest. Clinically, IHC data from primary OSCCs showed high tumoral progression in CVN2-negative patients with OSCC. CVN2 may be a possible key regulator of OSCC progression via the CVN2/caveolin-1/ERK pathway and a potential therapeutic target for developing new treatments for OSCCs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Unozawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Morihiro Higo
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chonji Fukumoto
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Koyama
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sakazume
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dai Nakashima
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Institute, National Defense Medical College Hospital, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
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32
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Scartozzi M, Giampieri R, Aprile G, Iacono D, Santini D, dell’Aquila E, Silvestris N, Gnoni A, Bonotto M, Puzzoni M, Demurtas L, Cascinu S. The distinctive molecular, pathological and clinical characteristics ofBRAF-mutant colorectal tumors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:979-87. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.1047346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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33
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Koyama T, Ogawara K, Kasamatsu A, Okamoto A, Kasama H, Minakawa Y, Shimada K, Yokoe H, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. ANGPTL3 is a novel biomarker as it activates ERK/MAPK pathway in oral cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:759-69. [PMID: 25644496 PMCID: PMC4430268 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3), which is involved in new blood vessel growth and stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), is expressed aberrantly in several types of human cancers. However, little is known about the relevance of ANGPTL3 in the behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we evaluated ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein in OSCC-derived cell lines (n = 8) and primary OSCCs (n = 109) and assessed the effect of ANGPTL3 on the biology and function of OSCCs in vitro and in vivo. Significant (P < 0.05) ANGPTL3 upregulation was detected in the cell lines and most primary OSCCs (60%) compared with the normal counterparts. The ANGPTL3 expression level was correlated closely (P < 0.05) with tumoral size. In patients with T3/T4 tumors, the overall survival rate with an ANGPTL3-positive tumor was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of ANGPTL3-negative cases. In vitro, cellular growth in ANGPTL3 knockdown cells significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with inactivated extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) and cell-cycle arrest at the G1 phase resulting from upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. We also observed a marked (P < 0.05) reduction in the growth in ANGPTL3 knockdown-cell xenografts with decreased levels of phosphorylated ERK relative to control-cell xenografts. The current data indicated that ANGPTL3 may play a role in OSCCs via MAPK signaling cascades, making it a potentially useful diagnostic/therapeutic target for use in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyoshi Koyama
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kasama
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Minakawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ken Shimada
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Co-targeting BRAF and cyclin dependent kinases 4/6 for BRAF mutant cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 149:139-49. [PMID: 25550229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Selective BRAF inhibitors have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in melanoma patients harboring oncogenic BRAF mutations. However, the majority of such patients either exhibit de novo resistance from the beginning of the treatment or acquire resistance and eventually relapse. Despite tremendous progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance, overcoming resistance to BRAF inhibitors remains an unmet medical need. Constitutive activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 as a result of genetic aberrations including CDKN2A inactivation and CCND1 amplification is common across many cancer types and frequently co-occurs with oncogenic BRAF mutations. Also, cyclin D1 overexpression is a common feature of resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Here we review CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target in BRAF mutant cancers and discuss emerging evidence supporting a critical role of cyclin D1/CDK4/6 axis in de novo and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Co-targeting CDK4/6 and BRAF could be a more effective therapy to augment clinical response of BRAF inhibitors and overcome resistance in BRAF mutant cancers.
