1
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Lovatt C, Williams M, Gibbs A, Mukhtar A, Morgan HJ, Lanfredini S, Olivero C, Spurlock G, Davies S, Philpott C, Tovell H, Turnpenny P, Baban D, Knight S, Brems H, Sampson JR, Legius E, Upadhyaya M, Patel GK. Pigment epithelium derived factor drives melanocyte proliferation and migration in neurofibromatosis café au lait macules. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2024; 4:e394. [PMID: 39355740 PMCID: PMC11442068 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024]
Abstract
Background RASopathies, which include neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), are defined by Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Ras/MAPK) pathway activation. They represent a group of clinically related disorders often characterised by multiple Café au Lait Macules (CALMs). Objectives To determine, using in depth transcriptomic analysis of NF1 melanocytes from CALM and unaffected skin, (1) the gene(s) responsible for melanocyte proliferation and migration, and (2) the activated signalling pathway(s) in NF1 melanoma. Methods Classical NF1 (n = 2, who develop tumours) and 3bp deletion NF1 (p. Met992del, who do not develop tumours) (n = 3) patients underwent skin biopsies from CALM and unaffected skin. Melanocytes were isolated and propagated, with five replicates from each tissue sample. DNA and RNA were extracted for mutational analysis and transcriptomic profiling with six replicates per sample. Mechanistic determination was undertaken using melanocyte and melanoma cell lines. Results All CALMs in NF1 were associated with biallelic NF1 loss, resulting in amplification of Ras/MAPK and Wnt pathway signalling. CALMs were also associated with reduced SERPINF1 gene expression (and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) levels, the reciprocal protein), a known downstream target of the master regulator of melanocyte differentiation microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), leading to increased melanocyte proliferation, migration and invasion. In classical NF1 and melanoma, but not 3bp deletion NF1, there was also activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Pigment epithelium-derived factor was found to reduce cell proliferation and invasion of NF1 melanoma. Conclusions Melanocyte proliferation and migration leading to CALMs in NF1 arises from biallelic NF1 loss, resulting in RAS/MAPK pathway activation, and reduced expression of the tumour suppressor PEDF. Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in classical NF1 and NF1 melanoma may facilitate tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lovatt
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Megan Williams
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Alex Gibbs
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Abdullahi Mukhtar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Huw J. Morgan
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Simone Lanfredini
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Carlotta Olivero
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Gill Spurlock
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Sally Davies
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Charlotte Philpott
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Hannah Tovell
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Peter Turnpenny
- Clinical GeneticsRoyal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation TrustExeterUK
| | - Dilair Baban
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUK
| | - Sam Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human GeneticsOxfordUK
| | - Hilde Brems
- Department of Human GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Julian R. Sampson
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Eric Legius
- Department of Human GeneticsKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Meena Upadhyaya
- Division of Cancer and GeneticsInstitute of Medical GeneticsCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Girish K. Patel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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2
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Lin Y, Tang W, Huang P, Wang Z, Duan L, Jia C, Sun R, Liu L, Shen J. Denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (DTL) maintains the proliferation and differentiation of epidermis and hair follicles during skin development. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:635-647. [PMID: 38131461 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A precise balance between the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal progenitors is required to achieve the barrier function during the development of epidermis. During the entire process of skin development, the newly formed basal layer cells divide, differentiate, and migrate outward to the surface of the skin, which is tightly regulated by a series of events related to cell cycle progression. The CRL4DTL complex (Cullin 4 RING ligase, in association with the substrate receptor DTL) has long emerged as a master regulator in various cellular processes, which mediates the degradation of key cell cycle proteins. However, the roles of DTL in regulating epidermal morphogenesis during skin development remain unclear. RESULTS We showed that DTL deficiency in epidermal progenitor cells leads to defects in epidermal stratification and loss of hair follicles accompanied by reduced epidermal progenitor cells and disturbed cell cycle progression during skin development. Transcriptome analysis revealed that p53 pathway is activated in DTL-depleted epidermal progenitor cells. The apoptosis of epidermal cells showed in DTL deficiency mice is rescued by the absence of p53, but the proliferation and differentiation defects were p53-independent. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that DTL plays a vital role in epidermal malformation during skin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weibo Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Peijun Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chonghui Jia
- Department of Endodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ruizhen Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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3
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Elmi M, Dass JH, Dass CR. The Various Roles of PEDF in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:510. [PMID: 38339261 PMCID: PMC10854708 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a natural immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-tumour growth and anti-metastasis factor, which can enhance tumour response to PEDF but can also conversely have pro-cancerous effects. Inflammation is a major cause of cancer, and it has been proven that PEDF has anti-inflammatory properties. PEDF's functional activity can be investigated through measuring metastatic and metabolic biomarkers that will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Elmi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (M.E.); (J.H.D.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Joshua H. Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (M.E.); (J.H.D.)
