1
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Chen J, Qu Y, Dong J, Xu W, Zhao Y, Cui J, Yu Z, Bao Z, Ma J, Han Y, Liu Y, Huang B, Wang X. A scallop IκB protein involved in innate immunity acts as a key regulator of NF-κB. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109897. [PMID: 39260530 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Chlamys farreri, a commercially important bivalve mollusk, is extensively cultivated in China. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of diseases has led to significant mortality in scallop farms. Despite this, our understanding of scallop's innate immune mechanisms remains limited. The NF-κB signaling pathway plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cellular, developmental, and immune defense mechanisms. Inhibitors of NF-κB (IκB) proteins block the nuclear localization and DNA binding of NF-κB, thereby inhibiting its activity. However, the role of these proteins in invertebrates is not well understood. In this study, we identified a new homolog of the IκB gene in C. farreri, named CfIκB1. The open reading frame of CfIκB1 spans 1,089 bp, encoding 362 amino acids. Through sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis, CfIκB1 was classified as a member of the invertebrate IκB family. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that CfIκB1 transcripts are present in all examined tissues, with the highest expression observed in hemocytes. Expression levels were significantly upregulated following exposure to lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed that CfIκB1 interacts with NF-κB family proteins CfRel-1 and CfRel. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that CfIκB1 inhibits CfRel-dependent activation of NF-κB, ISRE, IFNβ, and AP-1. These findings suggest that CfIκB1 plays a crucial role in regulating NF-κB activity, which is integral to the innate immunity of C. farreri. This research enhances our understanding of the innate immune system in invertebrates and provides a theoretical basis for developing disease-resistant scallops at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwen Chen
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yifan Qu
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Juan Dong
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China; Rushan Marine Economy and Development Center, Rushan, 264599, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jie Cui
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zhengjie Yu
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Zihao Bao
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jilv Ma
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yijing Han
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Baoyu Huang
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Fisheries, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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2
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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Cho B, Zheng X, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae096. [PMID: 38629438 PMCID: PMC11321855 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, genetic studies of the role of specific NFκB transcription factors in sleep have been limited. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the unique expression pattern of a Dif- GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was reduced in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal overexpression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype by significantly increasing sleep and reducing nighttime arousability. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote deep sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K O’Hara
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Bumsik Cho
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie A Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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3
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Yao X, He Y, Zhu C, Yang S, Wu J, Ma F, Jin P. miR-190 restores the innate immune homeostasis of Drosophila by directly inhibiting Tab2 in Imd pathway. Microbes Infect 2024:105399. [PMID: 39084397 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The Drosophila Imd pathways are well-known mechanisms involved in innate immunity responsible for Gram-negative (G-) bacterial infection. The intensity and durability of immunity need to be finely regulated to keep sufficient immune activation meanwhile avoid excessive immune response. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that miR-190 can downregulate the expression levels of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the Imd immune pathway after Escherichia coli infection using the miR-190 overexpression flies and the miR-190KO/+ flies. Secondly, miR-190 overexpression significantly reduces while miR-190 KO increases Drosophila survival rates upon lethal Enterobacter cloacae infection. Thirdly, we further demonstrated that miR-190 negatively regulates innate immune responses by directly targeting both RA/RB and RC isoforms of Tab2. In addition, the dynamic expression pattern of AMPs (Dpt, AttA, CecA1), miR-190 and Tab2 in the wild-type flies reveals that miR-190 play an important role in Drosophila immune homeostasis restoration at the late stage of E. coli infection. Collectively, our study reveals that miR-190 can downregulate the expression of AMPs by targeting Tab2 and promote immune homeostasis restoration in Drosophila Imd pathway. Our study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of animal innate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yao
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Canhe Zhu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shangmin Yang
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Psychology, College of Victoria College, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Fei Ma
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
| | - Ping Jin
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunity and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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4
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Liguori F, Alberti F, Amadio S, Angelini DF, Pilesi E, Vitale G, Tesoriere G, Borsellino G, Vernì F, Volonté C. Pan-neuronal expression of human mutant SOD1 in Drosophila impairs survival and motor performance, induces early neuroinflammation and chromosome aberrations. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167192. [PMID: 38657911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Several mutations in the SOD1 gene encoding for the antioxidant enzyme Superoxide Dismutase 1, are associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a rare and devastating disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration and patients' death within 2-5 years from diagnosis. Motor neuron loss and related symptomatology manifest mostly in adult life and, to date, there is still a gap of knowledge on the precise cellular and molecular events preceding neurodegeneration. To deepen our awareness of the early phases of the disease, we leveraged two Drosophila melanogaster models pan-neuronally expressing either the mutation A4V or G85R of the human gene SOD1 (hSOD1A4V or hSOD1G85R). We demonstrate that pan-neuronal expression of the hSOD1A4V or hSOD1G85R pathogenic construct impairs survival and motor performance in transgenic flies. Moreover, protein and transcript analysis on fly heads indicates that mutant hSOD1 induction stimulates the glial marker Repo, up-regulates the IMD/Toll immune pathways through antimicrobial peptides and interferes with oxidative metabolism. Finally, cytological analysis of larval brains demonstrates hSOD1-induced chromosome aberrations. Of note, these parameters are found modulated in a timeframe when neurodegeneration is not detected. The novelty of our work is twofold: we have expressed for the first time hSOD1 mutations in all neurons of Drosophila and confirmed some ALS-related pathological phenotypes in these flies, confirming the power of SOD1 mutations in generating ALS-like phenotypes. Moreover, we have related SOD1 pathogenesis to chromosome aberrations and antimicrobial peptides up-regulation. These findings were unexplored in the SOD1-ALS field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Liguori
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti" (IASI), National Research Council (CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Alberti
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Francesca Angelini
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pilesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vitale
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Tesoriere
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Borsellino
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Experimental Neuroscience and Neurological Disease Models, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti" (IASI), National Research Council (CNR), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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5
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Quadros-Mennella PS, Lucin KM, White RE. What can the common fruit fly teach us about stroke?: lessons learned from the hypoxic tolerant Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1347980. [PMID: 38584778 PMCID: PMC10995290 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1347980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, resulting in hypoxia and glucose deprivation, is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Presently, there are no treatments that reduce neuronal damage and preserve function aside from tissue plasminogen activator administration and rehabilitation therapy. Interestingly, Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly, demonstrates robust hypoxic tolerance, characterized by minimal effects on survival and motor function following systemic hypoxia. Due to its organized brain, conserved neurotransmitter systems, and genetic similarity to humans and other mammals, uncovering the mechanisms of Drosophila's tolerance could be a promising approach for the development of new therapeutics. Interestingly, a key facet of hypoxic tolerance in Drosophila is organism-wide metabolic suppression, a response involving multiple genes and pathways. Specifically, studies have demonstrated that pathways associated with oxidative stress, insulin, hypoxia-inducible factors, NFκB, Wnt, Hippo, and Notch, all potentially contribute to Drosophila hypoxic tolerance. While manipulating the oxidative stress response and insulin signaling pathway has similar outcomes in Drosophila hypoxia and the mammalian middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemia, effects of Notch pathway manipulation differ between Drosophila and mammals. Additional research is warranted to further explore how other pathways implicated in hypoxic tolerance in Drosophila, such as NFκB, and Hippo, may be utilized to benefit mammalian response to ischemia. Together, these studies demonstrate that exploration of the hypoxic response in Drosophila may lead to new avenues of research for stroke treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt M. Lucin
- Department of Biology, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, United States
| | - Robin E. White
- Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA, United States
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6
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Cong B, Stamou E, Pennel K, Mckenzie M, Matly A, Gopinath S, Edwards J, Cagan R. WNT Signalling Promotes NF-κB Activation and Drug Resistance in KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572810. [PMID: 38187607 PMCID: PMC10769410 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 40% of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases are characterized by KRAS mutations, rendering them insensitive to most CRC therapies. While the reasons for this resistance remain incompletely understood, one key aspect is genetic complexity: in CRC, oncogenic KRAS is most commonly paired with mutations that alter WNT and P53 activities ("RAP"). Here, we demonstrate that elevated WNT activity upregulates canonical (NF-κB) signalling in both Drosophila and human RAS mutant tumours. This upregulation required Toll-1 and Toll-9 and resulted in reduced efficacy of RAS pathway targeted drugs such as the MEK inhibitor trametinib. Inhibiting WNT activity pharmacologically significantly suppressed trametinib resistance in RAP tumours and more genetically complex RAP-containing 'patient avatar' models. WNT/MEK drug inhibitor combinations were further improved by targeting brm, shg, ago, rhoGAPp190 and upf1, highlighting these genes as candidate biomarkers for patients sensitive to this duel approach. These findings shed light on how genetic complexity impacts drug resistance and proposes a therapeutic strategy to reverse this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojie Cong
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Evangelia Stamou
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Kathryn Pennel
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Molly Mckenzie
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Amna Matly
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Sindhura Gopinath
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 25-82 Annenberg Building; Box 1020, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029
| | - Joanne Edwards
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
| | - Ross Cagan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre; Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden; Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH UK
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7
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O’Hara MK, Saul C, Handa A, Sehgal A, Williams JA. The NFκB Dif is required for behavioral and molecular correlates of sleep homeostasis in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.562029. [PMID: 37905096 PMCID: PMC10614778 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.562029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor binding the κ light chain in B-cells (NFκB) is involved in a wide range of cellular processes including development, growth, innate immunity, and sleep. However, efforts have been limited toward understanding how specific NFκB transcription factors function in sleep. Drosophila fruit flies carry three genes encoding NFκB transcription factors, Dorsal, Dorsal Immunity Factor (Dif), and Relish. We previously found that loss of the Relish gene from fat body suppressed daily nighttime sleep, and abolished infection-induced sleep. Here we show that Dif regulates daily sleep and recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness. Mutants of Dif showed reduced daily sleep and suppressed recovery in response to sleep deprivation. Pan-neuronal knockdown of Dif strongly suppressed daily sleep, indicating that in contrast to Relish, Dif functions from the central nervous system to regulate sleep. Based on the distribution of a Dif-associated GAL4 driver, we hypothesized that its effects on sleep were mediated by the pars intercerebralis (PI). While RNAi knock-down of Dif in the PI reduced daily sleep, it had no effect on the recovery response to sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep was suppressed when RNAi knock-down of Dif was distributed across a wider range of neurons. Induction of the nemuri (nur) antimicrobial peptide by sleep deprivation was suppressed in Dif mutants and pan-neuronal over-expression of nur also suppressed the Dif mutant phenotype. Together, these findings indicate that Dif functions from brain to target nemuri and to promote sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Department of Neuroscience
