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Lopes MQP, Teixeira RLF, Cabello PH, Nery JAC, Sales AM, Nahn J. R. EP, Moreira MV, Stahlke EVR, Possuelo LG, Rossetti MLR, Rabahi MF, Silva LFM, Leme PA, Woods WJ, Nobre ML, de Oliveira MLWDR, Narahashi K, Cavalcanti M, Suffys PN, Boukouvala S, Gallo MEN, Santos AR. Human N-acetyltransferase 2 ( NAT2) gene variability in Brazilian populations from different geographical areas. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1278720. [PMID: 38035025 PMCID: PMC10684696 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1278720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Several polymorphisms altering the NAT2 activity have already been identified. The geographical distribution of NAT2 variants has been extensively studied and has been demonstrated to vary significantly among different ethnic population. Here, we describe the genetic variability of human N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene and the predominant genotype-deduced acetylation profiles of Brazilians. Methods: A total of 964 individuals, from five geographical different regions, were genotyped for NAT2 by sequencing the entire coding exon. Results: Twenty-three previously described NAT2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, including the seven most common ones globally (c.191G>A, c.282C>T, c.341T>C, c.481C>T, c.590G>A, c.803A>G and c.857G>A). The main allelic groups were NAT2*5 (36%) and NAT2*6 (18.2%), followed to the reference allele NAT2*4 (20.4%). Combined into genotypes, the most prevalent allelic groups were NAT2*5/*5 (14.6%), NAT2*5/*6 (11.9%) and NAT2*6/*6 (6.2%). The genotype deduced NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype was predominant but showed significant variability between geographical regions. The prevalence of slow acetylation phenotype was higher in the Northeast, North and Midwest (51.3%, 45.5% and 41.5%, respectively) of the country. In the Southeast, the intermediate acetylation phenotype was the most prevalent (40.3%) and, in the South, the prevalence of rapid acetylation phenotype was significantly higher (36.7%), when compared to other Brazilian states (p < 0.0001). Comparison of the predicted acetylation profile among regions showed homogeneity among the North and Northeast but was significantly different when compared to the Southeast (p = 0.0396). The Southern region was significantly different from all other regions (p < 0.0001). Discussion: This study contributes not only to current knowledge of the NAT2 population genetic diversity in different geographical regions of Brazil, but also to the reconstruction of a more accurate phenotypic picture of NAT2 acetylator profiles in those regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Quinhones P. Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Lima F. Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Hernan Cabello
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Augusto C. Nery
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Maria Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lia Gonçalves Possuelo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, IB and Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia R. Rossetti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, IB and Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F. Rabahi
- Anuar Auad Infectious Disease Reference Hospital, Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sotiria Boukouvala
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics - Toxicogenomics, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Eugênia N. Gallo
- Leprosy Laboratory, Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Rezende Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Lawi ZK, Al-Shuhaib MBS, Amara IB. The rs1801280 SNP is associated with non-small cell lung carcinoma by exhibiting a highly deleterious effect on N-acetyltransferase 2. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:147-157. [PMID: 36048272 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04332-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE N-acetyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that is involved in the detoxification of carcinogens in the human body, so any damage to this protein may lead to the emergence of several metabolic dysfunctions. This work was conducted to determine the association between NAT2 polymorphism and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) that is increasingly reported in the Iraqi population. METHODS PCR sequencing was conducted to assess the possible association between genetic variants and NSCLC. Several in silico tools were implemented to investigate the effect of the observed SNPs on the structure, function, and stability of the altered NAT2. RESULTS Five SNPS of NAT2 (rs1208, rs1041983, rs1799929, rs1799930, and rs1801280) were identified in high frequencies in the amplified fragment. These SNPs showed variable distributions of haplotypes between cases and controls. No significant association of rs1208, rs1041983, rs1799929, and rs1799930 with NSCLC was shown in the investigated population. In contrast, rs1801280: CC genotype showed a highly significant (P = 0.009) association with the NSCLC, and individuals with this genotype had 2.19 more chances for developing NSCLC (OR 2.19; Cl95% 1.21-3.94). Association analysis of rs1801280 SNP distribution among the investigated patients showed that patients with CC genotype showed a significant (P = 0.02, OR 2.65) association with family history, which entailed a high hereditary possibility of this genotype among Iraqi patients. It was predicted that this SNP showed high damaging effects on the activity of NAT2 enzyme, with various deleterious outcomes on enzyme structure, function, and stability. CONCLUSION Data indicated that rs1801280 SNP exerted a tight association with NSCLC since individuals with CC genotype exhibited the most damaging effects on the NAT2 that may be behind the low acetylation rates of this enzyme in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa K Lawi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, 54001, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Baqur S Al-Shuhaib
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, Al-Qasim-8, Babil, 51001, Iraq.
| | - Ibtissem Ben Amara
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, Sfax, 3000, Tunisia
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Habil MR, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylator genotype-dependent N-acetylation and toxicity of the arylamine carcinogen β-naphthylamine in cryopreserved human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3257-3263. [PMID: 36112171 PMCID: PMC9641657 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We used cryopreserved human hepatocytes that express rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylator N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotypes to measure the N-acetylation of β-naphthylamine (BNA) which is one of the aromatic amines found in cigarette smoke including E-cigarettes. We investigated the role of NAT2 genetic polymorphism in genotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by BNA. In vitro BNA NAT2 activities in rapid acetylators was 1.6 and 3.5-fold higher than intermediate (p < 0.01) and slow acetylators (p < 0.0001). BNA N-acetylation in situ was 3 to 4- fold higher in rapid acetylators than slow acetylators, following incubation with 10 and 100 µM BNA (p < 0.01). DNA damage was two to threefold higher in the rapid versus slow acetylators (p < 0.0001) and 2.5-fold higher in intermediate versus slow acetylators following BNA treatment at 100 and 1000 μM, ROS/RNS level was the highest in rapid acetylators followed by intermediate and then slow acetylators (p < 0.0001). Our findings show that the N-acetylation of BNA is NAT2 genotype dependent in cryopreserved human hepatocytes and our data further document an important role for NAT2 genetic polymorphism in modifying BNA-induced genotoxicity and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R Habil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Habil MR, Salazar-González RA, Doll MA, Hein DW. Differences in β-naphthylamine metabolism and toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2*4, NAT2*5B or NAT2*7B N-acetyltransferase 2 haplotypes. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2999-3012. [PMID: 36040704 PMCID: PMC10187863 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
β-naphthylamine (BNA) is an important aromatic amine carcinogen. Current exposures derive primarily from cigarette smoking including e-cigarettes. Occupational and environmental exposure to BNA is associated with urinary bladder cancer which is the fourth most frequent cancer in the United States. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is an important metabolizing enzyme for aromatic amines. Previous studies investigated mutagenicity and genotoxicity of BNA in bacteria and in rabbit or rat hepatocytes. However, the effects of human NAT2 genetic polymorphism on N-acetylation and genotoxicity induced by BNA still need to be clarified. We used nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that were stably transfected with human CYP1A2 and NAT2 alleles: NAT2*4 (reference allele), NAT2*5B (variant slow acetylator allele common in Europe) or NAT2*7B (variant slow acetylator allele common in Asia). BNA N-acetylation was measured both in vitro and in situ via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutations, double-strand DNA breaks, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured as indices of toxicity. NAT2*4 cells showed significantly higher BNA N-acetylation rates followed by NAT2*7B and NAT2*5B. BNA caused concentration-dependent increases in DNA damage and ROS levels. NAT2*7B showed significantly higher levels of HPRT mutants, DNA damage and ROS than NAT2*5B (p < 0.001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001 respectively) although both are slow alleles. Our findings suggest that BNA N-acetylation and toxicity are modified by NAT2 polymorphism. Furthermore, they confirm heterogeneity among slow acetylator alleles for BNA metabolism and toxicity supporting differential risk for individuals carrying NAT2*7B allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam R Habil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Raúl A Salazar-González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 505 S. Hancock Street, CTR Rm 303, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Habil MR, Doll MA, Hein DW. Acetyl coenzyme A kinetic studies on N-acetylation of environmental carcinogens by human N-acetyltransferase 1 and its NAT1*14B variant. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:931323. [PMID: 36386142 PMCID: PMC9650386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.931323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is a xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme that uses acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA) as a cofactor for N-acetylation of many carcinogens including aromatic amines and alkylanilines. NAT1 is characterized by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may modulate affinity towards AcCoA. In the current study, we used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human NAT1*4 (reference allele) or NAT1*14B (variant allele) to measure AcCoA kinetic parameters for N-acetyltransferase activity measurements towards p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), β-naphthylamine (BNA), benzidine and 3,4-dimethylaniline (3,4-DMA). Our results showed higher N-acetylation rates for each substrate catalyzed by NAT1*4 compared to NAT1*14B. NAT1*4 exhibited higher affinity to AcCoA when catalyzing the N-acetylation of BNA and benzidine compared to NAT1*14B. The results of the current study provide further insights into differences in carcinogen metabolism among individuals possessing the NAT1*14B haplotype.