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35
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Fedorenko IV, Fang B, Munko AC, Gibney GT, Koomen JM, Smalley KSM. Phosphoproteomic analysis of basal and therapy-induced adaptive signaling networks in BRAF and NRAS mutant melanoma. Proteomics 2014; 15:327-39. [PMID: 25339196 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Basal and kinase inhibitor driven adaptive signaling has been examined in a panel of melanoma cell lines using phosphoproteomics in conjunction with pathway analysis. A considerable divergence in the spectrum of tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides was noted at the cell line level. The unification of genotype-specific cell line data revealed the enrichment for the tyrosine-phosphorylated cytoskeletal proteins to be associated with the presence of a BRAF mutation and oncogenic NRAS to be associated with increased receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation. A number of proteins including cell cycle regulators (cyclin dependent kinase 1, cyclin dependent kinase 2, and cyclin dependent kinase 3), MAPK pathway components (Extracellular signal regulated kinase 1 and Extracellular signal regulated kinase 2), interferon regulators (tyrosine kinase-2), GTPase regulators (Ras-Rasb interactor 1), and controllers of protein tyrosine phosphorylation (dual specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A and protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type A) were common to all genotypes. Treatment of a BRAF-mutant/phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) null melanoma cell line with vemurafenib led to decreased phosphorylation of ERK, phospholipase C1, and β-catenin with increases in receptor tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, signal transduction and activator of signaling 3, and glycogen synthase kinase 3α noted. In NRAS-mutant melanoma, MEK inhibition led to increased phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway components, Src family kinases, and protein kinase Cδ with decreased phosphorylation seen in STAT3 and ERK1/2. Together these data present the first systems level view of adaptive and basal phosphotyrosine signaling in BRAF- and NRAS-mutant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Fedorenko
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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36
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Yadav V, Burke TF, Huber L, Van Horn RD, Zhang Y, Buchanan SG, Chan EM, Starling JJ, Beckmann RP, Peng SB. The CDK4/6 inhibitor LY2835219 overcomes vemurafenib resistance resulting from MAPK reactivation and cyclin D1 upregulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2253-63. [PMID: 25122067 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
B-RAF selective inhibitors, including vemurafenib, were recently developed as effective therapies for melanoma patients with B-RAF V600E mutation. However, most patients treated with vemurafenib eventually develop resistance largely due to reactivation of MAPK signaling. Inhibitors of MAPK signaling, including MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib, failed to show significant clinical benefit in patients with acquired resistance to vemurafenib. Here, we describe that cell lines with acquired resistance to vemurafenib show reactivation of MAPK signaling and upregulation of cyclin D1 and are sensitive to inhibition of LY2835219, a selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6. LY2835219 was demonstrated to inhibit growth of melanoma A375 tumor xenografts and delay tumor recurrence in combination with vemurafenib. Furthermore, we developed an in vivo vemurafenib-resistant model by continuous administration of vemurafenib in A375 xenografts. Consistently, we found that MAPK is reactivated and cyclin D1 is elevated in vemurafenib-resistant tumors, as well as in the resistant cell lines derived from these tumors. Importantly, LY2835219 exhibited tumor growth regression in a vemurafenib-resistant model. Mechanistic analysis revealed that LY2835219 induced apoptotic cell death in a concentration-dependent manner in vemurafenib-resistant cells whereas it primarily mediated cell-cycle G1 arrest in the parental cells. Similarly, RNAi-mediated knockdown of cyclin D1 induced significantly higher rate of apoptosis in the resistant cells than in parental cells, suggesting that elevated cyclin D1 activity is important for the survival of vemurafenib-resistant cells. Altogether, we propose that targeting cyclin D1-CDK4/6 signaling by LY2835219 is an effective strategy to overcome MAPK-mediated resistance to B-RAF inhibitors in B-RAF V600E melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Yadav
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Teresa F Burke
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lysiane Huber
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert D Van Horn
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Youyan Zhang
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sean G Buchanan
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Edward M Chan
- Oncology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James J Starling
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard P Beckmann
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana.