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104
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8
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Zhang YM, Lin CY, Li BZ, Dong WR, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of two drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein(Smad)genes and their involvement in immune responses in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1255-1263. [PMID: 36427760 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic proteins (Smads), the crucial signal transducers in activating downstream gene transcription through transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) receptors, are the pleiotropic factors with important role in mediating cell proliferation, homeostasis, differentiation, apoptosis and immune response. However, whether Smads are involved in immune response in crustaceans remains unexplored. In the present study, the Smad3 and Smad4 were firstly identified and functionally characterized from the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The full-length cDNAs of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 were 1, 670 bp and 3, 060 bp with 1, 326 bp and 1, 875 bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. Real-time PCR analysis of the expression profiles demonstrated that pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 were predominantly expressed at in stomach, heart, and hemocytes. Notably, the expression levels of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 both Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV challenges were significantly altered, suggesting the involvement of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in innate immune responses. Knockdown of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in vivo dramatically activated the transcriptions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor genes. The overexpression of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 could significantly activate NF-κB signaling in HEK293T cells. Meanwhile, the clearance of bacteria was significantly reduced with knockdown of pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 in vivo. Results indicated that pcSmad3 and pcSmad4 played an immune-regulatory role in crayfish's innate immunity, which might pave the for a better understanding of the TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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9
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Zhang YM, Xu WB, Li BZ, Lin CY, Cheng YX, Xiao Y, Chen DY, Dong WR, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene 1 (Smad1) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii: The first evidence of Smad1 involved in immunity in invertebrates. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:13-22. [PMID: 35667540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smads, part of signaling cascades that represent downstream pathways of the TGF-β super family proteins, are pleiotropic cytokines with important role in mediating cell proliferation, homeostasis, differentiation, apoptosis and immune response. However, the specific functions of Smads remain unknown in crustaceans. In the present study, the drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein gene 1 (Smad1) was firstly identified and characterized from the Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The obtained cDNA sequence of pcSmad1was 2, 503 bp long with a 1, 488 bp open reading fame, which encoded a putative protein of 496 amino acids. Furthermore, pcSmad1 responded to both Aeromonas hydrophila and WSSV challenge, suggesting the involvement of pcSmad1 in innate immune responses. Knockdown of pcSmad1 in vivo dramatically increased the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor genes. Additionally, overexpression of pcSmad1 in HEK293T cells could markedly activate NF-κB signaling. Taken together, these results indicated that pcSmad1 played an immune-regulatory role in crayfish's innate immunity, which may provide a better understanding of TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bang-Ze Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chen-Yang Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Yong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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10
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Zhu T, Xu L, Peng J, Chen M, Xu H. Molecular characteristics and immune function of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 in Macrobrachium nipponense. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:295-304. [PMID: 35032678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L3 (UCHL3) is a deubiquitinating enzyme involved in the repair mechanism of homologous recombinations of DNA double strand breaks (DBS). However, the role of UCHL3 in crustacean immune regulation has not been studied. In this experiment, we cloned and analyzed the expression profile of the UCHL3 gene from Macrobrachium nipponense (MnUCHL3). The obtained full-length cDNA of the MnUCHL3 transcript was 1192 bp, and it had a 687 bp open reading frame encoding a 228 amino acid protein, and the structure of UCHL3 is highly similar to that of other invertebrates. Real-time PCR results indicated that MnUCHL3 was expressed in all detected tissues, with the highest expression levels in the hepatopancreas, and the expression of MnUCHL3 in the gill and hepatopancreas was downregulated to different degrees within 48 h after the infection of viruses and bacteria. Furthermore, knockdown of MnUCHL3 expression by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) injection in Aeromonas hydrophila-infected prawns increased prawn mortality and bacterial growth. In addition, overexpression of MnUCHL3 in HEK293T cells in vitro suggested that MnUCHL3 could activate the NF-κB signal path and the expression levels of NF-κB signaling cascade members and AMPs, exhibiting remarkable downregulation in the MnUCHL3-silenced group. The above experimental conclusions revealed that UCHL3 gene might be involved in the innate immune response to bacterial infection by regulating the synthesis of a series of AMPs, and these results might provide new insights into UCHL3 in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyao Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liaoyi Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiacheng Peng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China; South Taihu Lake Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Extension Center of Huzhou, Zhejiang University, 768, Luwang Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Zhang R, Gao J, Xie H, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Xiang N, Li Z. The Prepropalustrin-2CE2 and Preprobrevinin-2CE3 Gene from Rana Chensinensis: Gene Expression, Genomic Organization, and Functional Analysis of the Promoter Activity. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 29:143-155. [PMID: 34823453 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666211125105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3 are antimicrobial peptides from Rana chensinensis. In R. chensinensis tadpoles, the expression of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 increased with the developmental stage. In addition, the expression of the two genes was dramatically upregulated with stimulation by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and the chemical lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The genomic organization of the two antimicrobial peptide genes was confirmed. Both prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 contain three exons separated by two large introns. Additionally, several presumed transcription factor binding sites were identified in the promoter sequence. Functional analysis of the promoter was performed using a luciferase reporter system, and further confirmed by yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay. The results indicated that the transcription factors NF-κB and RelA are involved in regulating the expression of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3. As amphibian populations decline globally, this study provides new data demonstrating how frogs defend against pathogens from the environment by regulating AMP expression. For amphibians, antimicrobial peptides are innate immune molecules that resist adverse external environmental stimuli. However, the regulation mechanism of antimicrobial peptide gene expression in frogs is still unclear. OBJECTIVE The two antimicrobial peptides, palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3, are produced under external stimulation in Rana chensinensis. Using this model, we analyzed the gene structure and regulatory elements of the two antimicrobial peptide genes and explored the regulatory effects of related transcription factors on the two genes. METHOD Different stimuli such as E. coli, S. aureus, and chemical substance lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were applied to Rana chensinensis tadpoles at different developmental stages, and antimicrobial peptide expression levels were detected by RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis and 5'-RACE and genome walking technologies were employed to analyze the genome structure and promoter region of the antimicrobial peptide genes. With dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assays, we assessed the regulatory effect of the endogenous regulators of the cell on the antimicrobial peptide promoter. RESULTS The transcription levels of prepropalustrin-2CE2 and preprobrevinin-2CE3 were significantly upregulated after different stimulations. Genomic structure analysis showed that both genes contained three exons and two introns. Promoter analysis indicated that there are binding sites for regulatory factors of the NF-κB family in the promoter region, and experiments showed that endogenous NF-κB family regulatory factors in frog cells activate the promoters of the antimicrobial peptide genes. Yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay demonstrated that RelA and NF-κB1 might interact with specific motifs in the prepropalustrin-2CE2 promoter. CONCLUSION In this paper, we found that the gene expression levels of the antimicrobial peptides, palustrin-2CE2 and brevinin-2CE3, in R. chensinensis will increase under environmental stimuli, and we verified that the changes in gene expression levels are affected by the transcription factors RelA and NF-κB1. The yeast one-hybrid experiment and EMSA assay confirmed that RelA and NF-κB1 could directly interact with the frog antimicrobial peptide gene promoter, providing new data for the regulatory mechanism of antimicrobial peptides in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Jing Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Hui Xie
- School of life science and technology, Xidian University, Xian. China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Jing Song
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Nanshu Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian. China
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12
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Xu L, Zhou X, Wang P, Jin Q, Zhu T, Chen M, Xu H. The novel six LIM and one PET domain-containing protein Lmpt is involved in the immune response through activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway in the crustacean, Macrobrachium nipponense. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103948. [PMID: 33253750 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The four-and-a-half LIM-only protein family of transcription co-factors participates in various cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, cell adhesion, migration, transcription and signal transduction. However, the knowledge of the structural characteristics and immune functions of its ancestor Lmpt, which contains six LIM domains at the C-terminus and a PET domain at the N-terminus, is limited in invertebrates, especially in crustaceans. In the present study, a novel Lmpt from oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) was identified, and its role in the immune response was investigated. Its full-length cDNA sequence was 6407 bp, which contained a 2595 bp ORF encoding 865 amino acids, exhibiting high similarity to the structure of Lmpt derived from other invertebrates. Tissue distribution analysis revealed that MnLmpt was widely expressed in all examined tissues, and high expression levels were observed in muscle, heart and intestine in M. nipponense. After experimental challenges with bacteria and virus, the transcription levels of MnLmpt significantly fluctuated in gill and hepatopancreas, indicating that it might play a role in the innate immune response in M. nipponense. Silencing of MnLmpt by dsRNA injection in vivo could promote bacterial growth, suggesting that MnLmpt exerted an antibacterial immune function in prawn. Immunocytochemistry assay results demonstrated that MnLmpt was able to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after being stimulated with pathogens. The expression levels of NF-κB signalling cascade members, such as dorsal, relish, TAK1, TAB1, Ikkβ, and Ikkε, and AMPs, including ALF4, Cru1, and Cru2, exhibited significant downregulation in the MnLmpt silenced group. Similarly, dual-luciferase reporter assays also demonstrated that MnLmpt could stimulate an NF-κB signalling cascade. Meanwhile, all of the LIM domains of MnLmpt could trigger NF-κB signalling; however, their cumulative effect on NF-κB promoter activation was hardly observed. These results showed that MnLmpt might play a crucial role in the innate immune response in M. nipponense, and these findings paved the way for a better understanding of the immune system in crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoyi Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiefei Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peichen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qian Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tingyao Zhu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Haisheng Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China.