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Khan A, Abbas M, Verma S, Verma S, Rizvi AA, Haider F, Raza ST, Mahdi F. Genetic Variants and Drug Efficacy in Tuberculosis: A Step toward Personalized Therapy. Glob Med Genet 2022; 9:90-96. [PMID: 35707778 PMCID: PMC9192167 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major infectious disease affecting individuals worldwide. Current TB treatment strategy recommends the standard short-course chemotherapy regimen containing first-line drug, i.e., isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol to treat patients suffering from drug-susceptible TB. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causing agent, is susceptible to drugs, some patients do not respond to the treatment or treatment may result in serious adverse reactions. Many studies revealed that anti-TB drug-related toxicity is associated with genetic variations, and these variations may also influence attaining maximum drug concentration. Thus, inter-individual diversities play a characteristic role by influencing the genes involved in drug metabolism pathways. The development of pharmacogenomics could bring a revolution in the field of treatment, and the understanding of germline variants may give rise to optimized targeted treatments and refine the response to standard therapy. In this review, we briefly introduced the field of pharmacogenomics with the evolution in genetics and discussed the pharmacogenetic impact of genetic variations on genes involved in the activities, such as anti-TB drug transportation, metabolism, and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Khan
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Abbas
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sushma Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aliya Abbas Rizvi
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fareya Haider
- Department of Microbiology, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Tasleem Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Personalized and Molecular Medicine, Era University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Dumouchel JL, Kramlinger VM. Case Study 10: A Case to Investigate Acetyl Transferase Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:781-808. [PMID: 34272717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major routes of metabolism for marketed drugs are predominately driven by enzyme families such as cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Less studied conjugative enzymes, like N-acetyltransferases (NATs), are commonly associated with detoxification pathways. However, in the clinic, the high occurrence of NAT polymorphism that leads to slow and fast acetylator phenotypes in patient populations has been linked to toxicity for a multitude of drugs. A key example of this is the observed clinical toxicity in patients who exhibit the slow acetylator phenotype and were treated with isoniazid. Toxicity in patients has led to detailed characterization of the two NAT isoforms and their polymorphic genotypes. Investigation in recombinant enzymes, genotyped hepatocytes, and in vivo transgenic models coupled with acetylator status-driven clinical studies have helped understand the role of NATs in drug development, clinical study design and outcomes, and potential roles in human disease models. The selected case studies herein document NAT enzyme kinetics to explore substrate overlap from two human isoforms, preclinical species considerations, and clinical genotype population concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Training Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Valerie M Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Hein DW, Millner LM. Arylamine N-acetyltransferase acetylation polymorphisms: paradigm for pharmacogenomic-guided therapy- a focused review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:9-21. [PMID: 33094670 PMCID: PMC7790970 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1840551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The N-acetylation polymorphism has been the subject of comprehensive reviews describing the role of arylamine N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) in the metabolism of numerous aromatic amine and hydrazine drugs. AREAS COVERED We describe and review data that more clearly defines the effects of NAT2 haplotypes and genotypes on the expression of acetylator phenotype towards selected drugs within human hepatocytes in vitro, within human hepatocyte cultures in situ, and clinical measures such as bioavailability, plasma metabolic ratios of parent to N-acetyl metabolite, elimination rate constants and plasma half-life, and/or clearance determinations in human subjects. We review several drugs (isoniazid, hydralazine, sulfamethazine, amifampridine, procainamide, sulfasalazine, amonafide and metamizole) for which NAT2 phenotype-guided therapy may be important. The value of pharmacogenomics-guided isoniazid therapy for the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis is presented as a paradigm for NAT2 phenotype-dependent dosing strategies. EXPERT OPINION Studies in human subjects and cryopreserved human hepatocytes show evidence for rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator phenotypes, with further data suggesting genetic heterogeneity within the slow acetylator phenotype. Incorporation of more robust NAT2 genotype/phenotypes relationships, including genetic heterogeneity within the slow acetylator phenotype, should lead to further advancements in both health outcomes and cost benefit for prevention and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lori M. Millner
- Bluewater Diagnostic Laboratory, Mount Washington, Kentucky, USA
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Study on Genotyping Polymorphism and Sequencing of N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) among Al-Ahsa Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8765347. [PMID: 32626768 PMCID: PMC7312966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8765347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the well-studied phase II drug metabolizing enzymes is N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) which has an essential role in the detoxification and metabolism of several environmental toxicants and many therapeutic drugs like isoniazid (antituberculosis, TB) and antimicrobial sulfonamides. According to the variability in the acetylation rate among different ethnic groups, individuals could be classified into slow, intermediate, and fast acetylators; these variabilities in the acetylation rate are a result of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding sequence of NAT2. The variety of NAT2 acetylation status is associated with some diseases such as bladder cancer, colorectal cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes mellitus. The main objectives of this research are to describe the genetic profile of NAT2 gene among the people of the Al-Ahsa region, to detect the significant SNPs of this gene, to determine the frequency of major NAT2 alleles and genotypes, and then categorize them into fast, intermediate, and slow acetylators. Blood samples were randomly collected from 96 unrelated people from Al-Ahsa population, followed by DNA extraction then amplifying the NAT2 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); finally, functional NAT2 gene (exon 2) was sequenced using the Sanger sequencing method. The well-known seven genetic variants of NAT2 gene are 191G>A, 282C>T, 341T>C, 481C>T, 590G>A, 803A>G, and 857G>A were detected with allele frequencies 1%, 35.4%, 42.7%, 41.1%, 29.2%, 51%, and 5.7%, respectively. The most common NAT2 genetic variant among Al-Ahsa population was 803A>G with a high frequency 0.510 (95% confidence interval 0.44-0.581) followed by 341T>C 0.427 (95% confidence interval 0.357-0.497). The most frequent two haplotypes of NAT2 were NAT2∗6C (25.00%) and NAT2∗5A (22.92%) which were classified as a slow acetylators. According to trimodal distribution of acetylation activity, the predicted phenotype of Al-Ahsa population was found to be 5.21% rapid acetylators, 34.38% intermediate acetylators, and 60.42% were slow acetylators. In addition, this study found four novel haplotypes NAT2∗5TB, NAT2∗5AB, NAT2∗5ZA, and NAT2∗6W which were slow acetylators. This study revealed a high frequency of the NAT2 gene with slow acetylators (60.42%) in Al-Ahsa population, which might alter the drug's efficacy and vulnerability to some diseases.