| | - Sheng-Bin Peng
- Oncology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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37
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Rebecca VW, Smalley KSM. Change or die: targeting adaptive signaling to kinase inhibition in cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:417-25. [PMID: 25107706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule kinase inhibitors have proven enormously successful at delivering impressive responses in patients with cancers as diverse as chronic myeloid-leukemia, melanoma, breast cancer and small cell lung cancer. Despite this, resistance is commonplace and most patients ultimately fail therapy. One emerging observation is the rapid rewiring of signaling that occurs across multiple cancer types when driver oncogene function is inhibited. These adaptive signaling changes seem critical in delivering some of the earliest survival signals that allow small numbers of cells to evade therapy. In this commentary we review the mechanisms that contribute to the robustness of signaling networks within cancer cells and suggest new therapeutic strategies to limit treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito W Rebecca
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Keiran S M Smalley
- The Department of Molecular Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States; Department of Cutaneous Oncology, The Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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38
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GUO QINHAO, ZHAO YAN, CHEN JIEJING, HU JUN, WANG SHUWEI, ZHANG DONGSHENG, SUN YUEMING. BRAF-activated long non-coding RNA contributes to colorectal cancer migration by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:869-875. [PMID: 25013510 PMCID: PMC4081361 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently identified regulators in tumorigenesis and tumour progression. BRAF-activated lncRNA (BANCR) is overexpressed in melanoma and has a potential functional role in melanoma cell migration. However, little is known concerning the role of BANCR in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The current study examined BANCR expression in 60 pairs of CRC and matched adjacent normal tissues. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that BANCR was frequently overexpressed in cancer tissues and this overexpression was found to significantly correlate with lymph node metastasis and tumour stage. The ectopic expression of BANCR contributed to the migration of human CRC Caco-2 cells, whereas knockdown of BANCR inhibited the migration of the HCT116 cells in vitro. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the migratory effects revealed that BANCR induced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through an MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent mechanism as treatment with the MEK inhibitor, U0126 decreased migration and reversed the EMT in the BANCR-overexpressed HCT116 cells. These results revealed the significance of BANCR in the molecular etiology of CRC and implied the potential application of BANCR in the therapeutic treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - YUEMING SUN
- Correspondence to: Dr Yueming Sun, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Wu Y, Beland FA, Chen S, Fang JL. Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and Akt contribute to triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1297-311. [PMID: 25033989 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan is a broad spectrum anti-bacterial agent widely used in many personal care products, household items, medical devices, and clinical settings. Human exposure to triclosan is mainly through oral and dermal routes. In previous studies, we found that sub-chronic dermal exposure of B6C3F1 mice to triclosan induced epidermal hyperplasia and focal necrosis; however, the mechanisms for these responses remain elusive. In this study, using mouse epidermis-derived JB6 Cl 41-5a cells, we found that triclosan stimulated cell growth in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Enhanced cell proliferation was demonstrated by a substantial increase in the percentage of BrdU-positive cells, an elevation in the protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A, and a reduction in the protein level of p27(Kip1). Western blotting analysis revealed that triclosan induced the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38, and Akt. Pre-treatment of the cells with PD184352, an inhibitor of the upstream kinase MEK1/2, or with wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, blocked triclosan-mediated phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt, respectively, and substantially suppressed triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation, whereas the JNK inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 inhibitor SB203580 had little to no effect on triclosan-stimulated cell proliferation. The phosphorylation activation of ERK1/2 and Akt was further confirmed on the skin of mice dermally administered triclosan. These data suggest that the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt is involved in triclosan-stimulated proliferation of JB6 Cl 41-5a cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Abstract
From 1976 to 2010, only 2 medications were approved for treating metastatic melanoma. Between 2011 and 2013, 4 agents were approved and other therapies have shown great promise in clinical trials. Fundamental discoveries, such as the identification of oncogenic mutations in most melanomas, the elucidation of the molecular signaling resulting from these mutations, and the revelation that several cell surface molecules serve as regulators of immune activation, have been instrumental in this progress. This article summarizes the molecular pathogenesis of melanoma, describes the current efforts to target oncogene-driven signaling, and presents the rationale for combining immune and molecular targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Sullivan
- Center for Melanoma, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Bartlett 6, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Genetic targeting of B-RafV600E affects survival and proliferation and identifies selective agents against BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:122. [PMID: 24885690 PMCID: PMC4035728 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancers carrying the B-Raf V600E-mutation are associated with a poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to identify B-RafV600E-mediated traits of cancer cells in a genetic in vitro model and to assess the selective sensitization of B-RafV600E-mutant cancer cells towards therapeutic agents. METHODS Somatic cell gene targeting was used to generate subclones of the colorectal cancer cell line RKO containing either wild-type or V600E-mutant B-Raf kinase. Cell-biologic analyses were performed in order to link cancer cell traits to the BRAF-mutant genotype. Subsequently, the corresponding tumor cell clones were characterized pharmacogenetically to identify therapeutic agents exhibiting selective sensitivity in B-RafV600E-mutant cells. RESULTS Genetic targeting of mutant BRAF resulted in restoration of sensitivity to serum starvation-induced apoptosis and efficiently inhibited cell proliferation in the absence of growth factors. Among tested agents, the B-Raf inhibitor dabrafenib was found to induce a strong V600E-dependent shift in cell viability. In contrast, no differential sensitizing effect was observed for conventional chemotherapeutic agents (mitomycin C, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil), nor for the targeted agents cetuximab, sorafenib, vemurafenib, RAF265, or for inhibition of PI3 kinase. Treatment with dabrafenib efficiently inhibited phosphorylation of the B-Raf downstream targets Mek 1/2 and Erk 1/2. CONCLUSION Mutant BRAF alleles mediate self-sufficiency of growth signals and serum starvation-induced resistance to apoptosis. Targeting of the BRAF mutation leads to a loss of these hallmarks of cancer. Dabrafenib selectively inhibits cell viability in B-RafV600E mutant cancer cells.