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13
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Signaling cross-talk during development: Context-specific networking of Notch, NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways in Drosophila. Cell Signal 2021; 82:109937. [PMID: 33529757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms depend on a handful of core signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cell fate choices. Often these relatively simple signals integrate to form a large and complex signaling network to achieve a distinct developmental fate in a context-specific manner. Various pathway-dependent and independent events control the assembly of signaling complexes. Notch pathway is one such conserved signaling mechanism that integrates with other signaling pathways to exhibit a context-dependent pleiotropic output. To understand how Notch signaling provides a spectrum of distinct outputs, it is important to understand various regulatory switches involved in mediating signaling cross-talk of Notch with other pathways. Here, we review our current understanding as to how Notch signal integrates with JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Drosophila to regulate various developmental events such as sensory organ precursor formation, innate immunity, dorsal closure, establishment of planar cell polarity as well as during proliferation and tumor progression. We highlight the importance of conserved signaling molecules during these cross-talks and debate further possibilities of novel switches that may be involved in mediating these cross-talk events.
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14
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Lee S, Kim S, Kang HY, Lim HR, Kwon Y, Jo M, Jeon YM, Kim SR, Kim K, Ha CM, Lee S, Kim HJ. The overexpression of TDP-43 in astrocytes causes neurodegeneration via a PTP1B-mediated inflammatory response. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:299. [PMID: 33054766 PMCID: PMC7556969 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoplasmic inclusions of transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) in neurons and astrocytes are a feature of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the role of TDP-43 in astrocyte pathology remains largely unknown. METHODS To investigate whether TDP-43 overexpression in primary astrocytes could induce inflammation, we transfected primary astrocytes with plasmids encoding Gfp or TDP-43-Gfp. The inflammatory response and upregulation of PTP1B in transfected cells were examined using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Neurotoxicity was analysed in a transwell coculture system of primary cortical neurons with astrocytes and cultured neurons treated with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM). We also examined the lifespan, performed climbing assays and analysed immunohistochemical data in pan-glial TDP-43-expressing flies in the presence or absence of a Ptp61f RNAi transgene. RESULTS PTP1B inhibition suppressed TDP-43-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in primary astrocytes. Using a neuron-astrocyte coculture system and astrocyte-conditioned media treatment, we demonstrated that PTP1B inhibition attenuated neuronal death and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by overexpression of TDP-43 in astrocytes. In addition, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects, a shortened lifespan, inflammation and climbing defects caused by pan-glial overexpression of TDP-43 were significantly rescued by downregulation of ptp61f (the Drosophila homologue of PTP1B) in flies. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PTP1B inhibition mitigates the neuronal toxicity caused by TDP-43-induced inflammation in mammalian astrocytes and Drosophila glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kang
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju, 61886, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Lim
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju, 61886, South Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
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Shendy NAM, Raghu D, Roy S, Perry CH, Safi A, Branco MR, Homayouni R, Abell AN. Coordinated regulation of Rel expression by MAP3K4, CBP, and HDAC6 controls phenotypic switching. Commun Biol 2020; 3:475. [PMID: 32859943 PMCID: PMC7455715 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated gene expression is required for phenotypic switching between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes during normal development and in disease states. Trophoblast stem (TS) cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) during implantation and placentation. Mechanisms coordinating gene expression during these processes are poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated that MAP3K4-regulated chromatin modifiers CBP and HDAC6 each regulate thousands of genes during EMT in TS cells. Here we show that CBP and HDAC6 coordinate expression of only 183 genes predicted to be critical regulators of phenotypic switching. The highest-ranking co-regulated gene is the NF-κB family member Rel. Although NF-κB is primarily regulated post-transcriptionally, CBP and HDAC6 control Rel transcript levels by binding Rel regulatory regions and controlling histone acetylation. REL re-expression in mesenchymal-like TS cells induces a mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Importantly, REL forms a feedback loop, blocking HDAC6 expression and nuclear localization. Together, our work defines a developmental program coordinating phenotypic switching. Noha Shendy et al. study the role of CBP and HDAC6 in phenotypic switching using trophoblast stem cells. They identify Rel, an NF-kB family member, to be transcriptionally coregulated by CBP and HDAC6. Surprisingly, Rel induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition and itself regulated Hdac6 expression and nuclear localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Ahmed Mohammed Shendy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Deepthi Raghu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Sujoy Roy
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309-4482, USA
| | | | - Adiba Safi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Miguel Ramos Branco
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ramin Homayouni
- Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, 48309-4482, USA
| | - Amy Noel Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA.
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16
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Deng H, Hu L, Li J, Yan W, Song E, Kuang M, Liu S, He J, Weng S. The NF-κB family member dorsal plays a role in immune response against Gram-positive bacterial infection in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103581. [PMID: 31862295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB family is a set of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play central roles in various biological events. Dorsal is an invertebrate NF-κB family member that is essential for the regulation of immune responses. In the current study, the Dorsal gene from Scylla paramamosain (SpDorsal) was identified, which showed high homology to other crustacean Dorsal proteins. Expression of SpDorsal was highest in hemocytes and could be significantly changed after immune stimulations. In expression vector-transfected S2 cells, SpDorsal was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and could be efficiently translocated into the nucleus upon immune stimulations with the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and poly (I:C), but not the Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus. As a transcription factor, SpDorsal could activate the promoter of S. paramamosain Hyastatin (SpHyastatin) in vitro, while S. paramamosain Cactus (SpCactus), a homolog of IκB, could interact with SpDorsal to prevent its nuclear translocation and inhibit its transcription factor activity. Silencing of SpDorsal in vivo using RNAi strategy significantly increased the mortality of crabs infected with S. aureus but not that with V. parahaemolyticus. These indicated that the SpDorsal signaling pathway could be mainly implicated in immune responses against Gram-positive bacterial infection in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Lei Hu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agriculture University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Wenyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Enhui Song
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China.
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.