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Consumption of baby kale increased cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) activity and influenced bilirubin metabolism in a randomized clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Akhter N, Iqbal T, Jamil A, Akram M, Mehmood Tahir I, Munir N. Determination of Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 2 Acetylation Genotype by PCR and Phenotyping Using Dapsone Through High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Assay: A Gender Wise Study. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819855537. [PMID: 31285712 PMCID: PMC6600507 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819855537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to establish the acetylation status of local
population of Pakistan by N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme and to find out
the concordance between phenotypic and genotypic methods for the determination
of NAT2 acetylation. Gender-wise comparison of selected healthy male and female
volunteers aged greater than 18 years was also conducted to see the effect of
sex on NAT2 acetylation. Phenotypically, the rate of acetylation was determined
by high-pressure liquid chromatography with dapsone (DDS) probe drug, while
genotypically, NAT2 acetylation was determined by using specific primers for
NAT2 variant alleles (M1, M2, and M3) amplified in separate polymerase chain
reactions. High-pressure liquid chromatography results indicated 64% of the male
volunteers to be fast acetylators while 36% were slow acetylators, while ratio
of fast and slow acetylators for female was found to be 66% and 34%,
respectively. Genotypically, the ratio of fast and slow for male was 60% and 40%
and for female was 66% and 34%, respectively. The distribution of 3 NAT2 variant
alleles was found in invariable number. For male volunteers, the highest
frequency distribution showed by M2 allele was 56%, while for M1 and M3 the
frequency was 32% and 12%, respectively, and for female volunteers highest
frequency (51%) was shown by the M2 variant allele while lowest frequency (18%)
was shown by M3 allele. There was the 94% concordance between the DDS phenotype
and genotype. Gender effect on the acetylation was found to be nonsignificant
(P > .05). Therefore, it is concluded that NAT2
acetylation rate can be used to check in vivo acetylation status with dapsone as
probe drug. It is concluded that NAT2 acetylation rate was unaffected by gender
and can be used to check in vivo acetylation status with dapsone as probe drug,
which is inexpensive and less time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Akhter
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahira Iqbal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Amer Jamil
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Mehmood Tahir
- College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Munir
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Hein DW, Zhang X, Doll MA. Role of N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylation polymorphism in 4, 4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) biotransformation. Toxicol Lett 2018; 283:100-105. [PMID: 29180287 PMCID: PMC5745265 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) and 2 (NAT2) catalyze the acetylation of arylamine carcinogens. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the NAT2 coding exon present in NAT2 haplotypes encode allozymes with reduced N-acetyltransferase activity towards the N-acetylation of arylamine carcinogens and the O-acetylation of their N-hydroxylated metabolites. NAT2 acetylator phenotype modifies urinary bladder cancer risk following exposures to arylamine carcinogens such as 4-aminobiphenyl. 4, 4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) is a Group 1 carcinogen for which a role of the NAT2 acetylation polymorphism on cancer risk is unknown. We investigated the role of NAT2 and the genetic acetylation polymorphism on both MOCA N-acetylation and N-hydroxy-MOCA O-acetylation. MOCA N-acetylation exhibited a robust gene dose response in rabbit liver cytosol and in cryopreserved human hepatocytes derived from individuals of rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator NAT2 genotype. MOCA exhibited about 4-fold higher affinity for recombinant human NAT2 than NAT1. Recombinant human NAT2*4 (reference) and 15 variant recombinant human NAT2 allozymes catalyzed both the N-acetylation of MOCA and the O-acetylation of N-hydroxy-MOCA. Human NAT2 5, NAT2 6, NAT2 7 and NAT2 14 allozymes catalyzed MOCA N-acetylation and N-hydroxy-O-acetylation at rates much lower than the reference NAT2 4 allozyme. In conclusion, our results show that NAT2 acetylator genotype has an important role in MOCA metabolism and suggest that risk assessments related to MOCA exposures consider accounting for NAT2 acetylator phenotype in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
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Regev-Avraham Z, Baron-Epel O, Hammond SK, Keinan-Boker L. Passive smoking, NAT2 polymorphism, and breast cancer risk in Israeli Arab women: a case-control study. Breast Cancer 2017; 25:176-184. [PMID: 29071579 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-017-0809-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of passive smoking (PS) on breast cancer (BC) is controversial, and may be modified by polymorphism of the N-Acetyl-transferase (NAT) 2 enzyme which is involved in tobacco carcinogen metabolism. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between PS and BC by NAT2 variants in Arab-Israeli women, a unique population with low active smoking rates, and high exposure to PS. METHODS A population-based case-control study was carried out on non-smoking 137 prevalent breast cancer patients and 274 population-based controls, aged 30-70 years. Data on past and current PS, sociodemographic, and other characteristics were retrieved through interviews, and buccal smears were provided for NAT2 analyses. Logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounders assessed the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the association between PS and BC. RESULTS Ever PS was associated with increased BC risk: OR = 2.22, 95% CI 1.28-3.87. Higher lifetime PS exposure was associated with higher BC risk: Compared to never exposed women, women exposed to PS most of their lives had a threefold higher BC risk (OR = 3.16, 95% CI 1.70-5.87, P trend < 0.001). NAT2 polymorphism did not modify these associations. CONCLUSIONS PS exposure in non-smoking Israeli Arab women is significantly associated with increased risk for BC, potentially allowing for specific intervention; NAT2 polymorphism does not modify this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Regev-Avraham
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Abba Hushy Blvd, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - O Baron-Epel
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Abba Hushy Blvd, 31905, Haifa, Israel
| | - S K Hammond
- School of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of California, 50 University Ave Hall #7360, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - L Keinan-Boker
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Abba Hushy Blvd, 31905, Haifa, Israel. .,Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Szymańska B, Sawicka E, Guzik A, Zdrojowy R, Długosz A. The Diagnostic Value of Nuclear Matrix Proteins in Bladder Cancer in the Aspect of Environmental Risk from Carcinogens. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9643139. [PMID: 28929116 PMCID: PMC5591903 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9643139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of environmental factors with genetic susceptibility and detoxification level seems to be an important causative factor in bladder cancer (BC). The aim of this study was to look for a BC marker panel which reflects the environmental risk. The nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22), bladder cancer-4 (BLCA-4), and total level proteins NMP22 and BLCA-4 (NMBL) in BC patients with genetic predisposition NAT2 (classified as slow acetylators, SA), DNA damage (8-OHdG), and detoxification by isoenzyme GSTπ activity were measured. MATERIALS AND METHODS The urine and blood from 91 BC patients and controls were examined, also according to tumor stage (T) and grade (G). The participants completed a questionnaire in order to evaluate environmental risk. RESULTS Most patients (75.3%) were previous or actual smokers. The levels of 8-OHdG, NMP22, BLCA-4, NMBL, and GSTπ were significantly higher in BC (p ≤ 0.001). The majority of patients (59.3%) were slow acetylators (SA). The highest BLCA-4/8-OHdG correlation was observed in total BC and SA smokers. CONCLUSIONS The total pool of nuclear matrix proteins in the urine (NMBL) has a higher diagnostic value in bladder cancer than single proteins. The particular value of BLCA-4 and GSTπ in the aspect of environmental risk was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Szymańska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawicka
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Guzik
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Romuald Zdrojowy
- Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Wrocław University Hospital, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Długosz
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Identification of cancer chemopreventive isothiocyanates as direct inhibitors of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase-dependent acetylation and bioactivation of aromatic amine carcinogens. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8688-99. [PMID: 26840026 PMCID: PMC4890997 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic amines (AAs) are chemicals of industrial, pharmacological and environmental relevance. Certain AAs, such as 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), are human carcinogens that require enzymatic metabolic activation to reactive chemicals to form genotoxic DNA adducts. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT) are xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (XME) that play a major role in this carcinogenic bioactivation process. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), including benzyl-ITC (BITC) and phenethyl-ITC (PEITC), are phytochemicals known to have chemopreventive activity against several aromatic carcinogens. In particular, ITCs have been shown to modify the bioactivation and subsequent mutagenicity of carcinogenic AA chemicals such as 4-ABP. However, the molecular and biochemical mechanisms by which these phytochemicals may modulate AA carcinogens bioactivation and AA-DNA damage remains poorly understood. This manuscript provides evidence indicating that ITCs can decrease the metabolic activation of carcinogenic AAs via the irreversible inhibition of NAT enzymes and subsequent alteration of the acetylation of AAs. We demonstrate that BITC and PEITC react with NAT1 and inhibit readily its acetyltransferase activity (ki = 200 M−1.s−1 and 66 M−1.s−1 for BITC and PEITC, respectively). Chemical labeling, docking approaches and substrate protection assays indicated that inhibition of the acetylation of AAs by NAT1 was due to the chemical modification of the enzyme active site cysteine. Moreover, analyses of AAs acetylation and DNA adducts in cells showed that BITC was able to modulate the endogenous acetylation and bioactivation of 4-ABP. In conclusion, we show that direct inhibition of NAT enzymes may be an important mechanism by which ITCs exert their chemopreventive activity towards AA chemicals.
