1
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Li H, Zhang Q, Xue X, Zhang J, Wang S, Zhang J, Lin L, Niu Q. Lnc001209 Participates in aluminium-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by regulating PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 259:115062. [PMID: 37229874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is a common environmental neurotoxin, but the molecular mechanism underlying its toxic effects remains unclear. Many studies have shown that aluminium exposure leads to increased neuronal apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in aluminium exposure-induced neuronal apoptosis. The results showed a decrease in the number of PC12 cells and changes in cell morphology in the aluminium maltol exposure group. The viability of PC12 cells decreased gradually with increasing of exposure doses, and the apoptosis rate increased. The expression of Lnc001209 decreased gradually with an increase in the aluminium exposure dose. After transfection of Lnc001209 siRNA in aluminium-exposed PC12 cells, the protein expression levels of p-Akt Ser473, p-Akt Thr308, p-P85 Tyr467, p-mTOR Ser2448 and CD36 were increased. RNA pull-down MS showed that Lnc001209 interacts with the CD36 protein. Expression of the CD36 protein was increased in PC12 cells exposed to aluminium. The results of the CD36 intervention experiment showed that the protein expression levels of p-Akt Ser473, p-Akt Thr308, p-P85 Tyr467, and p-mTOR Ser2448 likely increased after CD36 overexpression. In addition, the phosphorylation level of AKT had the most significant increase. The enhancement of p-Akt activity promotes neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China; Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qinli Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingli Xue
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingsi Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu, China; Key Lab of Environmental Hazard and Health of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China; Key Lab of Cellular Physiology of Education Ministry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China.
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2
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Wyatt J, Chan YK, Hess M, Tavassoli M, Müller MM. Semisynthesis reveals apoptin as a tumour-selective protein prodrug that causes cytoskeletal collapse. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3881-3892. [PMID: 37035694 PMCID: PMC10074440 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptin is a small viral protein capable of inducing cell death selectively in cancer cells. Despite its potential as an anticancer agent, relatively little is known about its mechanism of toxicity and cancer-selectivity. Previous experiments suggest that cancer-selective phosphorylation modulates apoptin toxicity, although a lack of chemical tools has hampered the dissection of underlying mechanisms. Here, we describe structure-function studies with site-specifically phosphorylated apoptin (apoptin-T108ph) in living cells which revealed that Thr108 phosphorylation is the selectivity switch for apoptin toxicity. Mechanistic investigations link T108ph to actin binding, cytoskeletal disruption and downstream inhibition of anoikis-resistance as well as cancer cell invasion. These results establish apoptin as a protein pro-drug, selectively activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation, which disrupts the cytoskeleton and promotes cell death. We anticipate that this mechanism provides a framework for the design of next generation anticancer proteins with enhanced selectivity and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Wyatt
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London Guy's Hospital Campus, Hodgkin Building London SE1 1UL UK
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Yuen Ka Chan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London Guy's Hospital Campus, Hodgkin Building London SE1 1UL UK
| | - Mateusz Hess
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Mahvash Tavassoli
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King's College London Guy's Hospital Campus, Hodgkin Building London SE1 1UL UK
| | - Manuel M Müller
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Cheng A, Wang M, Yin Z, Huang J, Jia R. Apoptosis Triggered by ORF3 Proteins of the Circoviridae Family. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:609071. [PMID: 33604306 PMCID: PMC7884757 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.609071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of the programmed cell death, is an indispensable defense mechanism regulating cellular homeostasis and is triggered by multiple stimuli. Because of the regulation of apoptosis in cellular homeostasis, viral proteins with apoptotic activity are particular foci of on antitumor therapy. One representative viral protein is the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) protein, also named as apoptin in the Circoviridae chicken anemia virus (CAV), and has the ability to induce tumor-specific apoptosis. Proteins encoded by ORF3 in other circovirus species, such as porcine circovirus (PCV) and duck circovirus (DuCV), have also been reported to induce apoptosis, with subtle differences in apoptotic activity based on cell types. This article is aimed at reviewing the latest research advancements in understanding ORF3 protein-mediated apoptosis mechanisms of Circoviridae from three perspectives: subcellular localization, interactions with host proteins, and participation in multiple apoptotic signaling pathways, providing a scientific basis for circovirus pathogenesis and a reference on its potential anticancer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingcui Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Cancer Treatment Goes Viral: Using Viral Proteins to Induce Tumour-Specific Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121975. [PMID: 31817939 PMCID: PMC6966515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a tightly regulated process which can be exploited in cancer treatment to drive the killing of the tumour. Several conventional cancer therapies including chemotherapeutic agents target pathways involved in cell death, yet they often fail due to the lack of selectivity they have for tumour cells over healthy cells. Over the past decade, research has demonstrated the existence of numerous proteins which have an intrinsic tumour-specific toxicity, several of which originate from viruses. These tumour-selective viral proteins, although from distinct backgrounds, have several similar and interesting properties. Though the mechanism(s) of action of these proteins are not fully understood, it is possible that they can manipulate several cell death modes in cancer exemplifying the intricate interplay between these pathways. This review will discuss our current knowledge on the topic and outstanding questions, as well as deliberate the potential for viral proteins to progress into the clinic as successful cancer therapeutics.