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Pramod S, Shivakumar K. Mechanisms in cardiac fibroblast growth: an obligate role for Skp2 and FOXO3a in ERK1/2 MAPK-dependent regulation of p27kip1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H844-55. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00933.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblast hyperplasia associated with enhanced matrix deposition is a major determinant of tissue remodeling in several disease states of the heart. However, mechanisms controlling cell cycle progression in cardiac fibroblasts remain unexplored. Identification of cell cycle regulatory elements in these cells is important to develop strategies to check adverse cardiac remodeling under pathological conditions. This study sought to probe the mechanisms underlying ERK1/2-mediated p27Kip1 regulation in mitogenically stimulated cardiac fibroblasts. Addition of 10% fetal calf serum to quiescent cultures of adult rat cardiac fibroblasts promoted ERK1/2 activation, as evidenced by its phosphorylation status. Reduction in [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA increased population doubling time, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis showing reduced levels of cyclins D and A, p27Kip1 induction, and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) hypophosphorylation in ERK1/2-inhibited cells indicated ERK1/2 dependence of G1-S transition in cardiac fibroblasts. Lack of p27Kip1 protein in serum-stimulated, ERK1/2-active cells was associated with increased levels of Skp2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for p27Kip1, whose knockdown by RNA interference induced p27Kip1 expression. Further, forced expression of Skp2 in ERK1/2-inhibited cells downregulated p27Kip1. Transcriptional upregulation of p27Kip1 mRNA in ERK1/2-inhibited cells, demonstrated by real-time PCR, correlated with forkhead box O 3a (FOXO3a) transcription factor activation, shown by gel shift assay. FOXO3a knockdown attenuated p27Kip1 mRNA and protein expression in ERK1/2-inhibited cells. We provide evidence for the first time that, in cardiac fibroblasts, activated ERK1/2 regulates p27Kip1 expression transcriptionally and posttranslationally via FOXO3a- and Skp2-dependent mechanisms. Additionally, this study uncovers interesting interactions between critical cell cycle regulatory elements that are only beginning to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pramod
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - K. Shivakumar
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
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Lopez-Bergami P. The role of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase pathways in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 24:902-21. [PMID: 21914141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have increased our comprehension of the molecular signaling events critical for melanoma development and progression. Many oncogenes driving melanoma have been identified, and most of them exert their oncogenic effects through the activation of the RAF/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK pathways are also important in melanoma, but their precise role is not clear yet. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of the three main MAPK pathways, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK), JNK, and p38, and their impact on melanoma biology. Although the results obtained with BRAF inhibitors in melanoma patients are impressive, several mechanisms of acquired resistance have emerged. To overcome this obstacle constitutes the new challenge in melanoma therapy. Given the major role that MAPKs play in melanoma, understanding their functions and the interconnection among them and with other signaling pathways represents a step forward toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Baba T, Sakamoto Y, Kasamatsu A, Minakawa Y, Yokota S, Higo M, Yokoe H, Ogawara K, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Persephin: A potential key component in human oral cancer progression through the RET receptor tyrosine kinase-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Mol Carcinog 2013; 54:608-17. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Baba
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Minakawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokota
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Morihiro Higo
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yokoe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Research Institute; National Defense Medical College Hospital; Tokorozawa Japan
| | - Katsunori Ogawara
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
- Department of Dentistry-Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Chiba University Hospital; Chiba Japan
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45