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Santos ECLD, Pinto AC, Klumb EM, Macedo JMB. Polimorfismos no gene NAT2 (N‐acetiltransferase 2) em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Polymorphisms in NAT2 (N-acetyltransferase 2) gene in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2016; 56:521-529. [PMID: 27914600 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate potential associations of four substitutions in NAT2 gene and of acetylator phenotype of NAT2 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and clinical phenotypes. METHODS Molecular analysis of 481C>T, 590G>A, 857G>A, and 191G>A substitutions in the NAT2 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, from DNA extracted from peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with SLE (n=91) and controls (n=97). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The 857GA genotype was more prevalent among nonwhite SLE patients (OR=4.01, 95% CI=1.18-13.59). The 481T allele showed a positive association with hematological disorders that involve autoimmune mechanisms, specifically autoimmune hemolytic anemia or autoimmune thrombocytopenia (OR=1.97; 95% CI=1.01-3.81).
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Gan J, Ma S, Zhang D. Non-cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation and its toxicological relevance. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:473-501. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1225756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Adole PS, Kharbanda PS, Sharma S. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene polymorphism as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication in tuberculous meningitis or tuberculoma patients having seizures - A pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2016; 143:581-90. [PMID: 27488001 PMCID: PMC4989831 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.187106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Simultaneous administration of phenytoin and isoniazid (INH) in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) or tuberculoma patients with seizures results in higher plasma phenytoin level and thus phenytoin intoxication. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) enzyme catalyses two acetylation reactions in INH metabolism and NAT2 gene polymorphism leads to slow and rapid acetylators. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of allelic variants of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene as a predisposing factor for phenytoin toxicity in patients with TBM or tuberculoma having seizures, and taking INH and phenytoin simultaneously. Methods: Sixty patients with TBM or tuberculoma with seizures and taking INH and phenytoin simultaneously for a minimum period of seven days were included in study. Plasma phenytoin was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. NAT2 gene polymorphism was studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism and allele specific PCR. Results: The patients were grouped into those having phenytoin intoxication and those with normal phenytoin level, and also classified as rapid or slow acetylators by NAT2 genotyping. Genotypic analysis showed that of the seven SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of NAT2 gene studied, six mutations were found to be associated with phenytoin intoxication. For rs1041983 (C282T), rs1799929 (C481T), rs1799931 (G857A), rs1799930 (G590A), rs1208 (A803G) and rs1801280 (T341C) allelic variants, the proportion of homozygous mutant was higher in phenytoin intoxicated group than in phenytoin non-intoxicated group. Interpretation & conclusions: Homozygous mutant allele of NAT2 gene at 481site may act as a predisposing factor for phenytoin intoxication among TBM or tuberculoma patients having seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant S Adole
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh; Present address: Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
| | - Parampreet S Kharbanda
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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Quan L, Chattopadhyay K, Nelson HH, Chan KK, Xiang YB, Zhang W, Wang R, Gao YT, Yuan JM. Differential association for N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype and phenotype with bladder cancer risk in Chinese population. Oncotarget 2016; 7:40012-40024. [PMID: 27223070 PMCID: PMC5129988 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is involved in both carcinogen detoxification through hepatic N-acetylation and carcinogen activation through local O-acetylation. NAT2 slow acetylation status is significantly associated with increased bladder cancer risk among European populations, but its association in Asian populations is inconclusive. METHODS NAT2 acetylation status was determined by both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and caffeine metabolic ratio (CMR), in a population-based study of 494 bladder cancer patients and 507 control subjects in Shanghai, China. RESULTS The CMR, a functional measure of hepatic N-acetylation, was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner among both cases and controls possessing the SNP-inferred NAT2 slow acetylation status (all P-values<5.0×10-10). The CMR-determined slow N-acetylation status (CMR<0.34) was significantly associated with a 50% increased risk of bladder cancer (odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence interval = 1.10-2.06) whereas the SNP-inferred slow acetylation statuses were significantly associated with an approximately 50% decreased risk of bladder cancer. The genotype-disease association was strengthened after the adjustment for CMR and was primarily observed among never smokers. CONCLUSIONS The apparent differential associations for phenotypic and genetic measures of acetylation statuses with bladder cancer risk may reflect dual functions of NAT2 in bladder carcinogenesis because the former only measures the capacity of carcinogen detoxification pathway while the latter represents both carcinogen activation and detoxification pathways. Future studies are warranted to ascertain the specific role of N- and O-acetylation in bladder carcinogenesis, particularly in populations exposed to different types of bladder carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Quan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Current affiliation: School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou China
| | - Koushik Chattopadhyay
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather H. Nelson
- Masonic Cancer Center, and Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth K. Chan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renwei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, and Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Igumnova V, Capligina V, Krams A, Cirule A, Elferts D, Pole I, Jansone I, Bandere D, Ranka R. Genotype and allele frequencies of isoniazid-metabolizing enzymes NAT2 and GSTM1 in Latvian tuberculosis patients. J Infect Chemother 2016; 22:472-7. [PMID: 27236516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomic testing of tuberculosis drug-metabolizing enzyme genes was proposed as a strategy to identify patients at risk for suboptimal responses to medications. However, variations of the genotype frequencies among ethnic groups exist and new alleles are been identified. The aim of this study was to identify polymorphisms of genes encoding metabolic enzymes NAT2 and GSTM1 in tuberculosis patients in Latvia and to estimate the frequency of NAT2 slow acetylator and GSTM1 null genotypes. In total, 85 DNA samples were genotyped, all individuals were Caucasian. An ethnic heterogeneity reflecting the multiethnic population of the country was observed. 49 patients were Latvians, 30 were Russians and 6 of other ethnicity. In total, 7 NAT2 alleles were identified: *4, *5, *6, *7, *11, *12, * and *13. The most frequent was the slow acetylation allele NAT2*6 (frequency 0.388) followed by the slow acetylation allele NAT2*5 and the rapid acetylation allele NAT2*4 (frequencies 0.306 and 0.194, respectively). The predominance of slow (51.8%) and intermediate (43.5%) acetylators compared with rapid acetylators (4.7%) was observed. The GSTM1 null genotype was detected in 48.2% of tuberculosis patients. When subgroup analysis was performed according to ethnicity, the results showed that neither NAT2 allele frequencies nor GSTM1 null genotype frequency did not differ significantly in TB patients of Latvian or Russian ethnicity. Overall, genotyping results were similar with previous reports of a NAT2 gene variation and GSTM1 null genotype frequency in Caucasians. Our findings have a contribution for the pharmacogenetics-based tuberculosis therapy in Latvia in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktorija Igumnova
- Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia.
| | | | - Alvils Krams
- Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Andra Cirule
- Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Ilva Pole
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia; Riga East University Hospital, Centre of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inta Jansone
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Renate Ranka
- Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia; Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Riga, Latvia
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22
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Landscape of NAT2 polymorphisms among breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 77:191-6. [PMID: 26796284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of phenotypes of Arylamine N-acetyltransferase-2(NAT2) gene (i.e. fast, intermediate and slow acetylators) among ethnic groups, as well as the association studies regarding NAT2 polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer produced inconsistent results. This meta-analysis aimed to clarify whether the selected NAT2 phenotypes have an effect on the susceptibility to breast cancer. METHODS After aggregating the frequencies of fast, intermediate and slow phenotypes of NAT2 in breast cancer subjects, the odds ratio and relevant 95% confidence intervals were examined using combined data from all published 36 articles. RESULTS Overall, our results did not produce statistical significance for the proposed association, suggesting that there is no association between the selected phenotypes of NAT2 polymorphisms and breast cancer. In subgroup analyses, it was revealed that, as compared with the fast phenotype, intermediate acetylator is protective of the vulnerable White population to breast cancer. In addition, an obvious ethnic/geographic difference was found in the prevalence of fast, intermediate and slow acetylators among world-wide populations. CONCLUSIONS Although ethnic and geographic differences in NAT2 polymorphisms were present, this was not associated with the risk of breast cancer in general. Intermediate acetylator is protective for particular ethnic groups, a finding which should be carefully viewed and confirmed in the future studies.
