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Pike KG, Hunt TA, Barlaam B, Benstead D, Cadogan E, Chen K, Cook CR, Colclough N, Deng C, Durant ST, Eatherton A, Goldberg K, Johnström P, Liu L, Liu Z, Nissink JWM, Pang C, Pass M, Robb GR, Roberts C, Schou M, Steward O, Sykes A, Yan Y, Zhai B, Zheng L. Identification of Novel, Selective Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated Kinase Inhibitors with the Ability to Penetrate the Blood-Brain Barrier: The Discovery of AZD1390. J Med Chem 2024; 67:3090-3111. [PMID: 38306388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) has been shown to chemo- and radio-sensitize human glioma cells in vitro and therefore might provide an exciting new paradigm in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The effective treatment of GBM will likely require a compound with the potential to efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Starting from clinical candidate AZD0156, 4, we investigated the imidazoquinolin-2-one scaffold with the goal of improving likely CNS exposure in humans. Strategies aimed at reducing hydrogen bonding, basicity, and flexibility of the molecule were explored alongside modulating lipophilicity. These studies identified compound 24 (AZD1390) as an exceptionally potent and selective inhibitor of ATM with a good preclinical pharmacokinetic profile. 24 showed an absence of human transporter efflux in MDCKII-MDR1-BCRP studies (efflux ratio <2), significant BBB penetrance in nonhuman primate PET studies (Kp,uu 0.33) and was deemed suitable for development as a clinical candidate to explore the radiosensitizing effects of ATM in intracranial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G Pike
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | | | | | - David Benstead
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | | | - Kan Chen
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Calum R Cook
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | | | - Chao Deng
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Peter Johnström
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | - Libin Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | | | - Chengling Pang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | | | | | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
| | | | - Andy Sykes
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB2 0AA, U.K
| | - Yumei Yan
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baochang Zhai
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Li Zheng
- Innovation Center China, Asia & Emerging Markets iMED, 199 Liangjing Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
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Bhatia A, Upadhyay AK, Sharma S. miRNAs are now starring in "No Time to Die: Overcoming the chemoresistance in cancer". IUBMB Life 2023; 75:238-256. [PMID: 35678612 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death globally, with about 19.3 million new cases reported each year. Current therapies for cancer management include-chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. However, they are loaded with side effects and tend to cause toxicity in the patient's body posttreatment, ultimately hindering the response towards the treatment building up resistance. This is where noncoding RNAs such as miRNAs help provide us with a helping hand for taming the chemoresistance and providing potential holistic cancer management. MicroRNAs are promising targets for anticancer therapy as they perform critical regulatory roles in various signaling cascades related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Combining miRNAs and anticancer drugs and devising a combination therapy has managed cancer well in various independent studies. This review aims to provide insights into how miRNAs play a mechanistic role in cancer development and progression and regulate drug resistance in various types of cancers. Furthermore, next-generation novel therapies using miRNAs in combination with anticancer treatments in multiple cancers have been put forth and how they improve the efficacy of the treatments. Exemplary studies currently in the preclinical and clinical models have been summarized. Ultimately, we briefly talk through the challenges that come forward with it and minimize them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Atul Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - Siddharth Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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Wahyuni EA, Yii CY, Liang HL, Luo YH, Yang SH, Wu PY, Hsu WL, Nien CY, Chen SC. Selenocystine induces oxidative-mediated DNA damage via impairing homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks in human hepatoma cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110046. [PMID: 35863474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Selenocystine (SeC) has been identified as a novel compound with broad-spectrum anticancer activity. However, the effects of SeC on modifying DNA repair mechanism were less addressed. In this study, we demonstrated that SeC selectively induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity against HepG2 hepatoma cell line. Comet assay revealed SeC-induced DNA damage in HepG2 cells, particularly in the form of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), corroborated by the increase expression of the DSB marker, gamma-H2AX. We further demonstrated that SeC suppressed DNA homologous recombination repair, exacerbating DNA damage accumulation. Such effects on DNA damage and cell viability inhibition were alleviated by antioxidants, glutathione and Trolox, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). High levels of intracellular and mitochondrial ROS were detected in SeC-treated HepG2. In addition, SeC impaired the expression of antioxidant enzymes (superoxidase mutases and catalase), prompting the imbalance between antioxidant protection and excessive ROS formation and eliciting DSBs and cellular death. Decreased procaspase-3, 7, and 9 and Bcl-2 proteins and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, were observed after SeC treatment, but could be reversed by Torlox, confirming the action of SeC on ROS-induced apoptosis. In vivo, the xenograft tumor model of HepG2 cells validated the inhibition of SeC on tumor growth, and the induction of DSBs and apoptosis. In summary, SeC has the capability to induce ROS-dependent DNA damage and impeded DBS repair in HepG2 cells. Thus, SeC holds great promise as a therapeutic or adjuvant agent targeting DNA repair for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ari Wahyuni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Natural Science Education, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Chin-Yuan Yii
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Lan Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsia Luo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hua Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yi Nien
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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4
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of a tumor-selective degrader of PARP1. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu S, Cao R, Tao B, Wu P, Peng C, Gao H, Liang J, Yang W. Pyruvate Facilitates FACT-Mediated γH2AX Loading to Chromatin and Promotes the Radiation Resistance of Glioblastoma. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104055. [PMID: 35048565 PMCID: PMC8922107 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair confers the resistance of tumor cells to DNA-damaging anticancer therapies, while how reprogrammed metabolism in tumor cells contributes to such process remains poorly understood. Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2) catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate and regulates the last rate-limiting step of glycolysis. Here it is shown that the glycolytic metabolite pyruvate enhances DNA damage repair by facilitating chromatin loading of γH2AX, thereby promoting the radiation resistance of glioma cells. Mechanistically, PKM2 is phosphorylated at serine (S) 222 upon DNA damage and interacts with FACT complex, a histone chaperone comprising SPT16 and SSRP1 subunit. The pyruvate produced by PKM2 directly binds to SSRP1, which increases the association of FACT complex with γH2AX and subsequently facilitates FACT-mediated chromatin loading of γH2AX, ultimately promoting DNA repair and tumor cell survival. Intriguingly, the supplementation of exogenous pyruvate can also sufficiently enhance FACT-mediated chromatin loading of γH2AX and promotes tumor cell survival upon DNA damage. The levels of PKM2 S222 phosphorylation correlate with the malignancy and prognosis of human glioblastoma. The finding demonstrates a novel mechanism by which PKM2-produced pyruvate promotes DNA repair by regulating γH2AX loading to chromatin and establishes a critical role of this mechanism in glioblastoma radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- School of Life ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou310024China
| | - Ruixiu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Bangbao Tao
- Department of NeurosurgeryXinHua Hospital School of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200092China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in ShanghaiZhangjiang LabShanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of ScienceShanghai201210China
- Shanghai Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201204China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in ShanghaiZhangjiang LabShanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of ScienceShanghai201210China
- Shanghai Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai201204China
| | - Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Ji Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell BiologyShanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular AndrologyShanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyCenter for Excellence in Molecular Cell ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- School of Life ScienceHangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesHangzhou310024China
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Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Chen G, Kong P, Yang M, Hu W, Prise KM, Yu KN, Cui S, Qin F, Meng G, Almahi WA, Nie L, Han W. Golgi Phosphoprotein 3 Confers Radioresistance via Stabilizing EGFR in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 112:1216-1228. [PMID: 34838866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radioresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in tumor radiotherapy and the underlying mechanisms of radioresistance are still elusive. Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) has been reported to associate tightly with cancer progression and chemoresistance. Herein, we explored whether GOLPH3 mediated radioresistance of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and whether targeted suppression of GOLPH3 sensitized LUAD to radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS The aberrant expression of GOLPH3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in LUAD clinical samples. To evaluate the association between GOLPH3 and radioresistance, colony formation and apoptosis were assessed in control and GOLPH3 knockdown cells. γ-H2AX foci/level determination and micronucleus test were used to analyze DNA damage production and repair. The rescue of GOLPH3 knockdown was then performed by exogenous expression of siRNA-resistant mutant GOLPH3 to confirm the role of GOLPH3 in DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, the effect of GOLPH3 on regulating stability and nuclear accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the activation of DNA-PK were investigated by qRT-PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. The role of GOLPH3 in vivo in radioresistance was determined in a xenograft model. RESULTS In tumor tissues of 33 patients with LUAD, the expression of GOLPH3 showed significantly increases compared with those in matched normal tissues. Knocking down GOLPH3 reduced the clonogenic capacity, impaired DSB repair and enhanced apoptosis after irradiation. In contrast, reversal of GOLPH3 depletion rescued the impaired repair of radiation-induced DSBs. Mechanistically, loss of GOLPH3 accelerated the degradation of EGFR in lysosome, causing the reduction in EGFR levels, thereby weakening nuclear accumulation of EGFR and attenuating the activation of DNA-PK. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated GOLPH3 knockdown could enhance the ionizing-radiation response in LUAD xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS GOLPH3 conferred resistance of LUAD to ionizing-radiation via stabilizing EGFR and targeted suppression of GOLPH3 might be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for sensitizing LUAD to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Peizhong Kong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China; Clinical Pathology Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, P. R. China
| | - Wanglai Hu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, P. R. China
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research & Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - K N Yu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shujun Cui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Feng Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Gang Meng
- Clinical Pathology Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230012, P. R. China; Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, P. R. China
| | - Waleed Abdelbagi Almahi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lili Nie
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Wei Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions and School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China..