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5
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Brown AC, Reddy VRAP, Lee J, Nair V. Marek's disease virus oncoprotein Meq physically interacts with the chicken infectious anemia virus-encoded apoptotic protein apoptin. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28910-28920. [PMID: 29988968 PMCID: PMC6034753 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is a neoplastic disease of poultry caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly contagious alphaherpesvirus. Meq, the major MDV oncoprotein, induces neoplastic transformation of T-cells through several mechanisms, including inhibition of apoptosis. In contrast, the chicken anemia virus (CAV)-encoded protein apoptin (VP3) is a powerful inducer of apoptosis of tumor cells, a property that is exploited for anticancer therapeutics. Although the molecular mechanisms of selective induction of tumor cell apoptosis by apoptin are not fully understood, its tumor cell–restricted nuclear translocation is thought to be important. Co-infection with MDV and CAV is common in many countries, CAV antigens are readily detectable in MD lymphomas, and the MDV-transformed T-lymphoblastoid cell lines such as MSB-1 is widely used for propagating CAV for vaccine production. As MDV-transformed cell lines express high levels of Meq, we examined here whether CAV-encoded apoptin interacts with Meq in these cells. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that apoptin and Meq co-localize to the nucleus, and biochemical analysis indicated that the two proteins do physically interact. Using a combination of Meq mutagenesis and co-immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that apoptin interacts with Meq within a region between amino acids 130 and 140. Results from the IncuCyte assay suggested that Meq inhibits apoptin-induced apoptosis activity. In summary, our findings indicate that Meq interacts with and inhibits apoptin. Insights into this novel interaction between Meq and apoptin will relevance for pathogenesis of coinfections of the two viruses and in CAV vaccine production using MDV-transformed cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Brown
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | - Joshua Lee
- Bristol University, Bristol, BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
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6
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Zhang L, Zhao H, Cui Z, Lv Y, Zhang W, Ma X, Zhang J, Sun B, Zhou D, Yuan L. A peptide derived from apoptin inhibits glioma growth. Oncotarget 2018; 8:31119-31132. [PMID: 28415709 PMCID: PMC5458194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is associated with poor prognosis due to its resistance to surgery, irradiation, and conventional chemotherapy. Thus, efficient therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM are urgently needed. HSP70 is an antiapoptotic protein that participates in the inhibition of both mitochondrial and membrane receptor apoptosis pathways and is highly expressed in glioma tissues. Here, we investigated a derivative of apoptin; specifically, a chicken anemia viral protein with selective toxicity toward cancer cells that can inhibit hyperactive molecules, including HSP70. Our earlier studies demonstrated that apoptin directly binds to the promoter of HSP70 and inhibits HSP70 transcription, which contributes to HSP70 downregulation. This study provides the first demonstration of the therapeutic potential of an apoptin-derived peptide for the treatment of GBM by identifying the minimal region of the apoptin domain required for interaction with the heat-shock element (HSE). This apoptin-derived peptide (ADP) inhibits glioma cell proliferation and tumor growth as well as exhibits an increased ability to promote apoptosis in GBM cells compared with rapamycin and temozolomide. ADP treatment inhibited xenograft tumor growth and increased the overall health and survival of nude mice implanted with GBM cells. These effects were measured in tumors obtained from cell lines and were observed in both intracranial and subcutaneous xenografts. In conclusion, we provide the first demonstration that ADP has therapeutic potential for the treatment of human GBM. Specifically, this study suggests that ADP is a potent candidate for drug development based on its favorable toxicity and pharmacokinetic profiles as well as its time- and cost-saving benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Zhang
- Teaching Experiment Center of Biotechnology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Hengyu Zhao
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqi Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Yueshan Lv
- Department of Immunology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Beijing Sun Palace Community Health Center, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Banghao Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Danyang Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, Daqing, P.R. China
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7
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Gierut JJ, Wood LB, Lau KS, Lin YJ, Genetti C, Samatar AA, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. Network-level effects of kinase inhibitors modulate TNF-α-induced apoptosis in the intestinal epithelium. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra129. [PMID: 26671150 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac7235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual signaling pathways operate in the context of the broader signaling network. Thus, the response of a cell to signals from the environment is affected by the state of the signaling network, such as the clinically relevant example of whether some components in the network are inhibited. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promotes opposing cellular behaviors under different conditions; the outcome is influenced by the state of the network. For example, in the mouse intestinal epithelium, inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase MEK alters the timing of TNF-α-induced apoptosis. We investigated whether MAPK signaling directly influences TNF-α-induced apoptosis or whether network-level effects secondary to inhibition of the MAPK pathway alter the cellular response. We found that inhibitors of the MAPK kinase kinase Raf, MEK, or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) exerted distinct effects on the timing and magnitude of TNF-α-induced apoptosis in the mouse intestine. Furthermore, even different MEK inhibitors exerted distinct effects; one, CH5126766, potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis, and the others reduced cell death. Computational modeling and experimental perturbation identified the kinase Akt as the primary signaling node that enhanced apoptosis in the context of TNF-α signaling in the presence of CH5126766. Our work emphasizes the importance of integrated network signaling in specifying cellular behavior in response to experimental or therapeutic manipulation. More broadly, this study highlighted the importance of considering the network-level effects of pathway inhibitors and showed the distinct effects of inhibitors that share the same target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Gierut