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (M.E.); (J.H.D.)
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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4
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Abooshahab R, Dass CR. The biological relevance of pigment epithelium-derived factor on the path from aging to age-related disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111478. [PMID: 33812881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenously produced protein that contributes to cell growth arrest, and reduced levels of PEDF are associated with the progression of cellular senescence and the aging process. However, the mechanisms underlying PEDF regulation of these events are not completely clear. Increased PEDF activity may induce anti-aging processes, suggesting the potential therapeutic value of PEDF as an anti-aging and age-related disease. In this review, we recapitulate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of aging following the characteristics and specific roles of the PEDF in cell cycle arrest and its relevance to cellular senescence and aging pathways. In this context, the discovery and fluctuations of PEDF in age-related diseases are summarised. In light of the importance of PEDF in cellular senescence and aging processes, better comprehension of the mechanism(s) of PEDF in the regulation of cell cycle and the aging process can conceivably facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for diseases that occur with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Abooshahab
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Bentley, 6102, Australia.
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5
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Chen Z, Che D, Gu X, Lin J, Deng J, Jiang P, Xu K, Xu B, Zhang T. Upregulation of PEDF Predicts a Poor Prognosis and Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Modulating the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:625612. [PMID: 33718190 PMCID: PMC7953146 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.625612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis represent the primary causes of therapeutic failure in patients diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The lack of effective treatment strategies for metastatic ESCC is the major cause of the low survival rate. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ESCC metastasis and identify potential biomarkers for targeted therapy. Herein, we reported that PEDF is significantly correlated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis in ESCC. The high expression of PEDF is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for ESCC patients’ overall survival (OS). We successfully developed and verified a nomogram to predict the preoperative OS of ESCC patients, and the actual and nomogram-predicted 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates had good consistency. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the area under the curve (AUC) values for 1-, 3- and 5- survival were 0.764, 0.871, and 0.91, respectively. Overexpression of PEDF significantly promoted the migration and invasion of ESCC cells in vitro, while silencing PEDF yielded the opposite effects. Elevated levels of PEDF altered the expression of proteins involved in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), as indicated by the upregulation of N-cadherin and the downregulation of α-catenin and E-cadherin in ESCC cells. Mechanistically, PEDF promoted tumor cell motility and EMT by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our results reveal that PEDF is involved in ESCC metastasis and could act as a prognostic factor for ESCC. Our research provides a fresh perspective into the mechanism of ESCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Che
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Gu
- Department of Clinical Biological Resource Bank, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixiong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Banglao Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Cai BH, Chao CF, Huang HC, Lee HY, Kannagi R, Chen JY. Roles of p53 Family Structure and Function in Non-Canonical Response Element Binding and Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153681. [PMID: 31357595 PMCID: PMC6696488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 canonical consensus sequence is a 10-bp repeat of PuPuPuC(A/T)(A/T)GPyPyPy, separated by a spacer with up to 13 bases. C(A/T)(A/T)G is the core sequence and purine (Pu) and pyrimidine (Py) bases comprise the flanking sequence. However, in the p53 noncanonical sequences, there are many variations, such as length of consensus sequence, variance of core sequence or flanking sequence, and variance in number of bases making up the spacer or AT gap composition. In comparison to p53, the p53 family members p63 and p73 have been found to have more tolerance to bind and activate several of these noncanonical sequences. The p53 protein forms monomers, dimers, and tetramers, and its nonspecific binding domain is well-defined; however, those for p63 or p73 are still not fully understood. Study of p63 and p73 structure to determine the monomers, dimers or tetramers to bind and regulate noncanonical sequence is a new challenge which is crucial to obtaining a complete picture of structure and function in order to understand how p63 and p73 regulate genes differently from p53. In this review, we will summarize the rules of p53 family non-canonical sequences, especially focusing on the structure of p53 family members in the regulation of specific target genes. In addition, we will compare different software programs for prediction of p53 family responsive elements containing parameters with canonical or non-canonical sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-He Cai
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Faye Chao
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yi Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Reiji Kannagi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Jang-Yi Chen
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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7
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Liu L, Nielsen FM, Emmersen J, Bath C, Østergaard Hjortdal J, Riis S, Fink T, Pennisi CP, Zachar V. Pigmentation Is Associated with Stemness Hierarchy of Progenitor Cells Within Cultured Limbal Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1411-1420. [PMID: 29781179 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo cultured human limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (hLESCs) are the main source for regenerative therapy of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), which is worldwide one of the major causes of corneal blindness. Despite many stemness-associated markers have been identified within the limbal niche, the phenotype of the earliest hLESCs has not been hitherto identified. We sought to confirm or refute the use of tumor protein p63 (p63) and ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 5 (ABCB5) as surrogate markers for hLESCs early within the limbal differentiation hierarchy. Based on a robust fluorescence-activated cell sorting and subsequent RNA isolation protocol, a comprehensive transcriptomic profile was obtained from four subpopulations of cultured hLESCs. The subpopulations were defined by co-expression of two putative stem/progenitor markers, the p63 and ABCB5, and the corneal differentiation marker cytokeratin 3. A comparative transcriptomic analysis yielded novel data that indicated association between pigmentation and differentiation, with the p63 positive populations being the most pigmented and immature of the progenitors. In contrast, ABCB5, either alone or in co-expression patterns, identified more committed progenitor cells with less pigmentation. In conclusion, p63 is superior to ABCB5 as a marker for stemness. Stem Cells 2018;36:1411-1420.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Frederik Mølgaard Nielsen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Emmersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Chris Bath