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17
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Li Z, Wu C, Ding X, Li W, Xue L. Toll signaling promotes JNK-dependent apoptosis in Drosophila. Cell Div 2020; 15:7. [PMID: 32174999 PMCID: PMC7063707 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-020-00062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptosis plays pivotal roles in organ development and tissue homeostasis, with its major function to remove unhealthy cells that may compromise the fitness of the organism. Toll signaling, with the ancient evolutionary origin, regulates embryonic dorsal–ventral patterning, axon targeting and degeneration, and innate immunity. Using Drosophila as a genetic model, we characterized the role of Toll signaling in apoptotic cell death. Results We found that gain of Toll signaling is able to trigger caspase-dependent cell death in development. In addition, JNK activity is required for Toll-induced cell death. Furthermore, ectopic Toll expression induces the activation of JNK pathway. Moreover, physiological activation of Toll signaling is sufficient to produce JNK-dependent cell death. Finally, Toll signaling activates JNK-mediated cell death through promoting ROS production. Conclusions As Toll pathway has been evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to human, this study may shed light on the mechanism of mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling in apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojie Li
- 1Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- 1Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China.,2College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Road, Tangshan, 063210 China
| | - Xiang Ding
- 1Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- 1Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Lei Xue
- 1Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092 China.,3Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000 China
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18
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Schloop AE, Bandodkar PU, Reeves GT. Formation, interpretation, and regulation of the Drosophila Dorsal/NF-κB gradient. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 137:143-191. [PMID: 32143742 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphogen gradient of the transcription factor Dorsal in the early Drosophila embryo has become one of the most widely studied tissue patterning systems. Dorsal is a Drosophila homolog of mammalian NF-κB and patterns the dorsal-ventral axis of the blastoderm embryo into several tissue types by spatially regulating upwards of 100 zygotic genes. Recent studies using fluorescence microscopy and live imaging have quantified the Dorsal gradient and its target genes, which has paved the way for mechanistic modeling of the gradient. In this review, we describe the mechanisms behind the initiation of the Dorsal gradient and its regulation of target genes. The main focus of the review is a discussion of quantitative and computational studies of the Dl gradient system, including regulation of the Dl gradient. We conclude with a discussion of potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Schloop
- Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Prasad U Bandodkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Gregory T Reeves
- Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
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19
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Zhou YL, Li B, Xu YP, Wang LZ, Gu WB, Liu ZP, Dong WR, Shu MA. The Activin-like ligand Dawdle regulates innate immune responses through modulating NF-κB signaling in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 101:103450. [PMID: 31306697 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Activins, members of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, are pleiotropic cytokines with critical roles in mediating cell proliferation, differentiation, homeostasis, apoptosis and immune response. However, the structural characteristics and specific functions of Activins remain largely unknown in invertebrates. In the present study, an Activin-like ligand Dawdle (Daw) was firstly identified and characterized from mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The obtained cDNA sequence of SpDaw was 2, 196 bp long with a 1, 149 bp open reading fame, which encoded a putative protein of 382 amino acids. The putative SpDaw protein contained a signal peptide, a TGF-β propeptide region and a TGF-β domain. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that SpDaw was predominantly expressed at early embryonic development stage and premolt stages, implying its participation in development and growth. Furthermore, SpDaw responded to both Vibro alginolyticus and Poly (I:C) challenges, suggesting the involvement of SpDaw in innate immune responses. Knockdown of SpDaw in vivo dramatically increased the expressions of NF-κB signaling genes and anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) genes, and the bacteria clearance efficiency was also markedly enhanced in SpDaw-silenced crabs. Moreover, the in vitro experiment further demonstrated that recombinant SpDaw protein could block the increased transcription of IKKs, NF-κBs and ALFs induced by pathogen challenges. Taken together, these results indicated that SpDaw not only participated in development and growth processes but also played an immune-regulatory role in crabs' innate immunity, which may pave the way for a better understanding of TGF-β superfamily members in crustacean species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan-Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze-Peng Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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20
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Zhou YL, Wang LZ, Gu WB, Xu YP, Li B, Liu ZP, Dong WR, Chen YY, Shu MA. Transforming growth factor-β-activating kinase 1 and its binding protein 1 participate in the innate immune responses via modulating the IMDNFκB signaling in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:80-90. [PMID: 31022453 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β-activating kinase 1 (TAK1) is essential for diverse important biological functions, such as innate immunity, development and cell survival. In the present study, the homologs of TAK1 and TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) were identified and characterized from mud crab Scylla paramamosain for the first time. The full-length cDNAs of SpTAK1 and SpTAB1 were 2, 226 bp and 2, 433 bp with 1, 782 bp and 1, 533 bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. The deduced SpTAK1 protein contained a conserved S_TKc (Serine/threonine protein kinases, catalytic) domain, and the putative SpTAB1 protein possessed a typical PP2Cc (Serine/threonine phosphatases, family 2C, catalytic) domain and a potential TAK1 docking motif. Real-time PCR analysis showed that SpTAK1 and SpTAB1 were highly expressed at early development stages, suggesting their participation in crab's development process. Moreover, the expression levels of SpTAK1 and SpTAB1 in hepatopancreas were positively stimulated after challenge with Vibro alginolyticus and Poly (I:C), implying the involvement of SpTAK1 and SpTAB1 in innate immune responses against both bacterial and viral infections. When SpTAK1 or SpTAB1 were silenced in vivo, the expression levels of two IMDNFκB signaling components (SpIKKβ and SpRelish) and six antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (SpALF1-5 and SpCrustin) were significantly reduced, and the bacteria clearance capacity of crabs was also markedly impaired in SpTAK1 or SpTAB1 silenced crabs. Additionally, overexpression of SpTAK1 and SpTAB1 in HEK293T cells could markedly activate the mammalian NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our results suggested that TAK1 and TAB1 regulated crab's innate immunity via modulating the IMDNFκB signaling. These findings may provide new insights into the TAK1/TAB1-mediated signaling cascades in crustaceans and pave the way for a better understanding of crustacean innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan-Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze-Peng Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu-Yin Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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21
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Varga JFA, Bui-Marinos MP, Katzenback BA. Frog Skin Innate Immune Defences: Sensing and Surviving Pathogens. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3128. [PMID: 30692997 PMCID: PMC6339944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin is a mucosal surface in direct and continuous contact with a microbially diverse and laden aquatic and/or terrestrial environment. As such, frog skin is an important innate immune organ and first line of defence against pathogens in the environment. Critical to the innate immune functions of frog skin are the maintenance of physical, chemical, cellular, and microbiological barriers and the complex network of interactions that occur across all the barriers. Despite the global decline in amphibian populations, largely as a result of emerging infectious diseases, we understand little regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the innate immune function of amphibian skin and defence against pathogens. In this review, we discuss the structure, cell composition and cellular junctions that contribute to the skin physical barrier, the antimicrobial peptide arsenal that, in part, comprises the chemical barrier, the pattern recognition receptors involved in recognizing pathogens and initiating innate immune responses in the skin, and the contribution of commensal microbes on the skin to pathogen defence. We briefly discuss the influence of environmental abiotic factors (natural and anthropogenic) and pathogens on the immunocompetency of frog skin defences. Although some aspects of frog innate immunity, such as antimicrobial peptides are well-studied; other components and how they contribute to the skin innate immune barrier, are lacking. Elucidating the complex network of interactions occurring at the interface of the frog's external and internal environments will yield insight into the crucial role amphibian skin plays in host defence and the environmental factors leading to compromised barrier integrity, disease, and host mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F A Varga
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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22
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Williams LM, Fuess LE, Brennan JJ, Mansfield KM, Salas-Rodriguez E, Welsh J, Awtry J, Banic S, Chacko C, Chezian A, Dowers D, Estrada F, Hsieh YH, Kang J, Li W, Malchiodi Z, Malinowski J, Matuszak S, McTigue T, Mueller D, Nguyen B, Nguyen M, Nguyen P, Nguyen S, Njoku N, Patel K, Pellegrini W, Pliakas T, Qadir D, Ryan E, Schiffer A, Thiel A, Yunes SA, Spilios KE, Pinzón C JH, Mydlarz LD, Gilmore TD. A conserved Toll-like receptor-to-NF-κB signaling pathway in the endangered coral Orbicella faveolata. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 79:128-136. [PMID: 29080785 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we characterize the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-to-NF-κB innate immune pathway of Orbicella faveolata (Of), which is an ecologically important, disease-susceptible, reef-building coral. As compared to human TLRs, the intracellular TIR domain of Of-TLR is most similar to TLR4, and it can interact in vitro with the human TLR4 adapter MYD88. Treatment of O. faveolata tissue with lipopolysaccharide, a ligand for mammalian TLR4, resulted in gene expression changes consistent with NF-κB pathway mobilization. Biochemical and cell-based assays revealed that Of-NF-κB resembles the mammalian non-canonical NF-κB protein p100 in that C-terminal truncation results in translocation of Of-NF-κB to the nucleus and increases its DNA-binding and transcriptional activation activities. Moreover, human IκB kinase (IKK) and Of-IKK can both phosphorylate conserved residues in Of-NF-κB in vitro and induce C-terminal processing of Of-NF-κB in vivo. These results are the first characterization of TLR-to-NF-κB signaling proteins in an endangered coral, and suggest that these corals have conserved innate immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julianne Welsh
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jake Awtry
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah Banic
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cecilia Chacko
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Aarthia Chezian
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donovan Dowers
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Felicia Estrada
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Hsieh
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiawen Kang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wanwen Li
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zoe Malchiodi
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John Malinowski
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sean Matuszak
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas McTigue
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Mueller
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sinead Nguyen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ndidi Njoku
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Khusbu Patel
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William Pellegrini
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tessa Pliakas
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deena Qadir
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Emma Ryan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alex Schiffer
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Amber Thiel
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sarah A Yunes
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kathryn E Spilios
- Molecular Biology Laboratory (BB522), Program in Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jorge H Pinzón C
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Laura D Mydlarz
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Yu M, Chen J, Bao Y, Li J. Genomic analysis of NF-κB signaling pathway reveals its complexity in Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:510-518. [PMID: 29162540 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that plays highly important roles in several developmental, cellular and immune response processes. With the recent release of the draft Pacific oyster (Crassostra gigas) genome sequence, we have sought to identify the various components of the NF-κB signaling pathway in these mollusks and investigate their gene structure. We further constructed phylogenetic trees to establish the evolutionary relationship of the oyster proteins with their homologues in vertebrates and invertebrates using BLASTX and neighbor-joining method. We report the presence of two classic NF-κB/Rel homologues in the pacific oyster namely Cgp100 and CgRel, which possess characteristic RHD domain and a consensus nuclear localization signal, similar to mammalian homologues and an additional CgRel-like protein, unique to C. gigas. Further, in addition to two classical IκB homologues, CgIκB1 and CgIκB2, we have identified three atypical IκB family members namely CgIκB3, CgIκB4 and CgBCL3 which lack the IκB degradation motif and consist of only one exon that might have arisen by retrotransposition from CgIκB1. Finally, we report the presence of three IKKs and one NEMO genes in oyster genome, named CgIKK1, CgIKK2, CgIKK3 and CgNEMO, respectively. While CgIKK1 and CgIKK3 domain structure is similar to their mammalian homologues, CgIKK2 was found to lack the HLH and NBD domains. Overall, the high conservation of the NF-κB/Rel, IκB and IKK family components in the pacific oyster and their structural similarity to the vertebrate and invertebrate homologues underline the functional importance of this pathway in regulation of critical cellular processes across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Yu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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24
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The Biology of SUMO-Targeted Ubiquitin Ligases in Drosophila Development, Immunity, and Cancer. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6010002. [PMID: 29615551 PMCID: PMC5875560 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) pathways modify proteins that in turn regulate diverse cellular processes, embryonic development, and adult tissue physiology. These pathways were originally discovered biochemically in vitro, leading to a long-standing challenge of elucidating both the molecular cross-talk between these pathways and their biological importance. Recent discoveries in Drosophila established that ubiquitin and SUMO pathways are interconnected via evolutionally conserved SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) proteins. STUbL are RING ubiquitin ligases that recognize SUMOylated substrates and catalyze their ubiquitination, and include Degringolade (Dgrn) in Drosophila and RNF4 and RNF111 in humans. STUbL are essential for early development of both the fly and mouse embryos. In the fly embryo, Dgrn regulates early cell cycle progression, sex determination, zygotic gene transcription, segmentation, and neurogenesis, among other processes. In the fly adult, Dgrn is required for systemic immune response to pathogens and intestinal stem cell regeneration upon infection. These functions of Dgrn are highly conserved in humans, where RNF4-dependent ubiquitination potentiates key oncoproteins, thereby accelerating tumorigenesis. Here, we review the lessons learned to date in Drosophila and highlight their relevance to cancer biology.