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Selinski S, Getzmann S, Gajewski PD, Blaszkewicz M, Hengstler JG, Falkenstein M, Golka K. The ultra-slow NAT2*6A haplotype is associated with reduced higher cognitive functions in an elderly study group. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:2291-303. [PMID: 26615528 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) genotype is associated with age-related declines in basic sensory hearing functions. However, the possible modulatory role of NAT2 for higher cognitive functions has not yet been studied. We tested auditory goal-directed behavior and attentional control in 120 NAT2 genotyped subjects (63-88 years), using an auditory distraction paradigm in which participants responded to the duration of long and short tone stimuli. We studied involuntary shifts in attention to task-irrelevant deviant stimuli and applied event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine which cognitive subprocesses are affected by NAT2 status on a neurophysiological level. Relative to the standard stimuli, deviant stimuli decreased performance in the recently described ultra-slow acetylators (NAT2*6A and *7B): The increase in error-corrected reaction times (a combined measure of response speed and accuracy) in ultra-slow acetylators (254 ms increase) was more than twice as high as in the rapid acetylator reference group (111 ms increase; p < 0.01). The increase was still higher than in the other slow acetylators (149 ms increase, p < 0.05). In addition, clear differences were found in the ERP results: Ultra-slow acetylators showed deficits specifically in the automatic detection of changes in the acoustic environment as evidenced by reduced mismatch negativity (MMN, p < 0.005 compared to rapid acetylators). Refocussing of attention after a distracting event was also impaired in the ultra-slow acetylators as evidenced by a reduced re-orienting negativity (RON, p < 0.01 compared to rapid acetylators). In conclusion, the ultra-slow acetylation status was associated with reduced higher cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Selinski
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Patrick D Gajewski
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Michael Falkenstein
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Klaus Golka
- Leibniz-Institut für Arbeitsforschung an der TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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Patillon B, Luisi P, Poloni ES, Boukouvala S, Darlu P, Genin E, Sabbagh A. A homogenizing process of selection has maintained an "ultra-slow" acetylation NAT2 variant in humans. Hum Biol 2015; 86:185-214. [PMID: 25836746 DOI: 10.13110/humanbiology.86.3.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a wide spectrum of naturally occurring xenobiotics, including therapeutic drugs and common environmental carcinogens. Extensive polymorphism in NAT2 gives rise to a wide interindividual variation in acetylation capacity, which influences individual susceptibility to various drug-induced adverse reactions and cancers. Striking patterns of geographic differentiation have been described for the main slow acetylation variants of the NAT2 gene, suggesting the action of natural selection at this locus. In the present study, we took advantage of whole-genome sequence data available from the 1000 Genomes project to investigate the global patterns of population genetic differentiation at NAT2 and determine whether they are atypical compared with the remaining variation of the genome. The nonsynonymous substitution c.590G>A (rs1799930) defining the slow NAT2*6 haplotype cluster exhibited an unusually low FST value compared with the genome average (FST = 0.006, P = 0.016). It was indicated as the most likely target of a homogenizing process of selection promoting the same allelic variant in globally distributed populations. The rs1799930 A allele has been associated with the slowest acetylation capacity in vivo, and its substantial correlation with the subsistence strategy adopted by past human populations suggests that it may have conferred a selective advantage in populations shifting from foraging to agricultural and pastoral activities in the Neolithic period. Results of neutrality tests further supported an adaptive evolution of the NAT2 gene through either balancing selection or directional selection acting on multiple standing slow acetylation variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patillon
- 1 IRD UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France
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Huang Z, Yuan L, Jiang Z, Wang D. Associations of polymorphisms in NAT2 gene with risk and metastasis of osteosarcoma in young Chinese population. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2675-80. [PMID: 26445549 PMCID: PMC4590633 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s92275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in young individuals. Genetic factors may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of osteosarcoma. Here we carried out a case-control study to investigate seven NAT2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1799929, rs120, rs1041983, rs1801280, rs1799930, rs1799931, and rs1801279) on the risk and prognosis of osteosarcoma. This study included 260 young osteosarcoma cases and 286 controls. The TaqMan method was used to determine genotypes. We found that rs1799931 G>A polymorphisms were associated with a decreased risk of osteosarcoma in young Chinese population, and rs1041983 CT genotype seemed to play a protective role in the risk of osteosarcoma. However, further analysis showed that rs1041983 polymorphisms were associated with an elevated risk of tumor metastasis, predicting poor prognosis. This study provided the first evidence for the associations between NAT2 polymorphisms and osteosarcoma risk and metastasis in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Turesky RJ, White KK, Wilkens LR, Marchand LL. Caffeine Cytochrome P450 1A2 Metabolic Phenotype Does Not Predict the Metabolism of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Humans. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1603-15. [PMID: 26203673 PMCID: PMC4571451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed in well-done cooked meats. Chemicals that induce cytochrome P450 (P450) 1A2, a major enzyme involved in the bioactivation of HAAs, also form in cooked meat. Therefore, well-done cooked meat may pose an increase in cancer risk because it contains both inducers of P450 1A2 and procarcinogenic HAAs. We examined the influence of components in meat to modulate P450 1A2 activity and the metabolism of PhIP and MeIQx in volunteers during a 4 week feeding study of well-done cooked beef. The mean P450 1A2 activity, assessed by caffeine metabolic phenotyping, ranged from 6.3 to 7.1 before the feeding study commenced and from 9.6 to 10.4 during the meat feeding period: the difference in means was significant (P < 0.001). Unaltered PhIP, MeIQx, and their P450 1A2 metabolites, N(2)-(β-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HON-PhIP-N(2)-Gl); N3-(β-1-glucosiduronyl)-2-(hydroxyamino)-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HON-PhIP-N3-Gl); 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4,5-f]quinoxaline-8-carboxylic acid (IQx-8-COOH); and 2-amino-8-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-CH2OH-IQx) were measured in urine during days 2, 14, and 28 of the meat diet. Significant correlations were observed on these days between the levels of the unaltered HAAs and their oxidized metabolites, when expressed as percent of dose ingested or as metabolic ratios. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the caffeine P450 1A2 phenotype and any urinary HAA biomarker. Although the P450 1A2 activity varied by greater than 20-fold among the subjects, there was a large intraindividual variation of the P450 1A2 phenotype and inconsistent responses to inducers of P450 1A2. The coefficient of variation of the P450 1A2 phenotype within-individual ranged between 1 to 112% (median = 40%) during the entire course of the study. The caffeine metabolic phenotype for P450 1A2 was a poor predictor of oxidative urinary metabolites of PhIP and MeIQx and may not be a reliable measure to assess the role of HAAs in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kami K. White
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
| | - Lynne R. Wilkens
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 9681
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Homologues of xenobiotic metabolizing N-acetyltransferases in plant-associated fungi: Novel functions for an old enzyme family. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12900. [PMID: 26245863 PMCID: PMC4542470 DOI: 10.1038/srep12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi and their hosts engage in chemical warfare, attacking each other with toxic products of secondary metabolism and defending themselves via an arsenal of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. One such enzyme is homologous to arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and has been identified in Fusarium infecting cereal plants as responsible for detoxification of host defence compound 2-benzoxazolinone. Here we investigate functional diversification of NAT enzymes in crop-compromising species of Fusarium and Aspergillus, identifying three groups of homologues: Isoenzymes of the first group are found in all species and catalyse reactions with acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA. The second group is restricted to the plant pathogens and is active with malonyl-CoA in Fusarium species infecting cereals. The third group generates minimal activity with acyl-CoA compounds that bind non-selectively to the proteins. We propose that fungal NAT isoenzymes may have evolved to perform diverse functions, potentially relevant to pathogen fitness, acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA intracellular balance and secondary metabolism.