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Simone Riis
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Rahman FU, Ali A, Guo R, Wang WK, Wang H, Li ZT, Lin Y, Zhang DW. Efficient one-pot synthesis of trans-Pt(ii)(salicylaldimine)(4-picoline)Cl complexes: effective agents for enhanced expression of p53 tumor suppressor genes. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:9872-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01098e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One-pot synthesizedtrans-Pt(ii)(salicylaldimine)(4-picoline)Cl complexes showed promisingin vitrocytotoxicity in MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz-Ur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- School of Life Sciences
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Wei-Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Zhan-Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Yuejian Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Dan-Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
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9
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Engelmann D, Meier C, Alla V, Pützer BM. A balancing act: orchestrating amino-truncated and full-length p73 variants as decisive factors in cancer progression. Oncogene 2014; 34:4287-99. [PMID: 25381823 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
p73 is the older sibling of p53 and mimics most of its tumor-suppressor functions. Through alternative promoter usage and splicing, the TP73 gene generates more than two dozen isoforms of which N-terminal truncated DNp73 variants have a decisive role in cancer pathogenesis as they outweigh the positive effects of full-length TAp73 and p53 in acting as a barrier to tumor development. Beyond the prevailing view that DNp73 predominantly counteract cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, latest progress indicates that these isoforms acquire novel functions in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and therapy resistance. New insight into the mechanisms underlying this behavior reinforced the expectation that DNp73 variants contribute to aggressive cellular traits through both loss of wild-type tumor-suppressor activity and gain-of-function, suggesting an equally important role in cancer progression as mutant p53. In this review, we describe the novel properties of DNp73 in the invasion metastasis cascade and outline the comprehensive p73 regulatome with an emphasis on molecular processes putting TAp73 out of action in advanced tumors. These intriguing insights provoke a new understanding of the acquisition of aggressive traits by cancer cells and may help to set novel therapies for a broad range of metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Meier
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - V Alla
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - B M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Fernández-Barral A, Orgaz JL, Baquero P, Ali Z, Moreno A, Tiana M, Gómez V, Riveiro-Falkenbach E, Cañadas C, Zazo S, Bertolotto C, Davidson I, Rodríguez-Peralto JL, Palmero I, Rojo F, Jensen LD, del Peso L, Jiménez B. Regulatory and functional connection of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and anti-metastatic pigment epithelium derived factor in melanoma. Neoplasia 2014; 16:529-42. [PMID: 25030625 PMCID: PMC4198745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has potent anti-metastatic effects in cutaneous melanoma through its direct actions on endothelial and melanoma cells. Here we show that PEDF expression positively correlates with microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in melanoma cell lines and human samples. High PEDF and MITF expression is characteristic of low aggressive melanomas classified according to molecular and pathological criteria, whereas both factors are decreased in senescent melanocytes and naevi. Importantly, MITF silencing down-regulates PEDF expression in melanoma cell lines and primary melanocytes, suggesting that the correlation in the expression reflects a causal relationship. In agreement, analysis of Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) data sets revealed three MITF binding regions within the first intron of SERPINF1, and reporter assays demonstrated that the binding of MITF to these regions is sufficient to drive transcription. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous PEDF expression efficiently halts in vitro migration and invasion, as well as in vivo dissemination of melanoma cells induced by MITF silencing. In summary, these results identify PEDF as a novel transcriptional target of MITF and support a relevant functional role for the MITF-PEDF axis in the biology of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Fernández-Barral
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Orgaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London SE1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Baquero
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zaheer Ali
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Centre for Gene Regulation & Expression, College of Life Sciences, Universtity of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - María Tiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Valentí Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Tumor Suppressor Signaling Networks Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
| | - Erica Riveiro-Falkenbach
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Cañadas
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Zazo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Irwin Davidson
- Institute de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jose Luis Rodríguez-Peralto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Department of Pathology, Capio-Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lasse Dahl Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Luis del Peso
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain
| | - Benilde Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, CSIC-UAM Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación I+12, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Forkhead transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target gene of the p53 family and regulates cancer cell migration and invasiveness. Oncogene 2013; 33:4837-46. [PMID: 24186199 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
p53 is an established tumor suppressor that can activate the transcription of multiple target genes. Recent evidence suggests that p53 may contribute to the regulation of cell invasion and migration. In this study, we show that the forkhead box transcription factor FOXF1 is a novel target of the p53 family because FOXF1 is upregulated by p53, TAp73 and TAp63. We show that FOXF1 is induced upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified a response element located within the FOXF1 gene that is responsive to wild-type p53, TAp73β and TAp63γ. The ectopic expression of FOXF1 inhibited cancer cell invasion and migration, whereas the inactivation of FOXF1 stimulated cell invasion and migration. We also show that FOXF1 regulates the transcriptional activity of E-cadherin (CDH1) by acting on its FOXF1 consensus binding site located upstream of the E-cadherin gene. Collectively, our results show that FOXF1 is a p53 family target gene, and our data suggest that FOXF1 and p53 form a portion of a regulatory transcriptional network that appears to have an important role in cancer cell invasion and migration.