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25
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Dragh MA, Xu Z, Al-Allak ZS, Hong L. Vitamin K2 Prevents Lymphoma in Drosophila. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17047. [PMID: 29213118 PMCID: PMC5719063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established the anticancer effect of vitamin K2 (VK2). However, its effect on lymphoma induced by UBIAD1/heix mutation in Drosophila remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to develop an in vivo model of lymphoma for the precise characterization of lymphoma phenotypes. We also aimed to improve the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the preventative effects of VK2 on lymphoma. Our results demonstrated that VK2 prevents lymphoma by acting as an electron carrier and by correcting the function and structure of mitochondria by inhibiting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production mtROS. Our work identifies mitochondria as a key player in cancer therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytham A Dragh
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China.,Department of Biology College of Life Science, Misan University, Amarah, Iraq
| | - Zhiliang Xu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zainab S Al-Allak
- Department of Biology College of Life Science, Misan University, Amarah, Iraq
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, P. R. China.
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26
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Mansfield KM, Carter NM, Nguyen L, Cleves PA, Alshanbayeva A, Williams LM, Crowder C, Penvose AR, Finnerty JR, Weis VM, Siggers TW, Gilmore TD. Transcription factor NF-κB is modulated by symbiotic status in a sea anemone model of cnidarian bleaching. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16025. [PMID: 29167511 PMCID: PMC5700166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16168-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NF-κB plays a central role in immunity from fruit flies to humans, and NF-κB activity is altered in many human diseases. To investigate a role for NF-κB in immunity and disease on a broader evolutionary scale we have characterized NF-κB in a sea anemone (Exaiptasia pallida; called Aiptasia herein) model for cnidarian symbiosis and dysbiosis (i.e., “bleaching”). We show that the DNA-binding site specificity of Aiptasia NF-κB is similar to NF-κB proteins from a broad expanse of organisms. Analyses of NF-κB and IκB kinase proteins from Aiptasia suggest that non-canonical NF-κB processing is an evolutionarily ancient pathway, which can be reconstituted in human cells. In Aiptasia, NF-κB protein levels, DNA-binding activity, and tissue expression increase when loss of the algal symbiont Symbiodinium is induced by heat or chemical treatment. Kinetic analysis of NF-κB levels following loss of symbiosis show that NF-κB levels increase only after Symbiodinium is cleared. Moreover, introduction of Symbiodinium into naïve Aiptasia larvae results in a decrease in NF-κB expression. Our results suggest that Symbiodinium suppresses NF-κB in order to enable establishment of symbiosis in Aiptasia. These results are the first to demonstrate a link between changes in the conserved immune regulatory protein NF-κB and cnidarian symbiotic status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole M Carter
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Phillip A Cleves
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Anar Alshanbayeva
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Leah M Williams
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Camerron Crowder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Ashley R Penvose
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - John R Finnerty
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Trevor W Siggers
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
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27
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Merchant M, Morkotinis V, Hale A, White M, Moran C. Crocodylian nuclear factor kappa B. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 213:28-34. [PMID: 28760718 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We deduced the amino acid (aa) sequence of the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) protein from genomic data for the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), the estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), and the Indian gharial (Gavialis gangeticus). A 105kDa protein, NFκB1 exhibits complex post-translational processing, multiple mechanisms of activation, and acts as precursor for a p50, a Rel homology transcription factor which influences the expression of key genes for developmental processes, apoptosis, and immune function. The aa sequences of the crocodylian proteins share very high identity with each other (97.2±0.7%), birds (81.0±1.1%, n=6), mammals (75.3±1.6%, n=4), reptiles (80.3±5.1%, n=2), and less identity with fish (55.5±5.5%, n=4) and one amphibian (66.1±0.8%). The crocodylian protein has a well-conserved Rel homology domain, a nuclear localization signal, and a glycine-rich region which facilitates proteasome-mediated generation of p50. The Rel homology domain contains sequences responsible for dimerization, DNA-binding, and nuclear translocation. In addition, seven ankyrin repeats were located, which putatively allow for inhibition of transcriptional regulation by mediating interaction with Inhibitor kappa B. Other features include a death domain, and conserved serine residues, near the C-terminal end, which act as potential phosphorylation sites for activation of the proteolytic generation of p50. Western blot analysis showed both the 105kDa precursor and the 50kDa mature NFκB were expressed in the alligator liver. Nuclear factor κB exhibited diffuse cytoplasmic distribution in alligator hepatocytes, and almost no cytoplasmic localization in infected animals. In addition, nuclear NFκB exhibited specific binding to the consensus NFκB promoter element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Merchant
- Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA.
| | | | - Amber Hale
- Department of Biology, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA, USA
| | - Mary White
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
| | - Chris Moran
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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28
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Shi Z, Liang H, Hou Y. Functional analysis of a NF-κB transcription factor in the immune defense of Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae). BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:251-260. [PMID: 27871341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485316000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although some novel antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been successfully isolated from Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, the mechanisms underlying the induction of these peptides are still elusive. The homolog of NF-κB transcription factor Relish, designated as BdRelish, was cloned from B. dorsalis. The full length cDNA of BdRelish is 3954 bp with an open reading frame that encodes 1013 amino acids. Similar to Drosophila Relish and the mammalian p100, it is a compound protein containing a conserved Rel homology domain, an IPT (Ig-like, plexins, transcription factors) domain and an IκB-like domain (four ankyrin repeats), the nuclear localization signal RKRRR is also detected at the residues 449-453, suggesting that it has homology to Relish and it is a member of the Rel family of transcription activator proteins. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis reveals that BdRelish mRNAs are detected in different quantities from various tissues and the highest transcription level of BdRelish is determined in fat body. The injection challenge of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureas significantly upregulated the expression of BdRelish. The injection of BdRelish dsRNA markedly reduced the expression of BdRelish and decreased the transcription magnitude of antimicrobial peptides. Individuals injected BdRelish dsRNA died at a significantly faster rate compared with the control groups. Therefore, BdRelish is vital for the transcription of AMPs to attack the invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, 350002,China
| | - H Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, 350002,China
| | - Y Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crops,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou, 350002,China
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29
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Khadilkar RJ, Ray A, Chetan DR, Sinha AR, Magadi SS, Kulkarni V, Inamdar MS. Differential modulation of the cellular and humoral immune responses in Drosophila is mediated by the endosomal ARF1-Asrij axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:118. [PMID: 28273919 PMCID: PMC5427928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How multicellular organisms maintain immune homeostasis across various organs and cell types is an outstanding question in immune biology and cell signaling. In Drosophila, blood cells (hemocytes) respond to local and systemic cues to mount an immune response. While endosomal regulation of Drosophila hematopoiesis is reported, the role of endosomal proteins in cellular and humoral immunity is not well-studied. Here we demonstrate a functional role for endosomal proteins in immune homeostasis. We show that the ubiquitous trafficking protein ADP Ribosylation Factor 1 (ARF1) and the hemocyte-specific endosomal regulator Asrij differentially regulate humoral immunity. Asrij and ARF1 play an important role in regulating the cellular immune response by controlling the crystal cell melanization and phenoloxidase activity. ARF1 and Asrij mutants show reduced survival and lifespan upon infection, indicating perturbed immune homeostasis. The ARF1-Asrij axis suppresses the Toll pathway anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) by regulating ubiquitination of the inhibitor Cactus. The Imd pathway is inversely regulated- while ARF1 suppresses AMPs, Asrij is essential for AMP production. Several immune mutants have reduced Asrij expression, suggesting that Asrij co-ordinates with these pathways to regulate the immune response. Our study highlights the role of endosomal proteins in modulating the immune response by maintaining the balance of AMP production. Similar mechanisms can now be tested in mammalian hematopoiesis and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan J Khadilkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Ray
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - D R Chetan
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Srivathsa S Magadi
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Vani Kulkarni
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Maneesha S Inamdar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India.
