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Judd EJ, Tierney JE, Huber BT, Wing SL, Lunt DJ, Ford HL, Inglis GN, McClymont EL, O'Brien CL, Rattanasriampaipong R, Si W, Staitis ML, Thirumalai K, Anagnostou E, Cramwinckel MJ, Dawson RR, Evans D, Gray WR, Grossman EL, Henehan MJ, Hupp BN, MacLeod KG, O'Connor LK, Sánchez Montes ML, Song H, Zhang YG. The PhanSST global database of Phanerozoic sea surface temperature proxy data. Sci Data 2022; 9:753. [PMID: 36473868 PMCID: PMC9726822 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleotemperature proxy data form the cornerstone of paleoclimate research and are integral to understanding the evolution of the Earth system across the Phanerozoic Eon. Here, we present PhanSST, a database containing over 150,000 data points from five proxy systems that can be used to estimate past sea surface temperature. The geochemical data have a near-global spatial distribution and temporally span most of the Phanerozoic. Each proxy value is associated with consistent and queryable metadata fields, including information about the location, age, and taxonomy of the organism from which the data derive. To promote transparency and reproducibility, we include all available published data, regardless of interpreted preservation state or vital effects. However, we also provide expert-assigned diagenetic assessments, ecological and environmental flags, and other proxy-specific fields, which facilitate informed and responsible reuse of the database. The data are quality control checked and the foraminiferal taxonomy has been updated. PhanSST will serve as a valuable resource to the paleoclimate community and has myriad applications, including evolutionary, geochemical, diagenetic, and proxy calibration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Judd
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA.
| | - Jessica E Tierney
- University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tuscon, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Brian T Huber
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Scott L Wing
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Daniel J Lunt
- University of Bristol, School of Geographical Sciences, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Heather L Ford
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Geography, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Gordon N Inglis
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Weimin Si
- Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Matthew L Staitis
- University of Edinburgh, School of Geosciences, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, UK
| | | | - Eleni Anagnostou
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlow Julius Cramwinckel
- University of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
- Utrecht University, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Robin R Dawson
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Geosciences, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - David Evans
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - William R Gray
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ethan L Grossman
- Texas A&M University, Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Michael J Henehan
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 3.3 Earth Surface Geochemistry, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Brittany N Hupp
- Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kenneth G MacLeod
- University of Missouri, Department of Geological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lauren K O'Connor
- University of Manchester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Haijun Song
- China University of Geosciences, State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yi Ge Zhang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Complex Biomineralization Pathways of the Belemnite Rostrum Cause Biased Paleotemperature Estimates. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paleotemperatures based on δ18O values derived from belemnites are usually “too cold” compared to other archives and paleoclimate models. This temperature bias represents a significant obstacle in paleoceanographic research. Here we show geochemical evidence that belemnite calcite fibers are composed of two distinct low-Mg calcite phases (CP1, CP2). Phase-specific in situ measurement of δ18O values revealed a systematic offset of up to 2‰ (~8 °C), showing a lead–lag signal between both phases in analyses spaced less than 25 µm apart and a total fluctuation of 3.9‰ (~16 °C) within a 2 cm × 2 cm portion of a Megateuthis (Middle Jurassic) rostrum. We explain this geochemical offset and the lead–lag signal for both phases by the complex biomineralization of the belemnite rostrum. The biologically controlled formation of CP1 is approximating isotope fractionation conditions with ambient seawater to be used for temperature calculation. In contrast, CP2 indicates characteristic non-isotope equilibrium with ambient seawater due to its formation via an amorphous Ca-Mg carbonate precursor at high solid-to-liquid ratio, i.e., limited amounts of water were available during its transformation to calcite, thus suggesting lower formation temperatures. CP2 occludes syn vivo the primary pore space left after formation of CP1. Our findings support paleobiological interpretations of belemnites as shelf-dwelling, pelagic predators and call for a reassessment of paleoceanographic reconstructions based on belemnite stable isotope data.