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PARP Inhibitors and Haematological Malignancies-Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215328. [PMID: 34771492 PMCID: PMC8582507 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary PARP inhibitors are a class of orally active drugs that kill a range of cancer types by inducing synthetic lethality. The usefulness of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of haematological malignancies has begun to be explored in a variety of both pre-clinical models and human clinical trials. Despite being largely considered safe and well tolerated, secondary haematological malignancies have arisen in patients following treatment with PARP inhibitors, raising concerns about their use. In this review, we discuss the potential benefits and risks for using PARP inhibitors as treatments for haematological malignancies. Abstract Since their introduction several years ago, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi) have become the standard of care for breast and gynaecological cancers with BRCA gene mutations. Given that PARPi act by exploiting defective DNA repair mechanisms within tumour cells, they should be ideally suited to combatting haematological malignancies where these pathways are notoriously defective, even though BRCA mutations are rare. To date, despite promising results in vitro, few clinical trials in humans for haematological malignancies have been performed, and additional investigation is required. Paradoxically, secondary haematological malignancies have arisen in patients after treatment with PARPi, raising concerns about their potential use as therapies for any blood or bone marrow-related disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the biological, pre-clinical, and clinical evidence for and against treating individual haematological malignancies with approved and experimental PARPi. We conclude that the promise of effective treatment still exists, but remains limited by the lack of investigation into useful biomarkers unique to these malignancies.
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Pisano C, Tucci M, Di Stefano RF, Turco F, Scagliotti GV, Di Maio M, Buttigliero C. Interactions between androgen receptor signaling and other molecular pathways in prostate cancer progression: Current and future clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 157:103185. [PMID: 33341506 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In last years several improvements have been made in the management of prostate cancer (PCa). Androgen receptor (AR) is considered the main driver in PCa growth and progression and most drugs are directed against AR pathway. Once PCa spreads outside the prostate, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) represents the cornerstone of treatment in hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC). Unfortunately, the response is only transient and most patients eventually develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Most resistance mechanisms depend on maintenance of AR signalling in castration environment. Recent discoveries of multiple growth-promoting and survival pathways in PCa suggest the importance of alternative mechanisms involved in disease progression, such as DNA damage response pathway, PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, cell cycle pathway, WNT pathway, TMPRSS2/ETS fusion, neuroendocrine pattern and immune system response. In this review, we discuss the interplay between AR signaling and other molecular pathways involved in PCa pathogenesis and their therapeutic implication in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pisano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Medical Oncology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Corso Dante Alighieri 202, 14100, Asti, Italy.
| | - Rosario Francesco Di Stefano
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Turco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Vittorio Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10028, Turin, Italy
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, at Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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10
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Yu J, Lu R, Nedrow JR, Sgouros G. Response of breast cancer carcinoma spheroids to combination therapy with radiation and DNA-PK inhibitor: growth arrest without a change in α/ β ratio. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1534-1540. [PMID: 33074046 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1838659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Agents that increase tumor radiosensitivity are of interest in improving outcomes in radiotherapy (XRT). DNA-PK inhibitors radiosensitize and alter cell adhesion proteins. We investigated combination radiation and a DNA-PK inhibitor in monolayers vs spheroids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using HER2 positive mammary carcinoma cells, we investigated the impact of NU7441, a DNA-PK inhibitor, on irradiated monolayer and spheroid cultures. Colony formation assays were performed with monolayer culture cells and spheroids after irradiation with/without NU7441 (5 μM). RESULTS In monolayer culture cells, α/β increased from 3.0 ± 0.2 Gy (XRT alone) to 6.9 ± 0.2 Gy (XRT+NU7441). Corresponding α/β values for cells obtained by disaggregating treated spheroids were 3.6 ± 0.7 Gy (XRT alone) and 3.5 ± 0.2 Gy (XRT+NU7441). However, spheroid survival was highly sensitive to NU7441 incubation. After 4 Gy XRT alone 75% of the irradiated spheroids remained intact; when NU7441 treatment was involved, 13% remained intact. No spheroids survived to 3 weeks at 6 Gy or more. The discrepancy between the minimal change in α/β from cells derived from spheroids and the spheroid growth response was not related to poor penetration of NU7441. CONCLUSIONS DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441 radiosensitized monolayer cells but not cells obtained from spheroids. NU7441 and radiation increased spheroid fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessie R Nedrow
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Sgouros
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Rahimian E, Amini A, Alikarami F, Pezeshki SMS, Saki N, Safa M. DNA repair pathways as guardians of the genome: Therapeutic potential and possible prognostic role in hematologic neoplasms. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 96:102951. [PMID: 32971475 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair pathways, which are also identified as guardians of the genome, protect cells from frequent damage that can lead to DNA breaks. The most deleterious types of damage are double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Single strand breaks (SSBs) can be corrected through base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), and mismatch repair (MMR). Failure to restore DNA lesions or inappropriately repaired DNA damage culminates in genomic instability and changes in the regulation of cellular functions. Intriguingly, particular mutations and translocations are accompanied by special types of leukemia. Besides, expression patterns of certain repair genes are altered in different hematologic malignancies. Moreover, analysis of mutations in key mediators of DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways, as well as investigation of their expression and function, may provide us with emerging biomarkers of response/resistance to treatment. Therefore, defective DDR pathways can offer a rational starting point for developing DNA repair-targeted drugs. In this review, we address genetic alterations and gene/protein expression changes, as well as provide an overview of DNA repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Rahimian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Amini
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alikarami
- Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Pezeshki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Rezaeian AH, Khanbabaei H, Calin GA. Therapeutic Potential of the miRNA-ATM Axis in the Management of Tumor Radioresistance. Cancer Res 2019; 80:139-150. [PMID: 31767626 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is widely known for its function as a chief mobilizer of the DNA damage response (DDR) upon DNA double-strand breaks. ATM orchestrates the DDR by modulating the expression of various miRNAs through several mechanisms. On the other hand, a set of miRNAs contribute to tight regulation of ATM by directly targeting the 3'-untranslated region of ATM mRNA. This review addresses the therapeutic application and molecular mechanisms that underlie the intricate interactions between miRNAs and ATM. It also describes therapeutic delivery of miRNAs in different environments such as hypoxic tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - George A Calin
- Departments of Experimental Therapeutics and Leukemia and the Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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13
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Zeng F, Liu X, Wang K, Zhao Z, Li G. Transcriptomic Profiling Identifies a DNA Repair-Related Signature as a Novel Prognostic Marker in Lower Grade Gliomas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:2079-2086. [PMID: 31533943 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-19-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas are the most common and malignant intracranial tumors. The standard therapy is surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the emergence of radioresistance and chemoresistance, which is largely due to DNA damage repair, limits the therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, we identified a high-efficiency DNA damage repair-related risk signature as a predictor for prognosis in lower grade glioma. METHODS The signature was developed and validated in two independent datasets of the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (172 samples) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (451 samples). The time-dependent ROC curve, Cox regression, Nomogram, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed to evaluate the prognostic performance of the risk signature. The Metascape and IHC staining were performed to reveal the potential biological mechanism. GraphPad prism, SPSS, and R language were used for statistical analysis and graphical work. RESULTS This signature could distinguish the prognosis of patients, and patients with high-risk scores exhibited short survival time. The time-dependent ROC curve, Cox regression, and Nomogram model indicated the independent prognostic performance and high prognostic accuracy of the signature for survival. Combined with the IDH mutation status, this risk signature could further subdivide patients with distinct survival. Functional analysis of associated genes revealed signature-related biological process of cell cycle and DNA repair. These mechanisms were confirmed in patient samples. CONCLUSIONS The DNA damage repair-related signature was an independent and powerful prognostic biomarker in lower grade glioma. IMPACT The signature may potentially improve risk stratification of patients and provide a more accurate assessment of personalized treatment in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Dylgjeri E, McNair C, Goodwin JF, Raymon HK, McCue PA, Shafi AA, Leiby BE, de Leeuw R, Kothari V, McCann JJ, Mandigo AC, Chand SN, Schiewer MJ, Brand LJ, Vasilevskaya I, Gordon N, Laufer TS, Gomella LG, Lallas CD, Trabulsi EJ, Feng FY, Filvaroff EH, Hege K, Rathkopf D, Knudsen KE. Pleiotropic Impact of DNA-PK in Cancer and Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:5623-5637. [PMID: 31266833 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PK) is a pleiotropic kinase involved in DNA repair and transcriptional regulation. DNA-PK is deregulated in selected cancer types and is strongly associated with poor outcome. The underlying mechanisms by which DNA-PK promotes aggressive tumor phenotypes are not well understood. Here, unbiased molecular investigation in clinically relevant tumor models reveals novel functions of DNA-PK in cancer.Experimental Design: DNA-PK function was modulated using both genetic and pharmacologic methods in a series of in vitro models, in vivo xenografts, and patient-derived explants (PDE), and the impact on the downstream signaling and cellular cancer phenotypes was discerned. Data obtained were used to develop novel strategies for combinatorial targeting of DNA-PK and hormone signaling pathways. RESULTS Key findings reveal that (i) DNA-PK regulates tumor cell proliferation; (ii) pharmacologic targeting of DNA-PK suppresses tumor growth both in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo; (iii) DNA-PK transcriptionally regulates the known DNA-PK-mediated functions as well as novel cancer-related pathways that promote tumor growth; (iv) dual targeting of DNA-PK/TOR kinase (TORK) transcriptionally upregulates androgen signaling, which can be mitigated using the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide; (v) cotargeting AR and DNA-PK/TORK leads to the expansion of antitumor effects, uncovering the modulation of novel, highly relevant protumorigenic cancer pathways; and (viii) cotargeting DNA-PK/TORK and AR has cooperative growth inhibitory effects in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncovered novel DNA-PK transcriptional regulatory functions and led to the development of a combinatorial therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced prostate cancer, currently being tested in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Dylgjeri