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Levi B Wood
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Yi-Jang Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Casie Genetti
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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8
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Jangamreddy JR, Panigrahi S, Lotfi K, Yadav M, Maddika S, Tripathi AK, Sanyal S, Łos MJ. Mapping of apoptin-interaction with BCR-ABL1, and development of apoptin-based targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7198-211. [PMID: 25216532 PMCID: PMC4196195 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Majority of chronic myeloid leukemia patients experience an adequate therapeutic effect from imatinib however, 26-37% of patients discontinue imatinib therapy due to a suboptimal response or intolerance. Here we investigated derivatives of apoptin, a chicken anemia viral protein with selective toxicity towards cancer cells, which can be directed towards inhibiting multiple hyperactive kinases including BCR-ABL1. Our earlier studies revealed that a proline-rich segment of apoptin interacts with the SH3 domain of fusion protein BCR-ABL1 (p210) and acts as a negative regulator of BCR-ABL1 kinase and its downstream targets. In this study we show for the first time, the therapeutic potential of apoptin-derived decapeptide for the treatment of CML by establishing the minimal region of apoptin interaction domain with BCR-ABL1. We further show that the apoptin decapeptide is able to inhibit BCR-ABL1 down stream target c-Myc with a comparable efficacy to full-length apoptin and Imatinib. The synthetic apoptin is able to inhibit cell proliferation in murine (32Dp210), human cell line (K562), and ex vivo in both imatinib-resistant and imatinib sensitive CML patient samples. The apoptin based single or combination therapy may be an additional option in CML treatment and eventually be feasible as curative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaganmohan R Jangamreddy
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden. Authors contributed equally
| | - Soumya Panigrahi
- Dept. Medicine/ Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. Authors contributed equally
| | - Kourosh Lotfi
- Dept. of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Department of Hematology, County Council of Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Manisha Yadav
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, 10, Janakipuram Extn, Sitapur Rd, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Subbareddy Maddika
- Laboratory of Cell Death & Survival, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Medical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sabyasachi Sanyal
- Division of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, 10, Janakipuram Extn, Sitapur Rd, Lucknow 226031, UP, India
| | - Marek J Łos
- Dept. Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Integrative Regenerative Med. Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Sweden. Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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9
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Lezhnin YN, Kravchenko YE, Frolova EI, Chumakov PM, Chumakov SP. Oncotoxic proteins in cancer therapy: Mechanisms of action. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Gupta SK, Gandham RK, Sahoo AP, Tiwari AK. Viral genes as oncolytic agents for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1073-94. [PMID: 25408521 PMCID: PMC11113997 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many viruses have the ability to modulate the apoptosis, and to accomplish it; viruses encode proteins which specifically interact with the cellular signaling pathways. While some viruses encode proteins, which inhibit the apoptosis or death of the infected cells, there are viruses whose encoded proteins can kill the infected cells by multiple mechanisms, including apoptosis. A particular class of these viruses has specific gene(s) in their genomes which, upon ectopic expression, can kill the tumor cells selectively without affecting the normal cells. These genes and their encoded products have demonstrated great potential to be developed as novel anticancer therapeutic agents which can specifically target and kill the cancer cells leaving the normal cells unharmed. In this review, we will discuss about the viral genes having specific cancer cell killing properties, what is known about their functioning, signaling pathways and their therapeutic applications as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Kumar Gupta
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. P. Sahoo
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
| | - A. K. Tiwari
- Molecular Biology Lab, Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122 UP India
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11
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Rollano Peñaloza OM, Lewandowska M, Stetefeld J, Ossysek K, Madej M, Bereta J, Sobczak M, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. Apoptins: selective anticancer agents. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:519-28. [PMID: 25164066 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that selectively target cancer cells for death have been the center of intense research recently. One potential therapy may involve apoptin proteins, which are able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells leaving normal cells unharmed. Apoptin was originally discovered in the Chicken anemia virus (CAV); however, human gyroviruses (HGyV) have recently been found that also harbor apoptin-like proteins. Although the cancer cell specific activity of these apoptins appears to be well conserved, the precise functions and mechanisms of action are yet to be fully elucidated. Strategies for both delivering apoptin to treat tumors and disseminating the protein inside the tumor body are now being developed, and have shown promise in preclinical animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar M Rollano Peñaloza