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Fernández-Marín B, Arzac MI, López-Pozo M, Laza JM, Roach T, Stegner M, Neuner G, García-Plazaola JI. Frozen in the dark: interplay of night-time activity of xanthophyll cycle, xylem attributes, and desiccation tolerance in fern resistance to winter. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3168-3184. [PMID: 33617637 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
While most ferns avoid freezing as they have a tropical distribution or shed their fronds, wintergreen species in temperate and boreoalpine ecosystems have to deal with sub-zero temperatures. Increasing evidence has revealed overlapping mechanisms of desiccation and freezing tolerance in angiosperms, but the physiological mechanisms behind freezing tolerance in ferns are far from clear. We evaluated photochemical and hydraulic parameters in five wintergreen fern species differing in their ability to tolerate desiccation. We assessed frond freezing tolerance, ice nucleation temperature and propagation pattern, and xylem anatomical traits. Dynamics of photochemical performance and xanthophyll cycle were evaluated during freeze-thaw events under controlled conditions and, in selected species, in the field. Only desiccation-tolerant species, which possessed a greater fraction of narrow tracheids (<18 μm) than sensitive species, tolerated freezing. Frond freezing occurred in the field at -3.4 ± 0.9 °C (SD) irrespective of freezing tolerance, freezable water content, or tracheid properties. Even in complete darkness, maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was down-regulated concomitantly with zeaxanthin accumulation in response to freezing. This was reversible upon re-warming only in tolerant species. Our results suggest that adaptation for freezing tolerance is associated with desiccation tolerance through complementary xylem properties (which may prevent risk of irreversible cavitation) and effective photoprotection mechanisms. The latter includes de-epoxidation of xanthophylls in darkness, a process evidenced for the first time directly in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Fernández-Marín
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of La Laguna (ULL), Tenerife 38200, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Miren Irati Arzac
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marina López-Pozo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José Manuel Laza
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry (Labquimac), Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Thomas Roach
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Stegner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Department of Botany and Centre for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José I García-Plazaola
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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Jenkyns HC. Transient cooling episodes during Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events with special reference to OAE 1a (Early Aptian). PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2018; 376:20170073. [PMID: 30177559 PMCID: PMC6127388 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2017.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The two major oceanic anoxic events of the Cretaceous, those of the Early Aptian (OAE 1a) and the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary (OAE 2), registered some of the highest temperatures reconstructed for the Cretaceous Period, and are thought to be related to the input of volcanically derived carbon dioxide from one or more Large Igneous Provinces. Widely distributed deposition of marine organic matter, the hallmark of OAEs, and intensified silicate weathering in response to a globally accelerated hydrological cycle and/or reaction of seawater with freshly extruded basalt, are both potential mechanisms whereby the content of atmospheric carbon dioxide could have been drawn down to promote cooling, on the assumption that this potential effect was not offset by increased addition of this volcanically derived greenhouse gas. Reduction in the supply of such carbon dioxide, with deposition of organic matter and silicate weathering continuing at the same rate, could also have produced cooling. A transient fall in temperature and increase in marine dissolved oxygen levels is well documented for OAE 2, in the form of the so-called Plenus Cold Event or Benthic Oxic Event, associated with southward invasion of certain boreal faunas and an increase in many redox-sensitive and/or chalcophilic elements in seawater caused by temporary loss of anoxic-euxinic sinks as basalt-seawater interaction continued apace. High-resolution studies of OAE 1a show at least three cooling episodes of probable global distribution, one of which (recorded in the stratigraphy of the so-called C4 Segment) is documented at high enough resolution to show correlation with an increase in carbon-isotope values that was probably due to a rise in the quantities of organic matter being buried globally, with consequent potential drawdown of atmospheric CO2 and/or reduction in volcanic input of this greenhouse gas. Both calcium- and lithium-isotope records suggest an increase in silicate weathering over the OAE 1a interval but current relatively low-resolution records cannot at present be tied to any one cooling episode, although the lowest Li-isotope values do derive from the C4 Segment. Evidence for reoxygenation of the ocean during the transient cooling episodes of OAE 1a is meagre, due to the lack of suitable sedimentary archives, although a negative sulfur-isotope excursion in a Pacific shallow-water carbonate section, which can be interpreted as due to oxidation of pyrite and/or sulfur-rich organic matter in the global ocean, suggests that this phenomenon may also have been a feature of the C4 Segment. Further work is required to elucidate the similarities and differences between OAE 2 and OAE 1a, but both phenomena are demonstrably global in reach and represent major disturbances to the carbon cycle with attendant effects on marine temperatures.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Hyperthermals: rapid and extreme global warming in our geological past'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh C Jenkyns
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
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Tedersoo L. Global Biogeography and Invasions of Ectomycorrhizal Plants: Past, Present and Future. BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56363-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Solbakken MH, Rise ML, Jakobsen KS, Jentoft S. Successive Losses of Central Immune Genes Characterize the Gadiformes' Alternate Immunity. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3508-3515. [PMID: 27797950 PMCID: PMC5203787 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great genetic variability among teleost immunomes, with gene losses and expansions of central adaptive and innate components, has been discovered through genome sequencing over the last few years. Here, we demonstrate that the innate Myxovirus resistance gene (Mx) is lost from the ancestor of Gadiformes and the closely related Stylephorus chordatus, thus predating the loss of Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHCII) in Gadiformes. Although the functional implication of Mx loss is still unknown, we demonstrate that this loss is one of several ancient events appearing in successive order throughout the evolution of teleost immunity. In particular, we find that the loss of Toll-like receptor 5 predates the loss of Mx involving the entire Paracanthopterygii lineage. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny, we show that loss of MHCII and Mx overlap with major paleoclimatic and geological events indicating that these genetic changes were adaptive responses to the changing environment at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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7