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan F Goodwin
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Peter A McCue
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ayesha A Shafi
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin E Leiby
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renée de Leeuw
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vishal Kothari
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer J McCann
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Mandigo
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Saswati N Chand
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew J Schiewer
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucas J Brand
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Irina Vasilevskaya
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicolas Gordon
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Talya S Laufer
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Leonard G Gomella
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Costas D Lallas
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edouard J Trabulsi
- Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Dana Rathkopf
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Cancer Biology at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Departments of Medical Oncology and Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Rozpędek W, Pytel D, Nowak-Zduńczyk A, Lewko D, Wojtczak R, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. Breaking the DNA Damage Response via Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibitors to Improve Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1425-1445. [PMID: 29345572 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180117102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple, both endogenous and exogenous, sources may induce DNA damage and DNA replication stress. Cells have developed DNA damage response (DDR) signaling pathways to maintain genomic stability and effectively detect and repair DNA lesions. Serine/ threonine kinases such as Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and Ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-Related (ATR) are the major regulators of DDR, since after sensing stalled DNA replication forks, DNA double- or single-strand breaks, may directly phosphorylate and activate their downstream targets, that play a key role in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, key components of DDR signaling networks may constitute an attractive target for anti-cancer therapy through two distinct potential approaches: as chemoand radiosensitizers to enhance the effectiveness of currently used genotoxic treatment or as single agents to exploit defects in DDR in cancer cells via synthetic lethal approach. Moreover, the newest data reported that serine/threonine protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) is also closely associated with cancer development and progression. Thereby, utilization of small-molecule, serine/threonine kinase inhibitors may provide a novel, groundbreaking, anti-cancer treatment strategy. Currently, a range of potent, highlyselective toward ATM, ATR and PERK inhibitors has been discovered, but after foregoing study, additional investigations are necessary for their future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Alicja Nowak-Zduńczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dawid Lewko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Wojtczak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, United States
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Military-Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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16
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In yeast cells arrested at the early S-phase by hydroxyurea, rRNA gene promoters and chromatin are poised for transcription while rRNA synthesis is compromised. Mutat Res 2019; 815:20-29. [PMID: 31063901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyurea (HU) is an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that is used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat a number of chronic diseases. Addition of HU to cell cultures causes reduction of the dNTP cellular pool below levels that are required for DNA replication. This trigger dividing cells to arrest in early S-phase of the cell cycle. Cell division hinges on ribosome biogenesis, which is tightly regulated by rRNA synthesis. Remarkably, HU represses the expression of some genes the products of which are required for rRNA maturation. To gain more information on the cellular response to HU, we employed the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as model organism and analyzed the changing aspects of closed to open forms of rRNA gene chromatin during cell cycle arrest, the arrangement of RNA polymerase-I (RNAPI) on the open genes, the presence of RNAPI transcription-factors, transcription and rRNA maturation. The rRNA gene chromatin structure was analyzed by psoralen crosslinking and the distribution of RNAPI was investigated by chromatin endogenous cleavage. In HU arrested cells nearly all rRNA genes were in the open form of chromatin, but only a portion of them was engaged with RNAPI. Analyses by chromatin immuno-precipitation confirmed that the overall formation of transcription pre-initiation complexes remained unchanged, suggesting that the onset of rRNA gene activation was not significantly affected by HU. Moreover, the in vitro transcription run-on assay indicated that RNAPI retained most of its transcription elongation activity. However, in HU treated cells, we found that: (1) RNAPI accumulated next to the 5'-end of rRNA genes; (2) considerably less rRNA filaments were observed in electron micrographs of rDNA transcription units; and (3) rRNA maturation was compromised. It is established that HU inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase holds back DNA replication. This study indicates a hitherto unexplored cellular response to HU, namely altered rRNA synthesis, which could participate to hamper cell division.
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17
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Purin-6-one and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one derivatives as potentiating agents of doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2029-2038. [PMID: 30067076 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM DNA damage response plays an eminent role in patients' response to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Its inhibition is of great interest as it can overcome cancer cell resistance and reduce the effective doses of DNA damaging agents. Results & methodology: We have focused our research on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases and prepared 35 novel compounds through a scaffold hopping approach. The newly synthesized inhibitors were tested on a panel of nine cancer and one healthy cell lines alone and in combination with appropriate doses of doxorubicin. CONCLUSION Five novel compounds 4f, 10b, 15g, 7e and 15f in combination with doxorubicin showed significant antiproliferative effect on seven cancer cell lines while not affecting the cell growth alone.
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18
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Tumiati M, Hietanen S, Hynninen J, Pietilä E, Färkkilä A, Kaipio K, Roering P, Huhtinen K, Alkodsi A, Li Y, Lehtonen R, Erkan EP, Tuominen MM, Lehti K, Hautaniemi SK, Vähärautio A, Grénman S, Carpén O, Kauppi L. A Functional Homologous Recombination Assay Predicts Primary Chemotherapy Response and Long-Term Survival in Ovarian Cancer Patients. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4482-4493. [PMID: 29858219 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) correlates with platinum sensitivity in patients with ovarian cancer, which clinically is the most useful predictor of sensitivity to PARPi. To date, there are no reliable diagnostic tools to anticipate response to platinum-based chemotherapy, thus we aimed to develop an ex vivo functional HRD detection test that could predict both platinum-sensitivity and patient eligibility to targeted drug treatments.Experimental Design: We obtained a functional HR score by quantifying homologous recombination (HR) repair after ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage in primary ovarian cancer samples (n = 32). Samples clustered in 3 categories: HR-deficient, HR-low, and HR-proficient. We analyzed the HR score association with platinum sensitivity and treatment response, platinum-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS), and compared it with other clinical parameters. In parallel, we performed DNA-sequencing of HR genes to assess if functional HRD can be predicted by currently offered genetic screening.Results: Low HR scores predicted primary platinum sensitivity with high statistical significance (P = 0.0103), associated with longer PFI (HR-deficient vs. HR-proficient: 531 vs. 53 days), and significantly correlated with improved OS (HR score <35 vs. ≥35, hazard ratio = 0.08, P = 0.0116). At the genomic level, we identified a few unclear mutations in HR genes and the mutational signature associated with HRD, but, overall, genetic screening failed to predict functional HRD.Conclusions: We developed an ex vivo assay that detects tumor functional HRD and an HR score able to predict platinum sensitivity, which holds the clinically relevant potential to become the routine companion diagnostic in the management of patients with ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(18); 4482-93. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tumiati
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Johanna Hynninen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Pietilä
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anniina Färkkilä
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Pia Roering
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Amjad Alkodsi
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yilin Li
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erdogan Pekcan Erkan
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Tuominen
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sampsa K Hautaniemi
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Vähärautio
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seija Grénman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Finland
| | - Liisa Kauppi
- Genome-Scale Biology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Durant ST, Zheng L, Wang Y, Chen K, Zhang L, Zhang T, Yang Z, Riches L, Trinidad AG, Fok JHL, Hunt T, Pike KG, Wilson J, Smith A, Colclough N, Reddy VP, Sykes A, Janefeldt A, Johnström P, Varnäs K, Takano A, Ling S, Orme J, Stott J, Roberts C, Barrett I, Jones G, Roudier M, Pierce A, Allen J, Kahn J, Sule A, Karlin J, Cronin A, Chapman M, Valerie K, Illingworth R, Pass M. The brain-penetrant clinical ATM inhibitor AZD1390 radiosensitizes and improves survival of preclinical brain tumor models. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat1719. [PMID: 29938225 PMCID: PMC6010333 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor survival rates of patients with tumors arising from or disseminating into the brain are attributed to an inability to excise all tumor tissue (if operable), a lack of blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of chemotherapies/targeted agents, and an intrinsic tumor radio-/chemo-resistance. Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein orchestrates the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) to cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation (IR). ATM genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition results in tumor cell hypersensitivity to IR. We report the primary pharmacology of the clinical-grade, exquisitely potent (cell IC50, 0.78 nM), highly selective [>10,000-fold over kinases within the same phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family], orally bioavailable ATM inhibitor AZD1390 specifically optimized for BBB penetration confirmed in cynomolgus monkey brain positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of microdosed 11C-labeled AZD1390 (Kp,uu, 0.33). AZD1390 blocks ATM-dependent DDR pathway activity and combines with radiation to induce G2 cell cycle phase accumulation, micronuclei, and apoptosis. AZD1390 radiosensitizes glioma and lung cancer cell lines, with p53 mutant glioma cells generally being more radiosensitized than wild type. In in vivo syngeneic and patient-derived glioma as well as orthotopic lung-brain metastatic models, AZD1390 dosed in combination with daily fractions of IR (whole-brain or stereotactic radiotherapy) significantly induced tumor regressions and increased animal survival compared to IR treatment alone. We established a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-efficacy relationship by correlating free brain concentrations, tumor phospho-ATM/phospho-Rad50 inhibition, apoptotic biomarker (cleaved caspase-3) induction, tumor regression, and survival. On the basis of the data presented here, AZD1390 is now in early clinical development for use as a radiosensitizer in central nervous system malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Durant