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Biotecnologia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | - Joerg Stetefeld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Karolina Ossysek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mariusz Madej
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Sobczak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medical Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
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12
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Liu Q, Qiu J, Liang M, Golinski J, van Leyen K, Jung JE, You Z, Lo EH, Degterev A, Whalen MJ. Akt and mTOR mediate programmed necrosis in neurons. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1084. [PMID: 24577082 PMCID: PMC3944276 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a newly described form of regulated necrosis that contributes to neuronal death in experimental models of stroke and brain trauma. Although much work has been done elucidating initiating mechanisms, signaling events governing necroptosis remain largely unexplored. Akt is known to inhibit apoptotic neuronal cell death. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream effector of Akt that controls protein synthesis. We previously reported that dual inhibition of Akt and mTOR reduced acute cell death and improved long term cognitive deficits after controlled-cortical impact in mice. These findings raised the possibility that Akt/mTOR might regulate necroptosis. To test this hypothesis, we induced necroptosis in the hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 using concomitant treatment with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone. TNFα/zVAD treatment induced cell death within 4 h. Cell death was preceded by RIPK1–RIPK3–pAkt assembly, and phosphorylation of Thr-308 and Thr473 of AKT and its direct substrate glycogen synthase kinase-3β, as well as mTOR and its direct substrate S6 ribosomal protein (S6), suggesting activation of Akt/mTOR pathways. Pretreatment with Akt inhibitor viii and rapamycin inhibited Akt and S6 phosphorylation events, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and necroptosis by over 50% without affecting RIPK1–RIPK3 complex assembly. These data were confirmed using small inhibitory ribonucleic acid-mediated knockdown of AKT1/2 and mTOR. All of the aforementioned biochemical events were inhibited by necrostatin-1, including Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, generation of oxidative stress, and RIPK1–RIPK3–pAkt complex assembly. The data suggest a novel, heretofore unexpected role for Akt and mTOR downstream of RIPK1 activation in neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [3] Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qiu
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Liang
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [3] Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Golinski
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - K van Leyen
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - J E Jung
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Z You
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E H Lo
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A Degterev
- Department of Biochemistry, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M J Whalen
- 1] Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA [2] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Abstract
The virus-derived protein Apoptin has the ability to induce p53-independent apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. It thus represents a potential anti-cancer therapeutic agent of the future but a proper understanding of Apoptin-induced signalling events is necessary prior to clinical application. The tumor-specific nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of Apoptin by a cellular kinase such as protein kinase C seem to be required for its function but otherwise the mode of tumor selectivity remains unknown. Apoptin has been shown to interact with several cellular proteins including Akt and the anaphase-promoting complex that regulate its activity and promote caspase-dependent apoptosis. This chapter summarizes the available data on tumor-specific pathways sensed by Apoptin and the mechanism of Apoptin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bullenkamp
- Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Floor 2 Room 2.66S, Hodgkin Building, London, UK
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λ Phage nanobioparticle expressing apoptin efficiently suppress human breast carcinoma tumor growth in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79907. [PMID: 24278212 PMCID: PMC3838365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using phages is a novel field of cancer therapy and phage nanobioparticles (NBPs) such as λ phage could be modified to deliver and express genetic cassettes into eukaryotic cells safely in contrast with animal viruses. Apoptin, a protein from chicken anemia virus (CAV) has the ability to specifically induce apoptosis only in carcinoma cells. We presented a safe method of breast tumor therapy via the apoptin expressing λ NBPs. Here, we constructed a λ ZAP-CMV-apoptin recombinant NBP and investigated the effectiveness of its apoptotic activity on BT-474, MDA-MB-361, SKBR-3, UACC-812 and ZR-75 cell lines that over-expressing her-2 marker. Apoptosis was evaluated via annexin-V fluorescent iso-thiocyanate/propidium iodide staining, flow-cytometric method and TUNEL assay. Transfection with NBPs carrying λ ZAP-CMV-apoptin significantly inhibited growth of all the breast carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Also nude mice model implanted BT-474 human breast tumor was successfully responded to the systemic and local injection of untargeted recombinant λ NBPs. The results presented here reveal important features of recombinant λ nanobioparticles to serve as safe delivery and expression platform for human cancer therapy.