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Yadav AK, Srikrishna S, Gupta SC. Cancer Drug Development Using Drosophila as an in vivo Tool: From Bedside to Bench and Back. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:789-806. [PMID: 27298020 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been used for modeling cancer and as an in vivo tool for the validation and/or development of cancer therapeutics. The impetus for the use of Drosophila in cancer research stems from the high conservation of its signaling pathways, lower genetic redundancy, short life cycle, genetic amenability, and ease of maintenance. Several cell signaling pathways in Drosophila have been used for cancer drug development. The efficacy of combination therapy and uptake/bioavailability of drugs have also been studied. Drosophila has been validated using several FDA-approved drugs, suggesting a potential application of this model in drug repurposing. The model is emerging as a powerful tool for high-throughput screening and should significantly reduce the cost and time associated with drug development. In this review we discuss the applications of Drosophila in cancer drug development. The advantages and limitations of the model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarish Kumar Yadav
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Saripella Srikrishna
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
| | - Subash Chandra Gupta
- Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
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Espín-Palazón R, Traver D. The NF-κB family: Key players during embryonic development and HSC emergence. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:519-27. [PMID: 27132652 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family is a crucial transcription factor group known mainly for its role in the regulation of the immune system and its response to infection in vertebrates. The signaling pathway leading to NF-κB activation and translocation to the nucleus to exert its function as a transcription factor is well conserved among Kingdom Animalia, which has helped to elucidate other roles that NF-κB plays in other biological contexts such as developmental biology. The manipulation of NF-κB members in a diverse range of animal models results in severe developmental defects during embryogenesis, very often leading to embryonic lethality. Defects include dorsal-ventral patterning and limb, liver, skin, lung, neural, notochord, muscle, skeletal, and hematopoietic defects. Here, we recapitulate the research that has been done to address the role that NF-κB plays during embryonic development, in particular to emphasize its recently discovered role in the specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the foundation of the hematopoietic system in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Espín-Palazón
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - David Traver
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
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Liu T, Li L, Zhang F, Wang Y. Transcriptional inhibition of the Catalase gene in phosphine-induced oxidative stress in Drosophila melanogaster. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 124:1-7. [PMID: 26453223 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is a toxic substance to pest insects and is therefore commonly used in pest control. The oxidative damage induced by PH3 is considered to be one of the primary mechanisms of its toxicity in pest insects; however, the precise mode of PH3 action in this process is still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the responses of several oxidative biomarkers and two of the main antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), after fumigation treatment with PH3 in Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. The results showed that larvae exposed to sub-lethal levels of PH3 (0.028 mg/L) exhibited lower aerobic respiration rates and higher levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Furthermore, unlike SOD, the activity and expression of CAT and its encoding gene were downregulated by PH3 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Finally, the responses of six potential transcription factors of PH3 were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction to explore the regulation mechanism of DmCAT by PH3. There were no significant effects of PH3 on three nuclear factor-kappa B homologs (DORSAL, DIF, and RELISH) or two activator protein-1 genes (JUN and FOS), while dramatic inhibition of DNA replication-related element factor (DREF) expression was observed after fumigation with PH3, suggesting that PH3 could inhibit the expression of DmCAT via the DRE/DREF system. These results confirmed that PH3 induces oxidative stress and targets CAT by downregulating its encoding gene in Drosophila. Our results provide new insight into the signal transduction mechanism between PH3 and its target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Li
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fanhua Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuejin Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 241, Huixinxijie, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Ma X, Li X, Dong S, Xia Q, Wang F. A Fas associated factor negatively regulates anti-bacterial immunity by promoting Relish degradation in Bombyx mori. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 63:144-151. [PMID: 26101847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Negative regulation is required to keep NF-κB-dependent immune response under tight control. In previous study, we have identified a Fas associated factor (FAF) family member in Bombyx mori, BmFAF, and proposed it may act as a negative regulator in immune response. In this study, we found knock-down of BmFAF by RNAi led to a remarkable increase in transcriptional level of several antimicrobial peptide genes, including BmCecropinA1 and BmMoricin, and higher survival rate to Gram-negative bacterial infection. We also confirmed the regulatory role of BmFAF in suppressing NF-κB-dependent transcription by employing an inducible promoter in BmE cells. Consistent with these physiological phenotypes, BmFAF suppressed the activity of the essential transcription factor, Relish, in IMD signaling pathway by promoting its proteasomal degradation through direct interaction. In addition, by constructing various truncation mutants, we further demonstrated that UBA domain in BmFAF is required for the inhibitory role, and potential ubiquitination also occurs in this domain. Taken together, our results suggest that BmFAF is a negative regulator of IMD pathway by mediating degradation of Relish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xianyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shifeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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Mongre RK, Sodhi SS, Ghosh M, Kim JH, Kim N, Sharma N, Jeong DK. A New Paradigm to Mitigate Osteosarcoma by Regulation of MicroRNAs and Suppression of the NF-κB Signaling Cascade. Dev Reprod 2015. [PMID: 25949190 PMCID: PMC4415640 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2014.18.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant primary bone tumors and
NF-κB appears to play a causative role, but the mechanisms are poorly
understood. OS is one of the pleomorphic, highly metastasized and invasive
neoplasm which is capable to generate osteoid, osteoclast and osteoblast matrix.
Its high incidence has been reported in adolescent and children. Cell signal
cascade is the pivotal functional mechanism acquired during the differentiation,
proliferation, growth and survival of the cells in neoplasm including OS. The
major limitation to the success of chemotherapy in OS is the development of
multidrug resistance (MDR). Answers to all such queries might come from the
knock-in experiments in which the combined approach of miRNAs with NF-κB
pathway is put into use. Abnormal miRNAs can modulate several epigenetical
switching as a hallmark of number of diseases via different cell signaling.
Studies on miRNAs have opened up the new avenues for both the diagnosis and
treatment of cancers including OS. Collectively, through the present study an
attempt has been made to establish a new systematic approach for the
investigation of microRNAs, biophysiological factors and their target pairs with
NF-κB to ameliorate oncogenesis with the “bridge between miRNAs
and NF-κB”. The application of NF-κB inhibitors in
combination with miRNAs is expected to result in a more efficient killing of the
cancer stem cells and a slower or less likely recurrence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Mongre
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Simrinder Singh Sodhi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandevrepy, Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Mongre RK, Sodhi SS, Ghosh M, Kim JH, Kim N, Sharma N, Jeong DK. A New Paradigm to Mitigate Osteosarcoma by Regulation of MicroRNAs and Suppression of the NF-κB Signaling Cascade. Dev Reprod 2014; 18:197-212. [PMID: 25949190 PMCID: PMC4415640 DOI: 10.12717/devrep.2014.18.4.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common malignant primary bone tumors and NF-κB appears to play a causative role, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. OS is one of the pleomorphic, highly metastasized and invasive neoplasm which is capable to generate osteoid, osteoclast and osteoblast matrix. Its high incidence has been reported in adolescent and childevrepen. Cell signal cascade is the pivotal functional mechanism acquired during the differentiation, proliferation, growth and survival of the cells in neoplasm including OS. The major limitation to the success of chemotherapy in OS is the development of multidevrepug resistance (Mdevrep). Answers to all such queries might come from the knock-in experiments in which the combined approach of miRNAs with NF-κB pathway is put into use. Abnormal miRNAs can modulate several epigenetical switching as a hallmark of number of diseases via different cell signaling. Studies on miRNAs have opened up the new avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancers including OS. Collectively, through the present study an attempt has been made to establish a new systematic approach for the investigation of microRNAs, biophysiological factors and their target pairs with NF-κB to ameliorate oncogenesis with the "bridge between miRNAs and NF-κB". The application of NF-κB inhibitors in combination with miRNAs is expected to result in a more efficient killing of the cancer stem cells and a slower or less likely recurrence of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Mongre
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
| | - Simrinder Singh Sodhi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
| | - Mrinmoy Ghosh
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
| | - Nameun Kim
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science &
Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences &
Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu, India
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Dept. of
Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju
690-756, Korea
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Lee GJ, Hyun S. Multiple targets of the microRNA miR-8 contribute to immune homeostasis in Drosophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:245-251. [PMID: 24694685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding, around 22-nucleotide-long RNAs that exert significant modulatory roles in gene expression throughout the genome. As such, miRNAs take part in and modulate almost all biological processes like cell growth, development, and immunity. We previously showed that miR-8 miRNA plays a role in maintaining immune homeostasis in Drosophila. Here, we further discovered that targeting of multiple coding genes by miR-8 contributes to the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Toll and Dorsal, respectively the receptor and transcription factor in the Toll immune pathway, were found to be miR-8 targets, as shown by reporter assays and miR-8 null flies. Moreover, U-shaped (Ush), a previously verified miR-8 target, was seen to mediate miR-8 regulation of immune homeostasis. Consistently, overexpression of either Dorsal or Ush in the fat body led to increased Drosomycin expression, mimicking that induced by deletion of miR-8. Furthermore, mutation in Toll immune pathway or Ush rescues the abnormal expression of Drosomycin and lethality in miR-8 mutant. Thus, miR-8 regulates Drosophila immune homeostasis by targeting multiple immune genes, thereby contributing to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Jun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seogang Hyun