- Bioscience, Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Li Zheng
- Bioscience, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Bioscience, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianwei Zhang
- Bioscience, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenfan Yang
- Bioscience, Innovative Cancer Centre, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucy Riches
- Bioscience, Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio G Trinidad
- Bioscience, Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jacqueline H L Fok
- Bioscience, Oncology Innovative Medicines and Early Development (IMED) Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom Hunt
- Chemistry, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kurt G Pike
- Chemistry, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joanne Wilson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aaron Smith
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Sykes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Annika Janefeldt
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Johnström
- Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiro Takano
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Ling
- Discovery Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Orme
- Discovery Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Stott
- Discovery Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline Roberts
- Discovery Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Barrett
- Discovery Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gemma Jones
- Translational Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martine Roudier
- Translational Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Pierce
- Translational Sciences, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jasmine Allen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
| | - Jenna Kahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
| | - Amrita Sule
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
| | - Jeremy Karlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
| | - Anna Cronin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melissa Chapman
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristoffer Valerie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0058, USA
| | | | - Martin Pass
- Projects, Oncology IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Ide H, Inoue S, Mizushima T, Jiang G, Chuang KH, Oya M, Miyamoto H. Androgen Receptor Signaling Reduces Radiosensitivity in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1566-1574. [PMID: 29720561 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although radiotherapy often with chemotherapy has been shown to offer a survival benefit comparable with that of radical cystectomy in select patients with bladder cancer, the development of radiosensitization strategies may significantly enhance its application. Notably, emerging preclinical evidence has indicated the involvement of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in urothelial cancer progression. We here assessed whether AR signals could contribute to modulating radiosensitivity in bladder cancer cells. Ionizing radiation reduced the numbers of viable cells or colonies of AR-negative lines more significantly than those of AR-positive lines. Similarly, in AR-positive cells cultured in androgen-depleted conditions, dihydrotestosterone treatment lowered the effects of irradiation. Meanwhile, an antiandrogen hydroxyflutamide enhanced them in AR-positive cells cultured in the presence of androgens. AR knockdown or hydroxyflutamide treatment also resulted in a delay in DNA double-strand break repair 4-24 hours after irradiation. We then established "radiation-resistant" sublines and found considerable elevation of the expression of AR as well as DNA repair genes, such as ATR, CHEK1, and PARP-1, in these sublines, compared with respective controls. Furthermore, dihydrotestosterone induced the expression of these DNA repair genes in irradiated AR-positive cells, and hydroxyflutamide antagonized the androgen effects. Finally, in a mouse xenograft model, low-dose flutamide was found to enhance the inhibitory effects of irradiation, and its tumor size was similar to that of AR knockdown line with radiation alone. These findings suggest that AR activity inversely correlates with radiosensitivity in bladder cancer. Accordingly, antiandrogenic drugs may function as sensitizers of irradiation, especially in patients with AR-positive urothelial cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(7); 1566-74. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ide
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Taichi Mizushima
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kuang-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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21
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Pike KG, Barlaam B, Cadogan E, Campbell A, Chen Y, Colclough N, Davies NL, de-Almeida C, Degorce SL, Didelot M, Dishington A, Ducray R, Durant ST, Hassall LA, Holmes J, Hughes GD, MacFaul PA, Mulholland KR, McGuire TM, Ouvry G, Pass M, Robb G, Stratton N, Wang Z, Wilson J, Zhai B, Zhao K, Al-Huniti N. The Identification of Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Inhibitors of Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Kinase: The Discovery of AZD0156 (8-{6-[3-(Dimethylamino)propoxy]pyridin-3-yl}-3-methyl-1-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-one). J Med Chem 2018; 61:3823-3841. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt G. Pike
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Bernard Barlaam
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Elaine Cadogan
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Andrew Campbell
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Yingxue Chen
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Nichola L. Davies
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Camila de-Almeida
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Sebastien L. Degorce
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Myriam Didelot
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Allan Dishington
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard Ducray
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Stephen T. Durant
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Lorraine A. Hassall
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Jane Holmes
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Gareth D. Hughes
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Philip A. MacFaul
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Keith R. Mulholland
- Chemical Development, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Thomas M. McGuire
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Gilles Ouvry
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Centre de Recherches, Z. I. la Pompelle, BP 1050, 51689 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Martin Pass
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Graeme Robb
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Natalie Stratton
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Joanne Wilson
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, 319 Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Baochang Zhai
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Kang Zhao
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P.R. China
| | - Nidal Al-Huniti
- Oncology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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22
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Alexander A, Karakas C, Chen X, Carey JPW, Yi M, Bondy M, Thompson P, Cheung KL, Ellis IO, Gong Y, Krishnamurthy S, Alvarez RH, Ueno NT, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Cyclin E overexpression as a biomarker for combination treatment strategies in inflammatory breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14897-14911. [PMID: 28107181 PMCID: PMC5362453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a virulent form of breast cancer, and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors from women with a clinical diagnosis of IBC (n = 147) and those with non-IBC breast cancer (n = 2510) revealed that, whereas in non-IBC cases cytoplasmic cyclin E was highly correlated with poor prognosis (P < 0.001), in IBC cases both nuclear and cytoplasmic cyclin E were indicative of poor prognosis. These results underscored the utility of the cyclin E/CDK2 complex as a novel target for treatment. Because IBC cell lines were highly sensitive to the CDK2 inhibitors dinaciclib and meriolin 5, we developed a high-throughput survival assay (HTSA) to design novel sequential combination strategies based on the presence of cyclin E and CDK2. Using a 14-cell-line panel, we found that dinaciclib potentiated the activity of DNA-damaging chemotherapies treated in a sequence of dinaciclib followed by chemotherapy, whereas this was not true for paclitaxel. We also identified a signature of DNA repair–related genes that are downregulated by dinaciclib, suggesting that global DNA repair is inhibited and that prolonged DNA damage leads to apoptosis. Taken together, our findings argue that CDK2-targeted combinations may be viable strategies in IBC worthy of future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Alexander
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cansu Karakas
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason P W Carey
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Min Yi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Bondy
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patricia Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | - Ian O Ellis
- University of Nottingham, School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Savitri Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ricardo H Alvarez
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Naoto T Ueno
- Morgan Welch Inflammatory Breast Cancer Research Program and Clinic, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelly K Hunt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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23
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Martin U. Genome stability of programmed stem cell products. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:108-117. [PMID: 28917518 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Inherited and acquired genomic abnormalities are known to cause genetic diseases and contribute to cancer formation. Recent studies demonstrated a substantial mutational load in mouse and human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs). Single nucleotide variants, copy number variations, and larger chromosomal abnormalities may influence the differentiation capacity of pluripotent stem cells and the functionality of their derivatives in disease modeling and drug screening, and are considered a serious risk for cellular therapies based on ESC or iPSC derivatives. This review discusses the types and origins of different genetic abnormalities in pluripotent stem cells, methods for their detection, and the mechanisms of development and enrichment during reprogramming and culture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
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24
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Cattrini C, Zanardi E, Vallome G, Cavo A, Cerbone L, Di Meglio A, Fabbroni C, Latocca MM, Rizzo F, Messina C, Rubagotti A, Barboro P, Boccardo F. Targeting androgen-independent pathways: new chances for patients with prostate cancer? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 118:42-53. [PMID: 28917268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay treatment for advanced prostate cancer (PC). Most patients eventually progress to a condition known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), characterized by lack of response to ADT. Although new androgen receptor signaling (ARS) inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents have been introduced to overcome resistance to ADT, many patients progress because of primary or acquired resistance to these agents. This comprehensive review aims at exploring the mechanisms of resistance and progression of PC, with specific focus on alterations which lead to the activation of androgen receptor (AR)-independent pathways of survival. Our work integrates available clinical and preclinical data on agents which target these pathways, assessing their potential clinical implication in specific settings of patients. Given the rising interest of the scientific community in cancer immunotherapy strategies, further attention is dedicated to the role of immune evasion in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cattrini