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Becerra SP, Notario V. The effects of PEDF on cancer biology: mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer 2013; 13:258-71. [PMID: 23486238 PMCID: PMC3707632 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The potent actions of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on tumour-associated cells, and its extracellular localization and secretion, stimulated research on this multifunctional serpin. Such studies have identified several PEDF receptors and downstream signalling pathways. Known cellular PEDF responses have expanded from the initial discovery that PEDF induces retinoblastoma cell differentiation to its anti-angiogenic, antitumorigenic and antimetastatic properties. Although the diversity of PEDF activities seems to be complex, they are consistent with the varied mechanisms that regulate this multimodal factor. If PEDF is to be used for cancer management, a deeper appreciation of its many functions and mechanisms of action is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patricia Becerra
- National Eye Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Li CW, Shi L, Zhang KK, Li TY, Lin ZB, Lim MK, McKeon F, Xian W, Wang DY. Role of p63/p73 in epithelial remodeling and their response to steroid treatment in nasal polyposis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:765-72.e1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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The yin and yang of VEGF and PEDF: multifaceted neurotrophic factors and their potential in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2875-900. [PMID: 21152280 PMCID: PMC2996745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11082875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) have emerged as multifaceted players in not only the pathogenesis, but potential treatment, of numerous diseases. They activate diverse intracellular signaling cascades known to have extensive crosstalk, and have been best studied for their effects in cardiology and cancer biology. Recent work with the two factors indicates that the activity of one growth factor is often directly related to the action of the other. Their respective neuroprotective effects, in particular, raise important questions regarding the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease.
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Machado-Silva A, Perrier S, Bourdon JC. p53 family members in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 20:57-62. [PMID: 20206267 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a much studied transcription factor which has a key role in the maintenance of genetic stability. It belongs to a larger family of genes including two other highly related proteins, p63 and p73. The p53 pathway has a vital role in the prevention of cancer formation and is ubiquitously lost in a high percentage of human cancers. In 60% of cancer cases this occurs via p53 gene mutation. In the remaining cancers expressing a WTp53 gene, loss of cell signalling upstream or downstream of p53 are responsible for the inactivation of the p53 pathway. It has recently been described that the p53 gene encodes for nine different p53 isoforms, whereas the p63 and p73 genes encode for at least other 6 and 29, respectively. This finding may have a profound impact on our comprehension of p53 tumour suppressor activity. Studies in several tumour types have shown abnormal expression of these protein isoforms. Hence, better understanding of p53 tumour suppressor activity and the interaction between p53 family members and their isoforms is likely to bring us closer to cancer therapy. Therapeutic manipulation of the p53 pathway is therefore a highly promising field and already the focus of extensive investigation. Many strategies are being developed to either restore inactive/suppressed wild-type p53 (WTp53) or reverse the p53 mutant phenotype into WTp53. As p53 pathway inactivation is a common denominator to all cancers, it is highly expected that these therapies will be able to target a broad range of cancers and will allow for more specific targeting of cancer cells, avoiding collateral damage to normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Machado-Silva
- University of Dundee, College of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Inserm-European Associated Laboratory U858, Dundee, UK
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Kawaguchi T, Yamagishi SI, Itou M, Okuda K, Sumie S, Kuromatsu R, Sakata M, Abe M, Taniguchi E, Koga H, Harada M, Ueno T, Sata M. Pigment epithelium-derived factor inhibits lysosomal degradation of Bcl-xL and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:168-76. [PMID: 19948828 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has several biological actions on tumor cells, but its effects are cell-type dependent. The aim of this study was to examine the pathophysiological role of PEDF in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PEDF expression was examined in various hepatoma cell lines and human HCC tissues, and was seen in various hepatoma cell lines including HepG2 cells. In human HCC tissues, PEDF expression was higher than in adjacent non-HCC tissues. In addition, serum PEDF levels were higher in HCC patients than in non-HCC patients, and curative treatment of HCC caused significant reductions in serum PEDF levels compared with pretreatment levels. In vitro experiments, camptothecin (CPT) was used to induce apoptosis and the effect of PEDF was investigated by knockdown of the PEDF gene in CPT-treated HepG2 cells. Knockdown of the PEDF gene enhanced CPT-induced apoptosis, simultaneously down-regulating Bcl-xL expression in HepG2 cells. Expression of apoptosis-related molecules and effects of bafilomycin A1 on CPT-induced apoptosis were also examined in PEDF gene knockdown HepG2 cells. Treatment with bafilomycin A1 suppressed CPT-induced decreases in Bcl-xL expression and increases in apoptosis in PEDF gene knockdown HepG2 cells. PEDF may, therefore, exert anti-apoptotic effects through inhibition of lysosomal degradation of Bcl-xL in CPT-treated HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawaguchi
- Department of Digestive Disease Information and Research, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan.
