1
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Liu J, Bitsue HK, Yang Z. Skin colour: A window into human phenotypic evolution and environmental adaptation. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17369. [PMID: 38713101 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
As modern humans ventured out of Africa and dispersed around the world, they faced novel environmental challenges that led to geographic adaptations including skin colour. Over the long history of human evolution, skin colour has changed dramatically, showing tremendous diversity across different geographical regions, for example, the majority of individuals from the expansive lands of Africa have darker skin, whereas the majority of people from Eurasia exhibit lighter skin. What adaptations did lighter skin confer upon modern humans as they migrated from Africa to Eurasia? What genetic mechanisms underlie the diversity of skin colour observed in different populations? In recent years, scientists have gradually gained a deeper understanding of the interactions between pigmentation gene and skin colour through population-based genomic studies of different groups around the world, particularly in East Asia and Africa. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of 26 skin colour-related pigmentation genes and 48 SNPs that influence skin colour. Important pigmentation genes across three major populations are described in detail: MFSD12, SLC24A5, PDPK1 and DDB1/CYB561A3/TMEM138 influence skin colour in African populations; OCA2, KITLG, SLC24A2, GNPAT and PAH are key to the evolution of skin pigmentation in East Asian populations; and SLC24A5, SLC45A2, TYR, TYRP1, ASIP, MC1R and IRF4 significantly contribute to the lightening of skin colour in European populations. We summarized recent findings in genomic studies of skin colour in populations that implicate diverse geographic environments, local adaptation among populations, gene flow and multi-gene interactions as factors influencing skin colour diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuming Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Habtom K Bitsue
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Lucock MD. The evolution of human skin pigmentation: A changing medley of vitamins, genetic variability, and UV radiation during human expansion. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2023; 180:252-271. [PMID: 36790744 PMCID: PMC10083917 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
This review examines putative, yet likely critical evolutionary pressures contributing to human skin pigmentation and subsequently, depigmentation phenotypes. To achieve this, it provides a synthesis of ideas that frame contemporary thinking, without limiting the narrative to pigmentation genes alone. It examines how geography and hence the quality and quantity of UV exposure, pigmentation genes, diet-related genes, vitamins, anti-oxidant nutrients, and cultural practices intersect and interact to facilitate the evolution of human skin color. The article has a strong focus on the vitamin D-folate evolutionary model, with updates on the latest biophysical research findings to support this paradigm. This model is examined within a broad canvas that takes human expansion out of Africa and genetic architecture into account. A thorough discourse on the biology of melanization is provided (includes relationship to BH4 and DNA damage repair), with the relevance of this to the UV sensitivity of folate and UV photosynthesis of vitamin D explained in detail, including the relevance of these vitamins to reproductive success. It explores whether we might be able to predict vitamin-related gene polymorphisms that pivot metabolism to the prevailing UVR exposome within the vitamin D-folate evolutionary hypothesis context. This is discussed in terms of a primary adaptive phenotype (pigmentation/depigmentation), a secondary adaptive phenotype (flexible metabolic phenotype based on vitamin-related gene polymorphism profile), and a tertiary adaptive strategy (dietary anti-oxidants to support the secondary adaptive phenotype). Finally, alternative evolutionary models for pigmentation are discussed, as are challenges to future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lucock
- School of Environmental & Life SciencesUniversity of NewcastleOurimbahNew South WalesAustralia
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Lucock MD, Jones PR, Veysey M, Thota R, Garg M, Furst J, Martin C, Yates Z, Scarlett CJ, Jablonski NG, Chaplin G, Beckett EL. Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D-folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23667. [PMID: 34418235 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the "vitamin D-folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation." METHODS Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV-irradiance in a large (n = 649) Australian cross-sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D- and folate-related gene polymorphisms (n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants (IRF4-rs12203592/HERC2-rs12913832). Red cell folate and vitamin D3 were measured by immunoassay and HPLC, respectively. RESULTS Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and pigmentation genes interact to modify blood vitamin levels; Light skin IRF4-TT genotype has greatest folate loss while light skin HERC2-GG genotype has greatest vitamin D3 synthesis (reflected in both TOMS and seasonal data). UV-wavelength exhibits a dose-response relationship in folate loss within light skin IRF4-TT genotype (305 > 310 > 324 > 380 nm). Significant vitamin D3 photosynthesis only occurs within light skin HERC2-GG genotype, and is maximal at 305 nm. Three dietary antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and β-carotene) interact with UVR and pigmentation genes preventing oxidative loss of labile reduced folate vitamers, with greatest benefit in light skin IRF4-TT subjects. The putative photosensitiser, riboflavin, did not sensitize red cell folate to UVR and actually afforded protection. Four genes (5xSNPs) influenced blood vitamin levels when stratified by pigmentation genotype; MTHFR-rs1801133/rs1801131, TS-rs34489327, CYP24A-rs17216707, and VDR-ApaI-rs7975232. Lightest IRF4-TT/darkest HERC2-AA genotype combination (greatest folate loss/lowest vitamin D3 synthesis) has 0% occurrence. The opposing, commonest (39%) compound genotype (darkest IRF4-CC/lightest HERC2-GG) permits least folate loss and greatest synthesis of vitamin D3 . CONCLUSION New biophysical evidence supports the vitamin D-folate hypothesis for evolution of skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lucock
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patrice R Jones
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Rohith Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Metabolism and Nutrition, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Manohar Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Furst
- Maths and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charlotte Martin
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zoe Yates
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Anthropology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George Chaplin
- Anthropology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emma L Beckett
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
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Iliescu FM, Chaplin G, Rai N, Jacobs GS, Basu Mallick C, Mishra A, Thangaraj K, Jablonski NG. The influences of genes, the environment, and social factors on the evolution of skin color diversity in India. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23170. [PMID: 30099804 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin color is a highly visible and variable trait across human populations. It is not yet clear how evolutionary forces interact to generate phenotypic diversity. Here, we sought to unravel through an integrative framework the role played by three factors-demography and migration, sexual selection, and natural selection-in driving skin color diversity in India. METHODS Skin reflectance data were collected from 10 diverse socio-cultural populations along the latitudinal expanse of India, including both sexes. We first looked at how skin color varies within and between these populations. Second, we compared patterns of sexual dimorphism in skin color. Third, we studied the influence of ultraviolet radiation on skin color throughout India. Finally, we attempted to disentangle the interactions between these factors in the context of available genetic data. RESULTS We found that the relative importance of these forces varied between populations. Social factors and population structure have played a stronger role than natural selection in shaping skin color diversity across India. Phenotypic overprinting resulted from additional genetic mutations overriding the skin lightening effect of variants such as the SLC24A5 rs1426654-A allele in some populations, in the context of the variable influence of sexual selection. Furthermore, specific genotypes are not associated reliably with specific skin color phenotypes. This result has relevance for DNA forensics and ancient DNA research. CONCLUSIONS India is a crucible of macro- and micro-evolutionary forces, and the complex interactions of physical and social forces are visible in the patterns of skin color seen today in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Mircea Iliescu
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Centro de Estudios Interculturales e Indígenas - CIIR, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - George Chaplin
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Niraj Rai
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Guy S Jacobs
- Complexity Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, Estonia.,The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State Park, Pennsylvania
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Revuz J, Froment A. [Human pigmentation and evolution]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:474-480. [PMID: 28528734 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Revuz
- 11, chaussée de la Muette, 75016 Paris, France.