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - E Zanardi
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Vallome
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Cavo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Cerbone
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Di Meglio
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Fabbroni
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - M M Latocca
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Rizzo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Messina
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Rubagotti
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - P Barboro
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Boccardo
- Academic Unit of Medical Oncology, San Martino University Hospital - IST National Cancer Research Institute, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), School of Medicine, University of Genoa, V.le Benedetto XV 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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25
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Herrero AB, Gutiérrez NC. Targeting Ongoing DNA Damage in Multiple Myeloma: Effects of DNA Damage Response Inhibitors on Plasma Cell Survival. Front Oncol 2017; 7:98. [PMID: 28580318 PMCID: PMC5437203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) and a subset of myeloma patients with poor prognosis exhibit high levels of replication stress (RS), leading to DNA damage. In this study, we confirmed the presence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in several HMCLs by measuring γH2AX and RAD51 foci and analyzed the effect of various inhibitors of the DNA damage response on MM cell survival. Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), the main kinase mediating the response to RS, using the specific inhibitor VE-821 induced more cell death in HMCLs than in control lymphoblastoid cells and U266, an HMCL with a low level of DNA damage. The absence of ATR was partially compensated by ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM), since chemical inhibition of both kinases using VE-821 and KU-55933 significantly increased the death of MM cells with DNA damage. We found that ATM and ATR are involved in DSB repair by homologous recombination (HR) in MM. Inhibition of both kinases resulted in a stronger inhibition that may underlie cell death induction, since abolition of HR using two different inhibitors severely reduced survival of HMCLs that exhibit DNA damage. On the other hand, inhibition of the other route involved in DSB repair, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), using the DNA-PK inhibitor NU7441, did not affect MM cell viability. Interestingly, we found that NHEJ inhibition did not increase cell death when HR was simultaneously inhibited with the RAD51 inhibitor B02, but it clearly increased the level of cell death when HR was inhibited with the MRE11 inhibitor mirin, which interferes with recombination before DNA resection takes place. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that MM cells with ongoing DNA damage rely on an intact HR pathway, which thereby suggests therapeutic opportunities. We also show that inhibition of HR after the initial step of end resection might be more appropriate for inducing MM cell death, since it prevents the occurrence of a compensatory NHEJ repair mechanism. These preclinical observations provide the rationale for its clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Belén Herrero
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Norma Carmen Gutiérrez
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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26
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Zhang XY, Zhang P. Sensitization strategies in lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3669-3673. [PMID: 27900051 PMCID: PMC5104149 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The commonly used treatment avenues employed by cancer physicians include surgery, radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy in addition to rapid developmental and confirmatory studies on the efficacy of targeted therapies. However, the success rate in these commonly used treatments remains relatively low due to associated side effects, such as normal cell targeting/toxicity and resistance. In addition, investigators are continuing their efforts to enhance the efficacy of RT and chemotherapy to prevent associated side effects and improve the survival rate of the affected patient in order to increase patient survival. In the present study, we have reviewed the sensitization approaches used to improve chemotherapy and RT sensitivity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Information Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Peiying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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27
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Oplustil O'Connor L, Rulten SL, Cranston AN, Odedra R, Brown H, Jaspers JE, Jones L, Knights C, Evers B, Ting A, Bradbury RH, Pajic M, Rottenberg S, Jonkers J, Rudge D, Martin NMB, Caldecott KW, Lau A, O'Connor MJ. The PARP Inhibitor AZD2461 Provides Insights into the Role of PARP3 Inhibition for Both Synthetic Lethality and Tolerability with Chemotherapy in Preclinical Models. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6084-6094. [PMID: 27550455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The PARP inhibitor AZD2461 was developed as a next-generation agent following olaparib, the first PARP inhibitor approved for cancer therapy. In BRCA1-deficient mouse models, olaparib resistance predominantly involves overexpression of P-glycoprotein, so AZD2461 was developed as a poor substrate for drug transporters. Here we demonstrate the efficacy of this compound against olaparib-resistant tumors that overexpress P-glycoprotein. In addition, AZD2461 was better tolerated in combination with chemotherapy than olaparib in mice, which suggests that AZD2461 could have significant advantages over olaparib in the clinic. However, this superior toxicity profile did not extend to rats. Investigations of this difference revealed a differential PARP3 inhibitory activity for each compound and a higher level of PARP3 expression in bone marrow cells from mice as compared with rats and humans. Our findings have implications for the use of mouse models to assess bone marrow toxicity for DNA-damaging agents and inhibitors of the DNA damage response. Finally, structural modeling of the PARP3-active site with different PARP inhibitors also highlights the potential to develop compounds with different PARP family member specificity profiles for optimal antitumor activity and tolerability. Cancer Res; 76(20); 6084-94. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart L Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rajesh Odedra
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Henry Brown
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Janneke E Jaspers
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louise Jones
- KuDOS Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bastiaan Evers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Attilla Ting
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marina Pajic
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Rudge
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Keith W Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lau
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
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28
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29
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Lamb R, Fiorillo M, Chadwick A, Ozsvari B, Reeves KJ, Smith DL, Clarke RB, Howell SJ, Cappello AR, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Peiris-Pagès M, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Doxycycline down-regulates DNA-PK and radiosensitizes tumor initiating cells: Implications for more effective radiation therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:14005-25. [PMID: 26087309 PMCID: PMC4546447 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-PK is an enzyme that is required for proper DNA-repair and is thought to confer radio-resistance in cancer cells. As a consequence, it is a high-profile validated target for new pharmaceutical development. However, no FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitors have emerged, despite many years of drug discovery and lead optimization. This is largely because existing DNA-PK inhibitors suffer from poor pharmacokinetics. They are not well absorbed and/or are unstable, with a short plasma half-life. Here, we identified the first FDA-approved DNA-PK inhibitor by "chemical proteomics". In an effort to understand how doxycycline targets cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), we serendipitously discovered that doxycycline reduces DNA-PK protein expression by nearly 15-fold (> 90%). In accordance with these observations, we show that doxycycline functionally radio-sensitizes breast CSCs, by up to 4.5-fold. Moreover, we demonstrate that DNA-PK is highly over-expressed in both MCF7- and T47D-derived mammospheres. Interestingly, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of DNA-PK in MCF7 cells is sufficient to functionally block mammosphere formation. Thus, it appears that active DNA-repair is required for the clonal expansion of CSCs. Mechanistically, doxycycline treatment dramatically reduced the oxidative mitochondrial capacity and the glycolytic activity of cancer cells, consistent with previous studies linking DNA-PK expression to the proper maintenance of mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number. Using a luciferase-based assay, we observed that doxycycline treatment quantitatively reduces the anti-oxidant response (NRF1/2) and effectively blocks signaling along multiple independent pathways normally associated with stem cells, including STAT1/3, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Notch, WNT and TGF-beta signaling. In conclusion, we propose that the efficacy of doxycycline as a DNA-PK inhibitor should be tested in Phase-II clinical trials, in combination with radio-therapy. Doxycycline has excellent pharmacokinetics, with nearly 100% oral absorption and a long serum half-life (18-22 hours), at a standard dose of 200-mg per day. In further support of this idea, we show that doxycycline effectively inhibits the mammosphere-forming activity of primary breast cancer samples, derived from metastatic disease sites (pleural effusions or ascites fluid). Our results also have possible implications for the radio-therapy of brain tumors and/or brain metastases, as doxycycline is known to effectively cross the blood-brain barrier. Further studies will be needed to determine if other tetracycline family members also confer radio-sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lamb
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Amy Chadwick
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Bela Ozsvari
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Kimberly J Reeves
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan L Smith
- The Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert B Clarke
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sacha J Howell
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- The Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Maria Peiris-Pagès
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Federica Sotgia
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,The Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism (MCCM), Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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Abstract
An underlying hallmark of cancers is their genomic instability, which is associated with a greater propensity to accumulate DNA damage. Historical treatment of cancer by radiotherapy and DNA-damaging chemotherapy is based on this principle, yet it is accompanied by significant collateral damage to normal tissue and unwanted side effects. Targeted therapy based on inhibiting the DNA damage response (DDR) in cancers offers the potential for a greater therapeutic window by tailoring treatment to patients with tumors lacking specific DDR functions. The recent approval of olaparib (Lynparza), the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor for treating tumors harboring BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, represents the first medicine based on this principle, exploiting an underlying cause of tumor formation that also represents an Achilles' heel. This review highlights the different concepts behind targeting DDR in cancer and how this can provide significant opportunities for DDR-based therapies in the future.