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Castillo J, Goñi S, Latasa MU, Perugorría MJ, Calvo A, Muntané J, Bioulac-Sage P, Balabaud C, Prieto J, Avila MA, Berasain C. Amphiregulin induces the alternative splicing of p73 into its oncogenic isoform DeltaEx2p73 in human hepatocellular tumors. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:1805-15.e1-4. [PMID: 19664633 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inactivation of the product of the tumor suppressor gene TP73 does not usually occur by mutation but rather through expression of truncated isoforms that have dominant-negative effects on p73 and p53. The truncated oncogenic isoform DeltaEx2p73 is expressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and is produced through the alternative splicing of p73 pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA); however, the underlying mechanisms regulating this process are unknown. METHODS We used human normal and diseased liver tissue samples, as well as human HCC cell lines, to examine the association between activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by its ligand amphiregulin (AR) and the alternative splicing of p73 pre-mRNA into the tumorigenic isoform DeltaEx2p73, via c-Jun N-terminal-kinase-1-mediated signaling. RESULTS DeltaEx2p73 was expressed in a subset of premalignant cirrhotic livers and in otherwise healthy livers that harbored a primary tumor, as well as in HCC tissues. DeltaEx2p73 expression was correlated with that of the EGFR ligand AR, which was previously shown to have a role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Autocrine activation of the EGFR by AR triggered c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 activity and inhibited the expression of the splicing regulator Slu7, leading to the accumulation of DeltaEx2p73 transcripts in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS This study provided a mechanism for the generation of protumorigenic DeltaEx2p73 during liver tumorigenesis, via activation of EGFR signaling by AR and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 activity, leading to inhibition of the splicing regulator Slu7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Castillo
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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'Loss of pigment epithelium-derived factor enables migration, invasion and metastatic spread of human melanoma'. Oncogene 2009; 28:4147-61. [PMID: 19767774 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional secreted glycoprotein that displays broad anti-tumor activity based on dual targeting of the tumor microenvironment (anti-angiogenic action) and the tumor cells (direct anti-tumor action). Here, we show that PEDF expression is high in melanocytes, but it is lost during malignant progression of human melanoma. Using a high-throughput analysis of the data from microarray studies of molecular profiling of human melanoma, we found that PEDF expression is lost in highly invasive melanomas. In paired cell lines established from the same lesion but representing the high and low extremes of malignant potential, abundant PEDF expression was restricted to the poorly aggressive counterparts. We used RNA interference to directly address the functional consequences of PEDF silencing. PEDF knockdown in poorly aggressive melanoma cell lines augmented migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry, which translated into an increased in vivo metastatic potential. PEDF interference also significantly enhanced the migratory and invasive capability of normal melanocytes and moderately increased their proliferative potential. Our results show that loss of PEDF enables melanoma cells to acquire an invasive phenotype and, therefore, modulation of this multifunctional factor could be critical for the malignant progression of human melanoma.