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Pennant WA, An S, Gwak SJ, Choi S, Banh DT, Nguyen ABL, Song HY, Ha Y, Park JS. Local non-viral gene delivery of apoptin delays the onset of paresis in an experimental model of intramedullary spinal cord tumor. Spinal Cord 2013; 52:3-8. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2013.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Zhao J, Han SX, Ma JL, Ying X, Liu P, Li J, Wang L, Zhang Y, Ma J, Zhang L, Zhu Q. The role of CDK1 in apoptin-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:253-9. [PMID: 23619525 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptin, a small protein derived from the chicken anemia virus, specifically induces apoptosis in transformed cells or tumor cells but not in normal cells. Thus, apoptin is involved in a general, tumor-specific pathway. Apoptin-induced apoptosis presumably requires additional interaction partners that activate specific signaling pathways in cancer cells. A number of molecules interact with apoptin and play an important role in the nuclear localization of apoptin or its tumor-selective cytotoxicity. Our data indicated that apoptin selectively kills HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells but has no effect on the normal liver cell line HL-7702. Analyses of human HCC tissue samples confirmed that CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) activity was detected in primary malignancies but not in healthy paraneoplastic tissues. shRNA knockdown of CDK1 significantly reduced the tumor-specific killing effects of apoptin, suggesting that CDK1 plays an important role in the regulation of apoptin-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the majority of apoptin translocated to the cytoplasm from the nucleus after knockdown of CDK1. Collectively, our results revealed for the first time that apoptin interacts with CDK1 in the complex process of tumorigenesis. The link between CDK1 and apoptin may be a novel cellular signaling pathway to modulate apoptosis in cancer; therefore, apoptin may have pharmacological potential to be directly employed for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical college, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Peng C, Yang P, Cui Y, He M, Liang L, Di Y. HSPA9 overexpression inhibits apoptin-induced apoptosis in the HepG2 cell line. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2431-7. [PMID: 23589050 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptin, a small protein derived from chicken anemia virus, possesses the capacity to specifically kill tumor cells while leaving normal cells intact. Previous studies have indicated that the subcellular localization of apoptin appears to be crucial for this tumor-selective activity. Apoptin resides in the cytoplasm of normal cells; however, in cancer cells it translocates into the nucleus. In the present study, purified prokaryotic native His-apoptin served as a bait for capturing apoptin-associated proteins in both a hepatoma carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and a human fetal liver cell line (L-02). The captured proteins obtained from a pull-down assay were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry was employed to detect the effect of HSPA9 overexpression (one of the interacting proteins with apoptin in vitro) and downregulation of HSPA9 on HepG2 cells. The data revealed that HSPA9 overexpression resulted in partial distribution of apoptin in the cytoplasm. Notably, HSPA9 overexpression markedly decreased the apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells from 41.2 to 31.7%, while the downregulation of HSPA9 using small interfering RNA significantly enhanced the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. Our results suggest new insights into the localization mechanism of apoptin which is tightly associated with HSPA9 overexpression and its crucial role in cellular apoptosis both in a tumor cell line (HepG2) and a normal cell line (L-02). These findings shed new light on the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of anticancer action of apoptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanmei Peng
- Clinical Laboratory of Yanan Hospital of Kunming, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650051, PR China
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18
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ZHANG MUCHUN, WANG JINHUI, LI CHANG, HU NINGNING, WANG KAI, JI HUIFAN, HE DONGYUN, QUAN CHENGSHI, LI XIAO, JIN NINGYI, LI YULIN. Potent growth-inhibitory effect of a dual cancer-specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing apoptin on prostate carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1052-60. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhang KJ, Qian J, Wang SB, Yang Y. Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy with AFP driving Apoptin gene shows potent antitumor effect in hepatocarcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:20. [PMID: 22321574 PMCID: PMC3311074 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene therapy and viral therapy are used for cancer therapy for many years, but the results are less than satisfactory. Our aim was to construct a new recombinant adenovirus which is more efficient to kill hepatocarcinoma cells but more safe to normal cells. Methods By using the Cancer Targeting Gene-Viro-Therapy strategy, Apoptin, a promising cancer therapeutic gene was inserted into the double-regulated oncolytic adenovirus AD55 in which E1A gene was driven by alpha fetoprotein promoter along with a 55 kDa deletion in E1B gene to form AD55-Apoptin. The anti-tumor effects and safety were examined by western blotting, virus yield assay, real time polymerase chain reaction, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, Hoechst33342 staining, Fluorescence-activated cell sorting, xenograft tumor model, Immunohistochemical assay, liver function analysis and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling assay. Results The recombinant virus AD55-Apoptin has more significant antitumor effect for hepatocelluar carcinoma cell lines (in vitro) than that of AD55 and even ONYX-015 but no or little impair on normal cell lines. Furthermore, it also shows an obvious in vivo antitumor effect on the Huh-7 liver carcinoma xenograft in nude mice with bigger beginning tumor volume till about 425 mm3 but has no any damage on the function of liver. The induction of apoptosis is involved in AD55-Apoptin induced antitumor effects. Conclusion The AD55-Apoptin can be a potential anti-hepatoma agent with remarkable antitumor efficacy as well as higher safety in cancer targeting gene-viro-therapy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jian Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Modeling of molecular interaction between apoptin, BCR-Abl and CrkL--an alternative approach to conventional rational drug design. PLoS One 2012; 7:e28395. [PMID: 22253690 PMCID: PMC3254606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we have calculated a 3D structure of apoptin and through modeling and docking approaches, we show its interaction with Bcr-Abl oncoprotein and its downstream signaling components, following which we confirm some of the newly-found interactions by biochemical methods. Bcr-Abl oncoprotein is aberrantly expressed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). It has several distinct functional domains in addition to the Abl kinase domain. The SH3 and SH2 domains cooperatively play important roles in autoinhibiting its kinase activity. Adapter molecules such as Grb2 and CrkL interact with proline-rich region and activate multiple Bcr-Abl downstream signaling pathways that contribute to growth and survival. Therefore, the oncogenic effect of Bcr-Abl could be inhibited by the interaction of small molecules with these domains. Apoptin is a viral protein with well-documented cancer-selective cytotoxicity. Apoptin attributes such as SH2-like sequence similarity with CrkL SH2 domain, unique SH3 domain binding sequence, presence of proline-rich segments, and its nuclear affinity render the molecule capable of interaction with Bcr-Abl. Despite almost two decades of research, the mode of apoptin's action remains elusive because 3D structure of apoptin is unavailable. We performed in silico three-dimensional modeling of apoptin, molecular docking experiments between apoptin model and the known structure of Bcr-Abl, and the 3D structures of SH2 domains of CrkL and Bcr-Abl. We also biochemically validated some of the interactions that were first predicted in silico. This structure-property relationship of apoptin may help in unlocking its cancer-selective toxic properties. Moreover, such models will guide us in developing of a new class of potent apoptin-like molecules with greater selectivity and potency.