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Dolman MEM, van der Ploeg I, Koster J, Bate-Eya LT, Versteeg R, Caron HN, Molenaar JJ. DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase As Molecular Target for Radiosensitization of Neuroblastoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145744. [PMID: 26716839 PMCID: PMC4696738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells might resist therapy with ionizing radiation (IR) by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) of IR-induced double-strand breaks. One of the key players in NHEJ is DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). The catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, i.e. DNA-PKcs, can be inhibited with the small-molecule inhibitor NU7026. In the current study, the in vitro potential of NU7026 to radiosensitize neuroblastoma cells was investigated. DNA-PKcs is encoded by the PRKDC (protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic polypeptide) gene. We showed that PRKDC levels were enhanced in neuroblastoma patients and correlated with a more advanced tumor stage and poor prognosis, making DNA-PKcs an interesting target for radiosensitization of neuroblastoma tumors. Optimal dose finding for combination treatment with NU7026 and IR was performed using NGP cells. One hour pre-treatment with 10 μM NU7026 synergistically sensitized NGP cells to 0.63 Gy IR. Radiosensitizing effects of NU7026 increased in time, with maximum effects observed from 96 h after IR-exposure on. Combined treatment of NGP cells with 10 μM NU7026 and 0.63 Gy IR resulted in apoptosis, while no apoptotic response was observed for either of the therapies alone. Inhibition of IR-induced DNA-PK activation by NU7026 confirmed the capability of NGP cells to, at least partially, resist IR by NHEJ. NU7026 also synergistically radiosensitized other neuroblastoma cell lines, while no synergistic effect was observed for low DNA-PKcs-expressing non-cancerous fibroblasts. Results obtained for NU7026 were confirmed by PRKDC knockdown in NGP cells. Taken together, the current study shows that DNA-PKcs is a promising target for neuroblastoma radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Emmy M. Dolman
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ida van der Ploeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laurel Tabe Bate-Eya
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Huib N. Caron
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Emma Kinderziekenhuis, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan J. Molenaar
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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32
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Horsman MR. Realistic biological approaches for improving thermoradiotherapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 32:14-22. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1099169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
Platinum-based DNA-damaging chemotherapy is standard-of-care for most patients with lung cancer but outcomes remain poor. This has been attributed, in part, to the highly effective repair network known as the DNA-damage response (DDR). ATR kinase is a critical regulator of this pathway, and its inhibition has been shown to sensitize some cancer, but not normal, cells in vitro to DNA damaging agents. However, there are limited in vivo proof-of-concept data for ATR inhibition. To address this we profiled VX-970, the first clinical ATR inhibitor, in a series of in vitro and in vivo lung cancer models and compared it with an inhibitor of the downstream kinase Chk1. VX-970 markedly sensitized a large proportion of a lung cancer cell line and primary tumor panel in vitro to multiple DNA damaging drugs with clear differences to Chk1 inhibition observed. In vivo VX-970 blocked ATR activity in tumors and dramatically enhanced the efficacy of cisplatin across a panel of patient derived primary lung xenografts. The combination led to complete tumor growth inhibition in three cisplatin-insensitive models and durable tumor regression in a cisplatin-sensitive model. These data provide a strong rationale for the clinical evaluation of VX-970 in lung cancer patients.
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35
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Xu K, Song X, Chen Z, Qin C, He Y, Zhan W. XRCC2 promotes colorectal cancer cell growth, regulates cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e294. [PMID: 25526472 PMCID: PMC4603138 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2 (XRCC2) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) both play important roles in homologous recombination DNA repair. According to the theory of synthetic lethality, XRCC2-deficient cells are more sensitive to PARP1 inhibitors compared to XRCC2-expressing cells. We investigated XRCC2 expression and function in colorectal cancer (CRC), and the characteristics of sensitivity to PARP1 inhibitor in CRC cells with different XRCC2 levels. We enrolled 153 patients with CRC who had undergone surgery in this study. XRCC2 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Stable CRC SW480 cell lines with low or high XRCC2 expression were constructed. Following treatment with the PARP1 inhibitor olaparib, the viability of cells with different XRCC2 levels was determined; cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein expression was measured by Western blotting. The positive rates of XRCC2 in primary CRC tissue were significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent noncancerous tissue, and XRCC2 expression status in primary CRC was related to tumor site, Dukes' stage, and tumor-nodes-metastasis (TNM) stage. XRCC2 overexpression inhibited CRC cell apoptosis and promoted proliferation by enriching cells in the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, olaparib suppressed proliferation, and olaparib sensitivity in CRC cells with high XRCC2 expression was greater. High XRCC2 expression promotes CRC cell proliferation and enriches cells in the G0/G1 phase but inhibits apoptosis. High XRCC2 expression cells are more sensitive to olaparib, which inhibits their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwu Xu
- From the Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
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36
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Prediction of individual response to anticancer therapy: historical and future perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:729-57. [PMID: 25387856 PMCID: PMC4309902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer treatment in the early 20th century considerable efforts have been made to maximize drug efficiency and at the same time minimize side effects. As there is a great interpatient variability in response to chemotherapy, the development of predictive biomarkers is an ambitious aim for the rapidly growing research area of personalized molecular medicine. The individual prediction of response will improve treatment and thus increase survival and life quality of patients. In the past, cell cultures were used as in vitro models to predict in vivo response to chemotherapy. Several in vitro chemosensitivity assays served as tools to measure miscellaneous endpoints such as DNA damage, apoptosis and cytotoxicity or growth inhibition. Twenty years ago, the development of high-throughput technologies, e.g. cDNA microarrays enabled a more detailed analysis of drug responses. Thousands of genes were screened and expression levels were correlated to drug responses. In addition, mutation analysis became more and more important for the prediction of therapeutic success. Today, as research enters the area of -omics technologies, identification of signaling pathways is a tool to understand molecular mechanism underlying drug resistance. Combining new tissue models, e.g. 3D organoid cultures with modern technologies for biomarker discovery will offer new opportunities to identify new drug targets and in parallel predict individual responses to anticancer therapy. In this review, we present different currently used chemosensitivity assays including 2D and 3D cell culture models and several -omics approaches for the discovery of predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of these assays and biomarkers to predict the clinical outcome of individual patients and future perspectives.