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Ballard SL, Miller DL, Ganetzky B. Retrograde neurotrophin signaling through Tollo regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 204:1157-72. [PMID: 24662564 PMCID: PMC3971753 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201308115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Toll-like receptor Tollo positively regulates growth of the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction through the JNK pathway after activation by the neurotrophin Spätzle3. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best characterized for their roles in mediating dorsoventral patterning and the innate immune response. However, recent studies indicate that TLRs are also involved in regulating neuronal growth and development. Here, we demonstrate that the TLR Tollo positively regulates growth of the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Tollo mutants exhibited NMJ undergrowth, whereas increased expression of Tollo led to NMJ overgrowth. Tollo expression in the motoneuron was both necessary and sufficient for regulating NMJ growth. Dominant genetic interactions together with altered levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and puc-lacZ expression revealed that Tollo signals through the JNK pathway at the NMJ. Genetic interactions also revealed that the neurotrophin Spätzle3 (Spz3) is a likely Tollo ligand. Spz3 expression in muscle and proteolytic activation via the Easter protease was necessary and sufficient to promote NMJ growth. These results demonstrate the existence of a novel neurotrophin signaling pathway that is required for synaptic development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Ballard
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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38
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Andruszewska G, Ożyhar A, Kochman M, Schmidt M. Different pattern of Galleria mellonella jhbp gene expression in high five and Sf9 cells. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 82:141-157. [PMID: 23334896 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone binding protein (JHBP) is the key element of the system that transmits hormone signals to target tissues. Recently, we found that the core promoter of the jhbp gene is strongly under the control of the TATA box and the transcription start site. In this report, we have shown that the jhbp promoter contains distal regulatory elements whose functionality clearly depends on the particular cell environment and that the scope of research from one cell line is insufficient to generalize the conclusions of the analysis. Cf1/Usp (where Usp is ultraspiracle protein previously known as Cf1, chorion factor 1) elements suppressed transcription of the reporter gene in the High Five cell line but not in the Sf9 cell line. However, upstream from all three Cf1/Usp elements there is a DNA sequence, containing the Zeste element, which activates jhbp in both systems. We found that juvenile hormone strongly inhibited the activity of the jhbp promoter in the Sf9 cell line, whereas it did not have an effect in the High Five cell line. A second key hormone that controls insect development--20-hydroxyecdysone, was also found to suppress the transcription of jhbp. This is the first report describing how these two hormones affect jhbp gene expression in different cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grażyna Andruszewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław, Poland
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Hou D, Ruiz M, Andrulis ED. The ribonuclease Dis3 is an essential regulator of the developmental transcriptome. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:359. [PMID: 22853036 PMCID: PMC3434026 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dis3 is ribonuclease that acts directly in the processing, turnover, and surveillance of a large number of distinct RNA species. Evolutionarily conserved from eubacteria to eukaryotes and a crucial component of the RNA processing exosome, Dis3 has been shown to be essential in yeast and fly S2 cells. However, it is not known whether Dis3 has essential functions in a metazoan. This study inquires whether Dis3 is required for Drosophila development and viability and how Dis3 regulates the transcriptome in the developing fly. Results Using transgenic flies, we show that Dis3 knock down (Dis3KD) retards growth, induces melanotic tumor formation, and ultimately results in 2nd instar larval lethality. In order to determine whether Dis3KD fly phenotypes were a consequence of disrupting developmentally regulated RNA turnover, we performed RNA deep sequencing analysis on total RNA isolated from developmentally staged animals. Bioinformatic analysis of transcripts from Dis3KD flies reveals substantial transcriptomic changes, most notably down-regulation in early expressed RNAs. Finally, gene ontology analysis of this early stage shows that Dis3 regulates transcripts related to extracellular structure and remodelling, neurogenesis, and nucleotide metabolism. Conclusions We conclude that Dis3 is essential for early Drosophila melanogaster development and has specific and important stage-specific roles in regulating RNA metabolism. In showing for the first time that Dis3 is required for the development of a multicellular organism, our work provides mechanistic insight into how Dis3—either independent of or associated with the RNA processing exosome—participates in cell type-specific RNA turnover in metazoan development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Hou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
The vast majority of research on nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in the past 25 years has focused on its roles in normal and disease-related processes in vertebrates, especially mice and humans. Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing efforts have shown that homologs of NF-κB transcription factors, inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) proteins, and IκB kinases are present in a variety of invertebrates, including several in phyla simpler than Arthropoda, the phylum containing insects such Drosophila. Moreover, many invertebrates also contain genes encoding homologs of upstream signaling proteins in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, which is well-known for its downstream activation of NF-κB for innate immunity. This review describes what we now know or can infer and speculate about the evolution of the core elements of NF-κB signaling as well as the biological processes controlled by NF-κB in invertebrates. Further research on NF-κB in invertebrates is likely to uncover information about the evolutionary origins of this key human signaling pathway and may have relevance to our management of the responses of ecologically and economically important organisms to environmental and adaptive pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Gilmore
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Choi IK, Hyun S. Conserved microRNA miR-8 in fat body regulates innate immune homeostasis in Drosophila. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:50-54. [PMID: 22210547 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) constitute a major arm of the innate immune system across diverse organisms. In Drosophila, septic injury by microbial pathogens rapidly induces the production of the AMPs in fat body via well elucidated pathways such as Toll and IMD. However, several epithelial tissues were reported to locally express AMPs without septic injury via poorly characterized ways. Here, we report that microRNA miR-8 regulates the levels of AMPs basally expressed in Drosophila. The levels of AMPs such as Drosomycin and Diptericin are significantly increased in miR-8 null animals in non-pathogen stimulated conditions. Analysis of various larval tissues revealed that the increase of Drosomycin is fat body specific. Supporting this observation, re-introduction of miR-8 only in the fat body restored the altered AMP expression in miR-8 null flies. Although loss of miR-8 impedes PI3K in the fat body, inhibition of PI3K does not phenocopy the AMP expression of miR-8 null flies, indicating that miR-8 regulates AMP independently of PI3K. Together, our findings suggest a role of miR-8 in systemic immune homeostasis in generally non-pathogenic conditions in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyou Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Londhe VA, Maisonet TM, Lopez B, Jeng JM, Xiao J, Li C, Minoo P. Conditional deletion of epithelial IKKβ impairs alveolar formation through apoptosis and decreased VEGF expression during early mouse lung morphogenesis. Respir Res 2011; 12:134. [PMID: 21985298 PMCID: PMC3202236 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alveolar septation marks the beginning of the transition from the saccular to alveolar stage of lung development. Inflammation can disrupt this process and permanently impair alveolar formation resulting in alveolar hypoplasia as seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm newborns. NF-κB is a transcription factor central to multiple inflammatory and developmental pathways including dorsal-ventral patterning in fruit flies; limb, mammary and submandibular gland development in mice; and branching morphogenesis in chick lungs. We have previously shown that epithelial overexpression of NF-κB accelerates lung maturity using transgenic mice. The purpose of this study was to test our hypothesis that targeted deletion of NF-κB signaling in lung epithelium would impair alveolar formation. Methods We generated double transgenic mice with lung epithelium-specific deletion of IKKβ, a known activating kinase upstream of NF-κB, using a cre-loxP transgenic recombination strategy. Lungs of resulting progeny were analyzed at embryonic and early postnatal stages to determine specific effects on lung histology, and mRNA and protein expression of relevant lung morphoreulatory genes. Lastly, results measuring expression of the angiogenic factor, VEGF, were confirmed in vitro using a siRNA-knockdown strategy in cultured mouse lung epithelial cells. Results Our results showed that IKKβ deletion in the lung epithelium transiently decreased alveolar type I and type II cells and myofibroblasts and delayed alveolar formation. These effects were mediated through increased alveolar type II cell apoptosis and decreased epithelial VEGF expression. Conclusions These results suggest that epithelial NF-κB plays a critical role in early alveolar development possibly through regulation of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Mailcode 175217, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
The Drosophila genome encodes a total of nine Toll and related proteins. The immune and developmental functions of Toll and 18Wheeler (18W) have been analyzed extensively, while the in vivo functions of the other Toll-related proteins require further investigation. We performed transgenic experiments and found that overexpression of Toll-related genes caused different extents of lethality and developmental defects. Moreover, 18w, Toll-6, Toll-7 and Toll-8 often caused related phenotypic changes, consistent with the idea that these four genes have more conserved molecular structure and thus may regulate similar processes in vivo. Deletion alleles of Toll-6, Toll-7 and Toll-8 were generated by targeted homologous recombination or P element excision. These mutant alleles were viable, fertile, and had no detectable defect in the inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes except for the Toll-8 mutant had some defects in leg development. The expression of 18w, Toll-7 and Toll-8 mRNA showed wide and overlapping patterns in imaginal discs and the 18w, Toll-8 double and Toll-7, Toll-8 double mutants showed substantially increased lethality. Overall our results suggest that some of the Toll-related proteins, such as 18W, Toll-7 and Toll-8, may have redundant functions in regulating developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Yagi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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Regulation of hemocytes in Drosophila requires dappled cytochrome b5. Biochem Genet 2011; 49:329-51. [PMID: 21279680 PMCID: PMC3092937 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-010-9411-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A major category of mutant hematopoietic phenotypes in Drosophila is melanotic tumors or nodules, which consist of abnormal and overproliferated blood cells, similar to granulomas. Our analyses of the melanotic mutant dappled have revealed a novel type of gene involved in blood cell regulation. The dappled gene is an essential gene that encodes cytochrome b5, a conserved hemoprotein that participates in electron transfer in multiple biochemical reactions and pathways. Viable mutations of dappled cause melanotic nodules and hemocyte misregulation during both hematopoietic waves of development. The sexes are similarly affected, but hemocyte number is different in females and males of both mutants and wild type. Additionally, initial tests show that curcumin enhances the dappled melanotic phenotype and establish screening of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds as a route for analysis of cytochrome b5 function. Overall, dappled provides a tractable genetic model for cytochrome b5, which has been difficult to study in higher organisms.