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Bernard A, Gao-Li J, Franco CA, Bouceba T, Huet A, Li Z. Laminin receptor involvement in the anti-angiogenic activity of pigment epithelium-derived factor. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:10480-90. [PMID: 19224861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m809259200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with neurotrophic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also one of the most potent endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis, playing an important role in restricting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Studies show that PEDF binds to cell surface proteins, but little is known about how it exerts its effects. Recently, research identified phospholipase A(2)/nutrin/patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 2 as one PEDF receptor. To identify other receptors, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using PEDF as bait and discovered that the non-integrin 37/67-kDa laminin receptor (LR) is another PEDF receptor. Co-immunoprecipitation, His tag pulldown, and surface plasmon resonance assays confirmed the interaction between PEDF and LR. Using the yeast two-hybrid method, we further restricted the LR-interacting domain on PEDF to a 34-amino acid (aa) peptide (aa 44-77) and the PEDF-interacting domain on LR to a 91-aa fragment (aa 120-210). A 25-mer peptide named P46 (aa 46-70), derived from 34-mer, interacts with LR in surface plasmon resonance assays and binds to endothelial cell (EC) membranes. This peptide induces EC apoptosis and inhibits EC migration, tube-like network formation in vitro, and retinal angiogenesis ex vivo, like PEDF. Our results suggest that LR is a real PEDF receptor that mediates PEDF angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Bernard
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Univerisité Paris 06, UR4, Aging, Stress and Inflammation and Institut Fédératif de Recherche 83, 75252 Paris, France
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Sasaki Y, Negishi H, Koyama R, Anbo N, Ohori K, Idogawa M, Mita H, Toyota M, Imai K, Shinomura Y, Tokino T. p53 Family Members Regulate the Expression of the Apolipoprotein D Gene. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:872-83. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807185200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Díaz R, Peña C, Silva J, Lorenzo Y, García V, García JM, Sánchez A, Espinosa P, Yuste R, Bonilla F, Domínguez G. p73 isoforms affect VEGF, VEGF165b and PEDF expression in human colorectal tumors: VEGF165b downregulation as a marker of poor prognosis. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1060-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Ebelt H, Zhang Y, Köhler K, Xu J, Gajawada P, Boettger T, Hollemann T, Müller-Werdan U, Werdan K, Braun T. Directed expression of dominant-negative p73 enables proliferation of cardiomyocytes in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:411-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Sasaki Y, Oshima Y, Koyama R, Maruyama R, Akashi H, Mita H, Toyota M, Shinomura Y, Imai K, Tokino T. Identification of flotillin-2, a major protein on lipid rafts, as a novel target of p53 family members. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:395-406. [PMID: 18296650 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p73 and p63 are members of the p53 gene family and have been shown to play an important role in development and homeostasis mainly by regulating the transcription of a variety of genes. A subset of these genes encodes secreted proteins and receptors that may be involved in the communication between adjacent cells. We report here that flotillin-2, a major hydrophobic protein on biomembrane microdomain lipid rafts, is a direct transcriptional target of the p53 family member genes. It has been suggested that such rafts could play an important role in many cellular processes including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, and pathogen entry. We found that the expression of flotillin-2 was specifically up-regulated by either TAp73beta or TAp63gamma, but not significantly by p53. In addition, flotillin-2 transcription is activated in response to cisplatin in a manner dependent on endogenous p73. By using small interference RNA designed to target p73, we showed that silencing endogenous p73 abolishes the induction of flotillin-2 transcription following cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, we identified a p73/p63-binding site located upstream of the flotillin-2 gene that is responsive to the p53 family members. This response element is highly conserved between humans and rodents. We also found that ectopic expression of TAp73 as well as TAp63 enhances signal transduction by assessing the interleukin-6-mediated phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Thus, in addition to direct transactivation, p53 family member genes enhance a set of cellular processes via lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Sasaki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556 Japan
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Murray-Zmijewski F, Lane DP, Bourdon JC. p53/p63/p73 isoforms: an orchestra of isoforms to harmonise cell differentiation and response to stress. Cell Death Differ 2007; 13:962-72. [PMID: 16601753 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p63, p73 and p53 compose a family of transcription factors involved in cell response to stress and development. p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer (50%) and loss of p53 activity is considered to be ubiquitous to all cancers. Recent publications may have a profound impact on our understanding of p53 tumour suppressor activity. p63, p73 and p53 genes have a dual gene structure conserved in drosophila, zebrafish and man. They encode for multiple p63, p73 or p53 proteins containing different protein domains (isoforms) due to multiple splicing, alternative promoter and alternative initiation of translation. In this review, we describe the different isoforms of p63, p73, p53 and their roles in development and cancer. The changes in the interactions between p53, p63 and p73 isoforms are likely to be fundamental to our understanding in the transition between normal cell cycling and the onset of tumour formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Murray-Zmijewski
- Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, CR-UK Cell Transformation Research Group, Dundee DD19SY, UK