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37
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Orticello M, Fiore M, Totta P, Desideri M, Barisic M, Passeri D, Lenzi J, Rosa A, Orlandi A, Maiato H, Del Bufalo D, Degrassi F. N-terminus-modified Hec1 suppresses tumour growth by interfering with kinetochore-microtubule dynamics. Oncogene 2014; 34:3325-35. [PMID: 25132262 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic proteins are attractive targets to develop molecular cancer therapeutics due to the intimate interdependence between cell proliferation and mitosis. In this work, we have explored the therapeutic potential of the kinetochore (KT) protein Hec1 (Highly Expressed in Cancer protein 1) as a molecular target to produce massive chromosome missegregation and cell death in cancer cells. Hec1 is a constituent of the Ndc80 complex, which mediates KT-microtubule (MT) attachments at mitosis and is upregulated in various cancer types. We expressed Hec1 fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) at its N-terminus MT-interaction domain in HeLa cells and showed that expression of this modified Hec1, which localized at KTs, blocked cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in tumour cells. EGFP-Hec1 was extremely potent in tumour cell killing and more efficient than siRNA-induced Hec1 depletion. In striking contrast, normal cells showed no apparent cell proliferation defects or cell death following EGFP-Hec1 expression. Live-cell imaging demonstrated that cancer cell death was associated with massive chromosome missegregation within multipolar spindles after a prolonged mitotic arrest. Moreover, EGFP-Hec1 expression was found to increase KT-MT attachment stability, providing a molecular explanation for the abnormal spindle architecture and the cytotoxic activity of this modified protein. Consistent with cell culture data, EGFP-Hec1 expression was found to strongly inhibit tumour growth in a mouse xenograft model by disrupting mitosis and inducing multipolar spindles. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that stimulation of massive chromosome segregation defects can be used as an anti-cancer strategy through the activation of mitotic catastrophe after a multipolar mitosis. Importantly, this study represents a clear proof of concept that targeting KT proteins required for proper KT-MT attachment dynamics constitutes a powerful approach in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Orticello
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology, CNR National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - M Fiore
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology, CNR National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - P Totta
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology, CNR National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - M Desideri
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - M Barisic
- Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Passeri
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - J Lenzi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Rosa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - A Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology Institute, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - H Maiato
- 1] Chromosome Instability and Dynamics Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal [2] Cell Division Unit, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - D Del Bufalo
- Experimental Chemotherapy Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - F Degrassi
- Institute of Biology, Molecular Medicine and Nanobiotechnology, CNR National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Fang Y, Yu H, Liang X, Xu J, Cai X. Chk1-induced CCNB1 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and tumor growth in human colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1268-79. [PMID: 24971465 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer pose a significant public health problem worldwide. Here we assessed the pro-cancer efficacy and mechanism of action of CCNB1 in different colorectal cancer cells. We provided evidence that CCNB1 mRNA and protein level were upregulated in a subset of human colorectal tumors, and positively correlated with Chk1 expression. Repression of Chk1 caused a significant decrease in cell proliferation and CCNB1 protein expression in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, downregulation of CCNB1 impaired colorectal cancer proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Specifically, suppression of CCNB1 caused a strong G 2/M phase arrest in both HCT116 and SW480 cells, interfering with the expression of cdc25c and CDK1. Additionally, CCNB1 inhibition induced apoptotic death in certain colorectal cancer cells. Together, these results suggest that CCNB1 is activated by Chk1, exerts its oncogenic role in colorectal cancer cells, and may play a key role in the development of a novel therapeutic approach against colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Fang
- The Second Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hong Yu
- The Second Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiao Liang
- The Second Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Junfen Xu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; Women's Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- The Second Department of General Surgery; Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Xu K, Song X, Chen Z, Qin C, He Y. XRCC2 rs3218536 polymorphism decreases the sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitor. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1222-1228. [PMID: 25120693 PMCID: PMC4114618 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the development of certain types of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the association between X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells 2 (XRCC2) SNPs and colorectal cancer (CRC) cell sensitivity to the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 inhibitor olaparib (AZD2281). SNaPshot® analysis of XRCC2 SNPs was performed in five CRC cell lines. The AZD2281-sensitivities of the CRC cells were also analyzed using MTT assays. The effect of AZD2281 on XRCC2 and PARP1 expression was investigated in the five cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Parallel investigations were performed using a cisplatin (DDP) model of DNA damage. The XRCC2 rs3218536 SNP was found to be associated with the LoVo microsatellite instability CRC cell line. The relative rate of growth inhibition was found to be lower in the LoVo cells following treatment with AZD2281 compared with the other four cell lines (P=0.002). Furthermore, the XRCC2 mRNA level in the LoVo cells was observed to be significantly higher than that in the other four cell lines (P<0.05). Similar results were found using the DDP model of DNA damage (P<0.05). The present study indicated that the XRCC2 rs3218536 polymorphism decreases the sensitivity of CRC cells to AZD2281.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwu Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xinming Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yulong He
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Fokas E, Prevo R, Hammond EM, Brunner TB, McKenna WG, Muschel RJ. Targeting ATR in DNA damage response and cancer therapeutics. Cancer Treat Rev 2014; 40:109-17. [PMID: 23583268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) plays an important role in maintaining genome integrity during DNA replication through the phosphorylation and activation of Chk1 and regulation of the DNA damage response. Preclinical studies have shown that disruption of ATR pathway can exacerbate the levels of replication stress in oncogene-driven murine tumors to promote cell killing. Additionally, inhibition of ATR can sensitise tumor cells to radiation or chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting ATR can selectively sensitize cancer cells but not normal cells to DNA damage. Furthermore, in hypoxic conditions, ATR blockade results in overloading replication stress and DNA damage response causing cell death. Despite the attractiveness of ATR inhibition in the treatment of cancer, specific ATR inhibitors have remained elusive. In the last two years however, selective ATR inhibitors suitable for in vitro and - most recently - in vivo studies have been identified. In this article, we will review the literature on ATR function, its role in DDR and the potential of ATR inhibition to enhance the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Fokas
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Radiation Therapy and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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41
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Akudugu JM, Serafin AM, Böhm LJF. In vitro radiosensitization by pentoxifylline does not depend on p53 status. Int J Radiat Biol 2013; 89:462-70. [PMID: 23363223 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2013.766771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mode by which the xanthine derivative, pentoxifylline, induces a radiosensitizing effect in cell cultures is a key and controversial radiobiological issue and requires further elucidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six human glioblastoma cell lines were tested for the effect of pentoxifylline treatment at maximum G2/M block on the basis of cell survival, mitotic activity, and micronucleus formation after exposure to gamma radiation. Cell survival was measured by the colony-forming assay. Micronucleus formation (an indicator of DNA damage) and the proportion of binucleated cells (a representation of mitotic activity) were determined using the cytokinesis-block assay. RESULTS Remarkably, exposure to a single dose of 4 Gy produced strong G2/M blocks in both p53 mutant and wild-type cells. Addition of pentoxifylline at the peak of radiation-induced G2/M blocks resulted in a p53-independent reduction in cell survival in all cell lines. This radiosensitization was strongly correlated with the magnitude of the radiation-induced G2/M block. The changes observed in mitotic activity and micronucleus yield were also p53-independent. CONCLUSIONS These results are at variance with the view that pentoxifylline preferentially sensitizes p53 mutant cells, and that sensitization occurs only when cells are irradiated in the presence of the drug. The data suggest that the effectiveness of pentoxifylline as radiosensitizer depends on the proportion of cells that are arrested in the G2/M phase transition following exposure to ionizing radiation. These findings can assist in the identification of cancers that may benefit from therapies using G2/M checkpoint abrogators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Akudugu
- Radiobiology Unit, Department of Medical Imaging and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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42
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Oplustilova L, Wolanin K, Mistrik M, Korinkova G, Simkova D, Bouchal J, Lenobel R, Bartkova J, Lau A, O’Connor MJ, Lukas J, Bartek J. Evaluation of candidate biomarkers to predict cancer cell sensitivity or resistance to PARP-1 inhibitor treatment. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3837-50. [PMID: 22983061 PMCID: PMC3495826 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired DNA damage response pathways may create vulnerabilities of cancer cells that can be exploited therapeutically. One such selective vulnerability is the sensitivity of BRCA1- or BRCA2-defective tumors (hence defective in DNA repair by homologous recombination, HR) to inhibitors of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), an enzyme critical for repair pathways alternative to HR. While promising, treatment with PARP-1 inhibitors (PARP-1i) faces some hurdles, including (1) acquired resistance, (2) search for other sensitizing, non-BRCA1/2 cancer defects and (3) lack of biomarkers to predict response to PARP-1i. Here we addressed these issues using PARP-1i on 20 human cell lines from carcinomas of the breast, prostate, colon, pancreas and ovary. Aberrations of the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex sensitized cancer cells to PARP-1i, while p53 status was less predictive, even in response to PARP-1i combinations with camptothecin or ionizing radiation. Furthermore, monitoring PARsylation and Rad51 foci formation as surrogate markers for PARP activity and HR, respectively, supported their candidacy for biomarkers of PARP-1i responses. As to resistance mechanisms, we confirmed the role of the multidrug resistance efflux transporters and its reversibility. More importantly, we demonstrated that shRNA lentivirus-mediated depletion of 53BP1 in human BRCA1-mutant breast cancer cells increased their resistance to PARP-1i. Given the preferential loss of 53BP1 in BRCA-defective and triple-negative breast carcinomas, our findings warrant assessment of 53BP1 among candidate predictive biomarkers of response to PARPi. Overall, this study helps characterize genetic and functional determinants of cellular responses to PARP-1i and contributes to the search for biomarkers to exploit PARP inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Oplustilova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
- AstraZeneca; iMed Oncology; Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | - Kamila Wolanin
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Korinkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Simkova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bouchal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rene Lenobel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators; Palacky University Olomouc; Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alan Lau
- AstraZeneca; iMed Oncology; Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | | | - Jiri Lukas
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Palacky University; Olomouc, Czech Republic
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43
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Ashwell S. Strategies towards more effective anticancer therapies: targeting DNA damage response pathways. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2012; 3:103-15. [PMID: 22111536 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a tremendous increase in the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the detection and repair of DNA damage. This gave rise to the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA repair may result in increased efficacy of existing therapies and, more recently, to the idea that some tumor cells may carry additional defects that make them hypersensitive to DNA repair inhibitors as single agents. In order to minimize the potential to cause lesions in normal tissue, strategies have been directed to specific targets or pathways where selectivity for tumor over normal tissue is possible, thus to date most emphasis has been placed on a relatively small number of targets such as the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and the checkpoint kinases. Both of these approaches have yielded small molecule inhibitors that are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ashwell
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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Finlay MRV, Griffin RJ. Modulation of DNA repair by pharmacological inhibitors of the PIKK protein kinase family. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5352-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Methoxyamine sensitizes the resistant glioblastoma T98G cell line to the alkylating agent temozolomide. Clin Exp Med 2012; 13:279-88. [PMID: 22828727 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-012-0201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance represents a major obstacle to successful treatment for malignant glioma with temozolomide. N (7)-methyl-G and N (3)-methyl-A adducts comprise more than 80 % of DNA lesions induced by temozolomide and are processed by the base excision repair, suggesting that the cellular resistance could be caused, in part, by this efficient repair pathway, although few studies have focused on this subject. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular responses to temozolomide treatment associated with methoxyamine (blocker of base excision repair) in glioblastoma cell lines, in order to test the hypothesis that the blockage of base excision repair pathway might sensitize glioblastoma cells to temozolomide. For all the tested cell lines, only T98G showed significant differences between temozolomide and temozolomide plus methoxyamine treatment, observed by reduced survival rates, enhanced the levels of DNA damage, and induced an arrest at G2-phase. In addition, ~10 % of apoptotic cells (sub-G1 fraction) were observed at 48 h. Western blot analysis demonstrated that APE1 and FEN1 presented a slightly reduced expression levels under the combined treatment, probably due to AP sites blockade by methoxyamine, thus causing a minor requirement of base excision repair pathway downstream to the AP removal by APE1. On the other hand, PCNA expression in temozolomide plus methoxyamine-treated cells does not rule out the possibility that such alteration might be related to the blockage of cell cycle (G2-phase), as observed at 24 h of recovery time. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated the efficiency of methoxyamine to overcome glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide treatment.