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21
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Multiple roles for the p85α isoform in the regulation and function of PI3K signalling and receptor trafficking. Biochem J 2011; 441:23-37. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The p85α protein is best known as the regulatory subunit of class 1A PI3Ks (phosphoinositide 3-kinases) through its interaction, stabilization and repression of p110-PI3K catalytic subunits. PI3Ks play multiple roles in the regulation of cell survival, signalling, proliferation, migration and vesicle trafficking. The present review will focus on p85α, with special emphasis on its important roles in the regulation of PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) and Rab5 functions. The phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatase PTEN directly counteracts PI3K signalling through dephosphorylation of PI3K lipid products. Thus the balance of p85α–p110 and p85α–PTEN complexes determines the signalling output of the PI3K/PTEN pathway, and under conditions of reduced p85α levels, the p85α–PTEN complex is selectively reduced, promoting PI3K signalling. Rab5 GTPases are important during the endocytosis, intracellular trafficking and degradation of activated receptor complexes. The p85α protein helps switch off Rab5, and if defective in this p85α function, results in sustained activated receptor tyrosine kinase signalling and cell transformation through disrupted receptor trafficking. The central role for p85α in the regulation of PTEN and Rab5 has widened the scope of p85α functions to include integration of PI3K activation (p110-mediated), deactivation (PTEN-mediated) and receptor trafficking/signalling (Rab5-mediated) functions, all with key roles in maintaining cellular homoeostasis.
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22
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Mechanisms of Apoptin-induced cell death. Med Oncol 2011; 29:2985-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Chen K, Luo Z, Tang J, Zheng SJ. A critical role of heat shock cognate protein 70 in Apoptin-induced phosphorylation of Akt. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Argiris K, Panethymitaki C, Tavassoli M. Naturally occurring, tumor-specific, therapeutic proteins. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:524-36. [PMID: 21521711 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging approach to cancer treatment known as targeted therapies offers hope in improving the treatment of therapy-resistant cancers. Recent understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancer has led to the development of targeted novel drugs such as monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, mimetics, antisense and small interference RNA-based strategies, among others. These compounds act on specific targets that are believed to contribute to the development and progression of cancers and resistance of tumors to conventional therapies. Delivered individually or combined with chemo- and/or radiotherapy, such novel drugs have produced significant responses in certain types of cancer. Among the most successful novel compounds are those which target tyrosine kinases (imatinib, trastuzumab, sinutinib, cetuximab). However, these compounds can cause severe side-effects as they inhibit pathways such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or platelet-derived growth factor receptor, which are also important for normal functions in non-transformed cells. Recently, a number of proteins have been identified which show a remarkable tumor-specific cytotoxic activity. This toxicity is independent of tumor type or specific genetic changes such as p53, pRB or EGFR aberrations. These tumor-specific killer proteins are either derived from common human and animal viruses such as E1A, E4ORF4 and VP3 (apoptin) or of cellular origin, such as TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) and MDA-7 (melanoma differentiation associated-7). This review aims to present a current overview of a selection of these proteins with preferential toxicity among cancer cells and will provide an insight into the possible mechanism of action, tumor specificity and their potential as novel tumor-specific cancer therapeutics.
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Smolders L, Teodoro JG. Targeting the anaphase promoting complex: common pathways for viral infection and cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:767-80. [PMID: 21375465 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.558008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a ubiquitin ligase involved in regulation of the cell cycle through ubiquitination-dependent substrate proteolysis. Many viral proteins have been shown to interact with the APC/C, derailing cell cycle progression in order to facilitate their own replication. Induction of G(2)/M arrest by viral APC/C inhibition can lead to apoptotic cell death. Some viral proteins cause cytotoxicity specifically in tumour cells, providing evidence that targeting the APC/C could be exploited to selectively eliminate cancer cells. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide a summary of studies from viral APC/C interactions over the last decade, as well as recent discoveries identifying the APC/C as a promising target in the context of cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Current therapeutic strategies inducing mitotic arrest rely on activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) for their function. Many cancer cells have a weakened SAC and escape apoptosis through mitotic slippage. Recent evidence has demonstrated that targeting the APC/C, particularly the co-activator Cdc20, might be a better alternative. Tumour cells display greater dependency on APC/C function than normal cells and oncogenic transformation can lead to increased mitotic stress, rendering cancer cells more vulnerable to APC/C inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Smolders
- McGill University, Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Room 616, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
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Jiang J, Cole D, Westwood N, Macpherson L, Farzaneh F, Mufti G, Tavassoli M, Gäken J. Crucial Roles for Protein Kinase C Isoforms in Tumor-Specific Killing by Apoptin. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7242-52. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Los M. New, exciting developments in experimental therapies in the early 21st century. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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S100A8/A9 induces autophagy and apoptosis via ROS-mediated cross-talk between mitochondria and lysosomes that involves BNIP3. Cell Res 2009; 20:314-31. [PMID: 19935772 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2009.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex formed by two members of the S100 calcium-binding protein family, S100A8/A9, exerts apoptosis-inducing activity in various cells of different origins. Here, we present evidence that the underlying molecular mechanisms involve both programmed cell death I (PCD I, apoptosis) and PCD II (autophagy)-like death. Treatment of cells with S100A8/A9 caused the increase of Beclin-1 expression as well as Atg12-Atg5 formation. S100A8/A9-induced cell death was partially inhibited by the specific PI3-kinase class III inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), and by the vacuole H(+)-ATPase inhibitor, bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1). S100A8/A9 provoked the translocation of BNIP3, a BH3 only pro-apoptotic Bcl2 family member, to mitochondria. Consistent with this finding, DeltaTM-BNIP3 overexpression partially inhibited S100A8/A9-induced cell death, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and partially protected against the decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential in S100A8/A9-treated cells. In addition, either DeltaTM-BNIP3 overexpression or N-acetyl-L-cysteine co-treatment decreased lysosomal activation in cells treated with S100A8/A9. Our data indicate that S100A8/A9-promoted cell death occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via ROS and the process involves BNIP3.