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Schavolt KL, Pietenpol JA. p53 and Delta Np63 alpha differentially bind and regulate target genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. Oncogene 2007; 26:6125-32. [PMID: 17404570 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism by which the p53 family of proteins coordinately regulates select target genes after various types of cell stress is not well understood. To further define factors that dictate regulation of target genes, we examined the binding of p53, DeltaNp63alpha and RNA polymerase II (pol II) to the regulatory regions of select target genes in primary human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) using chromatin immunoprecipitation. In rapidly proliferating cells, we observed constitutive binding of DeltaNp63alpha and varying levels of p53 binding, to consensus sites in target genes involved in cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis. Following genotoxic stress, p53 occupancy increased whereas DeltaNp63alpha occupancy decreased at the majority of binding sites examined. Microarray analysis of transcripts isolated from HEKs ectopically expressing p53 and DeltaNp63alpha revealed an inverse regulation of select target genes by the two family members. Collectively, our results suggest that DeltaNp63alpha can function as a repressor of select p53 target genes involved in growth arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis, and that the location of the p53 consensus binding site(s) in a target gene may dictate whether pol II is constitutively bound in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schavolt
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Caserta TM, Kommagani R, Yuan Z, Robbins DJ, Mercer CA, Kadakia MP. p63 overexpression induces the expression of Sonic Hedgehog. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 4:759-68. [PMID: 17050669 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p63 and p73 are members of the p53 protein family and have been shown to play an important role in cell death, development, and tumorigenesis. In particular, p63 has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of epidermal stem cells and in the stratification of the epidermis. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen that has also been implicated to play a role in epithelial stem cell proliferation and in the development of organs. Recently, Shh has also been shown to play an important role in the progression of a variety of cancers. In this report, we show that p63 and p73 but not p53 overexpression induces Shh expression. In particular, p63gamma and p63beta (both TA and DeltaN isoforms) and TAp73beta isoform induce Shh. Expression of Shh was found to be significantly reduced in mouse embryo fibroblasts obtained from p63-/- mice. The naturally occurring p63 mutant TAp63gamma(R279H) and the tumor suppressor protein p14(ARF) inhibited the TAp63gamma-mediated transactivation of Shh. The region -228 to -102 bp of Shh promoter was found to be responsive to TAp63gamma-induced transactivation and TAp63gamma binds to regions within the Shh promoter in vivo. The results presented in this study implicate p63 in the regulation of the Shh signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Caserta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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28
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Viganò MA, Lamartine J, Testoni B, Merico D, Alotto D, Castagnoli C, Robert A, Candi E, Melino G, Gidrol X, Mantovani R. New p63 targets in keratinocytes identified by a genome-wide approach. EMBO J 2006; 25:5105-16. [PMID: 17036050 PMCID: PMC1630419 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 is a developmentally regulated transcription factor related to p53. It is involved in the development of ectodermal tissues, including limb, skin and in general, multilayered epithelia. The DeltaNp63alpha isoform is thought to play a 'master' role in the asymmetric division of epithelial cells. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of several human diseases, phenotypically characterized by ectodermal dysplasia. Our understanding of transcriptional networks controlled by p63 is limited, owing to the low number of bona fide targets. To screen for new targets, we employed chromatin immunoprecipitation from keratinocytes (KCs) coupled to the microarray technology, using both CpG islands and promoter arrays. The former revealed 96 loci, the latter yielded 85 additional genes. We tested 40 of these targets in several functional assays, including: (i) in vivo binding by p63 in primary KCs; (ii) expression analysis in differentiating HaCaT cells and in cells overexpressing DeltaNp63alpha; (iii) promoter transactivation and (iv) immunostaining in normal tissues, confirming their regulation by p63. We discovered several new specific targets whose functional categorization links p63 to cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandra Viganò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, Milan 20133, Italy. Tel.: +39 02 50315005; Fax: +39 02 50315044; E-mail:
| | | | - Barbara Testoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Merico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Plastica, Banca della Cute, Ospedale CTO, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Plastica, Banca della Cute, Ospedale CTO, Torino, Italy
| | - Amèlie Robert
- Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle CEA, Genopole Evry, France
| | - Eleonora Candi
- IDI-IRCCS c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerry Melino
- IDI-IRCCS c/o Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Service de Génomique Fonctionnelle CEA, Genopole Evry, France
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Universita' di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 26, Milan 20133, Italy. Tel.: +39 02 50315005; Fax: +39 02 50315044; E-mail:
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Kojima T, Nakahama KI, Yamamoto K, Uematsu H, Morita I. Age- and cell cycle-dependent changes in EPC-1/PEDF promoter activity in human diploid fibroblast-like (HDF) cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 293:63-9. [PMID: 16896539 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-2680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The changes in gene expression during senescence are very interesting. Early population doubling cDNA-1 (EPC-1, also known as pigment epithelial derived factor, PEDF) is one of the genes whose expression decreases dramatically during cellular aging. We examined whether or not EPC-1/PEDF promoter activity was affected by the cellular ageing using human diploid lung fibroblast cells in culture. Here we showed the promoter/enhancer region of EPC-1/PEDF existed at more than 1760 bp upstream from the transcriptional initiation site of the gene, and was regulated by both aging and cell cycle. These findings suggest that the expression of the EPC-1/PEDF gene is, at least in part, regulated transcriptionally in the cells. The analysis of the promoter region of the EPC-1/PEDF gene in this paper suggests the age- and cell cycle-dependent expression of specific transcriptional factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Kojima