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Bertolotto C. Melanoma: from melanocyte to genetic alterations and clinical options. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:635203. [PMID: 24416617 PMCID: PMC3874946 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remained for decades without any effective treatment and was thus considered as a paradigm of cancer resistance. Recent progress with understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma initiation and progression revealed that melanomas are genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous tumors. This recent progress has allowed for the development of treatment able to improve for the first time the overall disease-free survival of metastatic melanoma patients. However, clinical responses are still either too transient or limited to restricted patient subsets. The complete cure of metastatic melanoma therefore remains a challenge in the clinic. This review aims to present the recent knowledge and discoveries of the molecular mechanisms involved in melanoma pathogenesis and their exploitation into clinic that have recently facilitated bench to bedside advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine Bertolotto
- INSERM, U1065 (Équipe 1), C3M, 06204 Nice, France
- University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, UFR Médecine, 06204 Nice, France
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Rahman M, Salajegheh A, Smith R, Lam AY. B-Raf mutation: A key player in molecular biology of cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 95:336-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Hokama M, Oka S, Leon J, Ninomiya T, Honda H, Sasaki K, Iwaki T, Ohara T, Sasaki T, LaFerla FM, Kiyohara Y, Nakabeppu Y. Altered expression of diabetes-related genes in Alzheimer's disease brains: the Hisayama study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:2476-88. [PMID: 23595620 PMCID: PMC4128707 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered to be a risk factor for dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the molecular mechanism underlying this risk is not well understood. We examined gene expression profiles in postmortem human brains donated for the Hisayama study. Three-way analysis of variance of microarray data from frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and hippocampus was performed with the presence/absence of AD and vascular dementia, and sex, as factors. Comparative analyses of expression changes in the brains of AD patients and a mouse model of AD were also performed. Relevant changes in gene expression identified by microarray analysis were validated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The hippocampi of AD brains showed the most significant alteration in gene expression profile. Genes involved in noninsulin-dependent DM and obesity were significantly altered in both AD brains and the AD mouse model, as were genes related to psychiatric disorders and AD. The alterations in the expression profiles of DM-related genes in AD brains were independent of peripheral DM-related abnormalities. These results indicate that altered expression of genes related to DM in AD brains is a result of AD pathology, which may thereby be exacerbated by peripheral insulin resistance or DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Hokama
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Sugako Oka
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Research Center for Nucleotide Pool
| | - Julio Leon
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tomoyuki Ohara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tomio Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yutaka Kiyohara
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan and
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Research Center for Nucleotide Pool
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Abel EV, Basile KJ, Kugel CH, Witkiewicz AK, Le K, Amaravadi RK, Karakousis GC, Xu X, Xu W, Schuchter LM, Lee JB, Ertel A, Fortina P, Aplin AE. Melanoma adapts to RAF/MEK inhibitors through FOXD3-mediated upregulation of ERBB3. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2155-68. [PMID: 23543055 DOI: 10.1172/jci65780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying adaptive resistance of melanoma to targeted therapies remain unclear. By combining ChIP sequencing with microarray-based gene profiling, we determined that ERBB3 is upregulated by FOXD3, a transcription factor that promotes resistance to RAF inhibitors in melanoma. Enhanced ERBB3 signaling promoted resistance to RAF pathway inhibitors in cultured melanoma cell lines and in mouse xenograft models. ERBB3 signaling was dependent on ERBB2; targeting ERBB2 with lapatinib in combination with the RAF inhibitor PLX4720 reduced tumor burden and extended latency of tumor regrowth in vivo versus PLX4720 alone. These results suggest that enhanced ERBB3 signaling may serve as a mechanism of adaptive resistance to RAF and MEK inhibitors in melanoma and that cotargeting this pathway may enhance the clinical efficacy and extend the therapeutic duration of RAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan V Abel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Bhaskaran S, Dileep KV, Deepa SS, Sadasivan C, Klausner M, Krishnegowda NK, Tekmal RR, VandeBerg JL, Nair HB. Gossypin as a Novel Selective Dual Inhibitor of v-raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 and Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 for Melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:361-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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50
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IGF-1 stimulated upregulation of cyclin D1 is mediated via STAT5 signaling pathway in neuronal cells. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:462-71. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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