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Apoptin, a tumor-selective killer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1335-42. [PMID: 19374922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apoptin, a small protein from chicken anemia virus, has attracted great attention, because it specifically kills tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. The subcellular localization of apoptin appears to be crucial for this tumor-selective activity. In normal cells, apoptin resides in the cytoplasm, whereas in cancerous cells it translocates into the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of apoptin is largely controlled by its phosphorylation. In tumor cells, apoptin causes the nuclear accumulation of survival kinases including Akt and is phosphorylated by CDK2. Thereby, apoptin redirects survival signals into cell death responses. Apoptin also binds as a multimeric complex to DNA and interacts with several nuclear targets, such as the anaphase-promoting complex, resulting in a G2/M phase arrest. The proapoptotic signal of apoptin is then transduced from the nucleus to cytoplasm by Nur77, which triggers a p53-independent mitochondrial death pathway. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries of apoptin's mechanism of action that might provide intriguing insights for the development of novel tumor-selective anticancer drugs.
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Maddika S, Panigrahi S, Wiechec E, Wesselborg S, Fischer U, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Unscheduled Akt-triggered activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 as a key effector mechanism of apoptin's anticancer toxicity. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:1235-48. [PMID: 19103742 PMCID: PMC2643822 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00668-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptin, a protein from the chicken anemia virus, has attracted attention because it specifically kills tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. The reason for this tumor selectivity is unclear and depends on subcellular localization, as apoptin resides in the cytoplasm of normal cells but in the nuclei of transformed cells. It was shown that nuclear localization and tumor-specific killing crucially require apoptin's phosphorylation by an as yet unknown kinase. Here we elucidate the pathway of apoptin-induced apoptosis and show that it essentially depends on abnormal phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)/Akt activation, resulting in the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2. Inhibitors as well as dominant-negative mutants of PI3-kinase and Akt not only inhibited CDK2 activation but also protected cells from apoptin-induced cell death. Akt activated CDK2 by direct phosphorylation as well as by the phosphorylation-induced degradation of the inhibitor p27(Kip1). Importantly, we also identified CDK2 as the principal kinase that phosphorylates apoptin and is crucially required for apoptin-induced cell death. Immortalized CDK2-deficient fibroblasts and CDK2 knockdown cells were markedly protected against apoptin. Thus, our results not only decipher the pathway of apoptin-induced cell death but also provide mechanistic insights for the selective killing of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subbareddy Maddika
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0V9, Canada
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Hino S, Prasetyo AA. Relationship of Torque teno virus to chicken anemia virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 331:117-30. [PMID: 19230561 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70972-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter examines the correlation between Torque teno virus (TTV) and chicken anemia virus (CAV). Each has a circular single-stranded (ss)DNA genome with every one of its known open reading frames (ORF) on its antigenomic strand. This structure is distinct from those of circoviruses. The genomic sizes of TTV and CAV are different, 3.8 kb and 2.3 kb, respectively. While the spectrum of the TTV genome is enormously diverse, that of the CAV genome is quite narrow. Although a 36-nt stretch near the replication origin of TA278 TTV possesses more than 80% similarity to that of CAV, the sequence of the other genomic regions does not exhibit a significant similarity. Nevertheless, the relative allocation of ORFs on each frame in these viruses mimics each other. Three or more messenger RNA (mRNAs) are generated by transcription in both of them. The structural protein with the replicase domain is coded for by frame 1 in each virus, and a nonstructural protein with a phosphatase domain is coded for by frame 2. A protein on frame 3 in each virus induces apoptosis in transformed cells. Recently, we confirmed that apoptin is necessary for the replication of CAV. TTV has been proposed to constitute a new family, Anelloviridae. Considering these similarities and dissimilarities between CAV and TTV, it seems more reasonable to place CAV, the only member of genus Gyrovirus, into Anelloviridae together with TTV, or into a new independent family.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hino
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan.