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Xiao X, Ma G, Li S, Wang M, Liu N, Ma L, Zhang Z, Chu H, Zhang Z, Wang SL. Functional POR A503V is associated with the risk of bladder cancer in a Chinese population. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11751. [PMID: 26123203 PMCID: PMC4485255 DOI: 10.1038/srep11751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) plays important roles in the metabolism of exogenous carcinogens and endogenous sterol hormones. However, few studies have explored the association between POR variants and the risk of bladder cancer. In this study, we first sequenced all 16 POR exons among 50 randomly selected controls, and found three variants, rs1135612, rs1057868 (A503V) and rs2228104, which were then assessed the relation to risk of bladder cancer in a case-control study of 1,050 bladder cancer cases and 1,404 cancer-free controls in a Chinese population. People with A503V TT genotype have a decreased risk of bladder cancer in a recessive model (TT vs. CC/CT, OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.57–0.93), which was more pronounced among elderly male, non-smoking, subjects. Especially, A503V TT genotype showed a protective effect in the invasive tumor stage. Functional analysis revealed that A503V activity decreased in cytochrome c reduction (50.5 units/mg vs. 135.4 units/mg), mitomycin C clearance (38.3% vs. 96.8%), and mitomycin C-induced colony formation (78.0 vs 34.3 colonies per dish). The results suggested that POR A503V might decrease the risk of bladder cancer by reducing its metabolic activity, and should be a potential biomarker for predicting the susceptibility to human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xiao
- 1] Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China [2] State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Shushu Li
- 1] Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China [2] State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Nian Liu
- 1] Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China [2] State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Lan Ma
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- 1] Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China [2] State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Lin Wang
- 1] Key Lab of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue Nanjing 211166, P. R. China [2] State Key Lab of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Rd., Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
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Hosen MB, Islam J, Salam MA, Islam MF, Hawlader MZH, Kabir Y. N-acetyltransferase 2 gene polymorphism as a biomarker for susceptibility to bladder cancer in Bangladeshi population. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2015; 11:78-84. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Bayejid Hosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Jahidul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abdus Salam
- Department of Urology; National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | - Md. Fakhrul Islam
- Department of Urology; Bangladesh Medical College and Hospital; Dhaka Bangladesh
| | | | - Yearul Kabir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Dhaka; Dhaka Bangladesh
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Zhou X, Ma Z, Dong D, Wu B. Arylamine N-acetyltransferases: a structural perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:748-60. [PMID: 23517104 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT) plays an important role in metabolism and detoxification of many compounds including drugs and environmental carcinogens through chemical modification of the amine group with an acetyl group. Recent studies have suggested that NATs are also involved in cancer cell growth and inhibition of the enzymes may be a potential target for cancer chemotherapy. Three-dimensional (3D) structures are available for NATs from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These structures provide valuable insights into the acetylation mechanism, features of the active site and the structural determinants that govern substrate/inhibitor-binding specificity. Such insights allow a more precise understanding of the structure-activity relationships for NAT substrates and inhibitors. Furthermore, the structural elucidation of NATs has generated powerful tools in the design of small molecule inhibitors that should alleviate cancer, based on the important role of the enzyme in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Progress and prospects in human genetic research into age-related hearing impairment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:390601. [PMID: 25140308 PMCID: PMC4130297 DOI: 10.1155/2014/390601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a complex, multifactorial disorder that is attributable to confounding intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The degree of impairment shows substantial variation between individuals, as is also observed in the senescence of other functions. This individual variation would seem to refute the stereotypical view that hearing deterioration with age is inevitable and may indicate that there is ample scope for preventive intervention. Genetic predisposition could account for a sizable proportion of interindividual variation. Over the past decade or so, tremendous progress has been made through research into the genetics of various forms of hearing impairment, including ARHI and our knowledge of the complex mechanisms of auditory function has increased substantially. Here, we give an overview of recent investigations aimed at identifying the genetic risk factors involved in ARHI and of what we currently know about its pathophysiology. This review is divided into the following sections: (i) genes causing monogenic hearing impairment with phenotypic similarities to ARHI; (ii) genes involved in oxidative stress, biologic stress responses, and mitochondrial dysfunction; and (iii) candidate genes for senescence, other geriatric diseases, and neurodegeneration. Progress and prospects in genetic research are discussed.
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Blasenkrebs durch aromatische Amine als Berufskrankheit: Zur Validität der neuen berufsgenossenschaftlichen Dosisgrenzwerte. ZENTRALBLATT FUR ARBEITSMEDIZIN ARBEITSSCHUTZ UND ERGONOMIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03346136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gundert-Remy U, Bernauer U, Blömeke B, Döring B, Fabian E, Goebel C, Hessel S, Jäckh C, Lampen A, Oesch F, Petzinger E, Völkel W, Roos PH. Extrahepatic metabolism at the body's internal–external interfaces. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:291-324. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.900565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Blaszkewicz M. Improved genotyping of N-acetyltransferase 2: role of the ultra-slow acetylators. EXCLI JOURNAL 2013; 12:1020-3. [PMID: 27034641 PMCID: PMC4803006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund/Germany,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Meinolf Blaszkewicz, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund/Germany, E-mail:
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Selinski S, Blaszkewicz M, Ickstadt K, Hengstler JG, Golka K. Refinement of the prediction of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) phenotypes with respect to enzyme activity and urinary bladder cancer risk. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Khan N, Pande V, Das A. NAT2 sequence polymorphisms and acetylation profiles in Indians. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14:289-303. [PMID: 23394391 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAT2, a broad-spectrum drug-metabolizing gene, is of high pharmacogenetic interest. Based on seven different mutations in the NAT2 gene, an individual can either be categorized as a slow or fast acetylator. MATERIALS & METHODS In order to characterize acetylation profiles of Indians, where data are poorly available, we sequenced the 873 bp NAT2 coding region in 250 Indians, covering the whole of India including three tribes. RESULTS Altogether, 35 NAT2 alleles forming two acetylator phenotypes (distributed almost in equal proportion in India) were found; while the alleles determining slow acetylators were highly differentiated, the fast acetylator alleles were less in number but highly frequent. CONCLUSION Interestingly, distribution of two different acetylation phenotypes correlated well with historical dietary pattern in India. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on NAT2 gene polymorphisms in worldwide humans revealed genetic affinities among populations with similar acetylation phenotypes, which also placed Indians and Africans together in a single cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naazneen Khan
- Evolutionary Genomics & Bioinformatics Laboratory, Division of Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Interaction of cigarette smoking and carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms in the risk of colorectal polyps. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:779-86. [PMID: 23299405 PMCID: PMC3616674 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal role of cigarette smoking in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not established. In a case-control study including 2060 colorectal polyp patients and 3336 polyp-free controls, we evaluated 21 functional genetic variants to construct a tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk score. Data regarding cigarette smoking were obtained through telephone interviews. Cigarette smoking was associated with an elevated risk of both adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. The association with smoking was stronger in participants with a high carcinogen-metabolizing risk score than those with a low risk score. Smoking 30 or more cigarettes per day was associated with a 1.7-fold elevated risk of any polyps (95% confidence interval = 1.3-2.2) among those with a low genetic risk score and 2.9-fold elevated risk (95% confidence interval = 1.8-4.8) among those with a high genetic risk score (P interaction = 0.025). A similar pattern of interaction was observed in analyses conducted separately for those with adenomas only (P interaction = 0.039) and hyperplastic polyps only (P interaction = 0.024). Interaction between carcinogen-metabolizing genetic risk and cigarette smoking was found in relation to high-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.010) but not low-risk adenomas (P interaction = 0.791). No apparent interaction was found for duration of smoking. This study shows that the association between cigarette smoking and colorectal polyp risk is modified by tobacco-carcinogen-metabolizing polymorphisms, providing support for a causal role of cigarette smoking in the etiology of colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Guoliang Li
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Walter E. Smalley
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - David W. Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Reid M. Ness
- VA Tennessee Valley Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA and
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Garcia-Closas M, Rothman N, Figueroa JD, Prokunina-Olsson L, Han SS, Baris D, Jacobs EJ, Malats N, De Vivo I, Albanes D, Purdue MP, Sharma S, Fu YP, Kogevinas M, Wang Z, Tang W, Tardón A, Serra C, Carrato A, García-Closas R, Lloreta J, Johnson A, Schwenn M, Karagas MR, Schned A, Andriole G, Grubb R, Black A, Gapstur SM, Thun M, Diver WR, Weinstein SJ, Virtamo J, Hunter DJ, Caporaso N, Landi MT, Hutchinson A, Burdett L, Jacobs KB, Yeager M, Fraumeni JF, Chanock SJ, Silverman DT, Chatterjee N. Common genetic polymorphisms modify the effect of smoking on absolute risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2211-20. [PMID: 23536561 PMCID: PMC3688270 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer results from the combined effects of environmental and genetic factors, smoking being the strongest risk factor. Evaluating absolute risks resulting from the joint effects of smoking and genetic factors is critical to assess the public health relevance of genetic information. Analyses included up to 3,942 cases and 5,680 controls of European background in seven studies. We tested for multiplicative and additive interactions between smoking and 12 susceptibility loci, individually and combined as a polygenic risk score (PRS). Thirty-year absolute risks and risk differences by levels of the PRS were estimated for U.S. males aged 50 years. Six of 12 variants showed significant additive gene-environment interactions, most notably NAT2 (P = 7 × 10(-4)) and UGT1A6 (P = 8 × 10(-4)). The 30-year absolute risk of bladder cancer in U.S. males was 6.2% for all current smokers. This risk ranged from 2.9% for current smokers in the lowest quartile of the PRS to 9.9% for current smokers in the upper quartile. Risk difference estimates indicated that 8,200 cases would be prevented if elimination of smoking occurred in 100,000 men in the upper PRS quartile compared with 2,000 cases prevented by a similar effort in the lowest PRS quartile (P(additive) = 1 × 10(-4)). Thus, the potential impact of eliminating smoking on the number of bladder cancer cases prevented is larger for individuals at higher than lower genetic risk. Our findings could have implications for targeted prevention strategies. However, other smoking-related diseases, as well as practical and ethical considerations, need to be considered before any recommendations could be made.