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van Uden P, Kenneth NS, Webster R, Müller HA, Mudie S, Rocha S. Evolutionary conserved regulation of HIF-1β by NF-κB. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1001285. [PMID: 21298084 PMCID: PMC3029248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) is essential for mammalian development and is the principal transcription factor activated by low oxygen tensions. HIF-α subunit quantities and their associated activity are regulated in a post-translational manner, through the concerted action of a class of enzymes called Prolyl Hydroxylases (PHDs) and Factor Inhibiting HIF (FIH) respectively. However, alternative modes of HIF-α regulation such as translation or transcription are under-investigated, and their importance has not been firmly established. Here, we demonstrate that NF-κB regulates the HIF pathway in a significant and evolutionary conserved manner. We demonstrate that NF-κB directly regulates HIF-1β mRNA and protein. In addition, we found that NF-κB–mediated changes in HIF-1β result in modulation of HIF-2α protein. HIF-1β overexpression can rescue HIF-2α protein levels following NF-κB depletion. Significantly, NF-κB regulates HIF-1β (tango) and HIF-α (sima) levels and activity (Hph/fatiga, ImpL3/ldha) in Drosophila, both in normoxia and hypoxia, indicating an evolutionary conserved mode of regulation. These results reveal a novel mechanism of HIF regulation, with impact in the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HIF–related pathologies including ageing, ischemia, and cancer. The mechanisms by which cells and organisms respond to oxygen are of extreme importance for development and also for certain pathologies such as cancer, ageing, and ischemia. These are mediated by a family of transcription factors called hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), a factor that coordinates expression of a great number of genes. Significantly, these processes are evolutionary conserved from worms to humans. It is known that regulation of HIF occurs to a great extent through protein degradation. However, other important mechanisms of HIF control are currently being investigated. In this study, we have uncovered a novel mechanism of HIF regulation that relies on the action of another transcription factor family called NF-κB. We have found that NF-κB controls the levels of HIF-1α and HIF-1β genes by direct regulation. Furthermore, through its control of HIF-1β, NF-κB indirectly controls HIF-2α. Importantly, we find that this mechanism is conserved in Drosophila and mice. These results suggest an alternative avenue for therapeutic intervention in the HIF pathway, which has important implications for many human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick van Uden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Niall S. Kenneth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Webster
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - H. Arno Müller
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Mudie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Characterization of the core elements of the NF-κB signaling pathway of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 31:1076-87. [PMID: 21189285 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00927-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is the leading developmental and genomic model for the phylum Cnidaria, which includes anemones, hydras, jellyfish, and corals. In insects and vertebrates, the NF-κB pathway is required for cellular and organismal responses to various stresses, including pathogens and chemicals, as well as for several developmental processes. Herein, we have characterized proteins that comprise the core NF-κB pathway in Nematostella, including homologs of NF-κB, IκB, Bcl-3, and IκB kinase (IKK). We show that N. vectensis NF-κB (Nv-NF-κB) can bind to κB sites and activate transcription of reporter genes containing multimeric κB sites or the Nv-IκB promoter. Both Nv-IκB and Nv-Bcl-3 interact with Nv-NF-κB and block its ability to activate reporter gene expression. Nv-IKK is most similar to human IKKε/TBK kinases and, in vitro, can phosphorylate Ser47 of Nv-IκB. Nv-NF-κB is expressed in a subset of ectodermal cells in juvenile and adult Nematostella anemones. A bioinformatic analysis suggests that homologs of many mammalian NF-κB target genes are targets for Nv-NF-κB, including genes involved in apoptosis and responses to organic compounds and endogenous stimuli. These results indicate that NF-κB pathway proteins in Nematostella are similar to their vertebrate homologs, and these results also provide a framework for understanding the evolutionary origins of NF-κB signaling.
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Heterodimers of NF-kappaB transcription factors DIF and Relish regulate antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14715-20. [PMID: 20679214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009473107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response in Drosophila involves the inducible expression of antimicrobial peptide genes mediated by the Toll and IMD signaling pathways. Dorsal and DIF act downstream of Toll, whereas Relish acts downstream of IMD to regulate target gene expression. Dorsal, DIF, and Relish are NF-kappaB-related transcription factors and function as obligate dimers, but it is not clear how the various dimer combinations contribute to the innate immune response. We systematically examined the dimerization tendency of these proteins through the use of transgenic assays. The results show that all combinations of homo- and heterodimers are formed, but with varying degrees of efficiency. The formation of the DIF-Relish heterodimer is particularly interesting because it may mediate signaling for the seemingly independent Toll and IMD pathways. By incorporating a flexible peptide linker, we specifically tested the functions of the DIF;Relish (a ; sign represents the peptide linker) linked heterodimer. Our results demonstrate that the linked heterodimer can activate target genes of both the Toll and IMD pathways. The DIF and Relish complex is detectable in whole animal extracts, suggesting that this heterodimer may function in vivo to increase the spectrum and level of antimicrobial peptide production in response to different infections.
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Mrinal N, Nagaraju J. Dynamic repositioning of dorsal to two different kappaB motifs controls its autoregulation during immune response in Drosophila. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24206-16. [PMID: 20504768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.097196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoregulation is one of the mechanisms of imparting feedback control on gene expression. Positive autoregulatory feedback results in induction of a gene, and negative feedback leads to its suppression. Here, we report an interesting mechanism of autoregulation operating on Drosophila Rel gene dorsal that can activate as well as repress its expression. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we show that upon immune challenge Dorsal regulates its activation as well as repression by dynamically binding to two different kappaB motifs, kappaB(I) (intronic kappaB) and kappaB(P) (promoter kappaB), present in the dorsal gene. Although the kappaB(I) motif functions as an enhancer, the kappaB(P) motif acts as a transcriptional repressor. Interestingly, Dorsal binding to these two motifs is dynamic; immediately upon immune challenge, Dorsal binds to the kappaB(I) leading to auto-activation, whereas at the terminal phase of the immune response, it is removed from the kappaB(I) and repositioned at the kappaB(P), resulting in its repression. Furthermore, we show that repression of Dorsal as well as its binding to the kappaB(P) depends on the transcription factor AP1. Depletion of AP1 by RNA interference resulted in constitutive expression of Dorsal. In conclusion, this study suggests that during acute phase response dorsal is regulated by following two subcircuits: (i) Dl-kappaB(I) for activation and (ii) Dl-AP1-kappaB(P) for repression. These two subcircuits are temporally delineated and bring about overall regulation of dorsal during immune response. These results suggest the presence of a previously unknown mechanism of Dorsal autoregulation in immune-challenged Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirotpal Mrinal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Tuljaguda, Nampally, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500001, India
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Characterisation of expression patterns and functional role of Cactin in early zebrafish development. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:199-206. [PMID: 20348034 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) shows high similarity to mammalian counterparts sharing many innate immune components including Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), cytokines, chemokines and complement molecules. As in mammals, zebrafish also contains the transcription factor NF-kappaB that plays dualist roles in innate immunity and early development. Indeed NF-kappaB members are expressed in different temporal patterns during the early stages of zebrafish embryogenesis indicating that each molecule is involved in specific developmental events. In the present study we employ zebrafish as a model to characterise the expression pattern and role of a novel NF-kappaB regulator, termed Cactin, in early development. Cactin was first characterised in Drosophila as a new member of the Rel pathway that could affect the generation of dorsal-ventral polarity. To explore the potential developmental role of Cactin in zebrafish, we initially investigated its expression pattern and functional role during early embryonic developmental stages. We detect Cactin expression at all stages of early development and knockdown of Cactin by specific morpholino antisense oligonucleotides causes developmental abnormalities manifested by an overall dysmorphic cellular organisation. These results indicate that Cactin has been highly conserved during evolution and plays a key role in early embryonic development.
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Fritz RD, Radziwill G. CNK1 Promotes Invasion of Cancer Cells through NF-κB–Dependent Signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:395-406. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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