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MA ZHIKUN, YAO GUOLIANG, ZHOU BO, FAN YONGGANG, GAO SHEGAN, FENG XIAOSHAN. The Chk1 inhibitor AZD7762 sensitises p53 mutant breast cancer cells to radiation in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:897-903. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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RAD53 is limiting in double-strand break repair and in protection against toxicity associated with ribonucleotide reductase inhibition. DNA Repair (Amst) 2012; 11:317-23. [PMID: 22277748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Chk2/Chk1 homolog Rad53 is a central component of the DNA damage checkpoint system. While it controls genotoxic stress responses such as cell cycle arrest, replication fork stabilization and increase in dNTP pools, little is known about the consequences of reduced Rad53 levels on the various cellular endpoints or about its roles in dealing with chronic vs. acute genotoxic challenges. Using a tetraploid gene dosage model in which only one copy of the yeast RAD53 is functional (simplex), we found that the simplex strain was not sensitive to acute UV radiation or chronic MMS exposure. However, the simplex strain was sensitized to chronic exposure of the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU). Surprisingly, reduced RAD53 gene dosage did not affect sensitivity to HU acute exposure, indicating that immediate checkpoint responses and recovery from HU-induced stress were not compromised. Interestingly, cells of most of the colonies that arise after chronic HU exposure acquired heritable resistance to HU. We also found that short HU exposure before and after treatment of G₂ cells with ionizing radiation (IR) reduced the capability of RAD53 simplex cells to repair DSBs, in agreement with sensitivity of RAD53 simplex strain to high doses of IR. We propose that a modest reduction in Rad53 activity can impact the activation of the ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit Rnr1 following stress, reducing the ability to generate nucleotide pools sufficient for DNA repair and replication. At the same time, reduced Rad53 activity may lead to genome instability and to the acquisition of drug resistance before and/or during the chronic exposure to HU. These results have implications for developing drug enhancers as well as for understanding mechanisms of drug resistance in cells compromised for DNA damage checkpoint.
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Abstract
A good account of the nature of cancer should provide not only a description of its consistent features, but also how they arise, how they are maintained, why conventional chemotherapy succeeds, and fails, and where to look for better targets. Cancer was once regarded as enigmatic and inexplicable; more recently, the "mutation theory," based on random alterations in a relatively small set of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, has enjoyed widespread acceptance. The "mutation theory," however, is noticeable for its failure to explain the basis of differential chemosensitivity, for providing a paucity of targets, especially druggable ones, and for justifying the development of targeted therapies with, in general, disappointingly abbreviated clinical benefit. Furthermore, this theory has mistakenly predicted a widespread commonality of consistent genetic abnormalities across the range of cancers, whereas the opposite, that is, roiling macrogenomic instability, is generally the rule. In contrast, concerning what actually is consistent, that is, the suite of metabolic derangements common to virtually all, especially aggressive, cancers, the "Mutation Theory" has nothing to say. Other hypotheses merit serious consideration "aneuploidy theories" posit whole-genome instability and imbalance as causally responsible for the propagation of the tumor. Another approach, that is, "derepression atavism," suggests cancer results from the release of an ancient survival program, characterized by the emergence of remarkably primitive features such as unicellularity, fermentation, and immortality; existential goals are served by heuristic genomic instability coupled with host-to-tumor biomass interconversion, mediated by the Warburg effect, a major component of the program. Carcinogenesis is here seen as a process of de-speciation; however, genomic nonrestabilization raises issues as to where on the tree of life cancers belong, as a genuinely alternative modus vivendi. Philosophical considerations aside, genomic instability offers the prospect of subtle new therapies based on loss of information rather than gain; and the consistent, specific, and broad-spectrum perfidy of the Warburg effect highlights a supplemental target of the highest priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Vincent
- Department of Medical Oncology, London Regional Cancer Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang Z, Yang Z, Jäämaa S, Liu H, Pellakuru LG, Iwata T, af Hällström TM, De Marzo AM, Laiho M. Differential epithelium DNA damage response to ATM and DNA-PK pathway inhibition in human prostate tissue culture. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3545-53. [PMID: 22030624 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.20.17841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to respond and repair DNA damage is fundamental for the maintenance of genomic integrity. Ex vivo culturing of surgery-derived human tissues has provided a significant advancement to assess DNA damage response (DDR) in the context of normal cytoarchitecture in a non-proliferating tissue. Here, we assess the dependency of prostate epithelium DDR on ATM and DNA-PKcs, the major kinases responsible for damage detection and repair by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), respectively. DNA damage was caused by ionizing radiation (IR) and cytotoxic drugs, cultured tissues were treated with ATM and DNA-PK inhibitors, and DDR was assessed by phosphorylation of ATM and its targets H2AX and KAP1, a heterochromatin binding protein. Phosphorylation of H2AX and KAP1 was fast, transient and fully dependent on ATM, but these responses were moderate in luminal cells. In contrast, DNA-PKcs was phosphorylated in both luminal and basal cells, suggesting that DNA-PK-dependent repair was also activated in the luminal cells despite the diminished H2AX and KAP1 responses. These results indicate that prostate epithelial cell types have constitutively dissimilar responses to DNA damage. We correlate the altered damage response to the differential chromatin state of the cells. These findings are relevant in understanding how the epithelium senses and responds to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Cong X, Held JM, DeGiacomo F, Bonner A, Chen JM, Schilling B, Czerwieniec GA, Gibson BW, Ellerby LM. Mass spectrometric identification of novel lysine acetylation sites in huntingtin. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M111.009829. [PMID: 21685499 PMCID: PMC3205870 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.009829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin (Htt) is a protein with a polyglutamine stretch in the N-terminus and expansion of the polyglutamine stretch causes Huntington's disease (HD). Htt is a multiple domain protein whose function has not been well characterized. Previous reports have shown, however, that post-translational modifications of Htt such as phosphorylation and acetylation modulate mutant Htt toxicity, localization, and vesicular trafficking. Lysine acetylation of Htt is of particular importance in HD as this modification regulates disease progression and toxicity. Treatment of mouse models with histone deacetylase inhibitors ameliorates HD-like symptoms and alterations in acetylation of Htt promotes clearance of the protein. Given the importance of acetylation in HD and other diseases, we focused on the systematic identification of lysine acetylation sites in Htt23Q (1-612) in a cell culture model using mass spectrometry. Myc-tagged Htt23Q (1-612) overexpressed in the HEK 293T cell line was immunoprecipitated, separated by SDS-PAGE, digested and subjected to high performance liquid chromatography tandem MS analysis. Five lysine acetylation sites were identified, including three novel sites Lys-178, Lys-236, Lys-345 and two previously described sites Lys-9 and Lys-444. Antibodies specific to three of the Htt acetylation sites were produced and confirmed the acetylation sites in Htt. A multiple reaction monitoring MS assay was developed to compare quantitatively the Lys-178 acetylation level between wild-type Htt23Q and mutant Htt148Q (1-612). This report represents the first comprehensive mapping of lysine acetylation sites in N-terminal region of Htt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cong
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Jason M. Held
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | | | - Akilah Bonner
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Jan Marie Chen
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | - Birgit Schilling
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
| | | | | | - Lisa M. Ellerby
- From the ‡Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945
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