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Lin IS, Fan PL, Chen HI, Loh CH, Shih TS, Liou SH. Rapid and intermediate N-acetylators are less susceptible to oxidative damage among 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA)-exposed workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:515-20. [PMID: 23491024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we explored the association between a marker of oxidative stress, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and genetic polymorphism of the carcinogen-metabolizing enzyme N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) among 4,4'-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA)-exposed workers. METHODS The study population was recruited from four MBOCA-producing factories, and included 57 MBOCA-exposed workers and 101 unexposed control workers. Personal characteristics were collected by questionnaire. Plasma 8-OHdG levels were measured by LC/MS/MS. NAT2 alleles were measured by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS NAT2 polymorphism influenced the plasma 8-OHdG levels of MBOCA-exposed workers, but not of non-exposed workers. No difference between exposed and control groups was found for the crude 8-OHdG levels among rapid, intermediate, and slow acetylators. After adjusting for gender, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption habit, the 8-OHdG concentration in the MBOCA-exposed workers was 0.18pg/ml (95% CI -1.80 to -0.12) lower than the control group among rapid and intermediate acetylators. However, the difference between exposed and control groups was not significant for slow acetylators. CONCLUSION Gene-environment interactions could play a role in the carcinogenesis of occupational MBOCA exposure. We suggest that the impact of the NAT2 acetylator status is low, if at all, on the generation of the oxidative stress marker 8-OHdG in the investigated exposed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shen Lin
- Department of Family Medicine & Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Fu Z, Shrubsole MJ, Li G, Smalley WE, Hein DW, Chen Z, Shyr Y, Cai Q, Ness RM, Zheng W. Using gene-environment interaction analyses to clarify the role of well-done meat and heterocyclic amine exposure in the etiology of colorectal polyps. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:1119-28. [PMID: 23015320 PMCID: PMC3471199 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of well-done meat intake and meat-derived mutagen heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure in the risk of colorectal neoplasm has been suggested but not yet established. OBJECTIVE With the use of gene-environment interaction analyses, we sought to clarify the association of HCA exposure with colorectal polyp risk. DESIGN In a case-control study including 2057 colorectal polyp patients and 3329 controls, we evaluated 16 functional genetic variants to construct an HCA-metabolizing score. To derive dietary HCA-exposure amount, data were collected regarding dietary intake of meat by cooking method and degree of doneness. RESULTS A 2-fold elevated risk associated with high red meat intake was found for colorectal polyps or adenomas in subjects with a high HCA-metabolizing risk score, whereas the risk was 1.3- to 1.4-fold among those with a low risk score (P-interaction ≤ 0.05). The interaction was stronger for the risk of advanced or multiple adenomas, in which an OR of 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 4.6) was observed for those with both a high HCA-risk score and high red meat intake (P-interaction = 0.01). No statistically significant interaction was found in analyses that used specific HCA exposure derived from dietary data. CONCLUSION High red meat intake is associated with an elevated risk of colorectal polyps, and this association may be synergistically modified by genetic factors involved in HCA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenming Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Zhuo W, Zhang L, Qiu Z, Cai L, Zhu B, Chen Z. Association of NAT2 polymorphisms with risk of colorectal adenomas: Evidence from 3,197 cases and 4,681 controls. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:895-900. [PMID: 23226745 PMCID: PMC3493788 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated NAT2 polymorphisms as risk factors for various types of cancer. Colorectal adenomas are recognized as a pre-neoplastic lesion. A growing body of research documenting the association of NAT2 polymorphisms with the risk of colorectal adenomas has yielded conflicting results. The aim of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of this association. Meta-analyses assessing the association of NAT2 variants with colorectal adenomas were conducted and subgroup analyses on smoking status and the source of the controls were also performed. Eligible studies were identified for the period before March 2012. A total of seven case-control studies, including 3,197 cases and 4,681 controls, were selected following extensive searching and screening. In the overall data, no associations between NAT2 polymorphisms and colorectal adenomas were observed [odds ratio (OR), 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.90-1.21]. However, in the subgroup analysis concerning smoking status, slow acetylator variants were revealed to be correlated with increased colorectal adenoma risk in individuals who have smoked (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.64). In conclusion, the data of the present study suggested that NAT2 polymorphisms may be a risk factor for colorectal adenomas in individuals who have a history of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlei Zhuo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University
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Bonamassa B, Ma Y, Liu D. Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation of N-acetyltransferase 1 gene through distal promoter. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:581-90. [PMID: 22644701 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1, (HUMAN)NAT1, is a phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that plays an important role in drug and carcinogen biotransformation and cancer development. Its gene expression has been shown to be regulated by environmental factors. The purpose of the current study is to determine the involvement of nuclear receptors in transcriptional regulation of (HUMAN)NAT1 gene. We show that among the nuclear receptors examined, including the glucocorticoid receptor, retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha, constitutive androstane receptor, pregnane X receptor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and retinoic acid receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor plays a dominant role in regulating (HUMAN)NAT1 gene expression through distal promoter (P3). The involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor in transcription regulation of (HUMAN)NAT1 gene expression was demonstrated by dexamethasone treatment, reporter assay using plasmid-containing 3 kbp of 5'-end region of promoter 3, and treatment of anti-glucocorticoid RU486 in primary culture of human hepatocytes and transfected HepG2 cells. In addition, translation inhibition did not affect dexamethasone-induced gene expression through P3, suggesting that dexamethasone effect is directly mediated by glucocorticoid receptor activation. Furthermore, deletion analysis revealed the presence of multiple responsive elements within the 3 kbp fragment of P3. Transfection assays in mice using hydrodynamics-based procedure and reporter gene assay in a mouse cell line revealed that glucocorticoid-induced NAT gene expression is species dependent. Dexamethasone treatment of transfected mice and mouse cell line decreased (MOUSE)Nat2 gene expression, (HUMAN)NAT1 homologue. These results suggest that glucocorticoids serve as a modulator for (HUMAN)NAT1 gene expression via the P3-containing 5'-flanking region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bonamassa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Potts LF, Cambon AC, Ross OA, Rademakers R, Dickson DW, Uitti RJ, Wszolek ZK, Rai SN, Farrer MJ, Hein DW, Litvan I. Polymorphic genes of detoxification and mitochondrial enzymes and risk for progressive supranuclear palsy: a case control study. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:16. [PMID: 22424094 PMCID: PMC3344705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background There are no known causes for progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) H1 haplotype is the major genetic factor associated with risk of PSP, with both oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction also implicated. We investigated whether specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding enzymes of xenobiotic detoxification, mitochondrial functioning, or oxidative stress response, including debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase, paraoxonase 1 and 2, N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2 (NAT2), superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, and PTEN-induced putative kinase are associated with PSP. Methods DNA from 553 autopsy-confirmed Caucasian PSP cases (266 females, 279 males; age at onset 68 ± 8 years; age at death 75 ± 8) from the Society for PSP Brain Bank and 425 clinical control samples (197 females, 226 males; age at draw 72 ± 11 years) from healthy volunteers were genotyped using Taqman PCR and the SequenomiPLEX Gold assay. Results The proportion of NAT2 rapid acetylators compared to intermediate and slow acetylators was larger in cases than in controls (OR = 1.82, p < 0.05). There were no allelic or genotypic associations with PSP for any other SNPs tested with the exception of MAPT (p < 0.001). Conclusions Our results show that NAT2 rapid acetylator phenotype is associated with PSP, suggesting that NAT2 may be responsible for activation of a xenobiotic whose metabolite is neurotoxic. Although our results need to be further confirmed in an independent sample, NAT2 acetylation status should be considered in future genetic and epidemiological studies of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa F Potts
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, KY, USA
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Absence of association between N-acetyltransferase 2 acetylator status and colorectal cancer susceptibility: based on evidence from 40 studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32425. [PMID: 22403658 PMCID: PMC3293792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES N-Acetyltransferase (NAT) 2 is an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of different xenobiotics, including potential carcinogens, whose phenotypes were reported to be related to individual susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the results remain conflicting. To assess the relationship between NAT2 phenotypes and CRC risk, we performed this meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify all case-control or cohort studies of NAT2 acetylator status on the susceptibility of CRC by searching of PubMed and EMBASE, up to May 20, 2011. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association. RESULTS A total of over 40,000 subjects from 40 published literatures were identified by searching the databases. No significantly elevated CRC risk in individuals with NAT2 slow acetylators compared with fast acetylators was found when all studies pooled (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.04, I(2) = 52.6%). While three studies contributed to the source of heterogeneity were removed, there was still null result observed (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.90-1.03, P = 0.17 for heterogeneity, I(2) = 17.8%). In addition, we failed to detect any associations in the stratified analyses by race, sex, source of controls, smoking status, genotyping methods or tumor localization. No publication bias was observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that the NAT2 phenotypes may not be associated with colorectal cancer development.