| | - A Froment
- Unité mixte de recherche 208, institut de recherche pour le développement, musée de l'homme, 57, rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France
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Jonnalagadda M, Bharti N, Patil Y, Ozarkar S, K SM, Joshi R, Norton H. Identifying signatures of positive selection in pigmentation genes in two South Asian populations. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28439965 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin pigmentation is a polygenic trait showing wide phenotypic variations among global populations. While numerous pigmentation genes have been identified to be under positive selection among European and East populations, genes contributing to phenotypic variation in skin pigmentation within and among South Asian populations are still poorly understood. The present study uses data from the Phase 3 of the 1000 genomes project focusing on two South Asian populations-GIH (Gujarati Indian from Houston, Texas) and ITU (Indian Telugu from UK), so as to decode the genetic architecture involved in adaptation to ultraviolet radiation in South Asian populations. METHODS Statistical tests included were (1) tests to identify deviations of the Site Frequency Spectrum (SFS) from neutral expectations (Tajima's D, Fay and Wu's H and Fu and Li's D* and F*), (2) tests focused on the identification of high-frequency haplotypes with extended linkage disequilibrium (iHS and Rsb), and (3) tests based on genetic differentiation between populations (LSBL). RESULTS Twenty-two pigmentation genes fall in the top 1% for at least one statistic in the GIH population, 5 of which (LYST, OCA2, SLC24A5, SLC45A2, and TYR) have been previously associated with normal variation in skin, hair, or eye color. In comparison, 17 genes fall in the top 1% for at least one statistic in the ITU population. Twelve loci which are identified as outliers in the ITU scan were also identified in the GIH population. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that selection may have affected these loci broadly across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Jonnalagadda
- Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts (SSLA), Symbiosis International University (SIU), Pune, 411014, India
| | - Neeraj Bharti
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Yatish Patil
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shantanu Ozarkar
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Sunitha Manjari K
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- HPC-MBA Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Heather Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Homogenous pigmentation can be induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) homologues. Cosmetically inacceptable pigmentation is mostly located on the face. OBJECTIVES Although afamelatonide is a prescription drug for the orphan disease erthropoetic protoporphyria, structurally related α-MSH derivatives are available via the internet. Preventive and therapeutical options are necessary for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, and lentigines. METHODS Case reports address activation of dysplastic naevi by melanotan I. Wood's lamp is of some use in analyzing the level of hyperpigmentation. However, no guidelines have been established; thus, a summary of current studies is presented. RESULTS Melanotan I leads to the activation of dysplastic nevi. The gold standard for hyperpigmentation is triple therapy with hydrochinon, tretinoin, and steroids, which can cause irritation and lead to ochronosis in some individuals. Tyrosinase inhibitors, substances that increase the cell turnover, and plant derivatives are less efficient but more tolerable. CONCLUSIONS Melanotan I and bleaching creams, which may possibly contain mercury, are dangerous. Hyperpigmentation is best treated using a combination therapy that inhibits melanocyte activity and melanin synthesis, removes melanin, destroys melanin granules, and includes UV protection. Especially in Fitzpatrick skin types IV-VI, cryotherapy and laser are not the first line treatment options due to renewed posttreatment hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bayerl
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Hauttumorzentrum Wiesbaden, HSK, Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Helios Verbundklinik, Ludwig-Erhard-Straße 100, 65199, Wiesbaden, Deutschland.
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8
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de Cerqueira CCS, Hünemeier T, Gomez-Valdés J, Ramallo V, Volasko-Krause CD, Barbosa AAL, Vargas-Pinilla P, Dornelles RC, Longo D, Rothhammer F, Bedoya G, Canizales-Quinteros S, Acuña-Alonzo V, Gallo C, Poletti G, González-José R, Salzano FM, Callegari-Jacques SM, Schuler-Faccini L, Ruiz-Linares A, Cátira Bortolini M. Implications of the admixture process in skin color molecular assessment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96886. [PMID: 24809478 PMCID: PMC4014568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the complex genotype-phenotype architecture of human pigmentation has clear implications for the evolutionary history of humans, as well as for medical and forensic practices. Although dozens of genes have previously been associated with human skin color, knowledge about this trait remains incomplete. In particular, studies focusing on populations outside the European-North American axis are rare, and, until now, admixed populations have seldom been considered. The present study was designed to help fill this gap. Our objective was to evaluate possible associations of 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within nine genes, and one pseudogene with the Melanin Index (MI) in two admixed Brazilian populations (Gaucho, N = 352; Baiano, N = 148) with different histories of geographic and ethnic colonization. Of the total sample, four markers were found to be significantly associated with skin color, but only two (SLC24A5 rs1426654, and SLC45A2 rs16891982) were consistently associated with MI in both samples (Gaucho and Baiano). Therefore, only these 2 SNPs should be preliminarily considered to have forensic significance because they consistently showed the association independently of the admixture level of the populations studied. We do not discard that the other two markers (HERC2 rs1129038 and TYR rs1126809) might be also relevant to admixed samples, but additional studies are necessary to confirm the real importance of these markers for skin pigmentation. Finally, our study shows associations of some SNPs with MI in a modern Brazilian admixed sample, with possible applications in forensic genetics. Some classical genetic markers in Euro-North American populations are not associated with MI in our sample. Our results point out the relevance of considering population differences in selecting an appropriate set of SNPs as phenotype predictors in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tábita Hünemeier