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduated School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan
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Lei H, Juan AH, Kim MS, Ruddle FH. Identification of a Hoxc8-regulated transcriptional network in mouse embryo fibroblast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10305-10309. [PMID: 16793922 PMCID: PMC1502453 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603552103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor, Hoxc8, is a member of the homeobox gene family that is vital for growth and differentiation. Previously, we identified 34 genes whose expression levels were changed at least 2-fold by forced expression of Hoxc8 in C57BL/6J mouse embryo fibroblast cells using a mouse 16,463-gene oligonucleotide microarray. In the present study, we used the combined power of microarray profiling, global Hoxc8 DNA-binding site analysis, and high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to identify direct and biologically relevant targets of Hoxc8 in vivo. Here we show that 19 of the 34 responsive genes contain Hoxc8 consensus DNA-binding sequence(s) in their regulatory regions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that Hoxc8-DNA interaction was detected in five of the 19 candidate genes. All of these five target genes have been implicated in oncogenesis, cell adhesion, proliferation, and apoptosis. Overall, the genes described here should aid in the understanding of global regulatory networks of Hox genes and to provide valuable insight into the molecular basis of Hoxc8 in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Aster H Juan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Moo-Sang Kim
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Frank H Ruddle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511
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Abstract
p63, a p53 homolog has been shown to play a role in development and cancer. p63 is essential for both commitment of ectoderm to stratified epithelia and for the proliferative potential of epithelial stem cells. p63 knockout mice are born with severe development defects and lack organs of epithelial origin. In addition, p63 has also been shown to play a role in cancer development through the differential regulation of genes with tumor suppressor function and genes involved in metastasis. In order to understand the role of p63 in cancer and development, genes that are specifically regulated by p63 but not p53 were identified. In this study, we provide evidence that p63gamma specifically upregulates vitamin D Receptor (VDR). In contrast, p53 does not appear to be involved in upregulation of VDR expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring p63 missense mutant, p63gamma (R279H) and p14(ARF), both act in a dominant negative manner to inhibit p63gamma-mediated upregulation of VDR. Furthermore, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that p63 directly binds to the VDR promoter in vivo. Our findings clearly demonstrate that VDR is a direct target of p63 and suggests that p63 may play a role in cancer and differentiation through modulation of the VDR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kommagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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32
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Barbieri CE, Pietenpol JA. p63 and epithelial biology. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:695-706. [PMID: 16406339 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 is a homologue of the tumor suppressor p53. Unlike p53, which is dispensable for normal development, p63 is critical for the development of stratified epithelial tissues such as epidermis, breast, and prostate. p63 encodes multiple protein isoforms with both transactivating and transcriptional repressor activities that can regulate a wide spectrum of target genes. p63 is also implicated in tumor formation and progression in stratified epithelia, with evidence for both tumor suppressive and oncogenic properties. This review will examine current data and hypotheses regarding the role of p63 in the development, maintenance, and tumorigenesis of stratified epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Barbieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Center in Molecular Toxicology, 652 Preston Research Building, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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33
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Abstract
p53, the original member of the family of genes now known to include p63 and p73, was first heralded as an oncogene because of its potent transformation capabilities and its robust expression in human tumors. However, it was later discovered that only mutant p53 was oncogenic, and that wild type p53 functioned as a tumor suppressor. Decades later, p63, the newest member of this gene family, is involved in a similar controversy: is p63 an oncogene or a tumor suppressor? Recent progress on understanding the in vivo role of p63 in cancer has focused primarily on investigating its involvement in the tumor-suppressive mechanism of apoptosis, by analyzing mouse models to assess its tumor-suppressive capabilities, and by assessing its expression in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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34
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Koster MI, Kim S, Huang J, Williams T, Roop DR. TAp63alpha induces AP-2gamma as an early event in epidermal morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2005; 289:253-61. [PMID: 16324689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal morphogenesis begins with the commitment of the single-layered surface ectoderm to initiate a stratification program, a process that requires the expression of the transcription factor TAp63alpha. To determine the molecular mechanism by which TAp63alpha induces genes associated with the commitment to stratification, such as K14, we have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches. Our initial gene expression profiling studies suggested that TAp63alpha could regulate one or more AP-2 genes, which have been implicated in development and maintenance of the epidermis. We now demonstrate that TAp63alpha directly induces AP-2gamma expression in embryonic epidermis, when commitment to stratification occurs. Furthermore, we show that, in the absence of AP-2gamma, TAp63alpha fails to induce K14 expression in vitro. Our data identify AP-2gamma as the first in vivo target gene of TAp63alpha, and provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms associated with early events in epidermal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maranke I Koster
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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