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Koutros S, Silverman DT, Baris D, Zahm SH, Morton LM, Colt JS, Hein DW, Moore LE, Johnson A, Schwenn M, Cherala S, Schned A, Doll MA, Rothman N, Karagas MR. Hair dye use and risk of bladder cancer in the New England bladder cancer study. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2894-904. [PMID: 21678399 PMCID: PMC3203248 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amine components in hair dyes and polymorphisms in genes that encode enzymes responsible for hair dye metabolism may be related to bladder cancer risk. We evaluated the association between hair dye use and bladder cancer risk and effect modification by N-acetyltransferase-1 (NAT1), NAT2, glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 (GSTM1) and glutathione S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) genotypes in a population-based case-control study of 1193 incident cases and 1418 controls from Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire enrolled between 2001 and 2004. Individuals were interviewed in person using a computer-assisted personal interview to assess hair dye use and information on potential confounders and effect modifiers. No overall association between age at first use, year of first use, type of product, color, duration or number of applications of hair dyes and bladder cancer among women or men was apparent, but increased risks were observed in certain subgroups. Women who used permanent dyes and had a college degree, a marker of socioeconomic status, had an increased risk of bladder cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-8.9]. Among these women, we found an increased risk of bladder cancer among exclusive users of permanent hair dyes who had NAT2 slow acetylation phenotype (OR = 7.3, 95% CI: 1.6-32.6) compared to never users of dye with NAT2 rapid/intermediate acetylation phenotype. Although we found no relation between hair dye use and bladder cancer risk in women overall, we detected evidence of associations and gene-environment interaction with permanent hair dye use; however, this was limited to educated women. These results need confirmation with larger numbers, requiring pooling data from multiple studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Koutros
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Semiz S, Dujic T, Ostanek B, Velija-Asimi Z, Prnjavorac B, Bego T, Malenica M, Mlinar B, Heljic B, Marc J, Causevic A. Association of NAT2 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes in a population from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:311-7. [PMID: 21820610 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a drug-metabolizing enzyme, which is genetically variable in human populations. Polymorphisms in the NAT2 gene have been associated with drug efficacy and toxicity as well as disease susceptibility. Recently, an association of NAT2 gene variation with risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been suggested. This is the first study performed in a population from Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) in which the frequency of two common NAT2 polymorphisms, 341T>C (NAT2*5) and 590G>A (NAT2*6) was determined in diabetic patients. METHODS The frequency of the NAT2*5 (341T>C) and NAT2*6 (590G>A) polymorphisms was analyzed by employing TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays (Applied Biosystems) in a group of 63 patients with T2DM and 79 nondiabetic subjects. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that the frequencies of NAT2*5 (341T>C) and NAT2*6 (590G>A) polymorphisms in BH population were in line with the Caucasians genotype data. The NAT2*5 and NAT2*6 alleles were in high linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.969). Strinkingly, there was a significant difference in genotype frequencies for NAT2*5 (p <0.05) and NAT2*6 (p <0.001) polymorphisms between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. NAT2*5 polymorphism was associated with 2.4-fold increased risk for developing T2DM (adjusted OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.10-5.25, p = 0.028). On the contrary, NAT2*6 variant significantly decreased by 5-fold susceptibility to the disease (adjusted OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.09-0.43, p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that NAT2 genetic variation appeared to be an important risk factor in development of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Semiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Teng Y, Zhang Z, Cao X. Association of NAT2 phenotype with risk of head and neck carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:429-434. [PMID: 22740926 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and plays a significant role in the detoxification of numerous potential carcinogens. According to its acetylation status, NAT2 acetylator may be classified into two phenotypes, rapid and slow. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the polymorphisms of NAT2 were correlated with individual susceptibility to several malignant neoplasms, including head and neck carcinomas (HNC). However, the associations between the acetylator phenotypes and HNC risk in each study were not entirely consistent. To assess these associations more comprehensively, we performed a meta-analysis. In this meta-analysis, 16 eligible studies including 2,965 cases with HNC and 3,919 controls were identified by searching the databases of PubMed, Medline and the ISI Web of Knowledge. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to evaluate the association. No significant associations between the rapid acetylator phenotype in NAT2 and HNC risk were found either in the overall analysis (OR=0.98; 95% CI 0.83, 1.15; I(2)=57%; P(heterogeneity)=0.003) or in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity (for the Caucasian population, OR=1.03, 95% CI 0.85, 1.24, I(2)=63%, P(heterogeneity)=0.002; for other mixed populations, OR=0.78, 95% CI=0.61, 1.00, I(2)=0%, P(heterogeneity)=0.47). In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggested that there is no association between the NAT2 phenotype and the risk of HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyang Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009
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Hein DW, Doll MA. Accuracy of various human NAT2 SNP genotyping panels to infer rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 13:31-41. [PMID: 22092036 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Humans exhibit genetic polymorphism in NAT2 resulting in rapid, intermediate and slow acetylator phenotypes. Over 65 NAT2 variants possessing one or more SNPs in the 870-bp NAT2 coding region have been reported. The seven most frequent SNPs are rs1801279 (191G>A), rs1041983 (282C>T), rs1801280 (341T>C), rs1799929 (481C>T), rs1799930 (590G>A), rs1208 (803A>G) and rs1799931 (857G>A). The majority of studies investigate the NAT2 genotype assay for three SNPs: 481C>T, 590G>A and 857G>A. A tag-SNP (rs1495741) recently identified in a genome-wide association study has also been proposed as a biomarker for the NAT2 phenotype. MATERIALS & METHODS Sulfamethazine N-acetyltransferase catalytic activities were measured in cryopreserved human hepatocytes from a convenience sample of individuals in the USA with an ethnic frequency similar to the 2010 US population census. These activities were segregated by the tag-SNP rs1495741 and each of the seven SNPs described above. We assessed the accuracy of the tag-SNP and various two-, three-, four- and seven-SNP genotyping panels for their ability to accurately infer NAT2 phenotype. RESULTS The accuracy of the various NAT2 SNP genotype panels to infer NAT2 phenotype were as follows: seven-SNP: 98.4%; tag-SNP: 77.7%; two-SNP: 96.1%; three-SNP: 92.2%; and four-SNP: 98.4%. CONCLUSION A NAT2 four-SNP genotype panel of rs1801279 (191G>A), rs1801280 (341T>C), rs1799930 (590G>A) and rs1799931 (857G>A) infers NAT2 acetylator phenotype with high accuracy, and is recommended over the tag-, two-, three- and (for economy of scale) the seven-SNP genotyping panels, particularly in populations of non-European ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY 40202-1617, USA
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Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase 1: A Novel Drug Target in Cancer Development. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 64:147-65. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Hou YY, Ou HL, Chu ST, Wu PC, Lu PJ, Chi CC, Leung KW, Lee CY, Wu PH, Hsiao M, Ger LP. NAT2 slow acetylation haplotypes are associated with the increased risk of betel quid–related oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:484-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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