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Kuusisto HV, Wagstaff KM, Alvisi G, Jans DA. The C-terminus of apoptin represents a unique tumor cell-enhanced nuclear targeting module. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2965-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen L, Jin NY, Li X, Liu LM, Jia P, Liu Y, Gao P, Lu YS, Chi BR. Construction and identification of the recombinant adenovirus expressing Apoptin gene of chicken anemia virus. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3505-3509. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i31.3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a recombinant adenovirus carrying Apoptin gene so as to provide a basis for further studying the molecular mechanism of Apoptin gene in inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
METHODS: The plasmid pVAX1-Apoptin was digested by endonuclease BamHⅠ and SpeⅠ, and the obtained Apoptin segment was inserted into vector pacAd5 CMV K-N pA to construct a shuttle plasmid pacAd5-Apoptin. After PacⅠ digestion and linearized process, the plasmid pacAd5-Apoptin and pAD (genome plasmid) were co-transfected into AAV-293 cells by liposome mediation. The DNA containing Apoptin gene of the recombinant adenovirus was identified by plaque purification, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. The titer of the obtained adenovirus was also examined.
RESULTS: The recombinant adenovirus expressed Apoptin gene and the molecular weight of the protein was about 13 kDa, which was consistent with the CVA-positive control. The protein of Apoptin could be effectively expressed in the recombinant adenovirus, and this protein had response to the CAV-positive serum. The titer of the recombinant virus was 1011 PFU/L.
CONCLUSION: The adenovirus containing Apoptin gene is successfully constructed, and the virus titer is able to meet the requirements of in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Klonisch T, Wiechec E, Hombach-Klonisch S, Ande SR, Wesselborg S, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Cancer stem cell markers in common cancers - therapeutic implications. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:450-60. [PMID: 18775674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in the cancer stem cell (CSC) field have provided cause for optimism for the development of more reliable cancer therapies in the future. Strategies aimed at efficient targeting of CSCs are becoming important for monitoring the progress of cancer therapy and for evaluating new therapeutic approaches. Here, we characterize and compare the specific markers that have been found to be present on stem cells, cancer cells and CSCs in selected tissues (colon, breast, liver, pancreas and prostate). We then discuss future directions of this intriguing new research field in the context of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3E 0W3, MB, Canada
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Han SX, Ma JL, Lv Y, Huang C, Liang HH, Duan KM. Secretory Transactivating Transcription-apoptin fusion protein induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:3642-9. [PMID: 18595131 PMCID: PMC2719227 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether SP-TAT-apoptin induces apoptosis and also maintains its tumor cell specificity.
METHODS: In this study, we designed a secretory protein by adding a secretory signal peptide (SP) to the N terminus of Transactivating Transcription (TAT)-apoptin (SP-TAT-apoptin), to test the hypothesis that it gains an additive bystander effect as an anti-cancer therapy. We used an artificial human secretory SP whose amino acid sequence and corresponding cDNA sequence were generated by the SP hidden Markov model.
RESULTS: In human liver carcinoma HepG2 cells, SP-TAT-apoptin expression showed a diffuse pattern in the early phase after transfection. After 48 h, however, it translocated into the nuclear compartment and caused massive apoptotic cell death, as determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and annexin-V binding assay. SP-TAT-apoptin did not, however, cause any cell death in non-malignant human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Most importantly, the conditioned medium from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with SP-TAT-apoptin also induced significant cell death in HepG2 cells, but not in HUVECs.
CONCLUSION: The data demonstrated that SP-TAT-apoptin induces apoptosis only in malignant cells, and its secretory property might greatly increase its potency once it is delivered in vivo for cancer therapy.
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Hombach-Klonisch S, Paranjothy T, Wiechec E, Pocar P, Mustafa T, Seifert A, Zahl C, Gerlach KL, Biermann K, Steger K, Hoang-Vu C, Schulze-Osthoff K, Los M. Cancer stem cells as targets for cancer therapy: selected cancers as examples. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56:165-80. [PMID: 18512024 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-008-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that cancer constitutes a group of diseases involving altered stem-cell maturation/differentiation and the disturbance of regenerative processes. The observed malignant transformation is merely a symptom of normal differentiation processes gone astray rather than the primary event. This review focuses on the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in three common but also relatively under-investigated cancers: head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. For didactic purpose, the physiology of stem cells is first introduced using hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells as examples. This is followed by a discussion of the (possible) role of CSCs in head and neck, ovarian, and testicular cancer. Aside from basic information about the pathophysiology of these cancers, current research results focused on the discovery of molecular markers specific to these cancers are also discussed. The last part of the review is largely dedicated to signaling pathways active within various normal and CSC types (e.g. Nanog, Nestin, Notch1, Notch2, Oct3 and 4, Wnt). Different elements of these pathways are also discussed in the context of therapeutic opportunities for the development of targeted therapies aimed at CSCs. Finally, alternative targeted anticancer therapies arising from recently identified molecules with cancer-(semi-)selective capabilities (e.g. apoptin, Brevinin-2R) are considered.
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