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Lee SA. Incubation times of dinosaur eggs via embryonic metabolism. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022402. [PMID: 27627330 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The incubation times for the eggs of 21 dinosaurs are determined from an estimate of their embyronic metabolic rate and the mass of the hatchlings via a mass growth model based on conservation of energy. Embryos in extant birds and crocodiles are studied in order to determine the best model for embryonic metabolism and growth. These results are used to develop a theoretical model that predicts the incubation times of an egg. This model is applied to dinosaur eggs and provides a unique window into dinosaur reproduction. The dinosaurs studied come from both Saurischia and Ornithischia. The incubation times vary from about 28 days for Archaeopteryx lithographica to about 76 days for Alamosaurus sanjuanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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Klompmaker AA, Schweitzer CE, Feldmann RM, Kowalewski M. Environmental and scale-dependent evolutionary trends in the body size of crustaceans. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0440. [PMID: 26156761 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecological and physiological significance of body size is well recognized. However, key macroevolutionary questions regarding the dependency of body size trends on the taxonomic scale of analysis and the role of environment in controlling long-term evolution of body size are largely unknown. Here, we evaluate these issues for decapod crustaceans, a group that diversified in the Mesozoic. A compilation of body size data for 792 brachyuran crab and lobster species reveals that their maximum, mean and median body size increased, but no increase in minimum size was observed. This increase is not expressed within lineages, but is rather a product of the appearance and/or diversification of new clades of larger, primarily burrowing to shelter-seeking decapods. This argues against directional selective pressures within lineages. Rather, the trend is a macroevolutionary consequence of species sorting: preferential origination of new decapod clades with intrinsically larger body sizes. Furthermore, body size evolution appears to have been habitat-controlled. In the Cretaceous, reef-associated crabs became markedly smaller than those in other habitats, a pattern that persists today. The long-term increase in body size of crabs and lobsters, coupled with their increased diversity and abundance, suggests that their ecological impact may have increased over evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiël A Klompmaker
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, PO Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carrie E Schweitzer
- Department of Geology, Kent State University at Stark, 6000 Frank Avenue NW, North Canton, OH 44720, USA
| | | | - Michał Kowalewski
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, PO Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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9
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Wolfgring E, Wagreich M. A quantitative look on northwestern Tethyan foraminiferal assemblages, Campanian Nierental Formation, Austria. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1757. [PMID: 26989610 PMCID: PMC4793319 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deposits spanning the Radotruncana calcarata Taxon Range Zone at the Postalm section, Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria) are examined quantitatively for foraminiferal assemblages, especially the planktonic group. This study focuses on establishing a high resolution record spanning an 800 ka long stratigraphic interval from the active continental margin of the Penninic Ocean. The Postalm section displays reddish limestone- marl alternations representing precession cycles. For this study, 26 samples were taken bed by bed to allow a "per-precession-cycle" resolution (i.e., a minimum sample distance of ∼20 ka). Samples from limestones as well as from marls were examined for foraminiferal assemblages. Data suggest a typical, open marine Campanian foraminiferal community. The >63 µm fraction is dominated by opportunist taxa, i.e., members of Muricohedbergella and biserial planktic foraminifera. Archaeoglobigerina and "Globigerinelloides" appear frequently and benthic foraminifera are very sparsely found. The share of globotruncanids, representing more complex morphotypes amongst planktonic foraminifera, is recorded with 5-10%. The state of preservation of foraminifera from the Postalm section is moderate to poor. Differences between samples from marls and samples from limestone are evident, but do not reveal evidence that there was an influence on the postdepositional microfossil communities. However, data from microfossils showing moderate to bad preservation can still offer valuable insight into the palaeoenvironment and biostratigraphy. Information gathered on the composition of the planktonic foraminiferal assemblage confirms a low-to-mid-latitude setting for the Postalm section. As well resolved records of Late Cretaceous foraminifera assemblages are rare, the examination of the Radotruncana calcarata Taxon Range Zone provides some insights into variations and short term changes during the very short period of 800 ka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wolfgring
- Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wagreich
- Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Orbital pacing of carbon fluxes by a ∼9-My eccentricity cycle during the Mesozoic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12604-9. [PMID: 26417080 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419946112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentricity, obliquity, and precession are cyclic parameters of the Earth's orbit whose climatic implications have been widely demonstrated on recent and short time intervals. Amplitude modulations of these parameters on million-year time scales induce "grand orbital cycles," but the behavior and the paleoenvironmental consequences of these cycles remain debated for the Mesozoic owing to the chaotic diffusion of the solar system in the past. Here, we test for these cycles from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous by analyzing new stable isotope datasets reflecting fluctuations in the carbon cycle and seawater temperatures. Our results document a prominent cyclicity of ∼9 My in the carbon cycle paced by changes in the seasonal dynamics of hydrological processes and long-term sea level fluctuations. These paleoenvironmental changes are linked to a great eccentricity cycle consistent with astronomical solutions. The orbital forcing signal was mainly amplified by cumulative sequestration of organic matter in the boreal wetlands under greenhouse conditions. Finally, we show that the ∼9-My cycle faded during the Pliensbachian, which could either reflect major paleoenvironmental disturbances or a chaotic transition affecting this cycle.
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11
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King B, Lee MSY. Epoch-based likelihood models reveal no evidence for accelerated evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles in response to cenozoic climate change. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2015; 324:525-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict King
- School of Biological Sciences; Flinders University; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - Michael S. Y. Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- Earth Sciences Section; South Australian Museum; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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