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jorge Gomez-Valdés
- Laboratorio de Antropología Física, Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Virgínia Ramallo
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Danaê Longo
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha, Alegrete, Brazil
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile and Centro de Investigaciones del Hombre en el Desierto, Arica, Chile
| | | | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victor Acuña-Alonzo
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Giovanni Poletti
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Francisco Mauro Salzano
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sídia Maria Callegari-Jacques
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- INAGEMP – Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Hart KL, Kimura SL, Mushailov V, Budimlija ZM, Prinz M, Wurmbach E. Improved eye- and skin-color prediction based on 8 SNPs. Croat Med J 2013; 54:248-56. [PMID: 23771755 PMCID: PMC3694299 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2013.54.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To improve the 7-plex system to predict eye and skin color by increasing precision and detailed phenotypic descriptions. Methods Analysis of an eighth single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12896399 (SLC24A4), showed a statistically significant association with human eye color (P = 0.007) but a rather poor strength of agreement (κ = 0.063). This SNP was added to the 7-plex system (rs12913832 at HERC2, rs1545397 at OCA2, rs16891982 at SLC45A2, rs1426654 at SLC24A5, rs885479 at MC1R, rs6119471 at ASIP, and rs12203592 at IRF4). Further, the instruction guidelines on the interpretation of genotypes were changed to create a new 8-plex system. This was based on the analysis of an 803-sample training set of various populations. The newly developed 8-plex system can predict the eye colors brown, green, and blue, and skin colors light, not dark, and not light. It is superior to the 7-plex system with its additional ability to predict blue eye and light skin color. Results The 8-plex system was tested on an additional 212 samples, the test set. Analysis showed that the number of positive descriptions for eye colors as being brown, green, or blue increased significantly (P = 6.98e-15, z-score: -7.786). The error rate for eye-color prediction was low, at approximately 5%, while the skin color prediction showed no error in the test set (1% in training set). Conclusions We can conclude that the new 8-plex system for the prediction of eye and skin color substantially enhances its former version.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Hart
- Office of Chief Medical Examiner, Department of Forensic Biology, 421East 26th Street, Box 12-79, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Luo C, Qu H, Wang J, Wang Y, Ma J, Li C, Yang C, Hu X, Li N, Shu D. Genetic parameters and genome-wide association study of hyperpigmentation of the visceral peritoneum in chickens. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:334. [PMID: 23679099 PMCID: PMC3663821 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperpigmentation of the visceral peritoneum (HVP) has recently garnered much attention in the poultry industry because of the possible risk to the health of affected animals and the damage it causes to the appearance of commercial chicken carcasses. However, the heritable characters of HVP remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic parameters of HVP by genome-wide association study (GWAS) in chickens. RESULTS HVP was found to be influenced by genetic factors, with a heritability score of 0.33. HVP had positive genetic correlations with growth and carcass traits, such as leg muscle weight (rg = 0.34), but had negative genetic correlations with immune traits, such as the antibody response to Newcastle disease virus (rg = -0.42). The GWAS for HVP using 39,833 single nucleotide polymorphisms indicated the genetic factors associated with HVP displayed an additive effect rather than a dominance effect. In addition, we determined that three genomic regions, involving the 50.5-54.0 Mb region of chicken (Gallus gallus) chromosome 1 (GGA1), the 58.5-60.5 Mb region of GGA1, and the 10.5-12.0 Mb region of GGA20, were strongly associated (P < 6.28 × 10-7) with HVP in chickens. Variants in these regions explained >50% of additive genetic variance for HVP. This study also confirmed that expression of BMP7, which codes for a bone morphogenetic protein and is located in one of the candidate regions, was significantly higher in the visceral peritoneum of Huiyang Beard chickens with HVP than in that of chickens without pigmentation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HVP is a quantitative trait with moderate heritability. Genomic variants resulting in HVP were identified on GGA1 and GGA20, and expression of the BMP7 gene appears to be upregulated in HVP-affected chickens. Findings from this study should be used as a basis for further functional validation of candidate genes involved in HVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Qu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chunfen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dingming Shu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Dafeng 1st Street, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510640, China
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Liu F, Wen B, Kayser M. Colorful DNA polymorphisms in humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:562-75. [PMID: 23587773 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review article we summarize current knowledge on how variation on the DNA level influences human pigmentation including color variation of iris, hair, and skin. We review recent progress in the field of human pigmentation genetics by focusing on the genes and DNA polymorphisms discovered to be involved in determining human pigmentation traits, their association with diseases particularly skin cancers, and their power to predict human eye, hair, and skin colors with potential utilization in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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